Base-Station-Antennas for optimized

Mobile Communication Networks

Norbert Ephan, Roland Gabriel
KATHREIN-Werke KG, Postfach 100 444,
83004 Rosenheim, Germany

Kathrein-Werke KG
Rosenheim
PO Box 10 04 44
Phone:+ 49 (0)8031 184 - 0
Fax: +49 (0)8031 184 991
antennas.mobilcom@kathrein.
de
www.kathrein.de

Content
1. Polarization - Diversity-Antennas
2. Site-Sharing with Multiband-Antennas
3. Remote Electrical Tilt
4. Adaptive Antennas and Tower Top
Electronics

History: Base Station Antennas

Evolution from Eurocell V-Pol. to A-Panel XX-Pol.

1. Polarization Diversity Antennas

Diversity combining
Diversity with two antennas

- Level difference
- Correlation

10

Signal Level [dB]

5
0
-5

1
Rx 2

-10

Rx 1

-15
-20
-25
-30
8
8

Combined Signal
10
0

7
7
6
6
5
5

Maximal
MaximalRatio
RatioCombining
Combining

4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1

-5 1

0
0

-10

1 3
1 3 5 7
5 7 9 11
9 11 13 15
13 15 17
19
Signal
Difference
Signal Difference[dB]
[dB] 17 19 2121 23 25
23 25

-15

1
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0

Signal level [dB]

DiversityGain
Gain[dB]
[dB]
Diversity

Time

-20
-25
-30
Time

Diversity
Diversitygain
gainGSM
GSM

CrossCrossCorrelation
Correlation

Diversity
Typical Diversity Gain for GSM - System
(max. uncorrelated, equal level)
Outage Probability (y<x)
1,E+00

Div-gain 7 dB

Pr ( <x)

1,E-01

single signal
1,E-02

max. ratio comb./

uncorrelated signals

1,E-03

1,E-04
-40

-30

-20

-10

10 log (x/ ) [dB]

10

Diversity

Space Diversity Arrangement

uses two vertical polarized Rx antennas (Rxa and Rxb) with a horizontal
spacing of 12-15
Omni base station : 3 omni antennas with the Tx antenna on a higher level

3m
3m

Polarization-Diversity: Xpol construction

65

90

Polarization Diversity Antennas: Radiators

-45-Polarization

+45-Polarization

Reflektor
Vektor-dipol
-halfpower beamwidth 65- 90
-low crosspol- level
-broadband design(1710 - 2170 MHz)

Polarization Diversity Antenna Arrangements

Space-Diversity-Arrangement

Polarization-DiversityArrangement

X-Pol Array Antennas - Vector Dipole Characteristic

Co-/Cross Pol. behavior
15

Primary radiator design

345

30

Frequency behavior

45
60

300

75

285

-20

-10 dB 270

105

255

120

240

co-pol
135

225

cross- pol
150

210
165

180

345

195

> 25 dB (main direction)

> 10dB (+/- 60 Sector)

330

45

315

-30

30

330

90

15

315

60

300

75

285

90

-30

-20

-10 dB 270

105

255

120

240
135

225
150

210
165

180

195

1710 - 2170 MHz

Site-Sharing with Dual and

Triple-Band Antennas

Dualband Antennas / XXpol System

Major Mobile Communication Frequencies

TETRA
GSM
DVB-H
AMPS
GSM 900
GSM 1800
UMTS
UMTS LTE
WiMax

380 - 430 MHz

450 MHz
512-860 MHz
824 - 890 MHz
880-960 MHz
1710 - 1880 MHz
1920 - 2170 MHz
2500 - 2700 MHz
3.4 - 3.8
GHz

Site Sharing and Multi-Band Antennas

Single-Band-Antennen
fr GSM900 und GSM1800

GSM900
(D-Netz)

GSM1800
(E-Netz)
XXPol-Dual-Band
mit Combiner

Site Sharing and Multiband Antennas

Dualband antennas: XXpol construction

Triple-Band Antennas
Major Mobile Communication Frequencies

TETRA
GSM
DVB-H
AMPS
GSM 900
GSM 1800
UMTS
UMTS LTE
WiMax

380 - 430 MHz

450 MHz
512-860 MHz
824 - 890 MHz
880-960 MHz
1710 - 1880 MHz
1920 - 2170 MHz
2500 - 2700 MHz
3.4 - 3.8
GHz

Independent adjustable Downtilt

Triple- Band Antennas

66Systems,
Systems,independently
independentlyadjustable
adjustable
--GSM
GSM900
900--GSM
GSM1800
1800--UMTS
UMTS

Triple- Band Antennas

Adjustable Electrical DT
Combined radiators 806-960/1710-2170 MHz
C-Filter-Combiner
1710-1880 MHz
1920-2170 MHz
DPS-Differential
Phase-Shifter

Single radiators 1710 - 2170 MHz

Scheme of Triple-Band-Antenna

Triple- Band Antennas

Downtilt
GSM 900
VSWR

Complex design:
Optimization Parameter
of Triple-Band Antennas

frequency

Sidelobe level
Tracking,
Tracking,
squint

Downtilt
GSM 1800
isolation

Isolation +/-45 Triple-Band-Antenna

45
43
41
39
37
Isolation 35
33
31
29
27
25

6
4
2
0
0

Downtilt 900 MHz

Crosspolar
level
Halfpower
beamwidth

10

Downtilt
1800 MHz

Downtilt
UMTS

Remote Electrical Tilt

Adjustable Electrical Downtilt

maximum flexibility is achieved with adjustable electrical downtilt

by combining the adjustability of the mechanical DT and the
technical advantage of the electrical DT

Adjustable Electrical Downtilt

Network Extension
Support of traffic dependent cell breathing and regulation of softHandover areas
Hot spots during special events
Dynamical traffic adaptive regulation of cell load
Hot Spot

Cell Brathing

High traffic
area

Adjustable Electrical Downtilt

Electrical Tilt instead of Mechanical Tilt
Manual Adjustable: Team has to climb up the tower
RET offers flexible remote control (on site ore via O&M Network)

RET

Adjustable Electrical DT
Schemes of Triple-Band-Antenna

Triple-Band Antenna system 900 MHz +45

Adjustable Electrical DT
Schemes of Triple-Band-Antenna

C-Filter-Combiner

Passive Differential Phase Shifter

DPS-Differential
Phase-Shifter

Triple-Band Antenna system 2000 MHz +45

UMTS / WCDMA-Network

Service Propability

Optimization of Service
98

Without RET

96

RET optimized
Azimuth optimized

94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

Number of Subscribers

Influence of Downtilt-Optimization
- a) RET and Pilot Power
- b) RET, Pilot Power and Azimuth adjustment
Based on study results by
Symena Software & Consulting GmbH Wien:
www.symena.com The value of automated optimization ,
publishing with allowance of Symena

RET- Scenarios
Network-Planing
Tool
Dynamical Predefined
Modus
Scenarios

Network-Extension

Antenna

Changed Load
Situation
(Rush Hour)

RCU

TMA

-Optimization Time
-Reaction Time
-Administration

BTS
Central Control
unit

OMC
Control
Network

Smart-BIAS-T

Feeder lines

Roll-Out of RET-System in Taipei/Taiwan

Adaptive Antennas and

Tower Top Electronics

Adaptive Antennas
Antennas
-forming:
beam
Antennaswith
withbeambeam-forming:
- -"SMART"
"SMART"- -Antennas
Antennas
- -MultiBeamMulti
Beam-Antennas
Multi-Beam-Antennas
- -Adaptive
AdaptiveAntennas
Antennas

- -Increased
IncreasedCapacity
Capacity
- -Reduced
interference
Reduced interferencelevel
level
- -Reduced
TransmitPower
Transmit
Reduced Transmit-Power
- -Reduction
Reductionof
ofaverage
averageEM
EM
fields
fields
but
but
-Expensive
-ExpensiveBTS
BTS
-n
x
Feeder
Cables
-n x Feeder Cables
-Higher
-HigherSize
Size
- -Reduced
ReducedSite
SiteSharing
SharingCapabilities
Capabilities

Transmit the power to the correct destination.

Adaptive Antennas - Control principles

Adaptive Antenna
Control Options

Standard BTS

Special BTS for n Sensors

Control via:
-Handover (Switched)
-Soft Handover (MakroDiversity)

Beam-Forming Algorithm
-Switched fixed beam
-MRC principle

-Backbone network takes over

high traffic -or increased
handovers required

Pilot carrier (BCCH) has to been

distributed within the whole cell

-2X...4X dual beam antennas

-common 6-sector arrangements

2X...4X array antennas

option: flat frequency phasedependency for FDD

Adaptive Antennas
For QPSK-Modulation, uncorrelated carriers:
BER MRC-Receiver, noncorrelated signals

Pb, MRC

2r 1 2
1

=
2 2 r =0 r 4

Pt
Pt + n2

1,E+00

1,E-01
Diversity-gain

M 1

1,E-02

Tx-Power
noise

BER

1,E-03

1,E-04

1,E-05

Single Sensor
2 sensors
3 sensors

1,E-06

4 sensors

1,E-07
-19 -17 -14 -12 -10 -7

-5

-3

12 14 16 19 21 24 26 28 31

SNR [dB]

MISO- Multiple Input- Single Output

MRC
M=4

M=8

Adaptive Antennas
Array Gain

14

- 2..4 sensors offer

attractive
ratio of gain/costs

12

Gain [dB]

10
8
6
4
2
0
1

Array Gain (correlation=1)

typical gain
max gain(correl=0)

Number of sensors

Antenna
/Sensor
T yp
Single
Path
Two Path
Four Path
8-Path

Array gain
(total
correlated)
0 dB

M axim um
T ypical
G ain (non gain
correlated)
0 dB
0 dB

3 dB
6 dB
9 dB

8 dB
10.5 dB
13 dB

4..5 dB
6..10 dB
8..11 dB

Adaptive Antennas: 4x-solution

Dual-polarized
Array-Antenna
4x
4 x Tx
+4 x Rx Diversity

Digital data processing

Beam steering algorithm

(1x phase calibration)

M=8
Improved Rx-signal, reduced Tx power

6-Sector-Arrangement: Switched Beam Adaption

6-Sektor Arrangements:
-Increased Coverage
-Equivalent Traffic/Cell
-Reduced Interference

d6sect=1.41d3sect

area
subscriber

= cons
sec tor
sec tor
r6 sec t = 2 r3sec t
Required additional
gain for increased
radius
(OkumarataHata-Model)
4,5..6 dB

6-Sector Ultra High sites

Increased Coverage due to
increased height of the
Tx Antenna
path loss

Ultra High sites

140

Path loss [dB]

130

Increased coverage

120

h= 10 m
h=20m

110

h=40m
h=100m

100
90
80
0,1

0,3

0,5

0,7

0,9

1,1

Distance [km]

1,3

1,5

1,7

1,9

f=2GHz, gTx=18 dBi, Okumurata-Hata

Adaptive Antenna: Dual Beam (2X)

Dual-Beam-Antenna ( 2 Columns)

3dB-Hybrid

Adaptive Antenna: Dual Beam (4X)

Dual-Beam-Antenna ( 4 Columns)
Beam 1

Frequenz

HPBW

Azimuth

Beam 2

Frequenz

HPBW

Azimuth

4x2 Butler-Matrix

Adaptive Antennas: Tracking 2X

Smart Antenna ( 2 Columns, 65 HPBW)
Phase Shift (Columns)
0 degree
30 degree
60 degree
90 degree
120 degree

Horizontal Scan-Width
0 degree
5 degree
10 degree
15 degree
20 degree

Adaptive Antennas: MIMO-Systems

MIMO-System:
Combination of Pattern and
Polarization-Diversity

Tower Top electronics

transmission= 20 W

M CPA
No
ise
Fig
ure

dissipation2=

5W

MultiRRH
dissipation1= 25 W

CPRIInterface

PTx= 50 W
= 10%

TM A

Pin= 500 W

BTS

BTS

Tower- Top Electronics: Multi-RRH

4x Antenna Array

Adaptive Antenna
Array with
Multi-RRH
4 x Tx, 8 x Rx
Re IM
Up-Conv

Re Im
DownConv.

Re Im
DownConv

Digital
Predist.
CPRI

CPRI

RET
control
Tx-Linearization
control

Tx

Rx1

Power
Supply
RET

Power

CPRI

Rx2-Control of
Amplitude/Phase

Rx2