(123doc - VN) Thiet Ke Bon Chua LPG Dung Tich Chua 800 m3

TRNG I HC B RA-VNG TU
R
a-
TRN MNH HNG
V
n
gT
u
KHOA HA HC V CNG NGH THC PHM
THIT K BN CHA LPG DUNG TCH CHA 800 m3
Ngi hng dn
ThS. V THANH TIN
Tr
ng
DD
N TT NGHIP I HC
Ngnh CNG NGH K THUT HA HC
B RA VNG TU, NM 2012
gT
u
TRNG I HC B RA-VNG TU
R
a-
V
n
KHOA HA HC V CNG NGH THC PHM
TRN MNH HNG
THIT K BN CHA LPG DUNG TCH CHA 800 m3
Tr
ng
DD
N TT NGHIP I HC
Ngnh CNG NGH K THUT HA HC
Ngi hng dn
ThS. V THANH TIN
B RA VNG TU, NM 2012
CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
KHOA HA HC & CNTP
c lp - T do - Hnh phc
------o0o-----
NHIM V N TT NGHIP
H v tn sinh vin: TRN MNH HNG
Ngy, thng, nm sinh: 18/08/1989
Ngnh: Cng ngh k thut Ha hc
gT
u
TRNG H B RA VNG TU
V
n
MSSV: 0852010064
Ni sinh: Kim Bng H Nam
I. TN TI: Thit k bn cha LPG dung tch cha 800 m 3

II. NHIM V V NI DUNG:
Tng quan v l thuyt.
Tnh ton thit k bn cha LPG dung tch cha 800 m 3.
Tnh chn thit b ph tr cho bn cha.
Tnh kinh t.
Chng n mn v bo dng bn cha.
An ton lao ng v phng chng chy n.
Bn v chi tit bn cha v cc thit b ph tr ca bn.
R
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III. NGY GIAO NHIM V N: 26/03/2012
IV. NGY HON THNH NHIM V: 05/07/2012
DD
V. H TN CN B HNG DN: ThS. V Thanh Tin
Tr
ng
CN B HNG DN
(K v ghi r h tn)
B Ra Vng tu, Ngy 05 thng 07 nm 2012

SINH VIN THC HIN
(K v ghi r h tn)
TRNG B MN
(K v ghi r h tn)
TRNG KHOA
(K v ghi r h tn)
n tt nghip i hc-Kha 2008 2012
Trng HBR-VT
M U
gT
u
Du kh l mt ngun ti nguyn qu gi m t lu con ngi c bit n.

Tuy nhin mi n u th k 20, khi nn khoa hc k thut pht trin mnh m cng
vi nhu cu nng lng ang l vn ln th du m mi c nh gi v s dng

ng tm quan trng ca n. N tr thnh mt ngun nguyn liu ch yu trong rt
nhiu ngnh cng nghip ho hc, nng lng v trong hu ht cc lnh vc hot ng
V
n
ca nn kinh t quc dn. Trong nhng nm gn y, ngnh cng nghip du kh

khng ngng pht trin v l ngnh cng nghip ch cht ca nhng quc gia sn c
tim nng v loi khong sn ny.
Vit Nam, du kh tuy cn l mt ngnh cng nghip non tr nhng y trin

vng v sm khng nh c v tr quan trng. l mt ngnh cng nghip mi
R
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nhn gp phn thc y nn kinh t nc ta trong cng cuc cng nghip ho hin
i ho t nc v hi nhp vi quc t.
Hin nay, cng nghip du kh pht trin mnh m i hi phi c ngun

nguyn liu sch v khai thc c hiu qu, m bo an ton trong vn chuyn, bo
qun. Do cn phi c h thng tng tr, phn phi sn phm kh ni chung cng
nh kh ha lng (LPG) ni ring mt cch hiu qu nht. y l vn quan trng

nht khi thit k xy dng cc nh my lc ha du. nc ta lng kh thu c
trong qu trnh khai thc du m l rt ln, theo lut khai thc du kh nm 2009 cm
t b kh ng hnh trong qu trnh khai thc du do lng kh a v b ngy
DD
cng nhiu dn n nhu cu v bn cha l rt ln. c bit t 31/10/1998 nh my x

l kh Dinh C i vo hot ng v mi y nht l nm 2009 khi m nh my lc du
Dung Qut di vo hot ng th lng LPG sn xut ra l rt ln do vy yu cu t ra
l phi c h thng tn tr sn phm ny cng tr nn cn thit. Ngoi ra, vic thit k
ng
bn cha cn tit kim mt lng ln ni t cho quc gia so vi vic phi nhp khu
bn cha t nc ngoi.
c s hng dn tn tnh ca Thc s V Thanh Tin ang cng tc ti x
Tr
nghip Khai thc du kh Vietsovpetro cng vi s ch bo ca cc ging vin b mn

trong Khoa Ha hc v cng ngh thc phm v s gip ca cc bn, sau mt thi
gian lm vic tch cc n nay em hon thnh n tt nghip vi ti: Thit k
bn cha LPG dung tch cha 800 m3.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Khoa Ha hc v Cng ngh thc phm
Trng HBR-VT
LI CM N
gT
u
Em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trng i Hc B Ra Vng Tu ni

chung v cc thy c trong Khoa Ha hc v Cng ngh thc phm ni ring khng
qun ngi kh khn truyn t kin thc cho em trong nhng nm thng qua.
c bit, em xin chn thnh cm n Thc s V Thanh Tin ang cng tc ti x
nghip Khai thc du kh Vietsovpetro cung cp ngun ti liu chi tit v ch dn
V
n
tn tnh em c th hon thnh tt n ny.
Tr
ng
DD
R
a-
Xin knh chc cc qu thy c v cc bn sc kho, thnh cng.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
ii
Trng HBR-VT
NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN
gT
u
1. Kt cu, phng php trnh by

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V
n
2. C s l lun
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R
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3. Tnh thc tin v kh nng ng dng ca n
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Cc hng nghin cu ca ti c th tip tc pht trin cao hn

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Kt qu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ng
Ging vin hng dn
Tr
(K ghi r h tn)
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
iii
Trng HBR-VT
NHN XT CA GING VIN PHN BIN
gT
u
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V
n
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R
a-
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DD
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ng
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ging vin phn bin
Tr
(K ghi r h tn)
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
iv
Trng HBR-VT
MC LC
gT
u
Trang
LI M U ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i
LI CM N -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN ----------------------------------------iii
NHN XT CA GING VIN PHN BIN ----------------------------------------- iv
V
n
MC LC ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
DANH MC BNG ----------------------------------------------------------------------------x
DANH MC S ------------------------------------------------------------------------- xii
DANH MC HNH ------------------------------------------------------------------------- xiii
K HIU CM T VIT TT ----------------------------------------------------------- xiv
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Chng I. TNG QUAN V CNG NGHIP DU KH VIT NAM ----------1

1.1. Gii thiu chung ---------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1.1. Ngun gc du m v kh ------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1.1.1. Ngun gc khong ---------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1.1.2. Ngun gc hu c ----------------------------------------------------------------2
1.1.2. Khi nim, thnh phn v phn loi kh thin nhin ------------------------------4
1.1.2.1. Khi nim -------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.1.2.2. Thnh phn ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
1.1.2.3. Phn loi --------------------------------------------------------------------------7
DD
1.1.3. ng dng ca kh ----------------------------------------------------------------------7

1.1.3.1. Kh lm nguyn liu cho tng hp ha du -----------------------------------7
1.1.3.2. Kh lm nhin liu t ---------------------------------------------------------- 9
1.1.4. Tng quan v th trng kh Vit Nam ------------------------------------------- 10
ng
1.1.4.1. Ch bin v s dng kh t nhin v kh ng hnh Vit Nam ------- 10

1.1.4.2. Nhu cu s dng kh Vit Nam ------------------------------------------- 12
1.2. Gii thiu v LPG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13
Tr
1.2.1. Khi nim v LPG ------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

1.2.2. Thnh phn ca LPG ---------------------------------------------------------------- 14
1.2.3. Cc tnh cht ho l ca LPG ------------------------------------------------------ 14
1.2.3.1. p sut hi ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
1.2.3.2. T trng ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Trng HBR-VT
1.2.3.3. T l khng kh khi t chy LPG ------------------------------------------- 16
gT
u
1.2.3.4. H s gin n khi ------------------------------------------------------------ 16

1.2.3.5. im bt la -------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
1.2.3.6. n nhit ho hi --------------------------------------------------------------- 17
1.2.3.7. Nhit lng chy --------------------------------------------------------------- 17

1.2.3.8. Gii hn chy n -------------------------------------------------------------- 18
V
n
1.2.3.9. Tr s octan v nht ------------------------------------------------------- 18
1.2.3.10. Ch tiu cht lng LPG thng phm ------------------------------------ 18

1.2.4. Cc ng dng quan trng ca LPG ----------------------------------------------- 19
1.2.5. So snh tnh nng ca LPG vi cc loi nhin liu khc ----------------------- 21
1.2.6. Th trng LPG Vit Nam ---------------------------------------------------------- 22
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1.2.6.1. Ngun cung LPG --------------------------------------------------------------- 22

1.2.6.2. Nhu cu LPG ----------------------------------------------------------------- 23
1.2.7. Cng ngh sn xut LPG ----------------------------------------------------------- 25
1.2.8. Cng ngh sn xut LPG ti nh my x l kh Dinh C ---------------------- 26
1.2.8.1. S cng ngh ch MGPP ---------------------------------------------- 26
1.2.8.2. Quy trnh hot ng ca ch MGPP ------------------------------------ 27

Chng II. TNG QUAN V BN CHA DU KH ------------------------------- 29
2.1. Gii thiu----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
2.2. Khi nim v phn loi bn cha ----------------------------------------------------- 29

2.2.1. Khi nim v bn cha -------------------------------------------------------------- 29
DD
2.2.2. Phn loi bn cha ------------------------------------------------------------------ 29

2.2.2.1. Bn cha tr ng p lc thp ----------------------------------------------- 30
2.2.2.2. Bn cha p lc cao ---------------------------------------------------------- 32
ng
2.3. Tnh hnh xy dng bn b cha nc ta ---------------------------------------- 34

2.4. Cu to bn cha------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
Chng III. TNH TON THIT K BN CHA LPG DUNG TCH CHA
Tr
800 m3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
3.1. Tnh ton bn cha LPG --------------------------------------------------------------- 37
3.1.1. L thuyt tnh ton ------------------------------------------------------------------ 37
3.1.1.1. Nhit lm vic, nhit tnh ton ---------------------------------------- 37
3.1.1.2. p sut lm vic, p sut tnh ton ----------------------------------------- 37
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
vi
Trng HBR-VT
3.1.1.3. ng sut cho php ------------------------------------------------------------- 37
gT
u
3.1.1.4. H s hiu chnh -------------------------------------------------------------- 38

3.1.1.5. H s bn mi hn ------------------------------------------------------------- 38
3.1.1.6. H s b sung b dy tnh ton ---------------------------------------------- 38
3.1.2. La chn bn v thng s tnh ton ----------------------------------------------- 39

3.1.2.1. Dung tch bn cha ------------------------------------------------------------ 39
V
n
3.1.2.2. La chn phng n thit k bn p lc ----------------------------------- 39
3.1.2.3. Cc thng s thit k ca bn ------------------------------------------------ 41

3.1.2.4. Chn vt liu ch to --------------------------------------------------------- 42
3.1.2.5. Tnh b dy thnh bn chu p lc trong ----------------------------------- 42
3.1.2.6. La chn phng n hn i vi bn -------------------------------------- 43
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3.1.2.7. Tnh ng sut cho php v p sut khi bn cha nhin liu ------------- 43
3.1.2.8. Tnh chiu dy thc ca thn bn ------------------------------------------- 44
3.1.2.9. Tnh chiu dy y bn chu p sut trong -------------------------------- 45
3.1.2.10. Tnh iu kin khot l trn thn bn cha ------------------------------ 45
3.1.3. Chn mt bch ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48
3.1.4. Ca ngi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49

3.1.5. Khi lng bn cha ---------------------------------------------------------------- 50
3.1.6. Khi lng phn LPG cha trong bnh ------------------------------------------- 51
3.1.7. Khi lng ton b bn cha ------------------------------------------------------ 51

3.1.8. Chn thit b ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
DD
3.2. Chn thit b ph ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51

3.2.1. La chn bm ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 52
3.2.2. La chn my nn ------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
ng
3.2.3. La chn van ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52

3.2.3.1. Van cu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
3.2.3.2. Van bi --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
Tr
3.2.3.3. Van kim ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55

3.2.3.4. Van an ton -------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
3.2.4. Thit b o mc cht lng ---------------------------------------------------------- 56

3.2.4.1. Phao ni ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
3.2.4.2. Phao chim ch ---------------------------------------------------------------- 56
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
vii
Trng HBR-VT
3.2.4.3. u tip xc trc tip ---------------------------------------------------------- 57
gT
u
3.2.4.4. Dng c o dng p sut thy tnh ----------------------------------------- 57

3.2.5. Thit b o p sut ------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
3.2.6. Cc thit b h tr khc ------------------------------------------------------------- 58
3.2.6.1. chn la --------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
3.2.6.2. H thng lm mt ------------------------------------------------------------- 58
V
n
3.2.6.3. H thng chng tnh in ----------------------------------------------------- 59

3.2.6.4. Thit b pht hin r r -------------------------------------------------------- 59
3.2.6.5. H thng phng chy cha chy --------------------------------------------- 59
Chng IV. NHU CU IN - NC -------------------------------------------------- 60
Chng V. TNH KINH T ---------------------------------------------------------------- 62
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5.1. Mc ch v ngha ca tnh ton kinh t ----------------------------------------- 62

5.2. Tnh ton ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
5.2.1. Chi ph trc tip ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
5.2.1.1. Chi ph nguyn vt liu (A1 ) ------------------------------------------------- 63
5.2.1.2. Chi ph cc ph kin (B1) ---------------------------------------------------- 64
5.2.1.3. Cc chi ph khc (C1) --------------------------------------------------------- 64

5.2.2. Chi ph chung (C) ------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
5.2.3. Thu nhp chu thu tnh trc (TL) ----------------------------------------------- 66
5.2.4. Thu gi tr gia tng u ra (VAT)------------------------------------------------- 66

Chng VI. CHNG N MN V BO DNG BN CHA ------------------ 67
DD
6.1. Chng n mn ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67

6.1.1. Kho st in tr sut ca t ------------------------------------------------------ 67
6.1.2. Lp bc chng n mn ------------------------------------------------------------- 67
ng
6.1.3. Bo v ng ng bng dng p ngoi ------------------------------------------- 68

6.1.4. Bo v ng ng bn cha bng anot hy sinh (protector) ------------------- 68
6.1.4.1. Nguyn tc bo v ca phng php ---------------------------------------- 69
Tr
6.1.4.2. Vt liu ch to anot hi sinh (protector) ----------------------------------- 69
6.2. Bo dng cu kin thit b ----------------------------------------------------------- 70

6.2.1. Gii thiu chung --------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
6.2.2. Cc loi hnh bo dng cu kin thit b ---------------------------------------- 71
6.2.3. Cc phng php kim tra p dng ----------------------------------------------- 71
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
viii
Trng HBR-VT
Chng VII. AN TON LAO NG V PHNG CHNG CHY N -------- 72
gT
u
7.1. c im chung ca h thng bn cha --------------------------------------------- 72

7.2. Cc s c nguy him trong khu vc bn cha ------------------------------------- 72
7.2.1. Cc s c nguy him trong tng tr v vn chuyn dn n s chy n ----- 72
7.2.2. S c i vi bn b cha ---------------------------------------------------------- 73
7.3. Yu cu an ton trong tng cha v vn chuyn ---------------------------------- 73
V
n
7.3.1. Phng php chng chy cho cc thit b v bn cha ------------------------ 74

7.3.2. Hot ng trong trng hp khn cp -------------------------------------------- 74
7.3.3. Cc bin php m bo an ton ---------------------------------------------------- 74
7.3.3.1. H thng phi c thit k mt cch ph hp ---------------------------- 74
7.3.3.2. Thng xuyn kim tra ------------------------------------------------------ 75
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7.4. K thut cha chy LPG --------------------------------------------------------------- 76

7.5. Cc h thng cha chy ---------------------------------------------------------------- 77
7.5.1. H thng cha chy bng nc ---------------------------------------------------- 77
7.5.2. H thng cha chy bng CO2 ----------------------------------------------------- 77
KT LUN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 78
Tr
ng
DD
DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO-------------------------------------------------- 79
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
ix
Trng HBR-VT
DANH MC BNG
gT
u
Trang
BNG 1.1. Thnh phn kh b Cu Long (% theo th tch) -----------------------------5
BNG 1.2. Thnh phn kh b Nam Cn Sn (% theo th tch) ------------------------6

BNG 1.3. Thnh phn kh b Malay Th Chu (% theo th tch) --------------------6
BNG 1.4. Thnh phn sn phm khi oxy ha metan---------------------------------------8
BNG 1.5. c im ca sn phm iezel thu c t qu trnh oligome ha etylen--9
V
n
BNG 1.6. Nhu cu s dng kh thin nhin (n v: triu m3) ------------------------- 12

BNG 1.7. Nhu cu kh cho cc lnh vc (t m3) ------------------------------------------ 13
BNG 1.8. Cc thng s vt l c bn ca LPG ------------------------------------------ 15
BNG 1.9. Nhit t bt chy ca mt s loi nhin liu ti p sut kh quyn (oC)
R
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
BNG 1.10. Nhit ngn la ca mt s loi nhin liu ------------------------------- 17
BNG 1.11. Nhit tr ca LPG v mt s loi nhin liu -------------------------------- 17
BNG 1.12. Gii hn chy n ca LPG nhit 15,6oC v p sut 1 bar ---------- 18
BNG 1.13. Tr s octan ca propan v butan --------------------------------------------- 18
BNG 1.14. Tiu chun cht lng LPG --------------------------------------------------- 19

BNG 1.15. Nhu cu tiu th LPG ti VN giai on t 1991 2008 ------------------ 24
BNG 3.1. Cc thng s ca bn cha ------------------------------------------------------ 41
BNG 3.2. Kch thc ca mt bch v thng s v bulong ca cc ng ni vi bn
DD
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
BNG 3.3. Kch thc chiu di cc on ng ni --------------------------------------- 49
BNG 3.4. Cc kch thc ca mt bch v thng s v bulong ca ca ngi------- 50
BNG 4.1. in nng s dng cho cc ng c ------------------------------------------- 60
ng
BNG 4.2. in nng s dng cho thp sang --------------------------------------------- 60

BNG 4.3. Chi ph nguyn vt liu, nhin liu v nng lng--------------------------- 61
BNG 5.1. Bng tng hp cc chi ph------------------------------------------------------- 62
Tr
BNG 5.2. Chi ph nguyn vt liu (A1) -------------------------------------------------- 63

BNG 5.3. Chi ph cc ph kin ------------------------------------------------------------- 64
BNG 5.4. Lng cng nhn v nhn vin ------------------------------------------------ 65
BNG 6.1. Tng quan gia in tr ring v tnh xm thc ca t ----------------- 67
BNG 6.2. nh gi mt s vt liu anot -------------------------------------------------- 68
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Trng HBR-VT
Tr
ng
DD
R
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V
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gT
u
BNG 6.3. Tnh cht ha l kim loi lm vt liu ch to ra anot hi sinh ------------- 70
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
xi
Trng HBR-VT
DANH MC S
gT
u
Trang
Tr
ng
DD
R
a-
V
n
S 1. S khi qu trnh sn xut LPG ti GPP Dinh C -------------------------- 26
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
xii
Trng HBR-VT
DANH MC HNH
gT
u
Trang
HNH 1.1. T l t s dng LPG ti mt s nc trn th gii ------------------------ 21
HNH 1.2. Biu so snh kh thi ca cc xe chy bng xng, diesel v LPG------- 22
HNH 1.3. Nh my x l kh Dinh C------------------------------------------------------ 23
HNH 1.4. Biu th hin sn lng tiu th LPG ti Vit Nam v mc tng trng
V
n
tiu th LPG hng nm Vit Nam t nm 1991 n nm 2008 ----------------------- 24

HNH 2.1. Bn tr ng mi tnh ------------------------------------------------------------ 30
HNH 2.2. Mi nn, mi treo, mi tr cu, mi vm -------------------------------------- 30
HNH 2.3. Bn cha tr ng mi phao ---------------------------------------------------- 31
HNH 2.4. Bn cha tr ngang --------------------------------------------------------------- 32
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HNH 2.5. Bn cha tr ng mi cu ------------------------------------------------------ 33

HNH 2.6. Bn cha cu ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
HNH 3.1. Cu to bn cha cu ------------------------------------------------------------- 40
HNH 3.2. Cu to bn cha tr ngang ----------------------------------------------------- 40
HNH 3.3. Bch dng cho ca ngi --------------------------------------------------------- 49
HNH 3.4. Mt kiu ca chn thit b hnh tr nm ngang---------------------------- 51

HNH 3.5. Bm li tm a cp m hiu SC kiu 50 ---------------------------------------- 52
HNH 3.6. Van cu khi m v khi ng ---------------------------------------------------- 53
HNH 3.7. Dng chy trong van cu -------------------------------------------------------- 53
DD
HNH 3.8. Van cu c ln in hnh ghp bch v van cu gc vi mp bt bulong - 54

HNH 3.9. Cu to ca van bi ---------------------------------------------------------------- 54
HNH 3.10. Trng thi m v ng ca van kim ------------------------------------------ 55
HNH 3.11. S cu to ca van an ton ------------------------------------------------- 56
Tr
ng
HNH 3.12. ng Bourdon --------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
xiii
Trng HBR-VT
K HIU CC CM T VIT TT
gT
u
API: American Petroleum Institute.

ASME SECT. VIII DIV.1: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Section
VIII, Division 1.
B: Butan.
C: Condensate.
V
n
HP: M lc (1hp = 1kW . 0,736).

N: Cng sut ca bm.
NL: Nguyn liu
NPSH: Net positive suction head required (chiu cao ht thc ti thiu ca bm
kh trong lng bm).

MTBE: Metyl tert butyl ete.
Tr
ng
DD
P: Propan.
R
a-
khi m ct p ton phn gim xung 3% do p sut ht thp v do s hnh thnh bt
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
xiv
Trng HBR-VT
CHNG I
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG

1.1.1. Ngun gc du m v kh
gT
u
TNG QUAN V CNG NGHIP DU KH VIT NAM
Du m v kh l nhng khong vt phong ph nht trong t nhin, chng c
mt nhiu ni trong lng t. gip cho vic tm kim cc khu vc cha du kh,
V
n
th nghin cu ngun gc, xut x ca du kh l rt quan trng.
C rt nhiu kin tranh lun v qu trnh hnh thnh cc cht hydrocacbon

trong du kh, nhng ch yu l hai gi thuyt: gi thuyt v ngun gc v c (gi l
ngun gc khong) v ngun gc hu c ca du m.
1.1.1.1. Ngun gc khong
R
a-
Theo gi thuyt ny, trong lng Tri t c cha cc cacbua kim loi nh Al4C3,
CaC2. Cc cht ny b phn hy bi nc to ra CH4 v C2H2:
Al4C3 + 12 H2O
CaC2 + 2 H2O
4 Al(OH)3 + 3 CH4
Ca(OH)2 +
C2H2
Cc cht khi u (CH4 v C2H2) qua qu trnh bin i di tc dng ca

nhit , p sut cao trong lng t v xc tc l cc khong st, to thnh nhng loi
hydrocacbon c trong du kh.
chng minh iu , nm 1866, Berthelot tng hp c cc
hydrocacbon thm t axetylen nhit cao vi s c mt ca xc tc. Nm 1901,
DD
Sabatier v Sendereus thc hin phn ng hydro ha axetylen trn xc tc niken v st

nhit trong khong 200 n 300oC, thu c mt lot cc hydrocacbon tng ng
nh trong thnh phn ca du. Cng vi hng lot cc th nghim nh trn, gi thuyt
v ngun gc v c ca du m c chp nhn trong mt thi gian kh di.
ng
Sau ny, khi trnh khoa hc v k thut ngy cng pht trin th ngi ta bt
u hoi nghi v lun im trn v:
Tr
- phn tch c (bng cc phng php hin i) trong du th c cha cc
clorofin c ngun gc t ng vt.

- Trong v qu t, hm lng cacbua kim loi l khng ng k.
- Cc hydrocacbon thng gp trong cc lp trm tch, ti nhit t khi
vt qu 150 200oC (v p sut rt cao), nn khng nhit cn thit cho phn

ng tng hp xy ra.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Trng HBR-VT
Chnh v vy m gi thuyt ngun gc v c ngy cng phai m do c t cn c.
gT
u
1.1.1.2. Ngun gc hu c
l gi thuyt v s hnh thnh du m t cc vt liu hu c ban u. Nhng
vt liu chnh l xc ng thc vt bin, hoc trn cn nhng b cc dng song cun
tri ra bin, qua thi gian di (hng triu nm) c lng ng xung y bin.
trong nc bin c rt nhiu cc loi vi khun hiu kh v ym kh, cho nn khi cc
V
n
ng thc vt b cht, lp tc chng b phn hy. Nhng phn no d b phn hy (nh
cc cht albumin, cc hydratcacbon) th b vi khun tn cng trc to thnh cc cht

d tan trong nc hoc kh bay i, cc cht ny s khng to nn du kh. Ngc li,
cc cht kh b pn hy (nh cc protein, cht bo, ru cao, sp, du, nha) s dn
lng ng to nn lp trm tch di y bin; y chnh l cc vt liu hu c u
hydrocacbon ban u:
RCOOR + H2O
RCOOH
R
a-
tin ca du kh. Cc cht ny qua hng triu nm bin i s to thnh cc
RCOOH + ROH
RH + CO2
RCH2OH
R CH=CH2
R CH=CH2
R CH2 CH3
Theo tc gi Petrov, cc axit bo ca thc vt thng l cc axit bo khng no,
s bin i to ra -lacton, sau to thnh naphten hoc aromat:
R C = C C C OH
ng
DD
RC CCC=O
-lacton
O
- H2 O
RCC CC=O
O
R
R
,
Tr
Cc xeton ny c th ngng t to thnh cc hydrocacbon c cu trc hn hp,
hoc thnh ankyl thm:
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Trng HBR-VT
R -HO
2
- 2H2O
CH2 O
gT
u
V
n
Da theo qu trnh bin i trn, phi c hydro lm no cc olefin, to thnh

prafin. V ngi ta a ra hai gi thuyt v s to thnh H2:
- Do tia phng x trong lng t m sinh ra H2. Gi thuyt ny t c tnh thuyt

phc.
- Do cc vi khun ym kh di y bin, chng c kh nng lm ln men cc
R
a-
cht hu c to thnh H2. Tc gi Jobell tm thy 30 loi vi khun c kh nng

ln men cc cht hu c to H2. Cc vi khun ny thng gp trong nc h ao v c
trong lp trm tch; l ngun cung cp H2 cho qu trnh kh.
Ngoi cc yu t vi khun, nhiu nh nghin cu cn cho rng c hng lot cc
yu t khc na nh: nhit , p sut, thi gian, s c mt ca cc cht xc tc (cc
kim loi nh Ni, V, Mo, khng st) trong cc lp trm tch s to iu kin thun li
cho phn ng xy ra.
Thuyt ngun gc hu c ca du m cho php gii thch c nhiu hin
tng trong thc t. Chng hn nh: du m cc ni hu nh u khc nhau, s khc

nhau c th l do vt liu hu c ban u. V d, nu vt liu hu c ban u giu
DD
cht bo th c th to ra du loi paraffinic

Du c sinh ra ri rc trong cc lp trm tch, c gi l m. Do p
sut y cao nn chng b y ra ngoi v buc phi di c n ni mi qua cc
ng
tng cha thng c cu trc rng xp. S di chuyn tip tc xy ra n khi

chng gp iu kin a hnh thun li c th li y v tch t thnh m du;
l nhng ci by, du c th vo c m khng ra c, c ngha l ni phi c
Tr
tng chn hoc nt mui.

Trong qu trnh di chuyn, du m phi i qua cc tng xp, c th s xy ra
s hp ph (ging nh sc k), cc cht c cc (nh nha, asphanten) b hp ph v

li cc lp , kt qu l du s nh hn v sch hn. Nhng nu trong qu trnh di
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Trng HBR-VT
chuyn du b tip xc vi oxy khng kh, chng c th b oxy ha dn n to cc
gT
u
hp cht cha cc nguyn t d th, lm xu i cht lng du.

Khi du tch t v nm trong cc m du, qu trnh bin i hu nh t xy ra
nu m du kn. Trong trng hp c cc khe h, oxy, nc kh quyn c th lt vo,
x xy ra s bin cht theo chiu hng xu i do phn ng ha hc (oxy ha, trng

hp ha).
V
n
Cc hydrocacbon ban u ca du kh thng c phn t lng rt ln
(C30 C40), thm ch cao hn. Cc cht hu c ny nm trong lp trm tch s chu
nhiu bin i ha hc di nh hng ca nhit , p sut, xc tc (l khong st).
Ngi ta thy rng, c ln chm su xung 30 mt th nhit trong lp trm tch tng
t 0,54 n 1,2 oC; cn p sut tng t 3 n 7,5 at. Nh vy, su cng ln, nhit
R
a-
, p sut cng tng v trong cc lp trm tch to du kh, nhit c th ln ti 100

n 200oC v p sut t 200 n 1000 at. iu kin nh vy, cc hydrocacbon c
phn t lng ln, mch di, cu trc phc tp s b phn hy nhit, to thnh cc cht
c phn t lng nh hn, cu trc n gin hn, s lng vng thm t hn
Thi gian di cng l yu t thc y qu trnh cracking xy ra mnh hn.
Chnh v vy, tui du cng cao, ln chm cng su, du dc to thnh cng cha
nhiu hydrocacbon vi trng lng phn t cng nh. Su hn na c kh nng
chuyn hon ton thnh kh, trong kh metan l bn vng nht nn hm lng ca
n rt cao. Cng chnh v vy, khi tng chiu su ca cc ging khoan thm d du kh
th xc sut tm thy kh thng cao hn.
DD
Tm li, v bn cht, du v kh u c cng mt ngun gc, v chnh l ngun

gc hu c. u c du th thng tm thy kh. Cng c khi cc m kh nm ring
bit, c l l do s di c.
ng
1.1.2. Khi nim, thnh phn v phn loi kh thin nhin

1.1.2.1. Khi nim
Kh t nhin: l kh khai thc trc tip t cc m kh di lng t thnh phn
Tr
chnh l metan ti 98%, C2-C4: 1,5-7%, C5+ v cc kh khc nh: H2S, N, CO2, He
Kh ng hnh: L kh c tch ra trong qu trnh khai thc du. Kh ny cha
khong 30-80% metan, 10-26% etan, 7-22 propan, 4-7% butan v izobutan, 1-3% C5+.
Ngoi ra kh ng hnh cn cha H2S, CO2, N2
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Trng HBR-VT
Kh ngng t (condensate): thc cht l dng trung gian gia du m v kh
gT
u
(phn cui ca kh v phn u ca du), bao gm cc hydrocacbon nh propan, butan

v mt s hydrocacbon lng khc nh pentan, hexan, thm ch hydrocacbon naphtenic
v aromatic n gin. iu kin thng, kh ngng t dng lng. Kh ngng t l
nguyn liu qu sn xut LPG v s dng trong tng hp ha du.
Kh t nh my lc du: l kh hnh thnh trong qu trnh n nh du, cracking,
V
n
luyn cc
1.1.2.2. Thnh phn
c trng ch yu ca kh thin nhin v kh du m bao gm hai phn: phn

hydrocacbon v phi hydrocacbon:
a. Cc hp cht hydrocacbon
R
a-
Hm lng cc cu t ch yu l kh metan v ng ng ca n nh: C2H6,

C3H8, n-C4H10, izo-C4H10, ngoi ra cn c mt t hm lng cc hp cht C5, C6. Hm
lng cc cu t trn thay i ty theo ngun gc ca kh. V d, trong kh t nhin
cha ch yu CH4, cc kh nng C3 C4 rt t; cn trong kh ng hnh, hm lng
cc kh C3 C4 cao hn.
Bch H
(l 09)
Metan C1
Etan C2
Rng ng
Ruby
Kh t do
ng hnh
(l 09)
(l 01)
76,82
84,77
76,54
77,62
78,02
11,87
7,22
6,89
10,04
10,67
5,98
3,46
8,25
5,94
6,70
1,04
1,70
0,78
2,83
1,74
Condensate C5+
0,32
1,30
0,50
0,97
0,38
N2
0,50
0,33
0,60
CO2
1,00
0,42
0,07
H2S
Prapan C3
Tr
ng
Butan C4
Thnh phn
Rng (l 09)
DD
Bng 1.1. Thnh phn kh b Cu Long (% theo th tch)
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Trng HBR-VT
Bng 1.2. Thnh phn kh b Nam Cn Sn (% theo th tch)
Lan
(05-1a)
(06-1)
(06-1)
(11-2)
77,25
88,5
93,9
81,41
Etan C2
9,49
4,3
2,3
5,25
Prapan C3
3,38
2,4
0,5
3,06
Butan C4
1,34
0,6
0,1
1,47
Condensate C5+
0,48
1,4
0,2
N2
4,50
0,3
1,6
CO2
1,9
1,2
H2S
10,0
Cha o
Thnh phn
Metan C1
Rng i Hi Thch
Mc Tinh
gT
u
Lan Ty
(05-2)
(05-3)
81,00
89,44
5,20
3,80
2,80
1,48
1,50
0,71
V
n
i Hng
0,55
4,70
0,54
0,08
0,11
0,15
5,64
4,40
3,88
0,00
R
a-
Bng 1.3. Thnh phn kh b Malay Th Chu (% theo th tch)
PM3
Thnh phn
Metan C1
77,91
UNOCAL
L Ty Nam
89,65
89,42
2,74
4,26
6,86
Prapan C3
4,09
2,38
1,98
0,17
1,12
0,40
Condensate C5+
Etan C2
0,42
0,05
0,32
N2
0,80
2,14
0,34
7,86
4,38
1,88
Butan C4
DD
CO2
H2S
24 ppm
b. Cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon
ng
Ngoi thnh phn chnh l hydrocacbon, trong kh t nhin v kh ng hnh

cn cha cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon nh: CO2, N2, H2S, He, Ar, Ne...Trong cc
Tr
loi kh k trn, thng N2 chim phn ln. c bit, c nhng m kh cha He vi

hm lng kh cao nh cc m kh t nhin M: m Kandas cha 1,28 % He, m
Texas cha 0,9 % He. C nhng m kh cha nhiu H2S: m Lag ca Php cha H2
vi hm lng 5%.
Ngi ta c th s dng cc m kh lm ngun nguyn liu sn xut cc
kh tr, thu hi H2S phc v cho cng nghip.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Trng HBR-VT
1.1.2.3. Phn loi
gT
u
a. Theo ngun gc
- Kh t nhin
- Kh ng hnh
- Kh condensate
- Kh t nh my lc du.
V
n
b. Theo hm lng kh axit c trong kh
- Kh chua l kh c hm lng H2S > 1% th tch v hm lng CO2 > 2 % th
tch.
- Kh ngt l kh c hm lng cc kh axit t: H2S < 1% th tch v hm lng
c. Theo thnh phn kh C3+
R
a-
CO2 < 2 % th tch.
- Kh bo l kh giu propan, butan v cc hydrocacbon nng ( > 150 g/m 3). T

kh ny ngi ta ch c xng kh (LNG), kh du m ha lng (LPG) v cc
hidrocacbon ring bit dng cho cng ngh tng hp hu c.
- Kh gy (kh kh) l kh cha t hydrocacbon nng (t propan tr ln, < 50
g/m 3), c s dng lm nhin liu cho cng nghip v i sng, lm nguyn liu cho
cng ngh tng hp hu c, nguyn liu cho sn xut phn m, sn xut etylen,
axetylen, etanol
d. Theo thnh phn kh C2+

- Kh kh l kh c hm lng C2+ < 10% th tch.
DD
- Kh m l kh c hm lng C2+ > 10% th tch.

1.1.3. ng dng ca kh
Kh c ng dng trong cc mc ch chnh l lm nguyn liu cho cng
ng
nghip tng hp ha du v lm nhin liu t.

1.1.3.1. Kh lm nguyn liu cho tng hp ha du
a. Tng hp amoniac
Tr
Ammoniac (NH3) l nguyn liu ban u tng hp phn m [NH4NO3,
(NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, (NH2)2CO v.v]. Qu trnh tng hp s dng ch yu l kh t

nhin, qua cc giai on sau:
u tin chuyn ha thnh kh tng hp (qu trnh reforming hi nc):
CH4 + 1 O2
CO + 2H2
2
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Trng HBR-VT
CH4 + H2O
CO + 3H2
CO
CO2 +
H2
Sau khi loi b CO l tip n giai on tng hp ammoniac:

N2
+ 3H2
2NH3 + Q
b. Tng hp methanol
gT
u
+ H2O
Metanol l mt trong nhng nguyn liu v dung mi quan trng trong cng
V
n
nghip ha hc. Metanol cn c coi l ngun nhin liu l tng v n c kh nng
chy hon ton khng gy nhim mi trng, ngoi ra n cn l mt trong nhng

ph gia cha oxy rt tt pha vo xng nng cao tr s octan
C th tng hp metanol bng cch oxy ha khng hon ton metan. Phn ng
xy ra theo c ch chui:
CH3 + [O]
R
a-
CH3 + H
CH4
CH3O
CH3O
HCHO + H
CH3O + CH4
CH3OH + CH3
Thnh phn sn phm thu c khi oxy ha metan c th tham kho bng 1.4.
Bng 1.4. Thnh phn sn phm khi oxy ha metan
(Cc iu kin ti u: xc tc V2O5/SiO2; NO: 0,3 0,5%; He: 16,2%; CH4/O2:

2 3%; metan: 55,6%; oxy: 33,7%; nhit : 800oK)
phn ng
ha CH4,%
NOx, %
chn lc sn phm, % *
Tng
HCHO
CH3OH
CH3NO2
0,5
763
56,6
45,3
8,9
2,4
CH4-O2-NO
10,0
0,5
802
52,2
24,1
22,1
9,0
CH4-O2-NO2
10,0
0,5
808
60,9
24,5
27,3
9,1
CH4-O2-NO-NO2
10.0
0,5
806
56,6
23,8
23,8
9,0
DD
1,5
ng
CH4-O2
chyn Hm lng Nhit
Tc nhn
* % cn li l cc kh CO, CO2.
c. Oligome ha etylen thnh nhin liu iezen
Tr
Etylen, propylene v cc olefin nh d dng tham gia phn ng oligome ha
di tc dng ca xc tc mang tnh axit. c bit l etylen c th chuyn ha thnh

cc sn phm c khi lng phn t trong mt khong rng, ph thuc vo iu kin
phn ng v cc phng php x l xc tc khc nhau. Cht lng ca sn phm
iezen thu c c th xem bng 1.5.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Trng HBR-VT
Bng 1.5. c im ca sn phm iezel thu c t qu trnh oligome ha etylen
Tiu chun SABS 342
gT
u
Phn on C10 tr ln
Tnh cht
Thnh phn ct
Tosi u, oC
180
Tosi 20%
202
50%
220
Tosi 90%
295
si
Tr s xetan
68
_
_
_
362 max
45 min
V
n
im c, oC
+1
im ng, C
-20
Cn cacbon, % khi lng
0,11
nht ti 40oC, mm2.s-1
2,32
2,2 5,3
0,8036
84,2
Ch s brom
- 4 max
0,2 max
R
a-
Trng lng ring 15oC, g/ml
S liu bng 1.5 ch r nhng c tnh tt ca iezel tng hp bng phng

php oligome ha, c bit l tr s xetan rt cao cho thy tnh u vit ca h xc tc
s dng.
Ngoi cc sn phm nh metanol, formaldehyt, kh tng hp, nhin liu

iezen t cc kh khc nhau c th tng hp c v vn cc sn phm ha hc
khc nhau nh: cc loi cht do PVC, PE, si tng hp PA, PES, sn tng hp, cht
ty ra tng hp... c nhiu ng dng trong i sng, trong cng nghip.
DD
1.1.3.2. Kh lm nhin liu t
nhiu nc dng kh pht in (chim 70-80 % sn lng kh) bng cc

nh my in chy bng tuabin kh, tuabin kh chu trnh hn hp.
ng
Trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc c th s dng trong cc l t trc tip

trong cc nh my sn xut vt liu xy dng, luyn cn thp, sn xut gm, thy
tinh cao cp, sn xut hi cho cc mc ch sy, ty ra... v yu cu cng ngh khc
Tr
ca cc nh my ch bin thc phm, dt, si...

Trong giao thng vn ti LPG/CNG (kh t nhin nn) c th thay th cc loi
nhin liu c s dng trc y l xng, iezel cho cc loi xe t. N l loi nhin
liu sch, t gy nhim mi trng.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Trng HBR-VT
Ngoi ra kh cn lm cht t l tng dng cho un nu trong gia nh v cc
gT
u
dch v (khch sn, nh hng), kh cn dng cho cc h thng si m hoc iu ha

nhit nhng trung tm ln.
1.1.4. Tng quan v th trng kh Vit Nam
1.1.4.1. Ch bin v s dng kh t nhin v kh ng hnh Vit Nam
Tr lng kh ca VN c pht hin khong 659 t m 3 (s liu c
V
n
chng minh nm 2011). Tr lng kh ca VN phn b trn ton lnh th nhng ch

yu l cc b Nam Cn Sn, Sng Hng, M kng, Malay Th Chu.
Cho n nay Vit Nam ang khai thc 6 m du v 1 m kh, hnh thnh 4 cm
khai thc du kh quan trng:
Cm m th nht nm vng ng bng Bc B, gm nhiu m kh nh,
R
a-
trong c Tin Hi C, tr lng khong 250 t m3 kh, bt u khai thc t

thng 12 nm 1981 vi trn 450 triu m3 kh phc v cng nghip a phng. Vi cc
pht hin mi trong khu vc ny, y l c s nguyn liu cho cng nghip kh cc
tnh pha Bc.
Cm m th 2 thuc vng bin Cu Long, gm chui 4 m du: Bch H,
Rng, Rng ng, Ru Bi, l cm quan trng nht hin nay, cung cp trn 96% sn
lng du ton quc.
Hin nay m Bch H v m Rng c 21 gin khai thc ln nh ang hot
ng vi hn 100 ging khoan khai thc v bm p. Kh ng hnh t c thu

gom v a vo b bng ng ng dn di 110 km.
DD
- Thng 4 nm 1995 cung cp 1 triu m3 kh/ngy cho nh my in B Ra.

- Nm 1997 tng ln 2 triu, ri 3 triu m3 kh/ngy cung cp cho nh my in
Ph M 2.1 v Ph M 2.1 m rng.
ng
- Thng 10 nm 1998 nh my x l kh Dinh C t mc thit k 4,2 triu m3

kh / ngy.
- Thng 12 nm 1998 bt u sn xut LPG. Hin nay mi ngy nh my Dinh
Tr
C gom, nn, x l kh t mc 4,6 4,7 triu m3 kh/ngy (khong 1,5 t m3

kh/nm) sn xut 800 tn LPG, 350 tn condensate.
ng thi khu vc ny cng v ang nghin cu tng cng sut chung ca
h thng ln trn 2 t m 3 kh/nm.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
10
Trng HBR-VT
Cm m th 3 vng bin Nam Cn Sn gm m du i Hng ang khai
gT
u
thc v cc m kh pht hin khu vc xung quanh l Lan Ty, Lan , Hi

Thch, Mc Tinh v m du kh Rng i Ty ang chun b a vo khai thc.
Ring m kh Lan Ty Lan vi tr lng xc minh l 58 t m3 s cung cp

n nh lu di mc 2,7 t m 3 kh/nm.
Trong vi nm ti y khu vc ny s l cm khai thc v cung cp kh ln nht
V
n
Vit Nam, m bo cung cp 5 n 6 t m 3/nm.
Theo PetroVietnam, trong khong thi gian t nm 2003 n nm 2010, cm

m du kh vng bin Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn cung cp 6 n 8 t m 3
kh/nm s l c s nguyn liu cho cm cng nghip du kh B Ra Ph M v
Dung Qut.
R
a-
Cm m th 4 ti thm lc a Ty Nam bao gm m Bunga Kekwa Ci

Nc ang khai thc du, m Bunga Orkid, Bunga Parkma, Bunga Raya ti khu vc
tha thun thng mi Vit Nam Malaysia s l khu khai thc v cung cp kh ln
th hai v s l c s m bo s pht trin khu cng nghip du kh C Mau Cn
Th.
- L PM-3-CAA bt u khai thc t u thng 8 nm 1997. K hoch pht

trin kh v cc iu kin thng mi tha thun cho php vic khai thc kh bt
u t cui 2003 vi sn lng khong 2,5 t m 3/nm cho hai pha trong thi gian t
nht 15 n 17 nm, thm ch c th 25 n 30 nm. V ngoi phn tr lng xc

minh l 47 t m3 cn c phn tim nng (khong 60 t m3) c th c xc minh trong
DD
nhng nm ti.
- Cc l 46, 50, 51 lin k khoan 11 ging thm d, trong c 8 ging pht

hin du, c bit l kh. Nu c cc gii php thch hp, gii quyt cc kh khn (m
nh, nhiu CO2, ) l 46 vi tr lng 15 20 t m 3 c th cung cp khong 1 t
ng
m3/nm.
- L B + 48/95 + 52/97 giao thu cho UNOCAL c nh gi c th c ti
Tr
160 t m3, hy vng m bo cung cp di hn 2 5 t m3/nm.

Ni chung kh t nhin v kh ng hnh ca Vit Nam cha rt t H2S (0,02
g/m 3) nn l loi kh sch, rt thun li cho ch bin, s dng an ton vi thit b v

khng gy nhim mi trng.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
11
Trng HBR-VT
Vi tim nng v kh kh phong ph nh vy, nc ta c iu kin pht trin
gT
u
cng nghip u kh trn ton lnh th. Khai thc v s dng hp l ngun ti nguyn
thin nhin qu gi ny, trong tng lai ngnh cng nghip du kh s l mt ngnh
cng nghip pht trin mnh, ng gp ng k vo s pht trin ca t nc.
1.1.4.2. Nhu cu s dng kh Vit Nam
Vit Nam kh c s dng ch yu vo cc ngnh: sn xut in, cng
V
n
nghip, nhin liu dn dng, sn xut phn bn ha hc...

a. Nhu cu kh cho ngnh in
Nhu cu v in nng tiu th l rt ln, c bnh qun khi thu nhp u ngi
tng 1 % th cn tng 2-3 % nng lng. T cui thp nin 80 nhu cu v in tng
khong 12-15 %/nm v khi ng dy 500 KV Bc Nam hnh thnh, nhu cu tng
R
a-
vt ln 20%/nm, do hin ti ngnh in pha Nam vn cn nhiu kh khn m

bo p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng theo tc pht trin kinh t. Vic xy dng
mi cc nh my thy in cn nhiu hn ch trong khi vic s dng kh thin nhin
lm ngun nhin liu li th hin nhiu u vit so vi cc ngun nhin liu khc:
- Th nht: s dng kh cho pht in c cc thun li v mt cng ngh v vn
hnh. V cng ngh, c th p ng c cho cc t my c cng sut cao v v vn

hnh cho php khi ng my nhanh, vn hnh n gin v c tin cy cao.
- Th hai: gim chi ph u t, chi ph vn hnh v bo dng. Trong khi u t
cho nh my in nguyn t l 3000 USD/KW th cng sut u t cho nh my nhit

in tuabin kh chu trnh hn hp thp hn nhiu, ch khong 500 USD/KW.
DD
- Th ba: thi gian xy dng cho nh my in chy kh ngn hn v khng

chim nhiu din tch .
- Th t: hiu sut nhit ca nhit in kh cao, t trn 60% trong khi hiu sut
ng
nhit in than v nhit in nguyn t ch t khong 40%.

- Th nm: s dng kh cho pht in gim thiu cc cht thi gy nhim cho
Tr
mi trng, mt vn ang rt c quan tm trong giai on hin nay.

Ngnh
Bng 1.6. Nhu cu s dng kh thin nhin (n v: triu m3)
Nm 1995
Nm 2000
Nm 2005
Nm 2010
200
1200
in nng
500
1200
4500
7000
Phn bn
500
1000
Cng nghip
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
12
Trng HBR-VT
Nhng tnh u vit ca s dng kh thin nhin lm gim gi thnh sn xut
gT
u
in s dng kh, tng tnh cnh tranh ca s dng kh so vi cc loi nhin liu khc.
Do vic xy dng cc nh my in tuabin chy bng kh l phng n kh thi cao
hin nay cho vn p ng nhu cu v in.
Ngnh cng nghip chim hn 50% nhu cu v in hin nay v c kh nng

tng mnh trong tng lai, trong khi cc ngnh khc nhu cu vn tng u v nhu
V
n
cu in cho dn dng vn cha p ng ht. V vy nhu cu s dng in trong tng

lai l rt ln v chnh l mt m bo lu di cho th trng kh.
b. Nhu cu kh cho cng nghip v nng nghip
Ngoi nhu cu v in nng s dng cho cc ngnh cng nghip v cc khu

cng nghip tp trung ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, ng Nai, Bnh Dng, B Ra
R
a-
Vng Tu ... Bn cnh cc d n kh in m ti C Mau ang trin khai cng vi

nh my m Ph M trin khai vo thng 2/2001 v hon thnh vo thng 6/2004
cng tiu th lng kh rt ln l 500 triu m3/nm.
c. Nhu cu kh cho nhin liu
Trong giai on hin nay, xu hng chuyn i vic s dng kh thin nhin
thay th cho xng, du trong phng tin giao thng v cc l t s dng nhin liu
nng nh FO hoc than ci vi mc tiu gim thiu nhim mi trng do nhin liu
ang c nghin cu thc hin rt kh thi d bo cho nhu cu s dng kh rt ln.
Ngnh
Bng 1.7. Nhu cu kh cho cc lnh vc (t m3)
Cc giai on
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
6,706
7,666
8,116
8,116
8,116
8,356
0,94
0,94
0,94
1,25
1,25
1,25
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
Etan
0,213
0,213
0,213
0,213
0,213
0,213
Propan
0,153
0,153
0,153
0,153
0,153
0,153
Cc mc tiu khc
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,7
Tng cng
10,012
10,972
11,442
11,752
11,752
11,992
in
m
ng
Thp
DD
2005
Tr
Metanol
1.2. GII THIU V LPG
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
13
Trng HBR-VT
1.2.1. Khi nim v LPG
gT
u
Kh ng hnh ha lng gi tt l LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), c thnh

phn ch yu l Propan v Butan c nn li cho ti khi ho lng (p sut hi bo
ho) mt nhit nht nh tn cha, vn chuyn. iu kin thng LPG tn
ti trng thi hi. Khi chuyn pha, 1 n v th tch lng to ra 250 n v th tch
hi.
V
n
1.2.2. Thnh phn ca LPG
Thnh phn ho hc ch yu ca LPG l cc cu t C3 v C4 gm c:

Propane (C3H8): 40 % mol
Butan (C4H10): 60 % mol
Ngoi ra cn cha hm lng nh cu t Etan (C2H6) v Pentan
R
a-
(C5H12),..Trong LPG cn cha cht to mi Mecaptan (R-SH) vi t l phi trn nht

nh (nh my GPP hin ang s dng 40 ppm) khi r r c th nhn bit bng khu
gic. Tt c cc cu t u tn ti dng lng, di p sut trung bnh v nhit mi
trng.
i vi LPG ng chai (bnh) th tu theo iu kin mi trng s dng tng
vng, tng nc m yu cu thnh phn ca cc cu t C3, C4 khc nhau. V d i vi

nhng vng c kh hu lnh, m bo kh nng ho hi khi s dng th yu cu
hm lng cu t C3 nhiu hn C4, v nhng nc c kh hu nng th ngc li.
i vi nhu cu cng nghip, cht lng thng c ho hi nh thit b gia

nhit bn ngoi h tr. Thnh phn ca sn phm LPG ch yu vn l C3 v C4, nu
DD
sn phm l Propan th thnh phn C4+ chim ti a 2%, cn nu sn phm l Butan th

thnh phn C5+ chim ti a l 2%. Thnh phm LPG phi m bo kh nng bay hi
95% th tch lng iu kin nhit quy nh.
ng
1.2.3. Cc tnh cht ho l ca LPG

1.2.3.1. p sut hi
LPG trong bnh kn c th tng p khi nhit tng. Khi nhit mi trng
Tr
tng ln lm cho p sut hi trong bn tng. V vy khi thit k bn cha cn phi

trang b van an ton bo v bnh cha.
p sut hi ca Propan ln hn Butan cho nn Butan c th cha trong bn ca
Propan, nhng ngc lai Propan khng th cha trong bn ca Butan.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
14
Trng HBR-VT
Bng 1.8. Cc thng s vt l c bn ca LPG
Propan
p sut hi ti 15 oC, Bar
6,5
20oC, Bar
50oC, Bar
19,6
im si 760 mmHg, oC
Nhit bc chy, oC
T trng ca hi so vi khng kh (Kg/m3)
2,75
7
-0,5 2
500
1,52
2,01
1,83
2,46
R
a-
520
0,6
0,57
2,512
2,386
0,58
0,55
358,2
372,2
Nhit tr ton phn, KCal/Kg
12000
11800
Nhit tr ti thiu, Kcal/Kg
11100
10900
275
235
25
33
0,5 0,51
0,57 0,8
Nhit chy vi khng kh, oC
1967
1973
ng
Khi lng ring ca kh (1atm, 15,6 oC), Kg/m3
0,8
V
n
-42 -45
Butan
gT
u
Cc i lng
2900
2904
1,96 2,02
1,72 1,76
Nhit dung ring, Btu/lb oF

KJ/Kg oC
Kcal/Kg/oC
n nhit bay hi 15,6oC, KJ/Kg
DD
T l th tch kh /lng
Lng khng kh cn t chy 1m3 kh, m3

Khi lng ring ca cht lng 15,6oC, Kg/lit
Nhit chy vi Oxy, oC
Tr
Th tch ring 15,6 oC, lit/Kg
1.2.3.2. T trng
Propan v Butan l sn phm thuc loi nh trong cng nghip du kh. i vi
Propan th t trng so vi nc dao ng trong khong 0,51 cn Butan 0,575. LPG ch

th lng trong iu kin nhit thp hoc p sut cao. So vi khng kh, t trng
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
15
Trng HBR-VT
ca LPG iu kin nhit 15,6oC v p sut 1 bar l 1,52 vi Propan v 2,1 vi
gT
u
Butan.
Nh vy khi LPG r r thot ra, do nng hn khng kh nn n tn ti trn mt
t c bit l cc vng trng. V vy, m bo an ton khu vc tn cha phi

thong mt.
1.2.3.3. T l khng kh khi t chy LPG
V
n
Khi t chy hon ton mt n v LPG i hi lng khng kh ln gp 23

ln i vi Propan v 33 ln vi Butan, ng thi phn ng sinh ra lng CO2 ln gp
3 n 4 ln th tch kh t. iu ny rt quan trng v c th lng trc c kh

nng thiu O2 v bo ho CO2 t ngt khi t LPG trong bnh kn.
1.2.3.4. H s gin n khi
R
a-
H s gin n khi l i lng th tch tng ln khi nhit ca vt cht tng

ln 1 C.
H s gin n khi 15oC i vi Propan vo khong 0,0016 m3/oC cn i vi

Butan l 0,0011 m3/oC. Do h s gin n khi ca Propan, Butan ln (ln gp 15 20
ln so vi nc v ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc sn phm du m khc) nn trong bn
cha khng c cha 100% mc bn m ch cha khong 80 85 % dung tch ton

phn c khng gian cho LPG lng gin n khi nhit tng.
1.2.3.5. im bt la
L nhit ti nng hi ca nhin liu trong khng kh c th bt la khi

c ngun t, i vi LPG im bt la rt thp khong -76oC vi n-Butan.
STT
1
Cu t
Trong khng kh
Trong oxy
Propan
400 580
470 575
Butan
410 550
280 550
ng
DD
Bng 1.9. Nhit t bt chy ca mt s loi nhin liu ti p sut kh quyn (oC)
Axetylen
305 500
295 440
Hydro
550 590
560
Du DO
250 340
> 240
Xng
280 430
> 240
Du ha
> 250
> 240
Than cc
425 650
> 240
Metan
630 750
800
Tr
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
16
Trng HBR-VT
Nhit ngn la ca LPG v mt s loi nhin liu khc nh bng 1.10.
gT
u
Bng 1.10. Nhit ngn la ca mt s loi nhin liu
Nhit ngn la (oC)

STT
Nhin liu
Trong khng kh
Trong oxy
Tnh ton
Tnh ton
2.740
Propan
2.000
1.930
2.850
Butan
2.000
1900
2.850
Axetylen
Hydro
1.960
2.045
Metan
1990
1.925
2.325
1.2.3.6. n nhit ho hi
V
n
3.200
3.150
2.980
2.660
2.800
2.720
R
a-
n nhit bay hi ca cht lng l lng nhit cn thit hp th bay hi. Khi
cht lng LPG bay hi n ly i mt lng nhit ca khi cht lng, lm cho nhit
ca khi cht lng gim i to ra s chnh nhit so vi mi trng xung quanh.
Nhit gim c th tnh c da vo nhit dung v nhit bay hi cn thit.
Nhit dung ca Propan l 0,58 Kcal/Kg.oC, ca Butan l 0,55 Kcal/Kg.oC nhit bay
1.2.3.7. Nhit lng chy
hi ca Propan l 102 Kcal/Kg v Butan l 92 Kcal/Kg.
Bng 1.11. Nhit tr ca LPG v mt s loi nhin liu
2
3
nng lng
kcal/kg
kcal/ kg
Propan
11.080
12.030
Butan
10.930
11.830
Axetylen
11.530
11.950
Hydro
28.800
34.000
ng
Nhit lng ton phn,
Nhit lng c ch,
DD
STT
Nhin liu,
Du DO
9.880
10.500
Xng
10.250
10.900
Du ha
10.400
11.100
Xng
10.500
11.300
Than ci
7.900
8.050
10
Than cc
5.800
5.850
11
in nng
Tr
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
860 kcal/kW.h
17
Trng HBR-VT
Hn hp LPG/khng kh khi chy sinh ra nhit lng ln v tng i sch
gT
u
khng li tp cht.
Nh c tnh ny m ngi ta c th iu khin nng lng cho qu trnh cng
ngh sn xut v cc sn phm c cht lng cao.
1.2.3.8. Gii hn chy n
Kh nhin liu ch chy n vi khng kh khi c pha trn vi khng kh theo
V
n
mt t l nht nh, khong chy n c xc nh bi gii hn trn v gii hn di.
Gii hn di ng vi lng kh ti thiu to ra hn hp chy n, gii hn trn ng

vi hn hp kh ti a.
i vi LPG t chy v pht n nu c trn ln vi khng kh theo t l

LPG/khng kh: 5-15 % tng ng vi LPG/Oxy l: 0,25-0,75.
R
a-
Bng 1.12. Gii hn chy n ca LPG nhit 15,6 oC v p sut 1 bar
Thnh phn
Propan thng phm
Butan thng phm
Gii hn trn
(% th tch)
(% th tch)
2,2
10,0
1,8
9,0
5,0
40,0
5,0
15,0
Kh metan
Gii hn di
Kh thin nhin
1.2.3.9. Tr s octan v nht
Tr s octan ca LPG rt cao. Tr s octan ca propan v butan theo tiu chun
DD
ASTM c trnh by trong bng 1.13.

Bng 1.13. Tr s octan ca propan v butan
Thnh phn
LPG
ng
Propan
Butan
Tr s octan ASTM
Phng php ng c D-357 Phng php nghin cu D-908

99,5
111,4
89,1
94
LPG c nht rt thp, 20 oC nht ca LPG l 0,3 cSt. Do vy, LPG c
Tr
tnh linh ng rt cao, c th r r, thm thu nhng ni m nc v xng du khng

r r nn d lm hng du m bi trn ti cc v tr lm kn khng tt.
1.2.3.10. Ch tiu cht lng LPG thng phm
LPG hon ton khng gy c cho con ngi, khng gy nhim mi trng,
khi b r r ra ngoi mi trng kn s chim ch ca khng kh v c th gy ngt.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
18
Trng HBR-VT
LPG cn l nhin liu rt sch: hm lng lu hunh thp (< 0,02%), khi chy ch to
gT
u
ra kh CO2 v hi nc, lng kh c SO2, H2S, CO ca qu trnh chy l rt nh,

khng gy nh hng ti mi trng.
LPG th lng v hi u khng mu, khng mi. V l do an ton nn LPG
c pha thm cht to mi d pht hin r r. Cc nh sn xut trn vo LPG

nhng cht to mi c trng. Theo a s cc tiu chun an ton, cht to mi v nng
V
n
pha ch phi thch hp sao cho c th pht hin c trc ch hi r t nng
bng 1/5 gii hn n di. Khi trong khng kh c khong 0,5% hi LPG c th
ngi thy mi. LPG thng mi thng c pha thm cht to mi etyl mecaptan v
kh ny c mi c trng, ha tan tt trong LPG, khng c, khng gy n mn kim
loi v tc bay hi gn vi LPG.
R
a-
Bng 1.14. Ch tiu cht lng LPG
Cc ch tiu cht lng sn phm

Thnh phn, % mol:
C5 +
Propan
Mc quy nh
<2%
30 40
60 70
C2-
<3%
480 - 820
p sut hi ti 37,8oC, kPa
Butan
T trng 15/4 oC , max
DD
0,5533
n mn tm ng 37,8 oC, C/1h
N-1
Nhit tr, KCal/Kg
9,552 13,134
Hm lng lu hunh, ppm, max
ng
170
Nc t do
0
m tnh (t)
Tr
Hm lng hydrosunfit, ppm
1.2.4. Cc ng dng quan trng ca LPG

Thnh phn ch yu ca LPG l propan v butan, c sn xut bng cch nn
kh ng hnh hoc kh t cc qu trnh ch bin du m cc nh my lc du. Vic

ng dng LPG thng phm thng phn chia thnh 4 loi chnh:
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
19
Trng HBR-VT
- Propan thng phm: lm nhin liu cho ng c hot ng nhng iu kin
gT
u
khc nghit ca mi trng (p sut cao, nhit thp).

- Butan thng phm: S dng lm nhin liu i hi s bay hi trung bnh.
- Propan chuyn dng: L sn phm c cht lng cao s dng trong cc ng

c t trong, i hi nhin liu c kh nng chng kch n cao.
- Hn hp propan butan: s dng lm nhin liu i hi s bay hi trung bnh.
V
n
Hn hp propan butan l thch hp cho vic ch bin thnh sn phm kh t

gia dng v chng c p sut hi bo ho v nhit bay hi thch hp trong cc iu
kin sinh hot c th.
LPG c nhit chy cao mc d t trng butan ln hn t trng propan nhng

nhit tr tng t nhau v nm trong khong 11300 12000 kcal/kg; tng ng
R
a-
nhit tr ca 1,5 2 kg than ci; 1,3 lt du mazut; 1,35 lt xng.

Vi nhng c tnh trn, LPG c s dng rt rng ri trong mi lnh vc ca
i sng. Mt cch tng i c th phn chia cc ng dng ca LPG nh sau:
- S dng LPG trong dn dng: nhin liu cho cc bp ga, l nng thay th
in trong cc bnh un nc nng trong gia nh, trong cc h thng si m nh ,
chiu sng, git l
- S dng LPG trong cc nh hng: s dng trong cc bp cng nghip, l

nng, un nc nng, cho cc l nng cng nghip vi cng sut ln, cho cc
bnh nc nng trung tm (cung cp nc nng cho h thng).

- LPG c s dng rng ri trong rt nhiu ngnh cng nghip: gia cng kim
DD
loi, hn ct thp, nu v gia cng thy tinh, l nung sn phm silicat. Kh trng
hp, l t rc, sy mng sn...
- S dng LPG trong nng nghip: s dng sy nng sn, ng cc, thuc l,
ng
sy ch, sy c ph, l p trng, t c, si m nh knh

- S dng LPG trong giao thng: l nhin liu l tng thay th cho ng c
t trong v tr s octan cao, gi thnh r, t gy nhim mi trng, n gin ha cu
Tr
to ng c. N lm gim ng k s thot kh xe ti, lm nhin liu t trong thay

xng cho cc xe du lch, xe taxi. mt s nc tin tin dng LPG ho lng thay xng
pha ch va hn ch c hi trong s dng i vi con ngi, va kinh t.
- LPG c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip tng hp hu c v ho du
nh: s dng trong cng ngh tinh ch v sn xut du nhn, n-butan thm vo tng
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
20
Trng HBR-VT
tnh bay hi v ch s octan ca nhin liu. Mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng
gT
u
khc ca LPG l s dng lm nguyn liu ho hc to ra nhng polyme trung gian

nh: polyetylen, polyvinyl clorua, polypropylen v mt s cht khc. c bit sn
xut MTBE l cht lm tng tr s octan thay th cho hp cht pha ch trong xng
pht trin trong mt vi nm gn y.
- S dng cho nh my pht in: dng LPG chy cc tuabin sn xut ra in
V
n
phc v cho cc ngnh cng nghip khc em li hiu qu kinh t cao v vn u t
xy dng ban u i vi cng ngh ny l thp hn so vi cng nghip thu in v

nhit in.
1.2.5. So snh tnh nng ca LPG vi cc loi nhin liu khc
Sn lng kh du m ha lng trn th gii t 130 triu tn trong nm 1995
R
a-
v trong nm 2000 con s ny tng ln n trn 200 triu tn. Kh du m ha lng

c pht trin v thng mi ha t nhng nm 1950. Trc y, chng c dng
ch yu cho cng nghip v sinh nhit gia dng. Vic nghin cu s dng LPG trn
phng tin giao thng vn ti mi c tin hnh trong nhng thp nin gn y.
gp phn lm gim nhim mi trng khng kh, mt s nc p dng chnh sch
thu c bit khuyn khch ngi dn s dng kh LPG chng hn nh H Lan, ,

Hn QucHnh bn di gii thiu t l t s dng LPG ti mt s quc gia trn
Tr
ng
DD
th gii.
Hnh 1.1. T l t s dng LPG ti mt s nc trn th gii
Qu trnh chy ca LPG din ra thun li hn nhiu so vi xng do hn hp
c ha trn tt. Mt khc LPG th kh trong iu kin kh tri nn khng c lp
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
21
Trng HBR-VT
nhin liu lng ngng t trn thnh xy lanh hay thnh ng ng np do gim
gT
u
thnh phn cc cht kh cha chy trong kh thi ng c. Thc nghim cho thy t
chy bng LPG d dng tha mn nhng tiu chun kht khe nht ca lut mi trng
hin nay. Trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng, t chy bng LPG c mc pht
nhim gim 80% i vi CO, 55% i vi NOx so vi ng c xng cng c. Ngoi
ra s dng nhin liu LPG cng gp phn lm a dng ha ngun nng lng s dng
V
n
cho giao thng vn ti.
Do LPG c cc c tnh k thut nh c tnh chng kch n cao, khng c ch

(khi so vi xng pha ch) nn sn phm chy khng c mui than, khng c hin tng
ng mng nn ng c lm vic vi LPG t gy kch n hn, t gy mi mn xy lanh,
DD
R
a-
piston, segment, v cc chi tit kim loi khc trong ng c.
ng
Hnh 1.2. Biu so snh kh thi ca cc xe chy bng xng, diesel v LPG
1.2.6. Th trng LPG Vit Nam
Tr
1.2.6.1. Ngun cung LPG

Trong nc, LPG do nh my x l kh Dinh C (B Ra-Vng Tu) sn xut
p ng khong 30-35% nhu cu th trng LPG Vit Nam. Sn lng LPG nm 2008
l 200000 tn. D kin sn lng LPG Dinh C gim dn xung cn 173000 tn vo
nm 2015, tng tr li mc 279000 tn vo nm 2020 v t mc 230000 tn vo nm
2025 (s liu bo co u t d n Kho LPG lnh Th Vi ca PVGAS). Sn phm
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
22
Trng HBR-VT
LPG ca nh my Dinh C c Quatest 3 cp chng nhn ph hp vi tiu chun
R
a-
V
n
gT
u
quc t ASTM D 1835-03.
Hnh 1.3. Nh my x l kh Dinh C
K t nm 2009, th trng LPG Vit Nam c thm ngun cung LPG mi t
nh my lc du Dung Qut. T thng 7/2009, nh my lc du Dung Qut chnh

thc cung cp LPG cho th trng vi sn lng khong 130000 tn (nm 2009), cc
nm tip theo s cung ng cho th trng khong 300000 n 450000 tn/nm.
Sn lng LPG sn xut ni a trong nm 2011 t 1.250.000 tn. Trong giai
on 2012 2015, Tng Cng ty Kh Vit Nam CTCP PV GAS c mc tiu gi
DD
vng th phn LPG trong nc trn 70%; Hng nm, Vit Nam vn phi nhp khu
thm LPG t cc quc gia ln cn nh Thi Lan, Malaysia, Singapore, i Loan,
Trung Quc. Tuy nhin trong nhng nm gn y, ngun cung LPG cho th trng
Vit Nam t cc nc trong khu vc ng Nam ngy cng tr nn khan him v
ng
khng n nh. D kin trong tng lai, ngun cung LPG nhp khu cho th trng
Vit Nam s ch yu t cc nc thuc khu vc Trung ng.
Tr
C nc hin c khong 80 doanh nghip tham gia th trng kinh doanh LPG,
bn ra khong mt triu tn gas/nm.

1.2.6.2. Nhu cu LPG
Min Nam vn c xem l th trng ln nht v c nhu cu tiu th cao nht,
chim khong 66% nhu cu LPG ca c nc, min Bc v min Trung chim khong
30% v 4%.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
23
Trng HBR-VT
R
a-
V
n
gT
u
Hnh 1.4. Biu th hin sn lng tiu th LPG ti Vit Nam v mc tng trng
tiu th LPG hng nm Vit Nam t nm 1991 n nm 2008

Bng 1.15. Nhu cu tiu th LPG ti VN giai on t 1991 2008
Nhu cu tiu th LPG ti VN giai on t 1991-2008

Tiu th
(tn)
1992
1993
Nm
(ln)
Tiu th
Tng trng
(tn)
(ln)
2000
322375
1,47
2000
5,00
2001
399594
1,24
5000
2,5
2002
517554
1,30
16330
3,27
2003
612198
1,18
ng
1994
400
DD
1991
Tng trng
Nm
49500
3,03
2004
732031
1,20
1996
91000
1,84
2005
783706
1,07
1997
130000
1,43
2006
809640
1,03
1998
171013
1,32
2007
890419
1,10
1999
218689
1,28
2008
887269
Tr
1995
Tng trng trung bnh nm giai on 1991-1999 (ln/nm)
1,47
Tng trng trung bnh nm giai on 2000-2008 (ln/nm)
1,18
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
24
Trng HBR-VT
Th trng LPG ti Vit Nam tng trng rt nhanh trong nhng nm qua: nm
gT
u
1995 ch tiu th 49.500 tn, nm 2000 tng ln thnh 322.375 tn, nm 2005 l
783.706 tn, nm 2011 t 1.250.000 tn. D kin nm 2012 t l tng trng v nhu
cu tiu th LPG s t 3%. n nm 2015 nhu cu LPG khong 2 triu tn. Vi d
bo trn, th trng LPG Vit Nam ha hn tim nng pht trin to ln.
1.2.7. Cng ngh sn xut LPG
V
n
LPG c sn xut t hai ngun nguyn liu:
- T kh t nhin v kh ng hnh. Trong trng hp ny, cc cu t chnh

trong LPG ch yu l cc hydrocacbon no: propan, n-butan v iso-butan. Trn th gii
tng sn lng LPG thu c t kh ng hnh chim 62%.
- LPG nhn c t cc qu trnh ch bin du th. Thnh phn ca LPG bao
R
a-
gm c nhng hp cht no (propan, n-butan v iso-butan) v c nhng hp cht khng

no nh propen v buten.
Ty thuc vo cht lng nguyn liu kh u vo, yu cu cht lng ca sn

phm LPG u ra, iu kin cng ngh, m trong tng trng hp ngi ta c th
nh my tinh ch nh:
p dng cc phng php sn, xut thu hi LPG trong cc nh my ch bin kh hay
- Cng ngh sn xut LPG bng phng php nn.

- Cng ngh sn xut LPG bng phng php lm lnh.
- Cng ngh sn xut LPG bng phng php hp ph.

- Cng ngh sn xut LPG bng phng php hp th.
DD
1.2.8. Cng ngh sn xut LPG ti nh my x l kh Dinh C

Ch vn hnh MGPP l ch vn hnh ti u nht ca nh my x l kh
Dinh C. Cng ngh ny c kh nng tch v thu hi C3, C4 rt cao (h s tch t
ng
98%). Nh my x l kh Dinh C s dng cng ngh Turbo Expander gin n

gim p dng kh cao p u vo nh my t p sut 109 bar xung 33,5 35 bar kt
hp vi trao i nhit lnh lm lnh v ho lng kh nhm thu hi ti a sn phm
Tr
LPG.
Nh my ch bin kh Dinh C c thit k da trn lu lng kh m l 4,3
triu m3/ngy. Vi lu lng ny, p sut u vo ca nh my s khong 109 bar v

l thng s quan trng quyt nh hiu sut lm vic ca thit b bn trong nh my.
Nm 2001, cng vi vic a kh Rng ng vo x l, lu lng kh qua nh my t
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
25
Trng HBR-VT
mc ti a khong 5,7 triu m3/ngy, p sut u vo GPP gim xung cn khong
gT
u
70-75 bar, cm my nn K-1011 c lp t nhm nng p sut kh u vo ti p

sut thit k 109 bar.
gii quyt nhng vic pht sinh ca vic tng nng sut ca Nh my khi
phi tin hnh tip nhn thm lng kh ng hnh t m Rng ng sao cho em li
hiu qu cao nht: Vic tng lu lng kh ng hnh dn vo b gy nn s st gim
V
n
p sut ng k trn ng ng lm cho p sut ti u vo Nh my x l kh khng

th m bo gi tr p sut thit k l 109 bar. Phng php lp t trm nn kh u
vo Nh my Dinh C nn tng p sut kh nguyn liu vo Nh my ln 109 bar
theo thit k ban u s m bo vic tng sn lng sn phm ca Nh my khi tng
lu lng nguyn liu vo nh my cng nh p sut ca dng kh cung cp cho
R
a-
Nh my in Ph M 1.
Trm nn kh u vo c lp t gm 4 my nn kh: 3 my hot ng v 1

my d phng. Ngoi ra, mt s thit b ca nh my x l kh Dinh C cng c ci
hon kt ni m rng vi trm nn kh.
1.2.8.1. S cng ngh ch MGPP
Lm
lnh
Hp
ph
DD
Kh
S khi ch MGPP c th c m nh sau:
Thp
tch
C1C2
ng
Tch
s b
Tr
NL
Kh kh
Tun hon kh
Lng
Thp
tch
C2
Kh
Tch
ba pha
Thp
tch
C3C4
Thp
tch
C3
Nc
S 1. S khi qu trnh sn xut LPG ti GPP Dinh C
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
26
Trng HBR-VT
1.2.8.2. Quy trnh hot ng ca ch MGPP
gT
u
Kh ng hnh t m Bch H vi lu lng khong 5,7-6,1 triu m 3 kh/ngy

vo h thng Slug Catcher trong iu kin p sut 65-80 bar v nhit 20-30 oC (ty
theo nhit mi trng). Dng kh ra t SC c chia thnh 2 dng:
- Dng th nht c lu lng khong 1 triu m3/ngy c a qua van gim p
PV-106 gim p sut t 65-80 bar xung 54 bar v i vo thit b tch lng V-101.
V
n
Lng c tch ra ti y bnh V-101 c a vo thit b V-03 ch bin su. Kh
i ra r bnh tch V-101 c a vo h thng ng ng dn kh thng phm 16

cung cp cho cc nh my in.
- Dng th hai c lu lng 5 triu m3 kh/ngy c a vo trm nn kh u

vo K-1011A/B/C/D nn nng p sut t 65-80 bar ln 109 bar sau qua h thng
R
a-
qut lm mt bng khng kh E-1011 l ngui dng kh ra khi my nn c nhit

40-45oC. Dng kh ny i vo thit b tch lc V-08 tch lng lng cn li trong
kh v lc bi bn. Sau c a vo thit b hp ph V-06A/B tch trit
nc trnh hin tng to hydrate qu trnh lm lnh su.
Dng kh ra khi thit b V-06A/B c tch thnh 2 dng: khong mt phn ba
kh ban u qua thit b trao i nhit E-14 h nhit t 26,5oC xung -35 oC vi
tc nhn lnh l dng kh kh t nh thp C-05 c nhit l -45oC, sau c lm
lnh sau bng cch gim p qua van FV-1001. p sut gim t 109 bar xung cn 37
bar (bng p sut lm vic ca nh thp C-05) km theo nhit gim xung cn
-62oC ri c a vo a trn cng ca thp tinh ct C-05, dng kh ny ng vai tr
DD
nh l dng hi lu ngoi nh thp. Hai phn ba dng kh cn li c a vo thit

b CC-01 thc hin gim p t 109 bar xung cn 37 bar v nhit gim xung
-12oC v c a vo y ca thp C-05.
Thp tinh ct C-05 hot ng p sut 37 bar, nhit nh -45oC, nhit y
ng
thp -15oC, ti y kh (ch yu l C1 v C2) c tch ra khi nh thp C-05. Thnh

phn lng ch yu l C3 v cc cu t nng hn c tch ra ti y thp.
Tr
Dng kh ra t nh thp C-05 c nhit -45 oC c s dng lm tc nhn
lnh cho thit b trao i nhit E-14 v sau c nn n 54 bar trong phn nn ca
thit b CC-01. Hn hp kh i ra t thit b ny l kh thng phm c a vo h
thng ng ng 16 n cc nh my in.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
27
Trng HBR-VT
Dng lng ra t y C-05 c a vo thp C-01 nh mt dng hi lu ngoi
gT
u
nh thp.
Trong thp C-01 vi nhit y thp l 109oC (nh thit b gia nhit
E-01A/B), p sut hot ng ca thp l 27,5 bar, cc hydrocarbon nh nh C1 v C2
c tch ra t nh thp v i vo bnh tch V-12 tch lng c trong kh v c

my nn K-01 nn t p sut 27,5 bar ln 47,5 bar. Dng ra khi my nn K-01 c
V
n
a vo E-08 sau vo thp C-04. Do bnh tch V-03 phi gim p sut vn hnh t
75 bar xung cn 45 bar nn lng lng t y bnh tch V-03 c a trc tip qua
E-04A/B m khng qua thit b trao i nhit E-08 nh thit k. V vy E-08 v C-04
lc ny khng hot ng nh cc thit b cng ngh m ch hot ng nh ng ng
dn kh.
R
a-
Dng kh t K-01 sau c nn n 75 bar nh my nn K-02 ri a vo

trao i nhit E-19 bng vic s dng dng tc nhn lnh l khng kh. Dng kh ra t
E-19 c a vo my nn K-03 nn ln 109 bar v lm lnh trong thit b trao
i nhit E-13, sau khi ra khi E-13 dng kh ny c a ti thit b V-08 nh l
nguyn liu u vo. Thp tch etane C-01 hot ng nh mt thit b chng ct.
Dng lng ra t y C-01 a qua V-15 sau n thp C-02. Thp C-02 hot
ng p sut 10 bar, nhit y c duy tr 135oC nh thit b gia nhit E-03,
nhit nh C-02 lc ny l 56oC, hn hp Bupro c tch ra nh thp, cn
Condensate c tch ra y thp. Hn hp Bupro t nh thp C-02 c a vo

thit b lm lnh E-02, sau c a vo bnh tch V-02. Dng lng ra t bnh tch
DD
V-02 c bm P-01A/B bm hi lu mt phn li nh thp v phn cn li theo

ng ng dn sn phm Bupro n bn cha V-21A/B hoc n Kho Cng Th Vi.
Lng t y thp C-02 l Condensate c h nhit xung 60 oC nh thit b
ng
trao i nhit E-04A/B v xung 45oC nh thit b E-09 v sau c a ti bn

cha TK-21 hoc ng ng dn Condensat ti Kho Cng Th Vi.
Condensate c tch ra trong Slug Catcher c a vo thit b V-03 hot
Tr
ng p sut 47 bar v 20 oC tch cc cu t kh nh hp th trong hn hp lng

ny bng cch gim n v gim p. T V-03 Condensate c dn n E-04 ( tn
dng nhit ca dng Condensat ra t y C-02) v sau i vo a th 20 ca thp.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
28
Trng HBR-VT
CHNG II
gT
u
TNG QUAN V BN CHA DU KH

2.1. GII THIU
Trong cng nghip ha du, tt c cc hot ng sn xut, bun bn, tn tr

u lin quan n khu bn b cha.
Bn, b cha tip nhn nguyn liu trc khi a vo sn xut v tn ch sau
V
n
sn xut.
Bn cha c vai tr rt quan trng, n c nhim v: tn tr nguyn liu v sn

phm, gip ta nhn bit c s lng tn tr. Ti y cc hot ng kim tra cht
lng, s lng, phn tch cc ch tiu trc khi xut hng u c thc hin.
Ngoi ra n cn c h tr bi cc h thng thit b ph tr: van th, nn
R
a-
mng, thit b chng tnh in, mi che
2.2. KHI NIM V PHN LOI BN CHA

2.2.1. Khi nim v bn cha
Bn cha l mt cng trnh xy dng nhm mc ch phc v cho cng tc tng

ch cc sn phm du (xng, du ha), kh ha lng, nc, axit,
Hin nay cng vi s tin b ca khoa hc k thut v yu cu v mt cng

ngh, ngi ta tin hnh nghin cu v xy dng cc loi cc loi bn cha c cu
trc phc tp nhng hp l hn v mt kt cu gp phn em li hiu qu kinh t cao.
2.2.2. Phn loi bn cha
DD
* Phn loi theo hnh dng bn:

- Bn cha hnh tr (tr ng, tr ngang);
- Bn hnh cu;
- Bn hnh git nc
ng
V tr ca bn trong khng gian c th t cao hn mt t (trn gi ta), t

trn mt t, ngm hoc na ngm hoc di nc.
* Phn loi theo mi bn:
Tr
- Bn cha c th tch khng i (mi tnh c nh).

- Bn cha c th tch thay i (mi phao ngoi mi c nh cn c phao ni
trn mt cht lng; hoc mi ni bn thn l mi phao).

* Phn loi theo p lc d (p lc do cht lng bay hi):
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
29
Trng HBR-VT
- Bn cha p lc thp: khi p lc d pd 0,002 MPa v p lc chn khng (khi

- Bn cha p lc trung bnh.
- Bn cha p lc cao: khi p lc d pd > 0,002 MPa.
2.2.2.1. Bn cha tr ng p lc thp
a. Bn cha tr ng mi tnh
gT
u
x ht cht lng) p o 0,0025 MPa (0,0025 kG/cm2).
Bn cha tr ng mi tnh thng cha cc sn phm du mc hi n hi
V
n
p lc thp. Th tch c th rt khc nhau, t 100 n 20000 m3 (cha xng), thm ch
R
a-
ti 50000 m 3 (cha du mazut, ).
Hnh 2.1. Bn tr ng mi tnh
Cc b phn chnh ca bn gm:
- y bn: c t trn nn ct m cht hoc nn c gia c c lp cch

nc v c hn t cc tm thp.
DD
- Thn bn: L b phn chu lc chnh, gm nhiu khoang thp tm hn li, c

th thay i c hoc khng thay i chiu dy dc theo thnh bn.
- Mi bn: Cng c t hp t cc tm thp hn li vi cc dng chnh nh
Tr
ng
sau: mi nn, mi treo, mi tr cu, mi vm.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Hnh 2.2. Mi nn, mi treo, mi tr cu, mi vm
30
Trng HBR-VT
b. Bn cha tr ng mi phao
gT
u
Loi bn ny hin nay c s dng kh nhiu trn th gii. Vic s dng loi
mi phao mang li hiu qu kinh t cao, lm gim ng k s mt mt
hydrocacbon nh, gim nhim mi trng xung quanh. Vic loi tr khong khng
gian hi trn b mt xng du cha trong bn cho php tng mc an ton phng
chy v v sinh mi trng hn cc loi b khc. Trn thc t, ngi ta hay dng
V
n
hai loi bn: bn h c mi phao v bn kn c mi phao. Trng hp bn h c h

s xut nhp ln v nm trong vng kh hu khng c tuyt thng dng kiu mi h
R
a-
khng c phao.
Hnh 2.3. Bn cha tr ng mi phao
Cc b phn chnh ca bn gm:
DD
- Phao ni thng c lm t cc hp loi kim nh, c jong lin kt

vi thnh b.
- Thn b c mt trong nhn m bo kn kht.

- Mi do c thm phao ni v vy mi ch ng vai tr bao che ch khng
ng
ng vai tr chu lc.

c. Bn cha tr ngang
Tr
Bn cha tr ngang dng cha cc sn phm du m di p lc d
pd 0,2 MPa v kh ha lng c pd 1,8 MPa, p lc chn khng po 0,1 MPa.

Bn cha tr ngang c cc u im chnh sau: hnh dng n gin, d ch to, c
kh nng ch to ti nh my ri vn chuyn n ni xy dng, c th tng ng k
p lc d so vi bn tr ng. Nhc im l tn chi ph ch to gi ta.
Bn cha tr ngang c ch to t cc tm thp (bn c kch thc ln)
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
31
Trng HBR-VT
hoc c lin khi (bn c kch thc nh). Vi b c kch thc ln th c t hp
gT
u
t cc phn on nh. Cc phn on bn li c t hp t cc tm thp v c

hn t ng trong xng ch to. Bn trong cn c b tr thm cc vnh gia
R
a-
V
n
cng bng thp m bo n nh cng nh bn ca bn.
Hnh 2.4. Bn cha tr ngang
Bn cha tr ngang c 3 b phn chnh: thn, y, gi ta

- Thn bn: bng thp tm c chia lm nhiu khoang. Cc tm thp c
lien kt vi nhau bng ng hn i u, bn trong mi khoang t cc vnh cng
bng thp gc v hn vi thn bn.
DD
- y: c hnh dng khc nhau phng, nn, tr, cu elip. Vic la chn dng
y ph thuc th tch, p lc d trong bn cha. Bn cha c t trn nn mng
bng b tng ct thp.
- Gi ta: gm hai gi hnh cong lm bng b tng hoc gi ta dng thanh
ng
ng.
2.2.2.2. Bn cha p lc cao

i vi cc b cha nhin liu lng do c khong trng dn ti vic bay hi
Tr
ca nhin liu trong khong mt thong v mi b gy nn p sut d ng thi gy

hao nhin liu. chu c p lc d ny v hn ch s bay hi ca nhin liu
ngi ta s dng nhiu loi b cha p lc cao khc nhau.
a. Bn tr ng mi cu
Loi bn ny dng cha sn phm du, xng nh di p lc d
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
32
Trng HBR-VT
Pd = 0,01 0,07 Mpa. Mi gm cc tm ch cong theo phng kinh tuyn. Vi bn
gT
u
knh cong r1 bng ng knh thn bn. Thn bn c t hp hn t nhng tm

thp, b dy thn bn c th thay i c hoc khng thay i dc theo chiu
cao thnh b. y bn cng c t trn nn gia c vi mng bng b tng ct
thp. Khi ch to di b c b tr cc bu lng neo gi quanh thn v khi trong b

cn t cht lng, di tc dng ca p lc d ln, phn xung quanh y c th b un
R
a-
V
n
cong v nng ln cng thn.
b. Bn cha cu
Hnh 2.5. Bn cha tr ng mi cu
Bn cu l loi bn thng dng cha sn phm lng di p lc cao nh kh
ha lng hoc thnh phn nh ca xng vi p lc d Pd = 0,25 1,8 Mpa. Th

tch b V = 600 4000m 3.
DD
Bn cu ch to phc tp hn nhiu so vi bn tr. Bn c hn t hp t

cc tm cong hai chiu c ch to bng cch cn ngui hoc dp nng (khi chiu
dy ln). Cc tm thng c hn vi nhau bng ng hn i u. Cch chia cc
ng
tm trn mt cu c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau: mi kinh tuyn vi cc mch song
song hoc so le.
Bn c t trn gi dng vnh hay thanh chng bng thp ng hoc
Tr
thp ch I. Dng thanh chng m bo c bin dng nhit t do cho bn. Cc

thanh chng nn tip xc vi mt b gim ng sut cc b v khng t vo
ng hn ni cc tm ca v b.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
33
Trng HBR-VT
R
a-
V
n
gT
u
Hnh 2.6. Bn cha cu
c. Bn cha hnh git nc
Khuynh hng i tm mt gii php kt cu cho ng lc trn bn tng i

ng nht a n gii php bn dng git nc.
Loi bn ny thng c dng cha xng nh do c kh nng chu c

p sut cao do kh d bay hi (Pd = 0,03 0,05 MPa) v c vng quay sn phm ln.
Bn cha hnh git nc c t trn h gi , c t hp t cc thanh
thp ng. H gi ny c t trn mng b tng ct thp.

2.3. TNH HNH XY DNG BN B CHA NC TA
DD
Trong nhng nm gn y s pht trin ca ngnh du kh v nhu cu v

tiu th, cung ng xng du ngy cng to ln. Do vy, hng lot cc loi bn cha
c xy dng phc v cho khai thc du kh, cng tc cung ng vn chuyn xng
ng
du v d tr xng du cho mc tiu an ton nng lng quc gia vi quy m v

dung tch khc nhau.
Ngnh xy dng nc ta t thit k v thi cng c bn cha c dung
Tr
tch ln ti 25000 m3 (Ct Li Thnh ph H Ch Minh) v nhiu loi b c quy

m phc tp. Nhng hin nay cc kho xng du ca ta a s vn l nhng loi nh
v khng tp trung, cc b c dung tch nh hn 5000 m3 m ta xy dng trc
y t ra khng hiu qu. Vn ny t ra cho nhng nh thit k, cc nh qun
l cn c cc gii php quy hoch, thit k v xy dng cc kho xng du mang
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
34
Trng HBR-VT
li hiu qu kinh t cao. Mt trong nhng gii php l nng sc cha c
gT
u
dung tch t 10000 m 3 n 20000 m 3 , thm ch ln n 50000 m 3 nhm gim

din tch xy dng, gim gi thnh u t xy dng kho v gim tn tht nhin
liu do qu trnh vn chuyn v bay hi.
2.4. CU TO BN CHA
Trong h thng bn cha gm c cc bn cha hnh tr chu p cha sn phm,
V
n
cc bn cha ny u c thit k chung cho mt tiu chun tng cha LPG.
Bn cha l loi chu p lc cao hnh tr nm ngang, bn c t trn mt nn

b tng kin c. Bn c ph ct trnh s hp th nhit t mi trng bn ngoi.
Trn mi bn cha c lp t cc thit b m bo an ton cho bn cha.
Mi bn cha c lp 2 van an ton p sut (1 lm vic v 1 d phng), mi
R
a-
van c thit k theo tiu chun API 520 v API 521. Trong qu trnh vn hnh nu
p sut trong bn cha tng vt mc ci t th van t ng x ra uc t. Cc van
ny c ni mc kp khi cn thit tho d kim tra th 1 van x p ra uc t
khi c bt k s c vt p no. Trng hp cc van an ton p sut c ni vi uc
t th mi van an ton cn lp t thm cc van cch ly, b tr pha x cc van an
ton cn c tho g kim tra nh k.
Trn mi bn cha c lp t thit b bo mc trn mi bn cha c thit k

dng bo tn hiu trc tip v chnh xc n ngi vn hnh. Trong sut qu trnh xut
hay nhp sn phm cc thit b bo mc ny theo di v o mc cht lng trong bn

bo v phng iu khin ngng qu trnh xut hay np sn phm.
DD
Ti u ng ng np ca bn cn lp t cc van SDV vi mc ch an ton,

cc van SDV s ng khi c tn hiu bo mc cao trong bn nhm mc ch bo v
bn, trnh tnh trng xy ra trng hp qu y v tng tnh lu ng trong qu trnh
ng
tng tr sn phm.
Ti ng xut ca mi bn cha cng lp t cc van SDV th 2, khi c tn
hiu bo mc thp trong bn th van ny s ng li. Mc ch ca vic lp t van
Tr
ny l bo v bn cha khng b tnh trng ht chn khng v lm h cc my bm

ca bn. Chc nng th 2 ca van ny l nhn tn hiu chy t cc thit b d bo
chy, cc van ny u c 2 ch iu khin: iu khin bng tay v iu khin t
ng.
Trn bn cha c lp t cc thit b o nhit v p sut. Chng c thit
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
35
Trng HBR-VT
k cho vic ghi li nhit v p sut mt cch thng xuyn truyn v phng iu
K hiu ca cc thit b trn bn cha nh sau:

- SV: Van an ton.
- P: p k dng hin th cc thng s p sut trong bn.
- T: Nhit k o cc gi tr v nhit trong bn.
gT
u
khin.
phm, gi tr c chuyn v phng iu khin.
V
n
- PT: B chuyn p o cc gi tr p sut trong sut qu trnh xut np sn
- L2: Thit b chuyn i mc: c vai tr trong khi xut np sn phm thit b
ny s tin bo ng v mc cht lng trong bn cha mc thp hay cao tng ng.
- L3: Thit b truyn mc hot ng bng t sau khong 10-15 pht k t khi
R
a-
tin bo ng v mc cht lng cao trong bn th thit b bo mc L3 pht tn hiu v

kch hot ng cc van np sn phm u vo mi bn cha.
- L1: B o mc cao trong qu trnh np, cht lng trong bn mc qu cao

th thit b bo mc s bo tn hiu v cng tc p sut qu cao LSHH s ng van np
ca cm bn b.
- L4: B o mc thp trong sut qu trnh xut sn phm, khi mc lng trong
bn cha mc thp th cng tc p sut mc thp LSL s ng bm xut sn phm.
tch kh ang xut.
- VR: Van hi lu c chc nng tip nhn hi hi lu vo bn cha b th
- M: Ca ngi s dng cho ngi chui vo kim tra trong qu trnh bo dng.
DD
- A: Van np sn phm.
Tr
ng
- B: Van xut sn phm.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
36
Trng HBR-VT
CHNG III
gT
u
TNH TON THIT K BN CHA LPG DUNG TCH 800 m3

3.1. TNH TON BN CHA LPG
3.1.1. L thuyt tnh ton
3.1.1.1. Nhit lm vic, nhit tnh ton
Nhit lm vic l nhit ca mi trng trong thit b ang thc hin cc qu
V
n
trnh cng ngh nh trc.
Nhit tnh ton ca thnh (tng) v ca cc chi tit khc bn trong thit b khi
nhit ca mi trng nh hn 250oC th ly bng nhit cao nht ca mi trng
ang thc hin qu trnh.
lp cch nhit cng thm 20oC.
R
a-
Nu thit b bc lp cch nhit th ly nhit tnh ton bng nhit b mt
3.1.1.2. p sut lm vic, p sut tnh ton
p sut lm vic l p sut ca mi trng trong thit b sinh ra khi thc hin
cc qu trnh khng k p sut tng tc thi (khong 10% p sut lm vic) trong
thit b.
p sut tnh ton l p sut ca mi trng trong thit b, c dng lm s liu

tnh ton thit b theo bn v n nh. Nu p sut thy tnh ca thit b (c
cha cht lng) bng 5 % p sut tnh ton th b qua, cn nu n ln hn 5% th p
sut tnh ton phn st y ca thit b c xc nh nh sau
DD
P = Pm + g..h, (N/m2)
Trong : Pm: l p sut mi trng, N/m2;

g: l gia tc trng trng, m/s2;
: l khi lng ring ca cht lng, kG/m 3;
ng
h: l chiu cao ct cht lng, m.
3.1.1.3. ng sut cho php

Vic la chn ng sut cho php cc chi tit khi tnh bn v n nh ca
Tr
chng ph thuc vo c tnh bn ca kim loi nhit tnh ton. c tnh bn ph

thuc vo nhiu yu t nh cng ngh ch to (hn, c, rn, dp), vo ch nhit
luyn, vo tnh cht tc ng ca ti trng (tnh, ng), vo cc kch thc ca chi tit
cng nh c im ca mi trng trong thit b v iu kin s dng.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
37
Trng HBR-VT
i vi cc chi tit thit b c ch to t cc kim loi c bn (thp, gang, kim
gT
u
loi mu v hp kim ca chng) chu ti trng tnh do p sut trong hoc p sut chn
khng cng nh chu tc dng ca ti trng gi v ng t, ngi ta nu ra i lng
tiu chun, l ng sut cho php tiu chun []*.
ng sut cho php tiu chun ny c dng tnh cc chi tit chu ko, nn
v un. Cn khi cc chi tit chu xon v ct cc iu kin khc nhau th ly ng sut
V
n
cho php tiu chun nhn vi h s 0,6.

3.1.1.4. H s hiu chnh
i lng h s hiu chnh c xc nh khi thit k ph thuc vo iu kin

s dng, vo c hi v mc nguy him ca mi trng, ly = 0,9 1,0.
i vi cc thit b dng cha hoc ch bin cc cht c, cht d n c
R
a-
p sut cao, cc chi tit b t nng bng ngn la, bng khi l hoc bng in chn
= 0,9. i vi cc thit b c bc lp cch nhit chn = 0,95. Cc trng hp khc
chn = 1,0.
3.1.1.5. H s bn mi hn
Lc ghp cc chi tit ring bit li vi nhau bng mi hn, phn ln chng km
bn hn so vi vt liu nguyn khng hn. Do khi tnh bn ca cc chi tit

ghp bng mi hn th a thm h s bn mi hn h vo cng thc tnh ton, i
lng ny c trng cho bn ca mi ghp so vi bn ca vt liu c bn.
3.1.1.6. H s b sung b dy tnh ton

Khi tnh kim tra bn cc chi tit hoc cc b phn ca thit b cn ch n
DD
tc dng ha hc v c hc ca mi trng ln vt liu ch to thit b. Do cn b

sung cho b dy tnh ton ca cc chi tit v b phn mt i lng C.
i lng C c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
ng
C = Ca + Cb + Cc + C0
Tr
Trong :
Ca: l h s b sung do n mn ha hc ca mi trng, mm;
Cb: l h s b sung do bo mn c hc ca mi trng, mm;
Cc: h s b sung do sai lch khi ch to, lp rp, mm;
C0: l h s b sung quy trn kch thc, mm.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
38
Trng HBR-VT
i lng h s b sung Ca ph thuc vo s n mn ha hc ca mi trng
gT
u
v vo thi hn s dng thit b. Ni chung, thi hn s dng thit b ha cht ly

khong 10 15 nm.
Nu ly thi hn s dng thit b l 10 nm th c th chn h s Ca nh sau:
- Ca = 0 i vi vt liu bn trong mi trng c n mn khng ln hn 0,05

mm/nm.
V
n
- Ca = 1 mm i vi vt liu tip xc vi mi trng c n mn ln hn, t

0,05 n 0,1 mm/nm. Nu n mn ln hn 0,1 mm/nm th cn c vo thi hn s
dng thit b m xc nh Ca cho mi trng hp c th.
- Ca = 0 nu ta dng vt liu lt c tnh bn n mn hoc thit b trng men.

Nu hai pha ca thit b tip xc vi mi trng n mn th h s Ca phi ly
R
a-
ln hn.
i vi thit b ha cht c th b qua h s bo mn Cb. Ngi ta ch tnh n

h s Cb khi mi trng bn trong thit b chuyn ng vi vn tc 20 m/s (i vi
cht lng) v vn tc 100 m/s (i vi cht kh) hoc mi trng cha nhiu ht rn.
Cn i lng Cc ph thuc vo dng chi tit, vo cng ngh ch to chi tit v
thit b.
3.1.2. La chn bn v thng s tnh ton

3.1.2.1. Dung tch bn cha
Yu cu t ra l thit k bn p lc cha LPG vi dung tch cha 800 m 3

Nguyn liu cn cha l LPG vi thnh phn ho hc ch yu l cc cu t C3
DD
v C4 gm c:
- Propane (C3H8): 40 % mol

- Butan (C4H10): 60 % mol
ng
T trng ca LPG l 0,5533 tn/m3.

3.1.2.2. La chn phng n thit k bn p lc
Bn cha kh ha lng LPG hin nay gm c 2 loi thng dng l bn cu
Tr
(Spherical Vessel) v bn tr ngang (Horizontal Vessel).

Phng n bn cu:
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
39
Trng HBR-VT
V
n
gT
u
Hnh 3.1. Cu to bn cha cu
Theo phng n ny th ng knh trong ca bn s b cn l:

1
R
a-
D = (1,9 . V) 3 = (1,9 . 800) 3 = 11,498 (m).
Ta nhn thy ng knh b cng khng ln lm, theo phng n b cu l

khng nn v vn thit k v thi cng rt phc tp.
DD
Phng n bn tr ngang
Hnh 3.2. Cu to bn cha tr ngang
Mc ch t ra l thit k bn cha p lc vi kh nng cha 800m3. Vi
ng
phng n bn tr ngang th c nhiu phng n la chn v ng knh bn, chiu

di bn.
Tr
Kch thc (ng knh, chiu di) c li nht cho bn cn c vo cc yu t
sau:
- Th tch thit k.
- p lc trong thit k.
- n mn cho php.
- H s lin kt hn.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
40
Trng HBR-VT
3.1.2.3. Cc thng s thit k ca bn
gT
u
Chn loi bn cha l loi bn hnh tr t nm ngang, hai u bn l loi np

hnh elip.
Vi th tch cha l 800 m3 ta chn ng knh trong ca bn l: Dt = 4,2 m.

Vy chiu di ca bn l:
4.V
.Dt2
V
n
L=
Thay s vo cng thc ta c:

4 . 800
L=
. (4,2)2
= 57,743 (m).
Ta chn L = 58 (m).
Loi nhin liu cha
R
a-
Bng 3.1. Cc thng s ca bn cha
Thng s
0,5533
n v
tn/m3
Pm
Ttk
Ptl
Pvh
Tvh
18
0 50
27
7,5
15 50
85
100
36
0,1
kG/cm2
o
C
kG/cm2
kG/cm2
o
C
%
%
m/s
cm
V
CA
DD
p sut lm vic
Nhit thit k
p sut th thu lc
p lc vn hnh
Nhit vn hnh
Kh nng cha bnh thng
Th tia X kim tra mi hn
Vn tc gi
n mn cho php
K hiu
LPG
Bn cha c trang b cc loi van v thit b c nhn hiu thch hp nhn

dng:
- Van an ton.
ng
- Van vn v van iu lng dng cho LPG lng.

- Van dng cho ng hi lu LPG hi.
Tr
- Van vn v van 1 chiu dng cho ng nhp LPG.

- Thit b o mc.
- ng h o p sut.
- Van vn c nt bt kn dng cho ng x y.
* V tr lp t cc van:
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
41
Trng HBR-VT
+ Cc van phi c lp t ti cc v tr d tip cn thun tin cho vic vn
gT
u
hnh v bo dng.
+ Mi kho cha LPG hoc kho cha chai phi c van iu khin chnh ct
nhanh cc ng cung cp LPG khi c s c. Van c t ti v tr d quan st, d
tip cn khi c s c v ng ct nhanh khi c s c xy ra.
3.1.2.4. Chn vt liu ch to
V
n
Chn vt liu l thp khng g ch to thit b, k hiu thp l CT3. V n c

tnh hn khng gii hn, khng c khuynh hng gin. CT3 c cc thnh phn:
C: 0,14 0,22%; Si: 0,05 0,17%; Mn: 0,4 0,65%; Ni 0,3%; S 0,05%;
P 0,04%; Cr 0,3%; Cu 0,3%; As 0,08% (tnh theo phn trm khi lng).
Thp lm u bn : CT3.
Thp lm hng ng : CT3.
R
a-
Thp lm thn bn: CT3.
Thp lm cc chi tit khc : CT3.
Cc thng s chnh ca thp:
k = 380.106 (N/m 2)
Gii hn chy:
ch = 240.106 (N/m 2)
Gii hn bn:
H s dn nhit t 20 100 0C: = 50 (W/m.)
([8]-309)
([8]-313)
Khi lng ring: = 7850 (kg/m3)
([8]-356)
H s hiu chnh: h = 1
([8]-356)
DD
H s an ton bn: nk = 2,6; nc = 1,5; n bl = 1,5
H s bn mi hn: h = 0,95
([8]-362)
3.1.2.5. Tnh b dy thnh bn chu p lc trong

B dy thnh bn phi m bo cho bn bn trong qu trnh thit k, trong
ng
vn hnh v th p lc. y l b dy ti thiu yu cu.

Tuy nhin trong qu trnh ch to, b dy thnh bn cn phi p ng c cc
Tr
cng tc hn lp dng bn. Mt khc cn k n n mn do nhin liu, do mi

trng bn ngoi. Nh vy, khi tnh ton b dy bn cn phi k n cc yu cu trn
(vn hnh, thi cng, n mn).
Bn c thit k bng cch hn cc chi tit vi nhau nn ta c thm h s bn
mi hn h vo cng thc tnh ton.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
42
Trng HBR-VT
3.1.2.6. La chn phng n hn i vi bn
gT
u
Vi bn kch thc xc nh, chn cng ngh gia cng: Hn tay bng h
quang in, hn gip mi hai bn, kiu hn ca cc ng hn l hn i u ta c cc
h s lin kt hn nh sau:
ng hn gia cc tm thp thn b - thn b: h = 0,95.
ng hn gia cc tm thp thn b - thn: h = 0,95.
V
n
ng hn gia cc tm thp u b - thn b: h = 0,95.

ng hn gia cc tm thp u b - u b: h = 0,95.
Nh vy, trong cc cng thc tnh ton sau ny s dng chung mt h s lin
kt hn: h = 0,95.
3.1.2.7. Tnh ng sut cho php v p sut khi bn cha nhin liu
ng sut gii hn bn:
k k h 380.10
nk
R
a-
a. Tnh ng sut cho php ca bn
.1 146,154.10 6 ( N / m 2 )
2,6
([8] - 355)
ng sut cho php gii hn chy:
c ch h 240.10
nc
1,5
([8] - 355)
.1 160.10 6 ( N / m 2 )
Vy ng sut cho php dng tnh ton (ly gi tr nh):
DD
[] = [k] = 146,154.106 (N/m 2).

b. Tnh p sut khi bn cha nhin liu.
Khi bn cha nhn liu th p sut ti y bn c tnh theo cng thc sau:
P = Pm + g..h, (kG/cm 2)
Tr
ng
Trong :
P m: l p sut thit k, (kG/cm2).

g: l gia tc trng trng, (m/s2).
p: l khi lng ring ca cht lng, (kG/m3).
h: l chiu cao ct cht lng (m), ta ly h bng ng knh trong ca
thit b tc l h = Dt = 4,2 m.
P l p ti y bn khi cha nhin liu, kG/cm2.
Ta c: g..h = 9,81.0,5533.103. 4,2 = 22797,0666(N/m 2) =0,2324 (kG/cm2)
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
43
Trng HBR-VT
P m = 18 kG/cm 2; chn g = 9,81 m/s2; = 0,5533 tn/m3.

2
gT
u
Thay s vo ta c:
2
P = 18 + 0,2324 = 18,2324 (kG/cm ) = 1,79.10 (N/m ).
3.1.2.8. Tnh chiu dy thc ca thn bn

S=
Trong :
P . Dt
+C
2.[] .h-P
([8] - 360)
V
n
Dt : ng knh trong, m.
h : H s bn ca thnh hnh tr theo phng dc.
P tt : p sut trong thit b, N/m2.
R
a-
C : H s b sung do n mn.
6
Xt t s: [].h = 146,154.106 .1 = 81,71 > 50
P
1,79.10
Lc ny chiu dy ti thiu ca bn c tnh theo cng thc sau:
S =
Trong :
P . Dt
2 . [] . h
P: l p sut tnh ton ca bn cha nguyn liu (kG/cm2).
Dt: l ng knh trong ca bn cha (mm). Dt = 4,2m = 4200 mm.

h: l h s lin kt hn.
P . Dt
1,79.106.4200 = 27,002 (mm).
=
2 . [] . h
2.146,154.106.0,95
S =
DD
H s b sung do n mn:
C = Ca + Cb + Cc + C0
Trong :
Tr
ng
Ca: l h s b sung do n mn ha hc ca mi trng, mm;

Cb: l h s b sung do bo mn c hc ca mi trng, mm;
Cc: h s b sung do sai lch khi ch to, lp rp, mm;
C0: l h s b sung quy trn kch thc, mm.
Chn h s b sung quy trn kch thc C0 = 2,8 (mm); Ca = 0 (mm); Cb = 0
(mm); Cc = 0,2 (mm).

C = Ca + Cb + Cc + C0 = 0 + 0 + 0,2 + 2,8 = 3 (mm)
Vy chiu dy thc ca thn l:
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
44
Trng HBR-VT
S = S + C = 27,002 + 3 = 30,002 (mm).
gT
u
Chn S = 30 mm
V
n
Kim tra chiu dy ca thn bn

S C1 = 30 0 = 7,14.10-3 < 0,1
([8] 370)
Dt
4200
Kim tra p sut tnh ton cho php bn trong thit b
6
[P] = 2. [] h.(S CA) = 2.146,154.10 .0,95.(30 0)
D + (S CA)
4200 + (30 0)
= 1,97.106 (N/m2) > 1,79.106 (N/m2).
[P] > Ptt tha iu kin. Vy chiu dy thn c chn l S = 30 (mm).

3.1.2.9. Tnh chiu dy y bn chu p sut trong
Chn kiu y bn l Elipsodial 2 : 1, c g lm bng thp CT3.
Chn chiu dy hai y bn bng chiu dy thn Sd1 = Sd2 = S = 30 (mm).
R
a-
Kim tra chiu dy ca thn bn

S C1 = 7,14.10 -3 < 0,1
([8] 370)
Dt
Kim tra ng sut thnh ca y bn theo p sut th thy lc bng cng thc
(XIII.49).
[Dt2 + 2hb.(S C)].P

7,6.k.hhb.(S C)
[4,22 + 2.1,05.(30 3).10 -3]. 1,79.106

7,6.0,964.0,95.1,05.(30 3) 10 -3
([8] 386)
= 160,54.106 N/m 2
c = 240.10 6 = 200.106 N/m2

1,2
1,2
Vi k l h s khng th nguyn:
d
k=1
= 1 - 0,15 = 0,964
Dt
4,2
d np c l khng c tng cng = 0,15 m.
DD
Nh vy nh hn
ng
hb l chiu cao phn li ca y = 1050mm (tra bng XIII.10 [8] 382)

h t = 0,25
y np tiu chun c t s
Dt
Chiu su phn Elip ht = 0,25 . Dt = 0,25 . 4200 = 1050 mm.
Tr
Bn knh cong bn trong ca Elip c tnh theo cng thc:

Dt2
42002
Rt =
=
= 4200 mm.
4.ht
4 . 1050
Vi chiu dy np l S=30mm, tra bng XIII.11 ([8] 384) ta c khi lng
phn np bnh l Mn = 3444 kg.

3.1.2.10. Tnh iu kin khot l trn thn bn cha
Cc thit b ng ng lp vo bn theo phng php hn.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
45
Trng HBR-VT
a. Cc l nhp, xut, vt bn y bn
gT
u
Theo yu cu cng ngh c cc ng sau:

- ng ni cng ngh u vo d1 = 700 mm.
- ng ni cng ngh u ra d2 = 650 mm.
- L ng gn van an ton d 3 =450 mm.
- ng x kh khi v sinh d4= 550 mm.
V
n
- Mt s ng vt bn t v tr thp nht ca bn d5 = 50 mm.

Xc nh ng knh ln nht ca l khng cn tng cng
T cng thc:
P . Dt
(2,3 . [] P) . (S - Ca)
K=
1,79.10 6 . 4200
(2,3. 146,154.106 1,79.106) . (30 - 0)
R
a-
= 0,737
d max = 0,37 . 3 Dt . (S - Ca).(1 - K) = 0,37 . 3 4200.(30 - 0).(1 - 0,737)
= 11,88 mm.
Vy tt c cc l ng cn phi tng cng bng bc lt.
ng ni dng cng ngh u vo d1 = 700 mm

ng c hn trc tip vo bn, c tng cng bng vng tng cng c chiu
dy 30 mm v b rng bng B1= 2. d1 = 2.700 = 1400 mm.

Kim tra bn ca vng tng cng bng cng thc sau:
DD
Sn . (B1 d1) S . (d1 dmax)

Trong :
Sn: l chiu dy vng tng cng.
ng
B1: l chiu dy thn thit b.

d max: l ng knh gii hn tng cng 11,88 mm.
Thay s vo phng trnh trn ta c: 21000 > 20643,6.
Tr
Vy bn tng cng tha mn iu kin, an ton.

ng ni dng cng ngh u ra d2 = 650mm
dy 30 mm v b rng bng B2 = 2 . d2 = 2 . 650 = 1300 mm.

Sn . (B2 d2) S . (d2 dmax)
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
46
Trng HBR-VT
Trong :

V
n
L ng gn van an ton d3 =450 mm
gT
u

Sn . (B3 d3) S . (d3 dmax)
R
a-
Trong :



ng x kh khi v sinh d4= 550mm

DD
Sn . (B4 d4) S . (d4 dmax)
Trong :
ng

Tr

Mt s ng vt bn t v tr thp nht ca bn d5 = 50mm
dy 34 mm v b rng bng B5 = 2. d5 = 2.50 = 100 mm.

Chuyn ngnh Ha du
47
Trng HBR-VT
Sn . (B5 d5) S . (d5 dmax)

V
n
gT
u
Trong :
3.1.3. Chn mt bch
Mt bch l b phn quan trng dng ni cc phn ca ni cc phn ca thit

b cng nh ni cc b phn khc vi thit b. Cc loi bch thng s dng:
Bch lin: l b phn ni lin vi thit b (hn , c , rn). Loi bch ny ch
R
a-
yu dng thit b lm vic vi p sut thp v p sut trung bnh.

Bch t do: ch yu dng ni ng dn lm vic nhit cao, ni cc b
bng kim loi mu v hp kim ca chng, c bit l khi cn lm mt bch bng vt
liu bn hn thit b.
Bch ren: ch yu dng cho thit b lm vic p sut cao.
Chn bch c ghp thn, y v np lm bng thp CT3, cu to ca bch l

bch lin khng c ni y, np, thn thit b.
Cc loi ng ni vi bn:
- ng ni cng ngh u vo d1 = 700 mm.

- ng ni cng ngh u ra d2 = 650 mm.
DD
- L ng gn van an ton d 3 =450 mm.

- ng x kh khi v sinh d4= 550 mm.
- V mt s ng vt d 5 = 50 mm dng x khi v sinh bnh c t di
ng
y thp nht ca bnh.
i vi kch thc ca cc ng ng trn, ta chn cc loi bch lin bng thp
Tr
ni ng dn v cc b phn ca thit b.
Theo bng XIII.27 ([8] 382) chn bch loi 5.
Tra bng XIII.27 ([8] 382) vi p sut P = 18,2324 (kG/cm2) = 1,79.106
(N/m 2) v cc ng knh l tng ng th ta c:
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
48
Trng HBR-VT
Bng 3.2. Kch thc ca mt bch v thng s v bulong ca cc ng ni vi
P y.106
Dy
Dn
D1
D0
db
N/m2
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
1,79
700
900
825
770
719
1,79
650
825
760
715
1,79
450
620
550
1,79
550
720
650
gT
u
bn.
S1
ci
mm
mm
mm
M30
24
38
65
669
M30
20
33
65
510
465
M24
20
28
55
610
565
M30
V
n
16
33
55
Kch thc chiu di cc on ng ni, tra bng XIII.32 ([8] 434) ta c bng
3.3.
Bng 3.3. Kch thc chiu di cc on ng ni
l mm (p 2,5.10-6, N/m2)
R
a-
Tn ng
d1
d2
d3
d4
180
650
180
450
160
550
170
50
100
d5
700
3.1.4. Ca ngi
loi vt liu vi bn.
Mi bn cha c t 1-2 ca ngi lp t trn thnh bn, c ch to cng
DD
Ca ngi c thit k thun li cho vic v sinh, sa cha bn cng nh

quan st mc cht lng trong bn.
Ca ngi phi c kch thc ln mt ngi c th chui vo c.
Chn kch thc ca ca ngi l d = 590 mm. Theo bng XIII.27 ([8] 382)
Tr
ng
chn loi bch kiu s 1.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Hnh 3.3. Bch dng cho ca ngi

49
Trng HBR-VT
Tra bng XIII.27 ([8] 382) vi p sut P = 18,2324 (kG/cm2) = 1,79.106
thng s v bulong nh trong bng sau:
gT
u
(N/m 2) v cc ng knh l tng ng th ta c cc kch thc ca mt bch cng nh
Bng 3.4. Cc kch thc ca mt bch v thng s v bulong ca ca ngi
Dt
Db
D1
D0
db
N/m 2
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
1,79
590
1140
775
710
620
M36
ci
mm
28
65
V
n
Py.106
Tnh ton phn ca ngi chui
Ca ngi chui c ng knh d= 590 mm . Dng vng tng cng c chiu dy
R
a-
bng chiu dy thn thit b: Sn=30 mm.

Chiu rng: B = 2.d = 2 . 590 = 1180 mm.

Sn . (B d) S . (d d max)
Trong :

Thay s vo phng trnh trn ta c:
30.(1180 590) 30.(590 11,88)
17700 > 17343,6.
DD
Vy bn tng cng cho ca ngi tha mn iu kin, an ton.

3.1.5. Khi lng bn cha
Mb = Mnp + Mthn + Mbs
Khi lng np bn: Mnp = 2 . Mn = 2 . 3444 = 6888 kg.
ng
Khi lng b sung, c k n khi lng bch, ca ngi, bulong:
Tr
Mbs = 520 kg. (tra bng tiu chun ASME SECT. VIII DIV.1).
Khi lng phn thn bnh: Mthn = . V = .S.L = Dt L
3,14 . 4,2 2 4
= 7850.
. 58 = 6304721,22 ( kg).
Trong :
: khi lng ring ca thp CT3, = 7850 (kg/m3).
V: th tch ca bn (m3).
S: din tch y bn (m2).
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
50
Trng HBR-VT
L: chiu di bn (m).
3.1.6. Khi lng phn LPG cha trong bnh

MLPG = LPG . V = 800 . 0,5533 . 103 = 442640 (kg).
3.1.7. Khi lng ton b bn cha
gT
u
Mb = 6888 + 6304721,22 + 520 = 6312129,22 (kg).
M = Mb + MLPG = 6312129,22 + 442640 = 6754769,22 (kg).

Chn vt liu lm chn l thp CT3
Chn s chn n = 12
Chn chn theo bng XIII.35
([8] - 437)
R
a-
Tng ti trng t ln chn gm:

- Khi lng bn thn ca bnh.
V
n
3.1.8. Chn thit b
- Khi lng phn LPG cha trong bnh.
Vy ti trng t ln chn l: 6754769,22 (kg).
Tr
ng
DD
Ti trng t ln 1 chn l: Md = 6754769,22 = 562897,435 (kg).

12
Hnh 3.4. Mt kiu ca chn thit b hnh tr nm ngang
3.2. CHN THIT B PH

Chuyn ngnh Ha du
51
Trng HBR-VT
3.2.1. La chn bm
p sut yu cu: p = 734159,233(N/m2)=7,341(bar)
chnh ct p: H =
p
734159,233
136,810(m)
g 547,02 9,81
gT
u
Lu lng xut: 0,0045m3/s = 15,996 m3/h =270 l/pht.
Theo tiu chun ASME SECT. VIII DIV.1 th loi bm c chn l: Bm li

tm a cp m hiu SC kiu 50, vi s vng quay ca bm l 1450 vng/pht.
V
n
N = 26,5(HP) = 19,504(kW)
R
a-
NPSH = 0,51(m).
Hnh 3.5. Bm li tm a cp m hiu SC kiu 50
DD
3.2.2. La chn my nn
Chn my nn piston hai cp.

Cc thng s ca qu trnh:
- Lu lng: 0,0045(m3/s) = 15,996(m 3/h)
ng
- p sut u ht: ph= 6,7(bars)

- p sut u y: pd= 13 (bars)
Tr
- Nhit u ca hi LPG: t1= 30 oC

- T s gia p sut u y v u ht l:
3.2.3. La chn van
pd 13
1,94
ph 6,7
Dng trong h thng ngt chuyn hoc iu chnh dng cht lng. Da vo
chc nng ca van, s thay i trong trng thi dng ca van, c th c iu chnh
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
52
Trng HBR-VT
bng tay hoc t ng nh ci tn hiu t thit b iu khin hoc l van c th t
gT
u
ng tc ng nhm thay i ch ca h thng. Van bao gm cc loi sau:

3.2.3.1. Van cu
l nhng van tn ti thng xuyn nht, dng iu chnh lu lng.

Van cu truyn thng dng chn dng chy.
R
a-
V
n
Van cu bao gm van kiu ch Y v van gc.
Hnh 3.6. Van cu khi m v khi ng
Van cu thng l loi c tyren trn tr van loi ln th kt cu b ngoi bt

bulong bng n gnh.
Da vo cu trc bn trong xc nh kiu van. Li vo v li ra c sp xp
Tr
ng
DD
theo yu cu ca dng chy.
Hnh 3.7. Dng chy trong van cu
Van chu c p sut cao v thay i trong lnh vc tit lu phi thit k kiu
van c bit, s dng 2 loi van sau:

+ Van cu c ln in hnh ghp bch.
+ Van cu gc vi mp bt bulong.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
53
Trng HBR-VT
Cu to ca van gm cc b phn nh: tay vn, c van, ty van, vng chn a,
R
a-
V
n
gT
u
c, thn van, a van, van.
Hnh 3.8. Van cu c ln in hnh ghp bch v van cu gc vi mp bt bulong
3.2.3.2. Van bi
Van bi l van xoay 1/4 vng, van c ng dng cho kh, kh nn, cht lng v
va xy dng. Van bi c dng ng hoc m hon ton trong qu trnh xut nhp
dng chy v n to ra tr lc l tng cho dng chy do c ca v thn van rt trn

tru v u n.
Cu to ca van bi bao gm thn van, nt hnh cu v . Van bi c thit k
3 dng: ca van ng Venturi, ca trn v ca gim dn. Van ca trn c ng knh
DD
trong bng ng knh trong ca ng. Kiu van ca Venturi v ca gim dn, ca van
Tr
ng
thng b hn ng ng.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Hnh 3.9. Cu to ca van bi

54
Trng HBR-VT
3.2.3.3. Van kim
gT
u
Van kim thng c dng cho dng c o, ng h, b ch bo v thit b o

m. Van kim t c chnh xc cao v vy n c ng dng nhit v p
sut cao.
Trong cu to ca van kim, im di ca ty van l u kim. Kim c khp

mt cch chnh xc vo lng van, v vy m bo hon ton kn v tc ng m ng
R
a-
V
n
nh nhng.
3.2.3.4. Van an ton
Hnh 3.10. Trng thi m v ng ca van kim
DD
Van an ton l thit b t ng dng x p sut s dng bo v qu p trong

ng ng v bn cha.
Van bo v h thng bng cch x ra p lc d tha. p sut bnh thng, a

van c ng vo van v c nh bi 1 l xo nn t trc khi h thng p lc
ng
tng ln, p lc to ra bi cht lng v a van tng gn bng p lc l xo. Khi m cc

p lc trn cn bng, cht lng s chy ra qua ca van ra ngoi.
Tr
Van an ton dng cho kh v c tnh khi m v ng ca n thch hp vi c
tnh v s nguy him ca kh khi b nn.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
55
Trng HBR-VT
V
n
gT
u
3.2.4. Thit b o mc cht lng
R
a-
Hnh 3.11. S cu to ca van an ton
m bo khi xut ht mc cht lng v khi nhp y mc cht lng th

ngi vn hnh phi bit mc cht lng dng n mc no trong bn. Cc loi thit b
o mc cht lng:
3.2.4.1. Phao ni
y l loi dng c kim sot mc cht lng thng dng nht. n gin nht l
loi phao ni mt v tr (single- point float). Loi ny gm mt phao bng nha ni vi
1 cnh tay n. Cnh tay n iu khin van cp liu cho bn trng thi ng hay
m. Ban u khi cht lng di mc th van trng thi m. Khi mc cht lng v
tr mong mun th phao ni ngang vi mc cht lng cn bm, tc ng ln van thng
DD
qua cnh tay n lm ng van li.

Phao ni c th gn bn trong bn hay gn trong 1 bnh bn ngoi thng vi
bn. Loi phao ni di ng hnh bnh rn cho php ngi c vn hnh theo di mc
cht lng dng ln trong bn.
ng
3.2.4.2. Phao chim ch

Nguyn tc hot ng ca loi ny da trn lc y Acsimet.
Tr
Thc t ngi ta ni phao vi mt h thng kh nn. S thay i ca lc tc
dng ln van kh lm thay i p sut kh. Quan st s thay i p sut kh cho php
thay i mc cht lng d l rt nh. V vy nhy ca loi ny cao.
Khi chiu cao ca bn ln th ngi ta dng nhiu phao ni tip nhau v tr
nht nh. Cht lng dng n phao no th lc tc dng ln ton b chui phao thay
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
56
Trng HBR-VT
i n . Lc ny kch hot cc thit b kh nn v gip ta ghi nhn c mc cht
gT
u
lng trong bn.

3.2.4.3. u tip xc trc tip
Phng php tip xc dng cho bn cha ht rn (ch yu) v dng cho bn
cht lng.
bn cha cht lng c u tip xc l phao. u tip xc ni vi u cm
V
n
bin bng 1 thanh kim loi. Nu ban u ban u cht lng ngp phao th lc Acsimet
tc dng ln phao v cm bin ghi nhn lc ny. Cm bin s truyn tn hiu iu
khin motor quay ko phao ln. Khi ta s ghi mc cht lng dng trong bn.
u im: loi dng c ny c th t ng ha hon ton, chnh xc cao.
Nhc im: chi ph cho dng c cao do cm bin t tin.
R
a-
3.2.4.4. Dng c o dng p sut thy tnh
Da trn p sut thy tnh n gin nht l ng h o p sut gn pha di

y bn.
bn cha LPG th dng phng php gin tip l p k o chnh lch p sut.
l mt ng ch U c cha thy ngn. Mt u ng thng vi y bn cha cht
lng, u cn li thng vi khong khng gian cha hi bo ha trn bn. p sut

thy tnh do cht lng gy ra mc thy ngn trong nhnh thng vi cht lng xung
v lm mc thy ngn bn u cn li dng ln. Chnh lch mc thy ngn cho ta bit
chiu cao cht lng trong bn cha.

3.2.5. Thit b o p sut
DD
kim tra an ton ca bn khi cha cc sn phm kh ha lng v xc

nh lng kh ha lng trong bn da vo p sut ca bn. Cc thit b o p thng
c s dng l:
ng
ng Bourdon: y l nhn t nhn bit p lc chung nht.

Cu to: ng Bourdon l 1 ng kim loi dt bng phng, c bt kn u cui
cng v c un cong thnh ch C hay hnh c xon. Khi , bn trong hay bn
Tr
ngoi b mt ca ng c nhng khu vc khc nhau. S khng cn bng lc gy ra bi

p lc s lm ng b bung ra. S thay i ny c th c trc tip trn dng c o hay
chuyn thnh tn hiu in hay kh nn tng xng vi p lc.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
57
Trng HBR-VT
Hnh 3.12. ng Bourdon
V
n
gT
u
Trong b cha LPG thng dng loi p k ng xon Bourdon.
R
a-
Mng ngn (mng chn)
Mng ny c s dng rng ri nh thit b c chnh xc cao. N bng

phng hoc c np gp da trn loi p lc c iu khin bng tay.
Mng chn c thit k truyn lc hay gii hn s vn ng. Chng tt
hn ng Bourdon v ch to t hp kim chng n mn hay ph 1 lp n hi nh
Teflon.
3.2.6. Cc thit b h tr khc
3.2.6.1. chn la
Thng lm bng t hoc btng, c chiu dy v chiu cao ln cha ht

cht lng c trong bn nu c s c.
DD
Nu c s c (v bn, chy) bc tng s ngn cht lng li n khi bm

sang bn khc hoc c bin php x l. ng thi n cn bo v, cch ly cc bn cha
v cc cng trnh c s k cn trong trng hp xy ra s c, c lp m chy trnh
ly lan qua cc khu vc khc.
ng
3.2.6.2. H thng lm mt
Do trong qu trnh tn tr, trong iu kin nhit mi trng qu cao so vi
Tr
nhit gii hn cho php lm cho nhit bn, sn phm tn tr tng. y l

nguyn nhn lm gim bn ca vt liu ch to bn cng nh gy tht thot v chy
n i vi cc sn phm. Ta cn phi lm mt bn bng h thng ng nc un cong
theo thn bn pha trn np, dc theo ng ta khoan nhiu l trn cch u nhau cho
nc c th lm mt ton b bn cha.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
58
Trng HBR-VT
3.2.6.3. H thng chng tnh in
gT
u
Do cc sn phm du kh trong qu trnh tch tr s xut hin cc phn t tch

in. Khi s tch in ln s gy hin tng phng in gy chy n rt nguy him.
trnh hin tng phng in trong khi tn tr ta dng bin php ni t thit b
bng nhng cc tip t.
3.2.6.4. Thit b pht hin r r
V
n
Trong qu trnh vn hnh c th sinh cc vt nt, l rn do va chm c hc hay

tc ng n mn ca lu cht cha trong bn. Khi lu cht c th r r ra ngoi gy
tht thot sn phm, nhim mi trng, d gy chy n, gim bn c ca bn.
Vi s r r ln ca cht kh th pht hin d dng khi quan st thng xuyn
hay ng h o p. Vi v r r nh rt nh th ngi ta kim tra nh k bng cc thit
R
a-
b chuyn dng.
3.2.6.5. H thng phng chy cha chy
Lp t cc ct thu li trong khu vc bn cha phng st, cc ct thu li ny

phi m bo cao v b tr u trong khu vc. S dng cc thit b chuyn dung
trong thao tc trnh tch in gy chy n.
Lp t h thng vi ti trn cc bn, m bo nc ti cho cc bn. Trn

h thng c thm h thng ng dn bt cha chy.
Lp t cc ct cha chy nhng v tr thch hp sao cho c th cha chy cho
2 khu vc khc nhau. Ngun nc phi m bo cho nhu cu.

Trn thnh chn la b tr cc vi phun bt cha chy khi cn thit. Cc h
DD
thng phun nc v bt cha chy c th hot ng t ng khi c s c hoc bn t

ng.
Phi c t nht 1 h thng ti nc di ng, dng ti bo v cho ngi
ng
ng cc van gn ni ang chy.

Phi c thm cc bnh cha chy bng ha hc thch hp. V tr t cc bnh
Tr
ny phi gn nhng ni d xy ra chy n.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
59
Trng HBR-VT
CHNG IV
gT
u
NHU CU IN - NC
Nhu cu v in nng tiu th: trong qu trnh hn ta s dng in dng bm
nguyn liu, cc loi my mc thit b v nhiu hnh thc in sinh hot khc.
in dng cho my cng nghip c tnh: W = K1 . K2 . n i . ti
Trong : W: in nng (kW/h).
V
n
K1: h s ph ti, thng ly 0,75.

K2: h s tn tht, thng ly 1,05.
n i: cng sut ng c th i.
ti: thi gian s dng s loi ng c th i.
Nhu cu v in nng s dng cho cc ng c theo bng 4.1.
R
a-
Bng 4.1. in nng s dng cho cc ng c
Tng
sut
lng
cng sut
Bm cht lng
10
20
0,75 1,05 8040
126630
Bm nc
12
0,75 1,05 8040
75978
My nn kh
2000
2000
Tn thit b
Cng
STT
Tng cng
K1
K2
ti (h) W(kW/h)
0,75 1,05 8040 12663000

12865608
Nhu cu v in thp sng theo bng 4.2.
Tn hng mc
DD
STT
Bng 4.2. in nng s dng cho thp sng
Loi bng
(W)
S lng
Thi
Nhu cu trong
gian
nm (Kw/h)
Kho cha nguyn liu
220
35
8040
61908
Kho cha sn phm
220
35
8040
61908
Khu x l nc thi
220
45
8040
79596
ng
Nh v sinh
100
10
8040
8040
Xng c kh
220
50
8040
88440
Nh xe, t
100
15
8040
12060
Phng iu khin
100
10
8040
8040
Phng thay
100
8040
4020
Tr
Tng cng
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
205
60
324012
Trng HBR-VT
Vy nhu cu v in nng tiu th = nhu cu v in nng trong cng nghip +
gT
u
nhu cu v in thp sng = 12865608 + 324012 = 13189620(kW/h).

Chi ph nguyn vt liu, nhin liu v nng lng theo bng 4.3.
Bng 4.3. Chi ph nguyn vt liu, nhin liu v nng lng
STT
Tn nguyn liu
n v
S lng
n gi
Nc lm lnh
m3
13189620
10000
in
kW
30000
3000
90000000
1,31986.1011
V
n
13219620
1,31896.1011
Tr
ng
DD
R
a-
Tng
Thnh tin
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
61
Trng HBR-VT
CHNG V
5.1. MC CH V NGHA CA TNH TON KINH T
gT
u
TNH KINH T
Khi thit k bt k mt dy chuyn sn xut no th ngoi vic tnh ton cc ch
tiu k thut cn phi tho mn cc yu cu v kinh t. Tnh ton kinh t gip ta thy
c tng gi tr ca d n. Hiu qu kinh t ca d n c biu hin bng ch tiu
t=
E=
V
n
thu hi vn (t) v h s hiu qu ca vn u t (E).
Vn u t
li nhun + khu hao
Li nhun trong 1 nm
Vn u t
R
a-
T vic xc nh hiu qu kinh t ca d n, ta mi i n quyt nh hoc l

xy dng hoc l hu b hoc l c nhng iu chnh sao cho hp l.
5.2. TNH TON
Bng 5.1. Bng tng hp cc chi ph
Cc chi ph
Chi ph trc tip
K hiu
Cng thc tnh
Thnh tin
A1+ B1+ C1
2,40159.1010
STT
Chi ph nguyn vt liu
A1
234500000
Chi ph cc ph kin
B1
281400000
Cc chi ph khc
C1
2,35.1010
5,5%.T
1320874500
Gi thnh u t xy dng
T+C
2,5337.1010
Thu nhp chu thu tnh trc
TL
Z.6%
1520206470
Gi tr d ton xy lp trc thu
T+ C+ TL
2,6857.1010
Thu gi tr gia tng u ra
VAT
G.10%
2,6857.109
Gxdcpt
G + VAT
2,9543.1010
Gxdt
G.1%.1,1
295427000
Gxdcpt + Gxdt
2,9838427.1010
Chi ph chung
DD
II
III
ng
IV
Gi tr u t sau thu
Tr
Chi ph xy dng nh tm
Tng gi tr d ton
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
62
Trng HBR-VT
5.2.1. Chi ph trc tip
gT
u
5.2.1.1. Chi ph nguyn vt liu (A1)

Bng 5.2. Chi ph nguyn vt liu (A1)
Tn vt liu
Kt cu kim loi
Thp CT3
n v
n gi
lng
kg
6312129
15070
ng v ph tng
II
Thnh tin
950000000
V
n
STT
Bch ni u vo
ci
216000
216000
Bch ni u ra
ci
210000
210000
L gn van an ton
ci
185000
370000
Bch ni ng x kh v sinh
ci
200000
200000
Bch ni ng vt
ci
180000
360000
ci
10000
20000
ci
2500
1500
3750000
ci
20
1500
30000
ci
60
2000
120000
ci
20
6000
120000
ci
60
7000
420000
III
Chi tit khc
R
a-
Bn l
inh tn
10
ai c M24 CT20
11
ai c M30 CT20
12
Bu long M24
13
Bu long M30
14
Vt liu cch nhit
m2
803,15
28000
22500000
15
ai kp ng
ci
6000
30000
DD
IV
Vt liu ph
Que hn
kg
450
34500
15525000
17
mi
vin
110
18500
2035000
ng
16
Tr
18
19
Nguyn liu
LPG
973808000
tn
442,64
Chi ph vn chuyn v bo qun
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
22000000
0
5000000
Tng cng:
63
Trng HBR-VT
gT
u
19288981000
5.2.1.2. Chi ph cc ph kin (B1)

Bng 5.3. Chi ph cc ph kin
Tn
n v
S lng
n gi
Thnh tin
V
n
Stt
Van cu
ci
25000
25000
Van bi
ci
40000
40000
Van kim
ci
35000
35000
Van an ton
ci
50000
100000
p k
ci
250000
500000
Nhit k
ci
150000
300000
Thit b o mc
ci
200000
600000
Thit b ngng t
ci
90000000
180000000
Bm cht lng
ci
12000000
24000000
10
Bm nc
ci
7000000
14000000
11
My nn kh
ci
14000000
14000000
12
B chuyn p
ci
450000
900000
R
a-
234500000
DD
Tng
Ghi ch
Chi ph lp t, vn chuyn l 20% trong :

- Chi ph lp t: 10%.
ng
- Chi ph vn chuyn: 10%.

Vy tng vn u t cho cc ph kin = 234500000 + 0,2. 234500000
= 281400000 (ng).
Tr
5.2.1.3. Cc chi ph khc (C1)

Vn u t xy dng:
Xy dng tng bao quanh l 7000m2; gi ca 1m2 = 1500000 (ng).
Vy tng vn u t l 7000 . 1500000 = 1,05. 1010 (ng).
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
64
Trng HBR-VT
Cc vn u t khc nh chi ph vn chuyn, kho st thit k, o to cn b
gT
u
chim 10% tng vn u t c nh.

Ta c vn u t c nh (vC) = vn xy dng+ vn cho ph kin + vn u
t khc: vC = 1,05. 1010 + 2814.105 + 0,1. vC
Vy vn u t khc =1,2.1010 (ng).
Lng cng nhn v nhn vin theo bng 5.4.
Bng 5.4. Lng cng nhn v nhn vin
S lng
H s
Lng thng
Lng ton b
V
n
STT Chc v
Cng nhn
15
4000000
60000000
Qun c
1,5
6000000
9000000
T trng
1,2
5000000
18000000
Th k
1,2
4000000
4800000
Hnh chnh
1,1
4000000
4400000
K s cng ngh
1,4
5000000
21000000
Th c kh
1,3
4000000
26000000
Th in
1,1
3800000
8360000
Bo v
4000000
12000000
R
a-
Tng
221
163560000
Khu hao cho my mc
ng
DD
Thit b my mc c thi gian khu hao l 10 nm nn khu hao trong 1 nm

2814 . 105
=
= 28140000 (ng).
10
Thi gian khu hao nh xng l 20 nm th khu hao 1 nm
1,05 . 1010
=
= 525000000(ng).
20
Tng mc khu hao c bn l
28140000 + 525000000 = 553140000 (ng).
Tr
Khu hao sa cha bng 50% khu hao c bn

553140000 . 50% = 276570000 (ng).
Tng cc mc khu hao:

553140000 + 276570000 = 829710000 (ng).
Vy tng chi ph khc = 1,05. 1010 + 1,2.1010 + 163560000 + 829710000
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
= 2,35.1010 (ng)
65
Trng HBR-VT
Chi ph trc tip T = A1+ B1 + C1
gT
u
T = 234500000 + 281400000 + 2,35.1010 = 2,40159.1010 (ng).

5.2.2. Chi ph chung (C)
Chi ph chung C = 5,5% . 2,40159.1010 = 1320874500 (ng).

Gi thnh u t xy dng (Z)
Z = T + C = 2,40159.10 10 + 1320874500 = 2,5337.1010 (ng).

5.2.3. Thu nhp chu thu tnh trc (TL)
Gi tr d ton xy lp trc thu (G)
V
n
TL = Z. 6% = 2,5337.10 10. 6% = 1520206470 (ng).
G = T + C + TL = 2,5337.1010 + 1520206470 = 2,6857.1010 (ng).

5.2.4. Thu gi tr gia tng u ra (VAT)
R
a-
VAT = G. 10% = 2,6857.1010.10% = 2,6857.109 (ng ).

Gi tr u t sau thu (Gxdcpt):
Gxdcpt = G + VAT = 2,6857.1010 + 2,6857.109 = 2,9543.10 10 (ng).

Chi ph xy dng nh tm (Gxdt):
Gxdt = G. 1%.1,1 = 2,6857.1010.1%.1,1 = 295427000 (ng).
Tng gi tr d ton = Gxdcpt + Gxdt
Tr
ng
DD
= 2,9543.1010 + 295427000 = 2,9838427.10 10 (ng).
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
66
Trng HBR-VT
gT
u
V
n
CHNG VI
CHNG N MN V BO DNG BN CHA

6.1. CHNG N MN
6.1.1. Kho st in tr sut ca t
Bng 6.1. Tng quan gia in tr ring v tnh xm thc ca t
Tnh xm thc
ca t
<5
5 10
Rt cao
Cao
6.1.2. Lp bc chng n mn
10 20
20 100
>100
Trung bnh
Thp
R
a-
in tr ring
Tng i
cao
ng ng ngm cn phi thit k lp bc bao ph b mt nhm mc ch ngn
cn s tip xc trc tip gia b mt kim loi vi mi trng t hay ni cch khc l
tng mc in tr ca ng vi t. Thc t, kt hp bc ng ng vi phng
php bo v in ha nhm nng cao hiu qu bo v kim loi khi b n mn. Bc
ng ng c th dng sn ph, nha tng hp PVC, PE, bitum, nha ng. Thnh
DD
phn lp bc phi c bn mn cao, khng b gi ha nhanh, khng gy thm thu

nhanh trong mi trng m.
Lp bc phi c mt s cc tnh cht sau:
- Khng thm nc v nc trong t l thnh phn ch yu gy ra n mn in
ng
ha. Phn ng Catot: O2 + H2O + 4e = OH- . V th mc m ca t cng ln th

n mn cng mnh, tc l t l thun vi lng O2 trong t.
- bm chc vo b mt kim loi cao, nhm ngn cn s bong trc gia hai
Tr
lp b mt v gim bt s h hng tng v tr nh, nu khng c ph kn ton b

tt th d gy n mn cc b.
- m bo dy cn thit v u. Nu c bt xp nh trong lp bc cng dn
n s to thnh dung dch in ly trong bt v d dng pht sinh qu trnh n mn.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
67
Trng HBR-VT
- bn ha hc nhm nng cao bn ca lp bc khi mi trng tng tc
gT
u
vo n l mi trng n mn mnh.
- Trung ha in ha: lp bc khc nhau khng c ph trn cng 1 on
ng ng d dn n ph hy lp bc trong qu trnh bo v catot.
- Bn c hc: di tc dng c hc ln ng ng nh ti trng ca t hay

rung lp bc d b nt v bong ra, cn m bo bn.
V
n
- Bn nhit.
- Tnh phn ly: mc ch lm tng in tr v gim dng in bo v ca catot

nn lp bc hu nh khng c tnh phn ly trong dung dch in ly tc l khng tham
gia vo phn ng in ha.
- Khng c tng tc n mn v tng tc ha hc th lp bc mi t yu cu.
R
a-
- C kh nng thc hin quy trnh qut ph trong mi iu kin.

- C th s dng cho nhiu vt liu hiu sut cao.
- Tnh kinh t do lp bc to cho cng trnh: gi thnh mua nguyn liu bc

phi r hn nhiu ln so vi vt cn c bo v nh thp.
S dng rng ri cc vt liu bc nh bitum, sn trng, polime, sn epoxy
6.1.3. Bo v ng ng bng dng p ngoi

Vt liu anot cho bo v catot bng dng ngoi.
Ngi ta dng vt liu c tnh dn in nh kim loi, graphitBng thc t
thy rng nu dng kim loi mu c bit t thp lm anot u s dng c. Chng
b ph hy rt nhanh vi vn tc n mn khong 9 10 kg/(A. nm). gim mt
DD
mc kim loi khng cn thit, ngi ta t anot vo lp bc c dn in gim.

Nu mi trng t c m cao th lp bc c tc dng gim n mn ca anot m
vn m bo tnh cht bo v catot c th l lp bc cacbon khong 95% than cc c
ng
hiu qu cao v lm n gim khong 5 38 ln lng kim loi mt i so vi thp t

trong t khng lp bc. in th bo v i vi ng c lp bc trong khong 0,9 V
n 2,5 V (o bng in cc ng sunfat). Nu qu m th xy ra hin tng thp b
Tr
dn.
Bng 6.2. nh gi mt s vt liu anot
Vt liu
Hao tn kg/ A. nm
Ti m Pt
8.10-6
Thp silic cao
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Khuyn dng
Mi trng nc bin v nc ung
Nc ung, t
0,25 1.0
68
Bin v cht n cacbon
Khong 9,5
Bin v cht n cacbon
Pb - Pt
0,09
Bin
Pb - Ag
0,09
Bin
Graphit
0,1 - 1
Bin, nc ung
6.1.4.1. Nguyn tc bo v ca phng php
V
n
6.1.4. Bo v ng ng bn cha bng anot hy sinh (protector)
gT
u
6,8 - 9,1
Thp
St
Trng HBR-VT
Kim loi cn bo v c ni vi mt kim loi khc c th in cc m hn.

Kim loi c th in cc m hn gi l anot hy sinh - protector. Trong trng hp ny
th thit b kim loi c bo v cn protector b ha tan. N hi sinh bo v thit
R
a-
b nn c tn l anot hi sinh.
Dng phng php ny trong trng hp cng trnh ngm lp t vng him
tr, kh lp t ng dy ti in nu dng bo v catot bng dng p ngoi. V chi
ph cho bo v bng dng in ngoi trong trng hp ny rt tn km, cn ngi theo
di v gy kh khn trong vic i li. V th s dng phng php bo v catot bng
anot hi sinh l phng php hiu qu.
Nguyn l hot ng tm tt nh sau:
Anot (protector) b ph hy dn, protector c m in hn m in ca
ng thp cn c bo v. Nh vy trong mi trng d dn in (n mn t) to
DD
thnh cp pin n mn, dung dch in ly trong trng hp ny l t v in cc l

protector v ng thp.
Bo v ng ng di bin ngi ta lp t anot hi sinh gn trc tip ln thnh

ng v nc bin c in tr nh v ng u. Bo v ng ngm trong t phi lp t
ng
dy ni gia anot vi ng, v t l mi trng c in tr ln v thay i phc tp,

n nh dng in bo v cn thng qua dy dn in c in tr nh.
Do cng sut lm vic ca protector khng ln, v th tng mc lm vic th
Tr
lp t nhiu anot thnh mt cm cc protector. Tuy nhin, cng cn tiu chun l in

tr ring ca mi trng n mn khng qu ln, ch dao ng di 500 Om.m. i vi
ng ngm bo v n dng protector c hiu qu nht khi in tr ring ca t nh hn
30 Om.m.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
69
Trng HBR-VT
Ti y bn xy ra n mn in ha do mi trng n mn mnh. bo v
gT
u
mt trong ca thnh bn cha ngi ta khng dng phng php dng p ngoi v c
ngun in d gy chy n, i vi bo v bng protector cng cn thn la chn vt
liu anot, v d nh Mg l kim loi d pht tia la in khi c ma st.
6.1.4.2. Vt liu ch to anot hi sinh (protector)
Cc anot c s dng bo v thp trong cc mi trng t nhin nh nc,
V
n
ct, t Theo cc vt liu anot phi c m in m hn kim loi cn bo v.
Cc kim loi Li, Na, K c m in cao nhng chng b n mn vi tc rt

nhanh nn khng m bo v mt dung lng. V th ngi ta chn Mg, Al v Zn l
nhng kim loi chnh lm vt liu ch to ra anot hi sinh.
Bng 6.3. Tnh cht ha l kim loi lm vt liu ch to ra anot hi sinh
Mg (24,32)
Zn (65,38)
Al (26,97)
10,7
2,94
820
2980
-0,76
-1,67
Ha tr
Mc n mn in ha
3,97
(kg/A.nm)
Dung lng (A.h/kg)
in cc so snh Hydro
iu th cn bng theo
2200
R
a-
Kim loi phn t
-2,34
Hiu qu lm vic ca protector l tt nht nu p dng chng vo mi trng
c cht hot ha (cht n). Tc l t protector vo cc cht c hot ha nhm lm
DD
gim s n mn t pht sinh ca protector, gim s phn cc anot, gim s cn tr

dng in pht sinh t protector, ph hy lp oxit to trn b mt protector. Tm li,
s dng cht hot ha lm tng hiu sut ca protector, ko theo tng tui th v kch
hot dng in trong mch in protector.
ng
Nhng cht hot ha dng cho protector l hp kim Mg nh t st,

CaSO4.2H2O, MgSO4.7H2O, Na2SO4.10 H2O.
6.2. BO DNG CU KIN THIT B
Tr
6.2.1. Gii thiu chung

Mt s tiu chun p dng cho bo dng thit b s dng:
- API 510: Quy nh kim tra bn p lc (Pressure Vessel Inspection Code).
- API 575: Tiu chun v kim tra bo dng kho cha chu p sut thp
(Inspection of Atmospheric and Low Pressure Storage Tanks).
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
70
Trng HBR-VT
- API 653: Tiu chun v kim tra, sa cha, bo dng nh k v ti xy
gT
u
dng bn cha.
API 570: Tiu chun v kim tra ng ng ang hot ng.
Ngoi mt s tiu chun p dng cho vic kim tra, bo dng cu kin thit
6.2.2. Cc loi hnh bo dng cu kin thit b
V
n
b cn phi theo cc khuyn co hng dn bo dng ca nh sn xut.
Bo dng phng trnh: bo dng theo k hoch nh k (da trn kinh

nghim v khuyn co ca nh sn xut).
Bo dng d bo: bo dng nhm nh r hin trng cu kin thit b.
R
a-
Bo dng khi xy ra h hng: sa cha phc hi kh nng lm vic sau khi

xy ra h hng.
Bo dng theo nh k 2 - 4 nm. Vit Nam thng theo nh k 3 - 5 nm.

Bo dng theo mc tin cy: bo dng nh gi mc tin cy trong hot
ng ca thit b.
6.2.3. Cc phng php kim tra p dng
Kim tra bng mt (Visual inspection): p dng kim tra cc thit b, ng

ng, van, kt cu thp, lp bo n, sn ph, bulong
Kim tra RT: kim tra li cht lng mi hn hoc chiu dy ca ng khi bc
bo n (phn bit chiu dy trn phim).
DD
Kim tra UT: bao gm kim tra li khuyt tt pht sinh trong qu trnh hot
ng v kim tra li chiu dy cc thit b chu p lc ng ng, bn cha nh
gi mc n mn/xi mn.
ng
Kim tra chiu dy, bm dnh ca lp sn ph bng phng php dng in

xoy.
Kim tra r r (leak testing) bng thit b o kh hoc siu m ca cc mt bch,
Tr
van.
Kim tra thnh phn ha hc ca vt liu, xem tnh cht vt liu c thay i
trong qu trnh hot ng hay khng.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
71
Trng HBR-VT
CHNG VII
V
n
gT
u
AN TON LAO NG V PHNG CHNG CHY N

7.1. C IM CHUNG CA H THNG BN CHA
Chc nng v nhim v c bn ca h thng bn cha l tip nhn, tng cha
R
a-
v xut sn phm lng LPG mt cch an ton. Chnh v vy m vn an ton i vi

khu bn cha lun c t ln v tr hng u. Do b cha cn c thit k m
bo cho con ngi, cc thit b v khu vc ln cn.
Nhng vn ng lu trong thit k v lp t h thng phng chy cha

chy ca khu b cha l cc sn phm tng cha khng mu, khng mi. Khi trng
thi lng chng c t trng bng 50% t trng ca nc v khi ho hi p sut kh

quyn th tch ca chng tng ln 250 ln. pha kh c propan v butan u nng hn
so vi khng kh v vy m chng khng khuch tn d dng trong kh quyn. Hi
LPG to thnh hn hp c kh nng bt chy vi khng kh khi nng thp khong
DD
2% theo th tch (gii hn di) v 10% theo th tch (gii hn trn). Trn 10% pha
hi ca sn phm cng rt nguy him khi pha long vi khng kh i vi khu vc c
gi. V vy bin php phng chy khi lp t cc u r kh cn ch n tnh cht
trn ca sn phm LPG lm t cao thp c lu n hng gi.
ng
7.2. CC S C NGUY HIM TRONG KHU VC BN CHA

7.2.1. Cc s c nguy him trong tng tr v vn chuyn dn n s chy n
LPG c coi l nhin liu an ton v trong thc t chng no LPG c lu
Tr
gi trong bn, trong ng ng th khng c nguy him xy ra.

Khi c s r r sn phm t cc bn cha mi gy ra nguy him. Nu iu
xy ra th kh hay lng u thot ra ngoi. Nu sn phm lng thot ra ngoi th nguy

him hn sn phm hi v sn phm lng r r ra ngoi v ho hi th th tch tng 250
ln.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
72
Trng HBR-VT
Vic x hi t cc b cha v ng ng c th dn n cht lng ho hi trong
gT
u
b cha v ng ng. Qu trnh ho hi ny s cn nhit v s lm lnh b cha. Nu

c chy xung quanh b cha, hiu ng lm lnh do bay hi trong b s lm chm qu
trnh tng nhit trong b. Cc m my hi LPG rt nguy him chng no chng
cha c phn tn an ton.
nhit thp v p sut thng, LPG dng kh nng hn khng kh, hi
V
n
propan v butan nng hn khng kh gp 1,5 v 2 ln tng ng. Bi vy, hi LPG s
lng xung ni thp ca mi trng xung quanh v lan rng trn mt t. Trong mi
trng lng gi, s phn tn ca hi c th xy ra chm. S phn tn chm ny rt
nguy him v d gy ra chy n.
Cn ch rng mt lng rt nh hi LPG thot ra ngoi cng hnh thnh mt
R
a-
th tch ln hn hp chy ca kh chy v khng kh. Mt th tch hi c th to thnh

10 15 ln th tch hn hp chy v mt th tch lng c th hnh thnh
2500 125000 th tch ca hn hp chy.
7.2.2. S c i vi bn b cha
Nguy him trc ht l bn cha b nt v v sn phm r r ra bn ngoi. Nu
nng t n gii hn chy n (2 10 %) th s c s xy ra. S c i vi cc loi

bn l tng ng nhau. Tuy nhin do lp t nguy him c th cc mc khc
nhau.
S c do hot ng gy bi con ngi hot ng gn bn, bn ni thng d b

tn thng hn: ph thuc vo phng php tng cng hoc phng nga c p
DD
dng i vi bn trong sut qu trnh s dng.

S c nt v do gin: khi nhit mi trng h hay khi nhit trong bn
thp do qu trnh bay hi, c th lm cho vt liu tr nn dn rt d b nt v.
ng
Khi np sn phm vo bn qu mc do s sut trong vn hnh cng gy nguy

him v bn khng c khng gian cho cht lng bay hi khi nhit tng.
7.3. YU CU AN TON TRONG TNG CHA V VN CHUYN
Tr
Bt k mt hot ng no c lin quan n kh ho lng LPG u trc tip hay
gin tip lin quan ti an ton. Do vy tt c mi ngi trong khu vc bn b cha

phi hiu r v tun theo cc yu cu chung v an ton:
- Hiu r cc c tnh ca sn phm.
- Cm khng c ht thuc trong khu vc cm.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
73
Trng HBR-VT
- Khi lu tr sn phm, cn phi m bo cha 1 th tch cho cht lng
gT
u
gin n trong trng hp c s thay i v nhit ca mi trng.

- Cc bn cha phi c thi Nit trc khi np LPG, vic ny cng phi thc
hin sau khi sa cha thit b.
- S x v r r hi LPG ra bn ngoi l rt nguy him. Bt c lc no hin
tng xy ra trong iu kin khng th trnh khi th phi theo di lin tc v phc
V
n
hi v iu kin bnh thng hay khc phc s r r trnh thit hi v ngi v ca.
- Bn cha v ng ng phi c kim tra k cng trc khi np.
- Kim tra nh k h thng bo v catot m bo tnh lin tc.
- Cc bm cu ho lun lun lm vic trng thi tt nht.
- Mi tun u phi chy th cc bm cu ho v sng cu ho trong vng 30
R
a-
pht.
7.3.1. Phng php chng chy cho cc thit b v bn cha

Khu vc ca 2 b cha condensat c chia lm 2 khu vc ring bit, 2 khu
vc ny s dng h thng phun nc t ng khi xy ra s c.
Phng php chng chy cho khu vc bn cha
i vi cc khu vc b cha khi c s c th cc u t phun nc cha chy

v cc van bo ng s thc hin bi cc sng phun, cc hng cha chy khi c tn
hiu t cc u r kh v chy.
Phng php chng chy cho cc khu vc khc

Cc khu vc cn li s c cha chy bng cc sng phun nc v cc tr
DD
nc b tr trn khp cc khu vc.

7.3.2. Hot ng trong trng hp khn cp
Cc hot ng chnh trong trng hp khn cp c trnh by nh sau:
ng
- Khi c bo ng khn cp th dng mi hot ng trong khu vc b nh

hng, tp trung nhn lc v s tn nhng ngi khng c trch nhim trong vic i
ph khn cp.
Tr
- C lp phn b nh hng ca thit b hn ch s lan rng i vi cc khu
vc khc.
- S tn cc thit b di ng nm trong vng nguy him v m bo ng thot
c thng thong.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
74
Trng HBR-VT
- Trong trng hp r r ngng mi hot ng ca cc ngun sinh la v tuyt
gT
u
i khng c ng in cc thit b in.

7.3.3. Cc bin php m bo an ton
7.3.3.1. H thng phi c thit k mt cch ph hp
i vi cc bn cha t c nh:
- p sut thit k cc bn cha LPG khng c nh hn 17 bar vi chiu dy
V
n
tng thm d phng n mn t nht l 1 mm.
- Trn bn cha phi c cc c cu an ton cn thit, c th:

+ Trn ng np lng phi c 1 van mt chiu v 1 van chn.
+ ng cp lng ra phi c van ng nhanh khn cp v mt van ng ngt

trc tip pha ngoi. Gas lng thng c np vo khoang hi.
R
a-
+ Bn phi c trang b van an ton c kch thc ph hp vi din tch xung

quanh ca bn.
+ Trn bn phi c t nht mt dng c o mc lng, dng c o mc lng cao

nht v mt p k.
+ H thng cc van ng khn cp phi c kh nng ng bng tay t xa cng
nh ti im vn hnh v t ng ng khi c tn hiu bo la, r r t cc u d kh.

+ Mi bn phi c t nht hai v tr ni vo h thng tip t chng st v chng
tnh in. in tr tip t phi nh hn 10 Ohm.
7.3.3.2. Thng xuyn kim tra

H thng bn cha, thit b np, ng ng phi c kim tra, theo di mt
Tr
ng
kp thi
DD
cch thng xuyn kp thi pht hin cc khuyt tt, c bin php x l bo dng
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
75
Trng HBR-VT
V
n
gT
u
Hng mc kim tra Bin php kim tra, bo dng
Thi gian thc hin
Kim tra thng xuyn Kim tra pht hin cc hin
Hng ngy
hi kim tra).
kp thi.
R
a-
(S dng danh mc cu tng h hng r r sa cha
Kim tra m bo cc van
kha tnh trng k thut tt (tay

van ng m nh nhng, khng
c r r, n mn trn thn van,
Kim tra hng thng.
mt bch, mi ni) . Kim tra van

an ton (l thot nc khng b
Hng thng
tc, l xo v van khng b n
mn) . Kim tra tnh trng n
DD
mn ca ng ng Kim tra cc
u np pht hin cc biu
hin h hng, n mn hay x h.
Kim nh li p k, nhit k .
ng
Kim tra kh nng lm vic ca
Tr
Kim tra hng nm.
h thng bo ng khi mc lng

qu cao. Kim tra bng mt tnh
Hng nm
trng k thut bn. Kim tra tnh

trng k thut ca nn mng,
chn bn.
Khm xt ton b cc Kim tra bn trong, bn ngoi. 3 nm mt ln (do c quan

bn v h thng ng.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
Siu m kim tra chiu dy.

76
ng kim thc hin).

Trng HBR-VT
Khm xt ton b v Kim tra bn trong, bn ngoi.
h thng ng.
6 nm mt ln (do c quan
ng kim thc hin).
gT
u
th thy lc cc bn v Siu m kim tra chiu dy. Th

thy lc
7.4. K THUT CHA CHY LPG
Nn s dng nhng cht nh CO2, bt dng kh hoc BCF (B2C/F2C)
V
n
Bromocholozodi Fluazometan vo vic dp tt cc m chy LPG, v chng nhanh

chng lm lng nng LPG v ngn khng cho khng kh tip xc vi ngn la.
Do s nguy him ca cc m hi LPG, c th bt ng chy n tr li gy nh
hng n din rng m chy, khng nn dp ngay tr khi c th ngn chn ngun
nh la ngay sau .
R
a-
Nu ngn la tip xc trc tip vi bn cha LPG (khng k kch c) thnh bn

c th b qu nhit v b ph hu do p sut cao trong bn. Phi khng ch cng
ca m chy bo v bn cha LPG. Cc thit b, ti sn, my mc gn ngn la
hoc ang cung cp LPG cho m chy phi lm mt bi gin phun nc, vi lng
phun, bm cu ho, sng cu ho.
Phn trn ca bn cha LPG, ni tip xc vi pha hi l din tch nguy him
nu bn st vi m chy. Nc lm mt phi c cung cp ti nh ca bn cha v
b ca bn trnh cho b b ph hy kt cu.
Cc bn cha LPG thng c lp van an ton nhm gim p sut ca b khi
DD
p sut ca b qu p sut thit k.

7.5. CC H THNG CHA CHY
7.5.1. H thng cha chy bng nc
H thng gm c bm in v bm Diezel c cng sut ph thuc vo mc
ng
yu cu v quy m tng cha, h thng ng ng dn nc cha chy, gin phun

nc ti khu vc nguy him, cc vi lng phun. H thng nc cha chy phi c
thit k thun li cho cng tc cha chy v p ng yu cu cha chy nh: lng
Tr
nc d tr, cng sut bm

7.5.2. H thng cha chy bng CO 2
H thng dp la bng CO2 gm h thng ng dn CO2 n cc v tr t vi
phun CO2 ti khu vc cn thit. Trong trng hp h thng cm ng pht hin v
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
77
Trng HBR-VT
xc nh c la vng no th van cm ng s x N2 t bnh cha kch hot x CO2
gT
u
ng thi m cc van bng kh iu khin trn ng n h thng vi phun. H

thng cha chy bng CO2 hot ng theo hai ch : iu khin t ng v iu
KT LUN
V
n
khin bng tay.
Sau gn 4 thng thc hin ti: Thit k bn cha LPG dung tch cha 800
R
a-
m3 c s gip tn tnh ca qu thy c v cc bn, c bit l Thc s V Thanh

Tin, n nay em hon thnh n ny.
n c s dng cc s liu t Nh my x l kh Dinh C v tham kho cc

s liu khc t qu trnh thit k v thi cng bn b cha cc sn phm du m ca x
nghip Khai thc du kh Vietsovpetro.
Hng m rng ca n:
Tnh ton chi tit phn nhp v xut ca bn.

Tnh ton k thut cho bm v my nn ca bn.
T m rng tnh ton v thit k kho cha LPG.
DD
Cui cng, em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn tn tnh ca Thc s V

Thanh Tin cng cc qu thy c b mn v cc bn gip em hon thnh n
Vng Tu, ngy 05 thng 7 nm 2012.

Sinh vin thc hin
ng
ny.
Tr
Trn Mnh Hng
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
78
Trng HBR-VT
V
n
gT
u
DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Bng tiu chun ASME SECT. VIII DIV.1 (2009) v API (2009).
R
a-
2. L Vn Hiu (2000). Cng ngh ch bin du m. NXB Khoa hc v K

thut, H Ni.
3. Nguyn Vn c (a cht v Ti nguyn du kh Vit Nam) (2011). Tr

lng kh ca Vit Nam. Ngun Vin Cng ngh khoan.
4. Nguyn Th Minh Hin (2010). Cng ngh ch bin kh t nhin v kh
ng hnh. NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut.
5. GS-TS Trn Mnh Tr (1996). Du kh v du kh Vit Nam. Nh xut bn

Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.
K thut, H Ni.
6. Phan T Bng (1999). Ho hc du m v kh t nhin. NXB Khoa hc v
DD
7. PGS-TS inh th Ng (2001). Ho hc du m v kh. NXB Khoa hc v K

thut, H Ni. 10-12.
8. TS Phm Xun Ton, TS Trn Xoa, PGS-TS Nguyn Trng Khung v
ng
nhiu tc gi khc. S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht tp 2. Nh xut

bn Khoa hc v K thut H Ni. 309-434.
9. Thc s Kiu nh Kim (2005). Cc sn phm du m v ha du. Nh
Tr
xut bn Khoa hc v K thut H Ni. 23-24.

10. K thut ng ng v b cha. Ly t: URL:
Error! Hyperlink reference not valid..
11. LPG Vit Nam. Th vin [Internet] Ly t: URL:
http://congnghehoahoc.org/forum/archive/index.phrt-998.html.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
79
Trng HBR-VT
12. Thit k thit b lm vic c p sut. Th vin [Internet] Ly t: URL:
Tr
ng
DD
R
a-
V
n
gT
u
http://www.scribd.com/doc/52451215/Tinh-toan-theo-thong-so-D54.
Chuyn ngnh Ha du
80

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TRNG I HC B RA-VNG TU

TRN MNH HNG

KHOA HA HC V CNG NGH THC PHM

THIT K BN CHA LPG DUNG TCH CHA 800 m3

B RA VNG TU, NM 2012

KHOA HA HC V CNG NGH THC PHM

TRN MNH HNG

THIT K BN CHA LPG DUNG TCH CHA 800 m3

B RA VNG TU, NM 2012

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

KHOA HA HC & CNTP

I. TN TI: Thit k bn cha LPG dung tch cha 800 m 3

Tnh ton thit k bn cha LPG dung tch cha 800 m 3.

Tnh chn thit b ph tr cho bn cha.

Chng n mn v bo dng bn cha.

An ton lao ng v phng chng chy n.

Bn v chi tit bn cha v cc thit b ph tr ca bn.

III. NGY GIAO NHIM V N: 26/03/2012

IV. NGY HON THNH NHIM V: 05/07/2012

V. H TN CN B HNG DN: ThS. V Thanh Tin

B Ra Vng tu, Ngy 05 thng 07 nm 2012

n tt nghip i hc-Kha 2008 2012

Du kh l mt ngun ti nguyn qu gi m t lu con ngi c bit n.

vi nhu cu nng lng ang l vn ln th du m mi c nh gi v s dng

ca nn kinh t quc dn. Trong nhng nm gn y, ngnh cng nghip du kh

Vit Nam, du kh tuy cn l mt ngnh cng nghip non tr nhng y trin

Hin nay, cng nghip du kh pht trin mnh m i hi phi c ngun

nh kh ha lng (LPG) ni ring mt cch hiu qu nht. y l vn quan trng

t b kh ng hnh trong qu trnh khai thc du do lng kh a v b ngy

cng nhiu dn n nhu cu v bn cha l rt ln. c bit t 31/10/1998 nh my x

nghip Khai thc du kh Vietsovpetro cng vi s ch bo ca cc ging vin b mn

Khoa Ha hc v Cng ngh thc phm

n tt nghip i hc-Kha 2008 2012

Em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trng i Hc B Ra Vng Tu ni

c bit, em xin chn thnh cm n Thc s V Thanh Tin ang cng tc ti x

nghip Khai thc du kh Vietsovpetro cung cp ngun ti liu chi tit v ch dn

tn tnh em c th hon thnh tt n ny.

Xin knh chc cc qu thy c v cc bn sc kho, thnh cng.

Khoa Ha hc v Cng ngh thc phm

n tt nghip i hc-Kha 2008 2012

NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN

1. Kt cu, phng php trnh by

3. Tnh thc tin v kh nng ng dng ca n

4. Cc hng nghin cu ca ti c th tip tc pht trin cao hn

Ging vin hng dn

Khoa Ha hc v Cng ngh thc phm

n tt nghip i hc-Kha 2008 2012

NHN XT CA GING VIN PHN BIN

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ging vin phn bin

Khoa Ha hc v Cng ngh thc phm

n tt nghip i hc-Kha 2008 2012

NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN ----------------------------------------iii

NHN XT CA GING VIN PHN BIN ----------------------------------------- iv

K HIU CM T VIT TT ----------------------------------------------------------- xiv

Chng I. TNG QUAN V CNG NGHIP DU KH VIT NAM ----------1

1.1.2.3. Phn loi --------------------------------------------------------------------------7

1.1.3. ng dng ca kh ----------------------------------------------------------------------7

1.1.4.1. Ch bin v s dng kh t nhin v kh ng hnh Vit Nam ------- 10

1.2. Gii thiu v LPG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13

1.2.1. Khi nim v LPG ------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

Khoa Ha hc v Cng ngh thc phm

n tt nghip i hc-Kha 2008 2012

1.2.3.3. T l khng kh khi t chy LPG ------------------------------------------- 16