Cold Formed Steel Sections

COLD FORMED STEEL SECTIONS - II
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
COLD FORMED STEEL SECTIONS

Introduction
Design of axially compressed columns
Flexural Torsional buckling
Design for Combined bending and compression
Design of Tension members
Design on the basis of testing
Empirical methods
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Diversity of cold formed steel shapes and multiplicity
of purposes makes it a complex product
Design of columns for axial compression,
compression combined with bending and flexuraltorsional buckling are discussed.
Design procedures using prototype tests or empirical
rules are discussed in summary form.
Axially Compressed Columns

local buckling under compressive loading is an
extremely important feature.
a compressed plate element with an edge free to
deflect does not perform as satisfactorily as a
similar element supported along the two opposite
edges
determination of effective area (Aeff) is the first
in analysing
column
behavior
step
the ultimate
load (or
squash
load) of a short strut is
Pc
Q
= Aeff . fyd = Q. A. fyd
= the ratio of the effective area to the total area of cross section
at yield stress
Axially Compressed Columns - 2
In long column with doubly - symmetric cross

section, the failure load depends on Euler buckling
resistance and the imperfections present .
The failure load is ,
Pc
1
2
P 1 P
cs
4 Pcs PEY
EY
cs
EY
where 0.002
20
ry
0 ,
for e 20
ry
for
e
20
ry

Q = 1.0
1.0
Q = 0 .9
Q = 0 .8
Q = 0 .7
pc / fy
Q = 0 .6
Q = 0 .5
Q = 0 .4
Q = 0 .3
20
40
80
120
160
200
e / ry
Column Strength (non- dimensional) for different

Q factors
Effective Shift of Loading axis
Load point
Effective section
neutral axis
Load point
Neutral e
axis
s
B
a) Channel section
loaded through its
centroid
(b) The move of the neutral axis (due to plate

buckling) causes an eccentricity es and a
consequent moment P. es . This would
cause an additional compression on
flange
AB axis in an axially
Effective shift in the
loading
compressed column
If a section is not doubly symmetric and has a

large reduction of effective widths of elements,
then the effective section may be changed
position of centroid. This would induce bending
on an initially concentrically loaded section
The ultimate load is evaluated by allowing for the
interaction of bending and compression using
the equation
Pult
Pc M c
M c Pc .es
Torsional - Flexural Buckling

Singly symmetric columns may fail either
a) by Euler buckling about an axis perpendicular
to the line of symmetry
b) by a combination of bending about the axis of
symmetry and a twist
Purely torsional and purely flexural failure does
not occur in a general case.
Position after
Flexural Torsional
buckling
Axis of symmetry
Original
position
Shear centre
Column displacements during Flexural - Torsional buckling
10
For sections with at least one axis of symmetry

(say x - axis) and subjected to flexural torsional
buckling , BS5950, Part 5 suggests that the
torsional flexural buckling load (in Newtons) of a
column , PTF
PTF
1
PEX PT PEX PT 2 4 PEX PT
where
PEX =
2 EI x
e
11
Torsional buckling load of a column ( in Newtons),

PT , given by
PT
1
r02
GJ
is a constant given by
x0
1
r0
ro = polar radius of gyration about the shear centre
r0
rx2
ry2
x02
12
x0
is the distance from shear centre to the
centroid measured along the x axis (mm)

St Venants' Torsion constant (mm4)
=
bt3
warping constant for all section.
13
Torsion Behaviour
Cold formed sections are mainly formed with
"open" sections and do not have high resistance
to torsion.
The total torsion may be regarded as being made
up of two effects
-St. Venant's Torsion or Pure Torsion
-Warping torsion.
14
St.Venant's torsion produces shear stresses.

Warping torsion produces in-plane bending of the
elements of a cross section.
Cold formed sections they have very little resistance
to St. Venant's Torsion
Short beams with ends restrained exhibit high
resistance to warping torsion
The resistance to warping torsion becomes low for
long beams with ends restrained
15
Combined Bending and Compression

Compression members subjected to bending will have
to be designed considering the effects of interaction
The following checks are suggested for members
which have at least one axis of symmetry:
(i) the local capacity at points of greatest

bending moment and axial load and
(ii) an overall buckling check.
16
Combined Bending and Compression- 2
Local Capacity Check
My
Fc
Mx
Pcs
M cx
M cy
Fc
Pcs
Mx, My
Mcx
Mcy
=
=
=
=
applied axial load

short strut capacity defined by Aeff.Pyd
applied bending moments about x and y axis
Moment resistance of the beam about x axis
in the absence of Fc and My
= Moment resistance of the beam about y axis
in the absence of Fc and Mx.
17
Overall buckling check

For members not subject to lateral buckling, the
relationship to be satisfied is
Fc
Pc
Mx
F
Cbx M cx 1 c
PEX
My
F
Cby M cy 1 c
PEY
For beams subject to lateral buckling, the following

relationship should be satisfied
Fc
Mx
Pc
Mb
My
F
Cby M cy 1 c
PEY
18
where
Pc
= axial buckling resistance in the absence
PEX, PEY
of moments
= flexural buckling load in compression
Cbx, Cby
for bending about the x- axis and for

bending about the y-axis respectively.
= Cb factors for moment variation about x
Mb
and y axis respectively.

= lateral buckling resistance moment
about the x axis.
19
Tension Members
a member connected in such a way as to eliminate
any moments due to connection eccentricity, may
be designed as a simple tension member
The tensile capacity of a member (Pt) is evaluated
from
Pt = Ae . Py
When a member is subjected to both combined
bending and axial tension, the capacity of the
member should be ascertained as
My
Ft
Mx
1
Pt
M cx
M cy
20
Tension Members - 2
Mx
M cx
My
M cy
where Ft = applied load

Pt = tensile capacity
.
21
Design on the basis of Testing

large variety of shapes and complex interactions make
it uneconomical to design members and systems
completely on theoretical basis
ensure that the test set up reflects the in-service
conditions as accurately as possible.
testing is probably the only realistic method of
assessing the strength and characteristics of
connections.
there is a possibility that the tests giving misleading
information.
testing by an independent agency is widely accepted
the manufacturers provide load/span tables
22
Empirical Methods
members such as Z purlins are sometimes
designed by time-tested empirical rules
empirical rules are employed when
- theoretical analysis may be impractical or not justified
- prototype test data are not available
B
B/5
Z Purlins
L /45
L /60
Z Purlins
23
Empirical Methods - 2
Empirical design rules for Z sections (BS 5950, Part 5 )
overall depth should be greater than 100 t and not

less than L /45.
- overall width of compression flange / thickness
ratio should be less than 35
- Lip width should be greater than B /5
-
- Section
Modulus ( W in kN and L in mm )
for simply supported purlins

for continuous or semi rigidly jointed purlins
WL
cm 3
1400
WL
cm 3
1800
24
The net allowable wind uplift in a direction normal

to roof when purlins are restrained is taken as 50%
of the (dead + imposed) load.
25
CONCLUSION
A detailed discussion of design of elements made from
cold rolled steel
The most striking benefits of all forms of light steel
framing are
speed of construction
ease of handling
savings in site supervision
elimination of wastage in site
elimination of shrinkage and movement of cracks
greater environmental acceptability
less weather dependency
high acoustic performance
high degree of thermal insulation
26
Section Properties Calculation

PROBLEM 1
Analysis of effective section under compression
To illustrate the evaluation of reduced section
properties of a section under axial compression.
Section:
200 80 25 4.0 mm
Using mid-line dimensions for simplicity. Internal

radius of the corners is 1.5 t.
27
Effective breadth of web ( flat element )

=
B 2 / B1 =
60 / 180
76
60
= 0.33
15
6 mm
23
Mid-line
dimension
180
200
4
196
25
800
Exact dimension
28
K1
1.8 h
7
1.43 h 3
0.15 h
1.8 0.33
7
1.43 0.33 3
0.15 0.33
= 5.71
pcr
185000 K1 ( t / b )2
521.7 N / mm2
29
f cr
p cr m
beff
b
240
521.7 1.15
1 14
1 14
or
beff
f cr
= 0.983 180
0.4
0.4 0.123
0.35
p cr m
0.35
0.2
0.2
0.983
= 176.94 mm
Effective width of flanges ( flat element )

K2
K 1 h2 ( t1 / t2 )2
30
K2
fc
p cr m
beff
b
beff
K1 h2 ( t1 / t2 )2
K1 h 2
5.71 0.332
( t1 = t2 )
= 0.633 or 4 (minimum)
= 4
=
185000 4 ( 4 / 60 )2
=
240
0.063 0.123
3289 1.15
pcr
3289 N /mm2
1
=
60 mm
31
Effective width of lips ( flat element)

K
= 0.425
pcr
fc
p cr m
beff
b
beff
( conservative for unstiffened elements)
185000 0.425 ( 4 / 15 )2 =
240
5591 1.15
5591 N /mm2
0.04 0.123
= 1
= 15 mm
32
Effective section in mid-line dimension

As the corners are fully effective, they may be included
into the effective width of the flat elements to establish
the effective section.
76
23
Gross
section
96.5
196
96.5
76
23
Reduced
section
33
The calculation for the area of gross section is tabulated

below:
Lips
Flanges
Web
Total
Ai (mm2)
2 * 23 * 4
2 * 76 * 4
196 * 4
1576
The area of the gross section, A
184
608
784
1576 mm2
The calculation of the area of the reduced section is

tabulated below:
34
Lips
Corners
Flanges
Web
Total
Ai (mm2)
2 * 15 * 4 = 120
4 * 45* 6 = 182.4
2 * 60 * 4 = 480
176 * 94 * 4 = 707.8
1490.2
The area of the effective section , Aeff
1490.2 mm2
Therefore, the factor defining the effectiveness of the

section under compression
Q
Aeff
A
1490
1576
0.95
35
The compressive strength of the member

= Q A fy / m
= 0.95 1576 240 / 1.15
= 313 kN
36
PROBLEM 2
ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVE SECTION UNDER BENDING
To illustrate the evaluation of the effective section modulus
of a section in bending.
We use section : 220 65 2.0 mm Z28 Generic lipped
Channel (from "Building Design using Cold Formed Steel
Sections", Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5, SCI
Publication P125)
37
Only the compression flange is subject to local

buckling.
Using mid-line dimensions for simplicity. Internal
radius of the corners is 1.5t.
55.08
63
14
Mid-line
dimension
210.08
218
220
10.04
15
65
Exact dimension
38
Thickness of steel(ignoring galvanizing),

t = 2 - 0.04 = 1.96 mm
Internal radius of the corners
= 1.5 2
= 3 mm
Limiting stress for stiffened web in bending
p0
and py
280 / 1.15
fy
D
1.13 0.0019
t
py
280
=
243.5 N / mm2
39
p0
220
1.13
0.0019
1.96
280
280
280
1.15
223.2 N / mm2
which is equal to the maximum stress in the compression

flange, i.e., fc = 223.2 N / mm2
Effective width of compression flange
h
= B 2 / B1
= 3.8
40
K1
1.4 h
5.4
0.02 h 3
0.6 h
1.4 3.8
5.4
0.02 3.8 3
0.6 3.8
=
pcr
fc
pcr
beff
b
3.08 or 4 ( minimum)
1.96
185000 4
55.08
223.2
937
937 N / mm 2
0.24 0.123
1 14
fc
pcr
0.2
0.35
0.998
41
beff
0.99 55
54.5
Effective section in mid-line dimension:

The equivalent length of the corners is 2.0 2.0
= 4 mm
The effective width of the compression flange = 54.5 + 2 4

= 62.5
31.2 31.2
218
Neutral axis of
Gross section
reduced section
14
63
42
The calculation of the effective section modulus is

tabulated as below:
Elements
Ai
yi(mm)
Ai yi(mm3) Ig + Ai yi2
(mm2)
(mm4)
Top lip 27.44
102
2799
448
Compression 122.5
109
13352.5
flange
Web
427.3
0
0
Tension
123.5
-109
-13459.3
flange
Bottom lip
27.4
-102
-2799
Total 728.2
-106.8
5186628.4
+ 285498
39.2 + 1455422.5
1692171.2 +
0
39.5 + 1467064
448
285498
43
The vertical shift of the neutral axis is
106 . 8
728.2
0.15 mm
The second moment of area of the effective section is

Ixr
or
at py
( 5186628.4 + 728.2 0.152 ) 10-4
518.7 cm4
at p0
= 223.2 N / mm2
223.2 1.15
518.7
= 280 / 1.15 N / mm2 280
475.5 cm 4
44
The effective section modulus is,
Z xr
475.5
109 0.15
43.56 cm 3
10
45
PROBLEM 3
Design a two span continuous beam of span 4.5 m subject to a
UDL of 4kN/m as shown in Fig.1.
6.5 kN/m
RA
4.5 m
Factored load on each span
RB
4.5 m
RC
= 6.5 4.5 = 29.3 kN
46
Bending Moment
Two spans
loaded
0.375
0.438
4.5 m
- 0.125
1.25
0.625
One span loaded

4 kN/m
4.5 m
0.375
-0.063
Coefficients for Reactions
47
Maximum hogging moment =
0.125 29.3 4.5 = 16.5 kNm
Maximum sagging moment =
0.096 29.3 4.5 =
12.7 kNm
Shear Force
Two spans loaded : RA
0.375 29.3
= 11 kN
RB
1.25 29.3
36.6 kN
One span loaded : RA
0.438 29.3
12.8 kN
48
Maximum reaction at end support, Fw,max =

Maximum shear force , Fv,ma = 29.3 - 11
12.8 kN
18.3 kN
Try 180 50 25 4 mm Double section ( placed back

to back)
180
6 mm
255
50
50
49
Material Properties : E =
py =
=
Section Properties :
205 kN/mm2
240 / 1.15
208.7 N/mm2
t =
D =
ryy =
4.0 mm
180 mm
17.8 mm
Ixx
2 518 104 mm4
Zxx =
115.1 103 mm3
50
Only the compression flange is subject to local buckling

Limiting stress for stiffened web in bending
p0
D
1.13 0.0019
t
and py
p0
=
240 / 1.15
fy
py
280
208.7 N / mm 2
180
1.13 0.0019
4
219.3
N / mm2
240
280
208.7
51
which is equal to the maximum stress in the compression

flange, i.e.,
fc
219.3 N / mm2
Effective width of compression flange

h
K1
= B 2 / B1
= 160 / 30
= 5.3
1.4 h
5.4
0.02 h 3
0.6 h
1.4 5.3 = 4
= 1.1 or 4 (minimum)
5.4
0.02 5.3 3
0.6 5.3
52
pcr
185000 4
fc
pcr
beff
b
beff
219.3
13155
30
13155 N / mm 2
0.017 0.123
30 mm
i.e. the full section is effective in bending
53
Ixr
2 518 104 mm4
Zxr
115.1 103 mm3
Moment Resistance
The compression flange is fully restrained over the
sagging moment region but it is unrestrained over the
hogging moment region, that is, over the internal
support.
However unrestrained length is very short and lateral
torsional buckling is not critical.
54
The moment resistance of the restrained beam is:

Mcx= Zxr py
= 115.1 103 ( 240 / 1.15) 10-6 = 24 kNm > 16.5 kNm
O.K
Shear Resistance
Shear yield strength,
pv
= 0.6 py
= 0.6 240 /1.15
= 125.2 N/mm2
55
Shear buckling strength, qcr =
Maximum shear force, Fv,max

Shear area
Average shear stress fv
O.K
= 493.8 N/mm2
= 18.3 kN
= 180 4
=
1000 4
180
1000 t
=
D
18.3 10
720
=
3
720 mm2
< 2 q cr
25.4 N / mm
56
Web crushing at end supports

Check the limits of the formulae
D
t
r
t
180
4
45 200
6
4
1.5
O.K
O.K
At the end supports, the bearing length, N is 50 mm

(taking conservatively as the flange width of a single
section)
For c=0, N/ t = 50 / 4 = 12.5 and restrained section .
57
C is the distance from the end of the beam to the load or

reaction.
Use
Pw
C7
2 t C7
2
1
1
Pw
8.8 1.11
t
750
45
750
2 4 2 1.06
89.8 kN
1.06
240
1.15
RA
8.8 1.11
12.8 kN
12.5 10 3
O.K
58
Web Crushing at internal support

At the internal support, the bearing length, N, is 100mm
(taken as the flange width of a double section)
For c > 1.5D, N / t
section.
Pw
k
t C5 C6
fy
228 m
=
fy
100 / 4
13.2 1.63
240
1.15 228
= 25 and restrained
N
0.92
59
C5
= ( 1.49 - 0.53 k ) = 1.49 - 0.53 0.92

= 1.0
> 0.6
C6
= ( 0.88 - 0.12 m )
= t / 1.9 = 4 / 1.9 = 2.1
C6
0.88 - 0.12 2.1 = 0.63
Pw
2 4 2 1 0.63
89.8 kN
240
13.2 1.63
1.15
25 10 3
> RB ( = 36 kN)
60
Deflection Check
3
384 is used to take in account of
A coefficient of
unequal loading on a double span. Total unfactored
imposed load is used for deflection calculation.
max
I av
max
I xx I xr
2
29.3 / 1.5
3 W L3
384 E I av
1036 1036
2
1036 10 4 mm 4
19.5 kN
3
19.5 10 3 4500 3
384 205 10 3 1036 10 4
6.53mm
61
Deflection limit = L / 360
for imposed load
= 4500 / 360 = 12.5 mm > 6.53 mm
O.K
In the double span construction :
Use double section 180 50 25 4.0 mm lipped
channel placed back to back.
62
THANK YOU
63

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COLD FORMED STEEL SECTIONS - II

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Axially Compressed Columns

= Aeff . fyd = Q. A. fyd

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Axially Compressed Columns - 2

In long column with doubly - symmetric cross

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Axially Compressed Columns - 3

Column Strength (non- dimensional) for different

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Axially Compressed Columns - 4

Effective Shift of Loading axis

(b) The move of the neutral axis (due to plate

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Axially Compressed Columns - 5

If a section is not doubly symmetric and has a

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Axially Compressed Columns - 6

Torsional - Flexural Buckling

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Axially Compressed Columns - 7

Column displacements during Flexural - Torsional buckling

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Axially Compressed Columns - 8

For sections with at least one axis of symmetry

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Axially Compressed Columns - 9

Torsional buckling load of a column ( in Newtons),

ro = polar radius of gyration about the shear centre

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Axially Compressed Columns - 10

is the distance from shear centre to the

centroid measured along the x axis (mm)

warping constant for all section.

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Axially Compressed Columns - 11

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Axially Compressed Columns - 12

St.Venant's torsion produces shear stresses.

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Combined Bending and Compression

(i) the local capacity at points of greatest

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Combined Bending and Compression- 2

Local Capacity Check

applied axial load

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Combined Bending and Compression- 3

Overall buckling check

For beams subject to lateral buckling, the following

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Combined Bending and Compression- 4

= axial buckling resistance in the absence

for bending about the x- axis and for

and y axis respectively.

where Ft = applied load

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Design on the basis of Testing

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures