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Module 3: Audit Objectives, Evidence, Procedures, and Documentation
Module 3: Audit Objectives, Evidence, Procedures, and Documentation
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Learning objectives
3.1
Audit objectives
3.2
3.3
Audit evidence
3.4
3.5
Documentation
Explain the purpose and key elements of audit working papers, and
describe the form and content of documentation required in a
professional engagement. (Level 1)
3.6
Pre-engagement arrangements
3.7
Engagement letters
Module summary
Print this module
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Describe the auditors responsibility to consider fraud and error and the consequences of illegal acts, in order to
achieve the objective of financial statement audits. (Level 2)
Required reading
Chapter 9, pages 348350, Auditors Responsibility to Report Internal Control Deficiencies and Fraud Risks
Chapter 17, pages 682686, Auditors Responsibility to Consider Fraud and Error in an Audit of Financial Statements
and Illegal Acts by Clients
CAS 260.10.13 (CICA Handbook
Assurance
,
paragraphs 5751.17.19)
CAS 200 (CICA Handbook
, section 5090)
CAS 240 (CICA Handbook,
section 5135)
CAS 250 (CICA Handbook,
section 5136)
Reading 3-1: AuG-8, The Auditors Responsibility for the Detection of Fraud and Other Irregularities
Reading 3-2: AuG-9, The Auditors Responsibility for the Detection and Reporting of Illegal Acts
LEVEL 2
Lazlo, CGA and auditor for World Communications Inc., has scheduled a meeting with the CFO during the initial stages of the
audit engagement. In addition to other information, the CFO tells Lazlo that no significant capital assets were acquired during
the year. In accordance with CAS 200 (CICA Handbook
section 5090), should Lazlo believe the
CFO and not bother checking the facts himself?
Solution
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Management is responsible for identifying and complying with laws and regulations that affect the entity, as well as
preventing and detecting illegal acts.
CAS 250.A7 explains how the auditor can obtain an understanding of the laws and regulations that, if violated, could result in
, paragraph 5136.09) requires that the
material misstatement. CAS 250.13 (CICA Handbook
auditor design procedures so as to obtain sufficient evidence regarding compliance with the provisions of those laws and
regulations generally recognized to have a direct effect on the determination of material amounts and disclosures in the
financial statements. The auditor must reduce the risk of not detecting a material misstatement to an acceptably low level,
recognizing that such a misstatement may arise from the consequences of an illegal act. CAS 250.A9 and 250.A15.A16
(CICA Handbook
, paragraphs 5136.11.22) provide guidance on how to reduce this risk to an
acceptably low level.
Scenario 3.1-2
Natasha, CGA and auditor for Rose Industries Inc., discovers that a relatively small bribe is paid in a foreign country to a
government official of that country. Even though the bribe is not material, Natasha considers assessing the impact on the
financial statements because of this illegal act. Do you agree with her?
Solution
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Explain the various types of management assertions and their relationship to specific audit objectives. (Level 1)
Required reading
, paragraph 5300.21)
LEVEL 1
Auditors usually find it more efficient to audit components all the related accounts in a cycle with coordinated
procedures, instead of performing separate audit procedures on each account in isolation.
CAS 315 provides a detailed listing of audit assertions, which may be about
In the conduct of an audit, the auditor will assess the risk of material misstatement at the account balance and assertion
level.
Be sure you understand the difference between the overall objective of an audit and the audit objective itself. The following
exhibit summarizes the relationship between the objective and its place within the audit.
Exhibit 3.2-1: Audit objectives
Objective type
What it relates to
What it refers to
Objective of an audit
Audit objectives
existence (occurrence)
completeness
ownership (rights and
obligations)
valuation and allocation
(accuracy and
measurement)
cut-off
classification and
understandability
statement presentation
(disclosure)
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In preparing financial statements, management makes assertions about the amounts and disclosures contained in those
statements. For example, when the balance sheet shows accounts receivable at $400,000, management is asserting that
these amounts actually exist, that they reflect appropriate allowances for uncollectible accounts, and that the company does
indeed own the receivables.
Occurrence and existence assertions are closely related. Occurrence relates to authentic transactions experienced during
the period (for example, recorded sales transactions made to actual customers), and existence relates to an account
balance at a point in time (for example, all customer receivable balances at year end).
Accuracy relates to transactions during the period, and valuation pertains to an account balance at a point in time (for
example, merchandise inventory transactions are measured at actual cost for recording, and the year-end inventory account
balance is valued at net realizable value for reporting).1
Scenario 3.2-1
Elise, CGA and auditor for More Productions Ltd., makes note of the objective Obtain evidence to ensure completeness
(ensure liabilities are not understated) as she prepares the audit working papers for the accounts payable section. What
procedure could Elise use to support this objective?
Solution
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Explain how an auditor determines what and how much evidence is required. (Level 1)
Required reading
Assurance
, paragraphs
LEVEL 1
Mohan, CGA and auditor for Active Building Inc., notes the objective Obtain evidence to ensure completeness (ensure
liabilities are not understated) in preparing the audit working papers for the accounts payable section. One of the
procedures Mohan would use is to examine invoices paid after year end to make sure those invoices related to the year
under audit are properly included as accounts payable. What other procedures could Mohan perform?
Solution
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Identify and apply evidence-gathering audit procedures commonly used to obtain audit evidence, and describe the
strengths and weaknesses of each procedure. (Level 1)
Required reading
Assurance,
, paragraphs 5301.10.24)
, paragraphs 5303.11.13)
, section 5305)
, section 5310)
LEVEL 1
Pages 275281 of the textbook covers the evidence-gathering audit procedures used to obtain and evaluate audit evidence.
Exhibit 8-1 on page 275 shows the type of evidence obtained and gives an example of a specific audit procedure.
paragraphs
As you read through the text and CAS 500.A10A.25 (CICA Handbook,
5300.30.42), you should understand the nature of each method, its strengths and weaknesses, and the types of assertions
supported by the evidence each method produces. For example,
The nature of observation is to look at the application of procedures and policies at a given point in time.
Evidence produced by computation mainly supports the assertions of existence and valuation.
One of the weaknesses of enquiry is that it produces evidence that is rarely sufficient to support an assertion by
itself.
Inspection
The three principal means of inspection are vouching, tracing, and scanning. One important concept to note from the texts
explanation is that of direction.
Analysis
In this topic, you focus on analysis used to provide audit evidence. CAS 520.5 and 520.A4.A10 and 520.A20.A21
(CICA Handbook
, paragraphs 5301.15 and .20) outline what the auditor must do if the analysis
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is used as primary evidence. If the analysis is used as primary evidence (the main or only evidence, as opposed to
corroborating evidence), the results must provide higher assurance than if it is used in conjunction with other procedures.
Consider the situation in the following example.
Example 3.4-1: ABC Company
ABC Company invested $1,000,000 in treasury bills at the beginning of the year and at year end. None of this money was
used by the company during the year; that is, the company made no withdrawals. The average yield on 90-day treasury bills
during the year was 6%.
Based on these facts, the auditor could reasonably assume that the relationship between the average yield rate and the
investment balance at year end could provide reasonable expectations about the interest revenue earned by ABC during the
year.
In this case, the auditor would choose to perform analysis to provide primary evidence regarding the occurrence of interest
revenue ($1,000,000 6% = $60,000).
Because there were no fluctuations in investment (that is, $1,000,000 throughout the year), the high level of assurance
provided by the auditors expectations on revenue would be consistent with the objective of the analytical procedure used,
which is to provide primary evidence.
paragraph 5301.14) outlines matters that are relevant in making
CAS 520 (CICA Handbook,
the assessments described here. In addition to making the assessments regarding expectations and levels of assurance, the
auditor also needs to consider the reliability of the data used to perform the analysis.
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3.5 Documentation
Learning objective
Explain the purpose and key elements of working papers in auditing, and describe the form and content of
documentation required in a professional engagement. (Level 1)
Required reading
Assurance,
section 5145)
LEVEL 1
The auditor is forced to rely on memory to support decisions made and conclusions reached during the audit, and the
auditor may make errors in assessing the accumulated evidence, thus rendering an inappropriate opinion on the
financial statements.
It is difficult to defend work done and demonstrate due care or lack of negligence in court without a record of the
work performed.
A meaningful file review becomes almost impossible. The reviewer must rely on the memories of the staff who
conducted the audit and their memories may be faulty; major problems may never come to the reviewers attention.
Planning for the current years audit may not lead to the most efficient and effective audit possible because the
current years auditors will not be able to take advantage of the experience gained by last years audit team.
If problems discovered during the prior years audit were not recorded, the current years audit staff will not be able
to take them into account. No matter how well planned and executed the current years audit is, it would be deficient.
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documentation tasks (for example, automatically carrying over adjustments to related working paper documents and the
financial statements). For example, a working paper program can directly import a trial balance from Sage Accpac ERP and
generate leadsheets automatically.
Common working paper software used in public practice includes CaseWare, WISPR, and IDEA. In Public
Practice Audit Case [BC2]
, you will learn to use working paper
software to prepare your audit file.
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Identify the main pre-engagement activities and the factors to consider when deciding whether to accept a new audit
engagement. (Level 1)
Required reading
LEVEL 1
The auditor needs to determine whether it is feasible to accept a new audit or continue an existing one, then to formalize the
terms of the engagement and gain a preliminary understanding of the clients business in order to identify potential obstacles
to accepting an engagement.
The owners of the business participate actively in management and exercise effective control over operations.
There is no reason to believe that audited financial statements will be required in the near future in order to meet
requirements, statutory or otherwise.
As a CGA, you are required to act in the best interest of your clients; accordingly, you need to provide professional advice
that is best suited to your clients needs. In many cases, a less costly review engagement provides sufficient assurance,
depending on the clients circumstances.
Assuming that the clients circumstances do warrant an audit, the auditor must then decide whether or not it is feasible to
accept the engagement. Before accepting the engagement, auditors must ensure that they are independent in fact (mental
attitude) and in appearance (avoiding financial and managerial relationships). Auditors must be able to maintain financial,
investigative, and reporting independence as long as a professional relationship exists. They would also review available
financial information primarily to assess the size of the client and the types of the financial statements users. Finally, auditors
would look at prior years audit reports for any reservations resulting from scope limitations or GAAP departures.
One of the most important activities before accepting an audit engagement is the communication with the predecessor
auditor. The rules of professional conduct and the Canada Business
Corporations Act
require the successor to enquire about the predecessor auditors
understanding of the reasons for changing auditors. Also, an auditor cannot accept an engagement until the client has
formally terminated its relationship with the predecessor. The information obtained from the predecessor auditor is very
useful for deciding whether or not to accept the engagement. This information includes
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In the majority of cases, a change of auditors arises from legitimate circumstances such as
a change in ownership
A meeting should be arranged between the auditor and the client to determine the complexity of the companys organization
and business transactions. This knowledge will affect the requirement for specialized staff on the audit team and help the
auditor to consider potential scope limitations, anticipated form of opinion, and time constraints.
The auditor is not obligated to accept undesirable clients. The most common reasons for rejecting clients include the
following:
business and/or financial relationships between the accounting firm personnel (or their immediate families) and the
client (that is, self-interest or familiarity threat to independence)
lack of client integrity (part of the audit process relies on the belief that the client will act and provide information in
good faith)
Activity 3.6-1
A CGA who is approached by a prospective client to perform an audit engagement can immediately accept the engagement,
provided the CGA has the knowledge and skill necessary to conduct the audit in an effective and efficient manner. Is this
statement true or false?
Solution
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Required reading
LEVEL 2
An engagement letter defines the terms of the audit engagement that have been agreed to, in principle, during meetings
and conversations with the client. Engagement letters are essential to minimize the risk of misunderstanding between the
auditor and the client. They should be obtained for any new client and also for existing clients if the nature of the
engagement changes over time. For example, a significant change in management or in the nature, size, or structure of the
organization may require a new engagement letter.
Exhibit 6-1 on text page 176 and Appendix 1 in CAS 210 (the Appendix to CICA Handbook
section 5110) provide examples of engagement letters for audit engagements that can be used in practice. As you read these
examples, notice that engagement letters typically refer to
the fact that management is responsible for the financial statements and for adequate internal controls
the scope of the audit with reference to the applicable professional standards, which will be GAAS in most cases
the risk that a material misstatement may not be detected because the audit is conducted on a test basis, together
with the inherent limitations of internal control
details regarding the fee structure for the performance of the audit
The engagement letter will vary from client to client, but the elements listed above would normally be included. Details
regarding client assistance in the preparation of working papers, arrangements with outside specialists, communication with
the predecessor auditor, and the expected form of the audit report are sometimes included in the engagement letter.
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Module 3 summary
Describe the auditors responsibility to consider fraud and error and the consequences of
illegal acts, in order to achieve the objective of financial statement audits.
Misstatements can arise from error or fraud. (Fraud may be either fraudulent financial reporting or misappropriation
of assets.)
It is the auditors responsibility to detect material misstatements, however caused.
If an auditor detects a misstatement (that is, either a misstatement resulting from a non-trivial error, or one
indicating a serious weakness in internal controls), the auditor should immediately bring it to the attention of the
appropriate level of management and the audit committee (or equivalent).
Any evidence of fraud discovered or suspected should be communicated to the appropriate level of management and
the audit committee (or equivalent).
Any questions regarding management competence and integrity should be communicated to the audit committee (or
equivalent).
The CICA Handbook
defines illegal acts as violations of domestic or foreign statutory
law or government regulation attributable to the entity under audit, or to management or employees acting on the
entitys behalf.
Management is responsible for identifying and complying with laws and regulations that affect the entity, as well as
preventing and detecting illegal acts. Management is responsible for establishing policies and procedures to
accomplish this aim.
The auditor should attempt to identify laws and regulations that, if violated, could be expected to result in a material
misstatement in the financial statements.
Discovery of possible illegal acts should be communicated to the audit committee and other appropriate levels of
management.
Explain the various types of management assertions and their relationship to specific
audit objectives.
Assertions about classes of transactions and events for the period under audit include
occurrence
completeness
accuracy
cut-off
classification
existence
rights and obligations
completeness
valuation and allocation
occurrence
rights and obligations
completeness, classification, and understandability
accuracy and valuation
Specific audit objectives are to obtain and evaluate sufficient appropriate evidence about each assertion.
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Explain how an auditor determines what and how much evidence is required.
The appropriateness and sufficiency of evidence are a matter of judgment and are influenced by the following factors:
materiality
inherent risk and control risk considerations
experience from prior audits
the persuasiveness of the evidence
error or fraud found during the audit
Identify and apply evidence-gathering audit procedures commonly used to obtain audit
evidence, and describe the strengths and weaknesses of each procedure.
Audit procedures (also called techniques or methods) include computation, observation, confirmation, enquiry, inspection
(including tracing, scanning, and vouching), and analysis.
Computation by the auditor is strong evidence for the valuation assertion but does not provide evidence of
existence or completeness. Computation can be evidence for existence when the financial statement element is one
that is principally a calculation, for example, amortization.
Observation by the auditor is strong evidence for the assertion of existence. Observation, however, does not
provide evidence on any other level. The existence of an asset, for example, does not prove ownership.
Confirmation from third parties (if the auditor has control over mailing and receipt) constitutes strong evidence of
existence and valuation because of the independent form of the evidence. If, however, the auditor does not have
control over mailing and receipt, then the clients opportunity to alter the responses lessens the strength of the
evidence obtained by the procedure.
Direct enquiry by the auditor to third parties can be strong evidence, but direct enquiry of internal parties is
considered weaker evidence. An assessment of the source on the basis of integrity, independence from the entity,
and knowledge of the audit entity must always accompany the use of direct enquiry.
Inspection consists of looking at records and documents or at assets having physical substance. It encompasses the
following procedures:
Vouching is used to examine documents that provide evidence supporting the assertion of existence.
Tracing provides evidence of completeness. Documents held by third parties (bank loan documents on file at the
bank, for example) are most reliable. Third-party documents held internally are less reliable, and documents
prepared by the entity and held by the entity are the least reliable as they can be subject to manipulation.
Scanning alerts auditors to unusual items and events in the clients documentation.
When using analysis, the auditor must ensure that there really is a meaningful relationship between amounts in the
data to allow the development of reasonable expectations. It is also important to ensure that the level of assurance
that the expectations provide is consistent with the objective of the analytical procedure. Analysis is best used to
highlight areas in the financial statements that require further investigation and is less valuable as hard evidence.
Explain the purpose and key elements of audit working papers, and describe the form
and content of documentation required in a professional engagement.
Working papers document the work done during the audit and the conclusions based on that work.
They provide evidence that the audit was carried out in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards.
Good working papers should normally include
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The form and content of documentation included in working paper files are covered on pages 296 to 301 of the text, CAS 230
section 5145), and CGA Auditing Guideline No. 5 (Reading 3-3).
(CICA Handbook,
The form and content of working papers are affected by such factors as
the
the
the
the
Identify the main pre-engagement activities and the factors to consider when accepting
a new audit engagement.
The main pre-engagement activities performed before accepting an engagement include
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
business and/or financial relationships between the firms personnel and the client
client integrity
business risk facing the client (that is, risk of business failure), and
the likelihood of significant reservations in the auditors report.
Assurance,
section 5110), Terms
CAS 210 (CICA Handbook
of Engagement, provides guidance on establishing an understanding of, and agreement on, the terms of the engagement for
the audit of financial statements.
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That the client tells the auditor that no significant capital assets were acquired during the year should not prevent the auditor
from reviewing other evidence to make sure that the clients claim is truthful. This could include a review of the minutes of
directors meetings noting approvals for investments in capital assets, a review of the repairs and maintenance account to
identify capital items expensed in error, or a tour of the facilities with an operations manager in order to corroborate the
CFOs statement. To detect material misstatements, the auditor needs to maintain an attitude of professional skepticism.
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The bribe may not be material, but should the foreign government discover the bribe, the loss to the company could be
significant (for example, confiscation of the companys assets). In addition, there may be domestic legislation in the client
companys home country that forbids bribery abroad. Thus, per CAS 250 (CICA Handbook
section 5136), Misstatements Illegal Acts, it is not the illegal act itself but the consequences of the illegal act that may
affect the financial statements.
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Elise could use the audit procedure of examining invoices paid after year-end to make sure those invoices related to the year
under audit are properly included as accounts payable. (She could also review suppliers statements as of the companys yearend and compare them to recorded amounts.) Thus, it is the audit objective related to an assertion that dictates the type of
audit procedures to be used in examining financial statement items.
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To support the assertion of completeness of accounts payable, Mohan may obtain confirmations from vendors for whom the
companys accounts payable records show a zero balance at year-end, while at the same time looking at cash disbursements
made subsequent to year-end. Audit evidence may be documentary, oral, or visual, and it can come from the auditors, the
entity, or third parties.
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This statement is false. As set out on page 175 of the text, if a CGA is replacing another auditor, the CGA must contact the
predecessor, before accepting the engagement, to inquire whether there is any reason why the appointment should not be
accepted.
In addition, if the CGA immediately agrees to perform the audit without some investigation of the nature of the business, it is
unlikely that he or she would have adequate information to determine whether the engagement could be performed
effectively and efficiently.
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Module 3 self-test
Question 1
Evidence-gathering audit procedures, or methods, are used to produce evidence about the principal management assertions
embodied in the financial statements. Some of these procedures are useful for producing evidence about certain assertions,
while others are more useful for producing evidence about other assertions. Appropriateness of evidence requires the auditor
to choose the procedure(s) that will best support the assertion being audited.
Required
Prepare a two-column table with the general audit procedures listed on the left. (Refer to text, Exhibit 8-1, page 275.)
Opposite each one, write the management assertion(s) most usefully audited by using each procedure.
Solution
Question 2
You are engaged to audit the financial statements for Great Big Corporation Ltd. (GBC) for the year ending December 31,
20X0. The unaudited balance sheet shows that, at year end, GBC has $285,950 worth of capital assets (net of amortization).
Required
Question 3
Evaluate the statement: Its not what you do on an audit; its how you document it thats important.
Solution
Question 4
Problem EP 7, page 311
Solution
Question 5
Analysis seems to be a cost-effective way of obtaining evidence. When analysis is used to obtain primary evidence to support
financial statement amounts, the level of assurance provided from analysis must be consistent with that purpose. Describe
some difficulties the auditor may encounter when using analysis to gain a level of assurance consistent with the objective of
primary evidence.
Solution
Question 6
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Self-test 3
Solution 1
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Self-test 3
Solution 2
a. The objective for the audit of GBC is to express an opinion about whether GBCs financial statements present fairly, in
all material respects, the companys financial position as of December 31, 20X0, and the results of operations and
changes in financial position for the year then ended. In doing so, the overall objective is to detect material
misstatements in the most effective and efficient manner.
b. The auditors specific audit objectives with respect to capital assets are to ensure that all relevant management
assertions are supported by appropriate audit evidence. The relevant assertions are as follows:
The assets represented by the amount indicated ($285,950) actually exist (existence).
The amount shown ($285,950) includes all assets acquired (completeness).
The company has clear title to the assets represented by the amount shown ($285,950); any liens or other
encumbrances have been disclosed (rights or ownership).
The assets are accurately valued at $285,950; the cost is correct and accumulated amortization has been
deducted (valuation).
The capital assets and accumulated amortization, including appropriate information on useful life and
amortization rates, have been properly disclosed (presentation and disclosure).
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Self-test 3
Solution 3
The statement is an oversimplification, but it does convey an important point: documentation on an audit is very important. If
a junior does the wrong tests in a particular area but documents what was done, the person reviewing the file can ascertain
that the wrong tests were done and remedy the situation. If the junior did not properly document what he or she did, the
reviewer would not be made aware that there was a problem, and the situation would not be corrected. In addition, if the
audit work done is ever challenged, it is only the working papers that will provide evidence that adequate work was done in
accordance with GAAS.
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Self-test 3
Solution 4
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Self-test 3
Solution 5
In considering whether analysis provides a level of assurance consistent with the objective of primary evidence, the auditor
must first ensure that meaningful relationships exist and can be properly evaluated. Such a relationship might not exist, and
if it does, its nature may be such that the auditor could not develop reasonable expectations that provide a level of assurance
adequate for primary evidence. For example, the relationships may exist only in dynamic circumstances, such as unstable
sales levels throughout the period, fluctuating balances in investments, and fluctuating cash flows. Another problem may be
that relationships can only be considered at highly aggregated levels and would not be able to detect offsetting material
misstatements occurring at a more disaggregated level.
For analysis to provide the appropriate level of assurance, the auditor must choose the right analytical procedure(s). In
certain circumstances, this choice may be difficult to make. For example, where an auditor lacks the experience and
appropriate professional judgment, he or she may be unable to select the procedures consistent with the level of assurance
required.
Furthermore, the auditor can only obtain the appropriate level of assurance from analysis when the data used to develop
expectations are reliable. It may be difficult, or even impossible, for the auditor to find sufficiently reliable data for the
purpose of analysis as primary evidence. For example, the data may be available only from within the entity as opposed to
from independent sources; the data may be produced by systems lacking appropriate internal controls; or the data may
never have been subject to audit in either the current or prior period.
Note: The auditor may use analysis as the only procedure (primary evidence) to audit some account balances because of
their nature (low or negligible risk of misstatement) and size (small and immaterial in amount) in relation to other account
balances.
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Self-test 3
Solution 6
banker
legal counsel
underwriter
other persons, for example, customers and suppliers
integrity of management
disagreements with management
Analysis: