Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Coeficiente Transferencia Térmica PD Enero 2006 Davis
Coeficiente Transferencia Térmica PD Enero 2006 Davis
1, JANUARY 2006
425
I. INTRODUCTION
F a fault arc in an electrical installation occurs, it may endanger the maintenance personnel and seriously damage the
electrical equipment and even the building of the installation. One
of the main effects of fault arcs is the pressure stress on the mechanical parts of the installation and on the walls of the building.
, the portion of enIn order to determine the pressure rise
ergy heating the surrounding gas of the fault arc in an electrical
installation has to be known. To simulate the energy transfer from
the fault arc to its surrounding gas in the electrical installation, it is
assumed that the thermal transfer coefficient is the ratio of the
internal energy of the surrounding gas to the electrical energy
of the fault arc and can be expressed by [1][5]
(1)
426
Fig. 1.
427
V. GOVERNING EQUATIONS
With the considerations of melting and evaporation as well
as chemical reactions, the relevant mathematical models are developed, for which the equation of state and the conservation
equations (i.e., continuity-, momentum- and energy equations)
based on the hydro- and thermodynamics [7] are applied.
Continuity equation
(11)
Me gaseous state
(8.0)
and
are the diffusion coefficient and the turbulent
where
are the vePrandtl number of the -th components, and
is the mass fraction of the
locity and the turbulent viscosity,
-th component by the gas mixtures
(12)
Momentum equation
(13)
with the bulk viscosity and the dynamic viscosity .
With the special expression of melting and evaporation as
well as chemical reactions, the general physical description of
the energy balance (4) is changed into a mathematical energy
equation
(14)
428
TABLE I
TEST CONDITIONS
Fig. 3. Calculated (without test) and measured (with test) k -values for
Al-electrodes in displayed versus the gas density.
Fig. 4. Calculated (without test) and measured (with test) k -values for
Cu-electrodes in air displayed versus the gas density.
Fig. 5. Calculated (without test) and measured (with test) k -values for
Al-electrodes in SF displayed versus the gas density.
Fig. 6. Calculated (without test) and measured (with test) k -values for
Cu-electrodes in SF displayed versus the gas density.
429
430
Fig. 7.
TABLE II
GEOMETRICAL CONDITIONS
Fig. 8.
through of the housing of the cable compartments and is connected with the heavy evaporation of iron. About 90% of the gas
mixture in the cable compartments now consists of iron vapors.
The heavy evaporation follows an increase in the arc voltage and
in the pressure, which lasts about 0.35 s. After that, the ambient
pressure is reached up to the extinction of the fault arc.
431
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was finished at Aachen University of Technology,
Aachen, Germany.
REFERENCES
Fig. 11. Calculated (full line) and measured (dotted line) pressure
development in the transformer compartment R .
During the last 0.2 s a further pressure oscillation in measurement and calculation is detected, which belongs to an enforced
oscillation of energy resulting from the arc movement.
VII. CONCLUSION
In order to be able to predict the pressure rise in electrical installations due to fault arcs, it is necessary to know the portion
of electrical energy of the causative fault arc corresponding to
the thermal transfer coefficient , which causes the pressure
rise. With the determination of the thermal transfer coefficient
, it is possible to calculate the pressure rise in electrical installations (canceled), even for severe conditions under which
measurements cannot be performed.
In the evolution of the energy balance for the calculation of
the pressure in an electrical installation, the thermal transfer coat relatively pure conditions is introduced, which
efficient
has been experimentally proven to be constant for the insulating
. On the assumption of
, the thermal transfer cogas
efficient
for any conditions is then evolved. In the study of
melting and evaporation of
the thermal transfer coefficient
materials as well as chemical reactions which contribute to the
development of pressure, are taken into consideration.
It has been proven that a satisfactory agreement between both
calculated and measured results of the thermal transfer coefficient can be reached. The calculated and measured results show
that the development of pressure and its corresponding thermal
[1] A. Dasbach and G. J. Pietsch, Calculation of pressure wave in substation buildings due to arcing faults, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no.
4, pp. 17601765, Oct. 1990.
[2] M. Schumacher and G. J. Pietsch, Analysis of pressure phenomena in
gas insulated switchgear installations, in Proc. Symp. Electrical Discharges in Gases, 1991, pp. 16.
[3] G. Friberg and G. J. Pietsch, Calculation of pressure rise due to arcing
fault, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 365370, Apr. 1999.
[4] F. Lutz and G. J. Pietsch, The calculation of overpressure in metalenclosed switchgear due to internal arcing, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.,
vol. PAS-101, no. 11, pp. 42304236, Nov. 1982.
[5] H. Kuwahara, K. Yoshinaga, S. Sakuma, T. Yamauchi, and T. Myamoto,
Fundamental investigation on internal arcs in SF gas-filled enclosure, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-101, no. 10, pp.
39773987, Oct. 1982.
[6] C. J. Smithells and E. A. Brandes, Metals Reference Book. London,
U.K., 1976.
[7] H. D. Baehr, Thermodynamik. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag,
1990.
[8] S. V. Patankar and D. B. Spalding, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid
Flow. Bristol, PA: Hemisphere, 1980.
[9] M. Born, Optik. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 1999.
Xiang Zhang received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering
from Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China, in 1989 and 1992, respectively,
and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Aachen University of
Technology, Aachen, Germany, in 2002.
Currently, she is a Research Fellow on asset management of networks of
the Schering-Institute of High Voltage Technology, University of Hanover,
Hanover, Germany. From 1992 to 1997, she was a Research Engineer with
Xian High Voltage Apparatus Research Institute, Xian, China. Her main areas
of interest include high-voltage apparatus, gas discharge, arc modeling, and
asset management of network.
Gerhard Pietsch (M83) received the Diploma and Ph.D. degrees in physics
from the University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany, in 1967 and 1971, respectively.
From 1972 to 1974, he was with AEG High Voltage Laboratory, Kassel, Germany. Since 1975, he has been Professor of Electrical Engineering and Gas Discharge Technology at the Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany.
Dr. Pietsch is a member of the German Association of Electrical Engineers
(VDE) and the German Physical Society (DPG).
Ernst Gockenbach (M83SM88F01) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany, in 1979.
Currently, he is Professor and Director of the Schering-Institute of High
Voltage Technology, University of Hanover, Hanover, Germany. From 1979 to
1982, he was with Siemens AG, Berlin, Germany. From 1982 to 1990, he was
with E. Haefely AG, Basel, Switzerland.
Dr. Gockenbach is a member of VDE and CIGRE, chairman of CIGRE Study
Committee D1 Materials and Emerging Technologies for Electrotechnology,
and a member of national and international Working Groups (IEC, IEEE) for
Standardization of High Voltage Test and Measuring Procedures.