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<73B,B 26;3 8,C901,B =:D0. E6 876<-10/6 : 90B,/6?1056 96,8.,<9, 56 <64,<:701:, 567 56 -0,8?1626 3 -93 <01, -:;A,=:>4:; 56C:4,;. &,B:40 907,<9,B 13;0>620 -9,/0, ,<9,-9, 8,/6C:/020 -:;A,=0-876<C9040 : 2:.,/,B C90>620, 34,762690 56 3 ;:1-4,-;0B:5-4,; ;:?F623, 4,56 -6 ;09:G6-1356 : 3 <73B:; 0-8641:;0
907,<96 43=1376 (/67,/020, B01020, ,A:>05:). +7,3>0/026 87:>0 , 87,7,>09-4:; -9,/:;0 4,5: 9050/F353 -;71 C90>059, 56 CA,B 38,C90/020 56<9,B 4,< 90- C096;0769,B G,=4=,79,B H0970, 0=: : CA,B ,147:/020 <76/96 907,<96 -=:46 -/610,
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-9,/6 : 2:.,/3 90187:7,<93 ;,@.

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9:56 3/64 =04, 70C3;F:/ : ,>:B=6<09. I09 56, 8, <76/9,; /67,/023, ?:G7,/09, <010 8,7340, -47:/69: 90B,/6?105 A3<3@9,-1:, 16 56 ,13<0 96,8.,<9, <0 -6 <6?:G7356. E3;0>626; -9,/0 F3<: 905>6?@6 H6=6 <0 90M3
,<B,/,7 90 8:1020 ?10 :. ,>64356 3 A3<3@9,-1:, <0 =: 876<-1,5: 90876<04 <,;0@:9-1/0, 404/: @6 A:1: 87:9,-:, 0 8,-6A9,, 404/0 :; 56 -3<A:90,
<,A70 :=: =,?0, 404/, @6 A:1: 2:.,/, C<70/F6 : C<70/F6 343@090, :,
;,H<0 905/0H9:56, <0 =: :; 56 3B7,H69 H:/,1, <0 =: 56 .-%! +'*43? (,/643 9:56 <01, <0 -/,5:; 70C3;,; -0C90 /76;6 -/,56 -;71: 4,50 56 /6@ 90 7,M623 -3<A:9,; ,<76M690 : 96:CA6H90. %=:, >,/64 -6 - ,/,; >:269:D,;
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4,56 F3<: 9:-3 3 -1023 90 ,-9,/3 :-43-1/0 :=: 70C3;0 <0 876</:<6, 9:1:
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>=090 8,7,<:D6 ,>64353 3-86. :=: 963-86. 3 8,-=3, 3 F3A0/:, <,A:104
:=: B3A:104, C<70/F6 :=: A,=6-1/-;71, :1<). N01, 56 8,176A0 C0 13;0>626; -9,/0 907,>:1, :C70H690 3 47:1:>9:; H:/,19:; ;,;691:;0: 876<
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' <76/9:; D:/:=:C0D:50;0 "9<:56, *:96, QB:810, K0/:=,90, #7>46 :
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9:4, 9: B7,A0 96 C90. &6H:; :C;6M3 ,9:. B:H0 ?1, -3 4705 ,B70<6 176?26. I3170 -3 N0<3?9:D6. +70/, 56 <0 -6 : ;696 964, -61:; C,/6; -6 $:4,=0!'" J:=394:9 ,10D J:.0:=,, -=3HA69:4 $07,<96 -438?1:96, :-4,80, 56 C6;F3 90 ,C90>69,; ;6-13 :, CA:F0, 90?0, 4,-137 : /,59:>46 -1/07:, /7=, 8=:14, :-8,< 8,/7?:96 C6;F6. I3170<09, 90 N0<3?9:D6 -0.70269: -3 C6;9: ,-10D: 968,C901,B /,59:40 (*0C:;:7,/:@ 1940, 331). /04/:. 1:8:>9:. G,=4=,79:. 87:>0 , 9638,4,569,; ;71/0D3 4,5: -6 50/:,
3 -93 : 90/6, 10>9, ;6-1, B<6 56 87:/76;69, : A6C ,A76<0 -0.70269 (?1,
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/76;690 : >3/690 -3 2:.,/0 13;0>620 <010 3 I107,; C0/613, 3 %716;:<,7,/,; -09,/9:43, 3 4=0-:>9:; 68,/:;0 ;9,B:. 907,<0 :1<. " 4,< I7A0
90B,/6?105 96-76@6 :=: -;71: >6-1, 56 <01 8,-76<9,, "47,C 0=6B,7:56 :
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-93 56 /:<6, -/,B ,D0 404, -6<: -0 964:; -/,5:; 3;7=:; 8,C909:4,;. /05
-09 3 4,56; -6 50/F0 8,4,59:4, *0C:;:7,/:@ 56, 3 -4=0<3 -0 907,<9:; 13;0>626;, 70C3;6, 40, -:;A,=:>4, 8761-40C026 ,>6/6 -;71:, ?1, 56 : -0,8?1:, -/,; A7013 (*0C:;:7,/:@ 1940, 331). /05 -09 ;3 -6 8,9,/:, -=6<6@6
9,@:, 0 C0 </6 96<6F6 ,10D ;3 56 CA:F0 :C9690<0 3;7, ,< -7>096 408:!
L3<3@: <0 -3 876<-10/6, -=:46 : -:;A,=: -90 :-3/:?6 >6-1, ;319,B, 96<,/,F9, 50-9,B C90>620, 1, -1/070 8,176A3 13;0>620 : ,A70C,/020 -/,56/7-9,B 87:73>9:40, -09,/9:40, 4,5: -=3H: 40, 4F3> C0 <64,<:7026 ,/:. 9670C3;F:/:. 0 /0H9:. -:;A,=0, 4,5: 90B,/6?10/053 A3<3@9,-1. @$%#0"* .$"#1"*), 8=,< ;:1-4,-;0B:5-4,B ;:?F620, 876<-10/F0 <6, 3-;696 43=1376
56<9,B 907,<0. E, 56 ,-,A69: :9/69107 -/:. /67,/020 /6C09:. C0 13;0>626
8,56<:9:. 6=6;69010 -90, ,<9,-9, :-D789: -8:-04 =64-6;0-876<-10/0 -90 :
2:.,/,B C90>620 876;0 907,<9,; /67,/023. A*-+#'* 3 -93 :;053 :-1, :=:
-=:>9, C90>626 40, : -:;A,=: 3 70C=:>:1:; /67,/02:;0, ,A:>05:;0, 7:130=:;0, 87:>0;0, A0540;0, 8,-=,/:D0;0, 56C:>4:; :C70C:;0. E04, 90 87:;67
56C:>4: :C70C ",1831,/0, 56" 4,7:-1: -6 40, 63G6;:C0; C0 ,C90>0/026 <0 56
964, 3;7,, 15. ",1:?0,", ",1831,/0," 90 ",905 -/61". % 3 -9,/:;0 &3!#1$<,
8, 907,<9,; 13;0>623 C0:-10 : C90>: -;71! I09,/9:4 876<-10/F0 4,783170<:D:5,; 4,<:709:. 13;0>620 -/:. -:;A,=0 4,5: -6 -76@3 3 -93. /05
3-;69: 87:73>9:4 4,5: :;0 G,7;3 76>9:40, -0-1,5: ,< 9:C0 <:50<9:. G,7;3=0 ?1, -;:-0,9, 8,/6C353 -:;A,= -90 -0 26B,/:; C90>626;, ,<9,-9, ,<76M69:; 8,50/0;0 90 50/:, 3 760=9,-1:. %4, -020? 0#)!#%$ 70CA,=6@6? -6,
0 04, -020? .1#63 .1$0+3 3;76@6?! /6 /6C6 C904-,C90>69, -3 170<:D:5,;
3>/7?@696, 8,-1,5096 : ,8?1687:./0@696. N90>620 -:;A,=0 -90 56 3 -4=0<3
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8,-=3 ,-=020 90 09,9:;93 ;3<7,-1 170<:D:56 ("104, 40H3", ",<3/64 -6 104, 13;0>:=,") :=: 031,7:161 ,<76M69,B C90=D0 ("B,/,7:=0 56 ;,50 A0A0").
#=0/9: 87,A=6; 3 090=:C:7023 =,B:46 -09,/9:40 56 "8:1026 407041670 8,/6C09,-1: :C;6M3 C9040--:;A,=0 (876<;610, =:D0 :=: 70<26), 4,5:
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(E,=-1,T 2003, 305). "-170H:/026 ,/6 /6C6 ,147:/0 <0 8,-1,5: /:?6 90>:90, /:?6 87:9D:80 90 4,5:;0 ,90 ;,H6 <0 8,>:/0. E,=-1,5 : 26B,/0
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4,5: -3 /0H9: 3 907,<9,; 13;0>623 -:;A,=0 -90. E, -3:
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-9,/:;0 -6, -/0404, 96 -=3>059,, CA,B 2:.,/,B ,B7,;9,B C90>050 C0 H:/,1
F3<: : ,8-10904 C056<9:D6 8,-/6@356 /6=:40 80H20. %90=:C0 <,-13896
B70M6 4,50 -6 ,<9,-: 90 /67,/020 , -9,/:;0 3 -78-4,5 170<:D:5-4,5 43=137: 8,40C356 <0 56 -:;A,=:40 -;71: 3 -9,/:;0 :C3C619, 70C3M690, A,B010
: 07.0:>90. +76<-10/6-876<C90D: -;71: -3 /6,;0 A7,59: : 70C9,/7-9:,
>/7-1, /6C09: C0 ;:1-4, ;:?F626 : <3A,4, 34,76269: 3 07.61:8-46
-17341376 F3<-4,B 3;0.

I:;A,=: 3 -9,/:;0 4,5: 8761-40C353 -;71

A1,B3 -0201: 56 7M0/ 876<C904 4,5: 90B,/6?10/0 -;71. "*0< -6 -020 <0
/#%* .1,B$, 3;76@6 964, 3 8,7,<:D: C0 B,<:93 <090" (L,10 1955, 35).
I:;A,=:>4: C90>05 ,/6 876<-10/6 9:56 16?4, 70C3;61:. A1,B$ -6 8, 170<:D:5: 3 8,B76A9,; 7:130=3 80=: 3;7=,; C0 <3?3 (<0 ;3 ,-/61=: 831 90
,905 -/61, 404, <3?0 96 A: =310=0 3 10;:) : <056 ;3 -6 3 7343 <0 ;3 ,=04?0 3;:7026 (E,=-1,5 2001, 499). 13<0, 8, 87:9D:83 <,<:70 (A=:C:96),
!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-*, ". .. /#0. 7. .1. 3 (2012)

858

P%!* E!QLRQS%$"$

,90 56 /6C090 C0 -;71 : C01, 269, /:M626 3 -93 9050/F356 ,<=0C04 90 ",905
-/61" -0;,; -96/0>3 :=: 964,;6 ,< >=09,/0 26B,/6 8,7,<:D6.
I0201: /%#+ 96 /0F0, -=31: 90 C=, : -;71. "F%#+ (#!1#%,") 964, @6
3A7C, 3;761: : A:1: 34,809" (IvanieviW 1987, 619). F%#+, 40, : <73B6 760=:56 8,B76A9,B ,A76<0 (987. .1,B$, 1,"$5, 41#"#, )%.!), 8, 87:9D:83
A=:C:96 876<-10/F053 <:764196 876<C9046 -;71: (E,=-10X 2002, 203).
+76<-10/0 )#&$<$ * #%$<$ 3 -93 968,/,F09 56 C904 4,5: 9050/F356
-;71 3 8,7,<:D:. "K%$!* * )#&$!* -;71 :=: A,=6-1 3 43@:" (J:501,/:@, 1903); "K%$!* 3 -93 C90>: -;71" ()3>:@, 1931, 322); "K%$<, -9:1::
-;71 3 43@:" (S407:@1939, 137). I=:>9, 40, : /%#+, 1,"$5, 51,B,, .1,B$,
104, : 70<20 4,8020 :=: ,7020 C6;F6 8, 87:9D:83 <,<:70 (A=:C:96) 8,/6C090 56 -0 8,B76A,; : -;7@3. 7026 56 3 ;:13 : ,A76<:;0 /6C09, C0
43=1 7,<9,-1: : 8=,<9,-1:, 0 4,5: 56, 804, 16-9, 8,/6C09 -0 .1,9-4:;, <6;,9-4:; -/61,; : -;7@3.
I0201: &#)#6"*)$ (-%!1$5$), 8,-6A9, 04, 16 C,/6, 876<-10/F0 C=,-=3109 C904, 567 ,9 -=31: -;71 =:D0 4,56 56 8,C/09, : 4,56 -6 90 8,C:/ ,<0C/0=,. "%4, 16 -%!1$5 4#1, ) .,+*, :=: 1: :?16 <0 ;3 8,?0F6? 4,56 >6F0<6
:C 43@6, 1, @6 ,9, >6F0<6, 4,56 ;71/0D C,/6, 3 ,9,5 B,<:9: 3;7:561:" (#7M:@ L56=,4,-:@ 1985, 232); "J#B* . -%!1*6,- 4"$=* .1#63 .-%!; 0$!*
(!# -%!1#-, &%,!.)$436, .-%! 3 &#%#0*5*; /#6$4"$ -%5$ 1*>,!* C90>:
-;71 3 26B,/,5 8,7,<:D:; 104, :-1, <,-3M353 : 40< -6 -%!1$5 #>,1," 3
-93 /:<:" ()3>:@ 1931, 321); "E3+*!* ., . -%!1*-$, 8761-40C356 3A7C,
-;71" (J:@,/:@ 1952, 263); "' -93 96?1, 0$!* -%!1$53: 964, @6 3;761:" (S407:@ 1939, 137); "I0201: 964,B #+,(,"#/ 3 -,A:, C90>: <0 @6
3;761: 964, 3 43@:, : 1,: 04, -6 -020 ,A6?69, ;3?4,, 3;76@6 H69-4,, 0
04, -6 -020 H69-4,, 3;76@6 ;3?4,!" (L,10 1955, 35). +,50/0 &#)#6"*)$
>04 : 3 -93, A:19, 9073?0/0 B709:D3 :*1* -%!1*, ?1, 876<-10/F0 /6=:43 ,80-9,-1, -=31: 90 C=, : :C0C:/0 -170. H:/:..
I0201: .1,(!,"# '*5, (&#&$) 56 8, /67,/023 I7A0 968,/,F9, C90;626
567 876</:M0 964, C=,, 96-76@3 : -;71. "J#&$ /:<61: 3 -93 9:56 <,A7,"
(S407:@ 1939, 137); "%4, -9:56? .1,(!,"*)$ 3 #+*="#- #0*6,'3 (5%"*"*),
90 96?1, @616 /70B 90/6-1:, 80 @6? .7M0/, 3>:9:1:" (#7M:@ L56=,4,-:@
1897/1985, 232). "L$'3>,%$ -9:56/01: /6=:4: 56 A04-3C=34 (96-76@0)" (J:@,/:@ 1952, 264); "'-9:1: &#&$ :=: >$1#'$, -90@: @6 16 9640 96/,F0" (V:=:8,/:@ 1949, 190); "J#&$ 1*>,!* C90>: -;71" ()3>:@ 1931, 322); "J#&$
/:<61: 3 -93 9:56 <,A7," (S407:@ 1939, 137). K6C3 876<-10/6 -/6?169:40
: -;71: ;,B3@6 56 ,A50-9:1: 87:9D:8,; A=:C:96 (<,<:70), A3<3@: <0 56
-/6?169, =:D6 /0H09 >:9:=0D 8,B76A9,B ,A76<0. %=:, ,/05 -:;A,= ;,B3@6
56 13;0>:1: : 3 ;:1,=,?4,; 4F3>3, 8,?1, 8,8 : 40=3M67 9,-6 5%"3 ,<6@3.
' -9,/:;0 5%"# (,<6=,, 80-, 4,2, :1<) 90B,/6?10/0 96-76@3, 96/,F3 :
-;71. "%4, -6 -020 <0 -6 ,76, 80 56 A70C<0 5%"$, C904 56 <0 @6 -6 <6-:1: 96?1, 90,804," (V:=:8,/:@ 1949, 190); "'-9:1: 964,B 3 5%"# :=: 8,D680Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 3 (2012)

+!"(Q

I$ K"J%

859

9, ,<6=, C080?@6 3 96/,F6" (E09,/:@ 1927, 313-314); "R0.026 5%"#/ )#<$ -;71" (N6>6/:@ 1982, 36). ' -=,/69-4,5 ;:1,=,B:5:, D790 A,50, 0-,D:501:/9, /6C090 C0 C6;F3, 9,@, ;704 : 8,<C6;F6, 876<-10/F0 8,-1,509:
-:;A,= -;71:. +, 907,<9,; /67,/023 -=,/69-4:., 0=: : <73B:. :9<,6/7,8-4:. 907,<0, 0 4,56 -6 ;09:G6-1356 3 G,=4=,73 : ;:1,=,?4,; ;:?F623, 5%"# 56 C=,-=3190, .1,9-40 A,50 <6;,90 : 96>:-16 -:=6 (5%"* >$1#, 5%"* )#<*, 5%"* &$., 5%"* -$=$)), 16 56 ,13<0 : "87:7,<9:" /6-9:4 96-76@6, C=0 : -;71:. "*0, A,50 87:;,7<:50=96 870C9:96 876 96B, ?1, 56
-1/,7690 -/61=,-1, D790 -6 39:/67C0=9, 8,/6C356 -0 10;,;, -;7@3, A,=6?@3 : C=,;. /.../ @*/%,0#, :9:D:50=9, -1026 0=.6;:5-4,B #&3.$, A:=o 56
8,C901, 40, '4=:5026 3 ;7043' : ,<B,/070 ';74=,5 9,@: <3?6' -/61,B R,/090 *7-1:16F0. ' .7:?@09-4,5 170<:D:5: D790 56 A,50 +7:9D0 10;6, ,>050,
8,9:H620, -;71:, 13B6 : H0=,-1:"(Stivens 2005, 139).
R6<9, ,< B,1,/, 39:/67C0=9:. C=,-=319:. C90;620 3 -93 4,56 9050/F356 -;71 56-16 876<-10/0 C,.,5$. J6-6D :;0 /6=:4: -:;A,=:>4: 8,169D:50= 3 ;:1,/:;0, 76=:B:5: : G,=4=,73 ;9,B:. 907,<0 ?:7,; -/610,
80 : 4,< I7A0. J6-6D 56 .=0<09, 10;09 : -0A=0-9, A=6<, <,A7, 56 /:<F:/
9,@3, 16 56 C01, 8,B,<09 -:;A,= -;71: : ;70>9,B, .1,9-4,B -/610, C0B7,A9,B H:/,10 : <6;,9-4:. -:=0. "*0< -6 -020 C,.,5 -;71" (L,10 1955,
35). J9,B: -107: 907,<: /67,/0=: -3 <0 <3?6 3;7=:. ,<=0C6 90 J6-6D :
10;, 90=0C6 -/,56 A,70/:?16. +76<-10/0 J6-6D0 4,5: -6 ;9:, <056 ",-9,/3 C0 ;:1 , 867:,<:>9,; -1/07023 : 39:?1623 -/610" (Q=:50<6 1999, 83).
L,B:20-J6-6D 56 -1/,7:16F40, 0=: 56 : 40, A,B:20 ,=356, 4:?0, 8,8=0/0,
8,;6126, ,8:569,-1: : =3<:=0 ,90 :-1,/76;69, : 39:?1:16F40 H:/,10
(Y07<:9B 2004, 174, 335).
"*0< -6 %$4+#6 -020 (<0 964, !)$ 90 70CA,53), 1, C90>: -;71 3 43@:"
(L,10 1955, 35). ' ;:1-4,; ;:?F623 14026 0-,D:70 90 J,:76, I3M69:D6 4,56 -/,5:; 14026; : 8764:<026; 9:1: 90 ,<76M69,; ;6-13, ,<76M353
-3<A:93 : >0- -;71: -/04,; >,/643 /6@ 90 26B,/,; 7,M623.
R6<09 ,< 9058,C901:5:. : 356<9, 905968,/,F9:5:. 876<C9040 3 -93 56
1$>,<, 43+$. K6C0 876<-10/6 3 -93 :-80<020//0M620 C3A0 -0 -;7@3 56 4,<
I7A0 /6,;0 >/7-10, 8,-1,5090 : 70-87,-1702690 3 ;9,B:; 47056/:;0.
"M3+ *.&$# 964, @6 3;761: 3 7,<3" (IvanieviW 1987, 619); "*0< -6 -020
<0 *.&$0$63 43+*, 1, 8761-40C356 -4,73 -;71" (*96H6/:@ : R,/09,/:@
1958, 97); "I0201: 43+ 0$ +#'* 8761-40C356 -;71 3 43@: :=: 3 -7,<-1/3"
(+617,/:@ 1948, 360); "M3+ 0$ ., *41$0*, 80 <0 +#'* 3;76@6 4, :C A=:-4,B 7,<0 (43@6 :=: G0;:=:56)" (J:501,/:@ 1903). ' C0/:-9,-1: ,< 1,B0
<0 =: /0M626 C3A0 +#'*, <0 =: 56 A:=, )%1*, )#6* 56 C3A :-80,, C0/:-: )# @6
,< 7,M040 3;761:. "M3+ 0$ ., *41$0*, $'* 0$ ", +#'* 3;76@6 4, :C <0F26B 7,<0" (J:501,/:@ 1903); "*, 90 -93 43+ *41$0* $ ", +#'* 964, @6 3
7,<3 ,A,F61:; $)# '* +#'* ,9<0 @6 3;761:" (L6B,/:@ 1986, 286); "M3+
1$0*!* C90>: -;71! %4, /0M626 C3A0 3 -93 ", +#'* * 1*0* ., )%1, 1, C90>:
!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-*, ". .. /#0. 7. .1. 3 (2012)

860

P%!* E!QLRQS%$"$

<0 @6 964, A7C, 3;761:, 0=: 1, 96@6 A:1: A=:-4: 7,<. %4, /0M626 C3A0 3
-93 +#'*, -;71 @6 C0<6-:1: A=:-4,B 7,M040" (L,10 1955, 35). /0 876<-10/0 /0M620 C3A0 87:80<0 ?:76; ;:1-4,; ;,1:/3 "9073?0/020 D6=:96".
13<0 56 :-80<026 :=: /0M626 C3A0 7M0/ C904 567 ,147:/0 87,D6- <6-1734D:56, 70-80<020 (E,=-10X 2002, 203). %=: 13 ,-1056 ,1/,769, 8:1026
C0?1, A0? :-80<026 43+$, 0 96 96>6B <73B,B? <B,/,7 =6H: 3 ;:1-4,5
876<-10/: C3A0 : 2:.,/6 3=,B6. N3A: -3 3 907,<9,; /67,/023 <76/9:
-:;A,= A,7A69,-1:, C<70/F0, /:10=9,-1:. 13<0 -6 40, 0;05=:50 9,-6 C3A: 4,5: 876<-10/F053 ;,@93 ;0B:5-43 ,<A7093. "I:;A,=:40 C3A0 56 8,/6C090 -0 2:.,/,; G394D:5,; 87: 356<023, H/04023 : <73?1/69,; -:B90=:C:7023" (Stivens 2001, 372). (,/64 40<0 56 A6-09, F31, ,9 -8,9109, ,147:/0 C3Ae -876;96 <0 B7:C3 >:;6 87616@: -:B90=:C:70 -/,53 -90B3, ,<=3>9,-1 : 9080< ()07/:9 2009, 247). E, 56 /:<F:/, : 3 56C:>4:; :C70C:;0 4,< I7A0 ("8,40C01: C3A6", "3C61: 964,B 90 C3A"). % -387,19,, ",-101:
A6C C3A0", "A:1: A6C3A" C90>: ,-107:1:, ,-=0A:1:, ,96;,@01:, 8,-101:
A6C,80-09. ' V7,5<,/,; 13;0>623 -:;A,=:46 -9,/0 :-80<026 C3A0 3 -93
56 56<09 ,< 9058,C901:5:. -:;A,=0 40-170D:56 (Frojd 1984).
F3+*!$) #%3:6$ 104,M6 56 7M0/ C904. ""CB3A:1: ?1, ,< #%3:6$, C90>:
-;71 87:5016F3" ()3>:@ 1931, 320). /<6 56 90 <6=3 :-10 =,B:40 "9073?0/020 D6=:96", =:?0/026 ;,@:, ,<9,-9, B3A:140 -8,-,A9,-1: ,<A7096 :
9080<0 40, : 4,< :-80<020 C3A0.
+, /67,/023 I7A0, 0=: : <73B:. 907,<0, 7M0/ : <,A7, 8,C901 C904 8,/6C09 -0 -;7@3 56 : .1$0+$. "A1$!#1, 3 -93 -9:1:, C90>: <0 @6? A7C, >31:
8,4059:D6" (#7M:@ L56=,4,-:@ 1985, 235); "H,"*0+$, .1$!#1* -;71 3
,9,5 8,7,<:D: , 4,5,5 -6 1, -9:/0=," ()3>:@ 1931, 321); "A1$!#1, -9:56/01: 964, @6 3;7:561:" (J:@,/:@ 1952, 265); "A1$!#1, -9:/01:: H0=,-1" (S407:@ 1939, 137). ' ;:1,=,B:5:, 56C:43 : G,=4=,73 (86-;6, 87:>6, =6B69<6) 8,-1,56 ;9,B6 8070=6=6 :C;6M3 .1$0+,"#/ : &#/%,+"#/ #+%,0$, 4,5: -6 40, ,A76<: :9:D:50D:56 (-:;A,=:>40 -;71 3 56<9,; -1013-3 :
3/,M626 3 9,/:) 3C:;053 40, 64/:/0=691: (4:@626 -/01,/0 : 3>6-9:40 8,B76A9,B ,A76<0, /690D ,< D/6@6 -6 50/F0 : 90 -/0<A: : 90 -0.709:, :1<.).
$0:;6, "-/0<A0 3 -/,5,5 -:;A,=:D: :;0 : 6=6;691 '3;:7020'- <6/,540 -6
876/,<: :C 56<9,B 87,-1,70 : '3;:76' <0 A: /0-47-=0 40, H690 4,50 70M0 :
8764, 4,56 -6 90-10/F0 <73B0 8,7,<:D0" (!0<694,/:@ 1996A, 140).
!M0/ C904, 4,5: -=31: 90 96-76@3 : -;71, 56 40<0 >,/64 -020 <0 .*'$4*
:=: 56 (3)&$# 3 6$-3, +3"$% *'* &%#1$'*63. "J$0$<, "*4$ .!*6,", 3 1#0,, 3
6$-, *'* &%#1$'*6, -=31: ,<70-=6 90 -;71" ()3>:@, 1931, 320). IB* "$0#',, "*4+%0#, .*'$4*!*, &$0$!* 56 4761026 -0 96B01:/9:; 876<C904,; 3
;:1,/:;0, A0540;0, 76=:B:5:. ' ;:1-4,; ;:?F623 .*'$:,<,, /671:40=9, 4761026 8, 4,-;:>4,5 ,-:, 0=: 3 -;673 ,< 96A0 40 C6;F: : 8,<C6;F3,
40 .1,9-4,; -/613, -387,19, ,< 3C<:C020, 876<-10/F0 968,/,F9, 47610-

Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 3 (2012)

+!"(Q

I$ K"J%

861

26 (Stivens 2005, 53-54). 13<0 56 ,/, 90,804,, 4,A9, 4761026 968,/,F09

C904 : 3 -93.
),A7, 8,C901: : 3 ;:1-4,5 =,B:D: 70C3;F:/ 876<C904 -;71: 3 -93 56
%3(,<, )3B, :=: 0,'$ )3B,. *,< I7A0: "D%1# "$ )3B3 0$ &$0", * *.!3 0$
.%3(* 3;76@6 <,;0@:9" (J:501,/:@ 1903); A%3(,"* 0#-#1* *'* #!)%*1,"* -;71 3 ,9,5 8,7,<:D: , 4,5,5 -6 1, -9:/0=," ()3>:@ 1931, 321);
"I0201: <0 4,5: 4*0 3 43@: &$0$, C90>: -;71 3 43@:" (L,10 1955, 35);
"D*-<$) - 43@6 <0 &$0", 3;76@6 <,;0@:9" (J:501,/:@ 1903). *3@0, 40,
: A:109 <6, 43@6 (86@, 47,/, C:<, <:;204) 8, &%*"5*&3 -,!#"*-*6, 876<-10/F053 <,;0@:90 :=: 964,B ,< 343@090. L3B$ 40, ,B70M69,, -:B379, :
1,8=, ;6-1,, 876<-10/F0 70-87,-170269: <76/9:, 07.61:8-4: -:;A,= 8,-1,509,B : A6CA6<9,B H:/,10 (Trebjeanin 2011, 234). % 80<, 70-80<026,
73?626 56 39:/67C0=90 876<-10/0 ;:1-46 96B01:/96 1709-G,7;0D:56, A,=6-1:, 3;:7020 : -;71:. 73?623, <76/9,5 876<-10/: -;71: 40, >:90
<6-1734D:56 8:?6 : I/61=090 E,=-1,5 (E,=-10X 2002, 202).
+76<C904 4,5: 9050/F356 -;71 56 : -0201: 96?1, 8,1839, -387,19,
73?623 43@6, 0 1, 56 -0201: "#13 )3B3 :=: /%$>,<, )3B,. "L3B3 .,+* /%$0*!*, C90>: <0 @6? A7C, 3;7:561:" (#7M:@ L56=,4,-:@ 1985, 234); "F%$>,<, )3B, -;71 3 ,9,5 8,7,<:D: , 4,5,5 -6 1, -9:/0=," ()3>:@ 1931, 321);
"L3B3 /%$0*!*: 964, @6 3 43@: 3;761:" (S407:@ 1939, 137). $0:CB=6< <6=356 96=,B:>9, : CA32353@6 <0 : 73?626 :, -387,19,, B70M626 43@6 :;0
:-1, C=,4,A9, C90>626. E04,, 76D:;,, 3 539B,/-4,; 090=:1:>4,; 13;0>623 B70M626 9,/6 43@6 3 -93 56 /6,;0 8,/,F09 -:;A,= 4,5: ,C90>0/0 393170?2: 87,D6- /=0-1:16 <3?6/96 : <3.,/96 ,A9,/6 -96/0>0 (Aeppli
1967, 190) *F3> C0 70C76?626 ,/,B 8070<,4-0 : C0 70C3;6/026 907,<9,B
13;0>620 876<-10/6 , B70M623 (9,/6) 43@6 ;,H6 -6, ;6M31:;, 90@: 3 56C:43, ,<9,-9, 3 40704167:-1:>9,; 56C:>4,; :C70C3 "/6>90 43@0", 3 C90>623
B7,A0. K67,/019, :C :-1,B 70C=,B0, ?1, 0-,D:70 90 B7,A, -0201: ,B70M693
43@3, C90>: "-;71 3 ,9,5 8,7,<:D: , 4,5,5 -6 1, -9:/0=," ()3>:@ 1931,
321). K6C0 43@6 : -;71:, ;,H6 -6 90@: : 3 ,A76<9,5 8704-: B<6 56 /%#+
"40, ;6-1, /6>9,B A,70/:?10 3;7=,B ,876;09 : ,A=:4,/09 40, )3B$"
(+=,19:4,/0 2001, 138).
I0201: 4-*63 ,A:>9, 9:56 <,A7,, 567 ,90 -=31: 9687:5016F6, C=, :
-;71. "M-*6$ 0$ 36,0,, 3;76@6 4, :C 43@6" (J:501,/:@ 1903); "M-*63 3 -93
-9:1:, .7M0/, 56" (#7M:@ L56=,4,-:@ 1985, 234); "M-*6, /:<61:: -90@: @616 964: C=,1/,7:" (S407:@ 1939, 137); "M-*6$ 3 -93 04, 16 356<6, 964040/
@6 16 9687:5016F C04:931:" (#7M:@ L56=,4,-:@ 1985, 234). M-*6$ 56 3 907,<9,; /67,/023 : ;:1-4,; ;:?F623 87616H9, H:/,1:20 4,50 56 /6C090 C0 ;0167:50=9,, C6;0F-4,, >3=9,, 67,1-4,, B76?9,, 9:-4,. ' /67,/023
I7A0 : :C/09 -9,/0 ,/0 96>:-10 H:/,1:20 876<-10/F0 876<C904 -;71:.
"M-*6$ 39610 -0 <7/:;0 :=: -69,; ... -=31: 90 -;71" (N6>6/:@ 1982, 36).
90 40, 93;:9,C9, A:@6 :C0C:/0 ,-6@026 <:/F620, 8,?1,/020, 0=: :
!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-*, ". .. /#0. 7. .1. 3 (2012)

862

P%!* E!QLRQS%$"$

-170.0, 3H0-0 : ,</7019,-1:. 90 56 07.61:8-4: -:;A,= 8=,<9,-1: : ;3<7,-1:, - 56<96 -17096, 0=: :, C=0, =340/,-1:, <6;,9-4,B, C6;0F-4,B, <73B6 -17096 (Trebjeanin 2011, 471).
M,5 3 -93 876<-10/F0 968,/,F09 -:;A,= 4,5: -=31: 90 96-76@3 :
-;71. "M,5 /6=:40 96-76@0" (IvanieviW 1906/1987, 619); "%4, 3-9:? 4,5$, C904 56 <0 96@6? H:/61: 5,? B,<:93 <090" (V:=:8,/:@ 1949, 191).
K6C0 C6D0 : -;71: 56 ;:1,=,?40 567 ,/0 96>:-10 H:/,1:20 :;0 <6;,9-46
017:A316 (!0<694,/:@ 19960, 98).
N$!%$ 56 0;A:/0=6919: -:;A,= : 1, 96 -0;, 3 -9,/:;0 96B, : 3 ;:1,/:;0, 76=:B:5:, G,=4=,73. 90 56 07.61:8-4: -:;A,= A,H09-46, A=0B,1/,796, 0=: : 70C,796, 87,H<:73@6, <6;,9-46 -:=6 (E76A56?09:9 1986). 90
<056 -/61=,-1, ,<7H0/0 H:/,1, 0=: : 70C070, 39:?10/0. 13< /0170 ;,H6
:;01: -387,190 C90>620 70<,-1 :=: -;71. "N$!%3 /6=:43 -9:56/01: 56 70<,-1; 1$!%3 .'$+3 <0 1:20 C90>: -=0A,-1; 1$!%3 . 0*-#- <,80?@6 1: 9640 13B0" (J:@,/:@ 1957, 263). N0/:-:, <04=6, 404/0 56 /0170 : B<6 -6 90=0C:,
<0 =: 56 1, 1$!%$ 90 ,/<*(!3 :=: &#:$%. "%4, 8,-;0170;, /0173 90 ,B2:?13, 4,50 56 :C/,7 C0<,/,F-1/0 : 3<,A9,-1:, ,90 :C70H0/0 70-8,=,H626
H:/0.9,-1:, 1,8=:96 : C0<,/,F-1/0. %=: 04, ;: /:<:;, CB70<3 :=: ?3;3
3 8=0;693, 1, 90 90- 8769,-: <,H:/F05 3B7,H69,-1: :=: 3H0-0, 40, : >,/64,/6 96;,@: 876< 87:7,<9,; -1:.:5,;. K0170, <04=6, ;,H6 A:1: -:;A,=:>4: 76876C691 : 393170?26 H:/,-1: : -76@6, 0=: : -170.0, 96;,@: :=:
96>:5:. <6-17341:/9:. 169<69D:50" (From 2003, 37). ' -93 /:<61: /6=:43
1$!%3, 0 907,>:1, &#:$% 9:56 <,A7,, 567 ,9 9050/F356 9643 96-76@3, A,=6-1 :=: -;71. "I0201: 1$!%3 96-76@0" (+617,/:@ 1948, 360); "'-9:1:
1,'*)3 1$!%3, C90>: A,=6-1 :=: -;71" (V:=:8,/:@ 1949, 190); "J#:$%
B=6<01: A:@6 A,=6-1:" (J:@,/:@ 1952, 265). "%4, 3 -93 B=6<0? &#:$%
404/0 -6=0 :=: 404/6 ?3;6, C90>: /6=:46 : ,8@6 A,=6-1:" (#7M:@ L56=,4,-:@ 1985, 233); "K/*" 3; )3)6* <0 -,9:? -90@: @6 16 /6=:40 96-76@0
(-;71)" (E09,/:@ 1927, 313-314). " 3 091:>4,5 #7>4,5, 876;0 907,<9,; 13;0>623, /0170 3 -93 56 4,A09 C904. R6<09 >,/64 56, 40H3, 3-9:, 404, ;3 56
,10D *4/#%,#, 0 3A7C, 8,-=6 1,B0 56 -0; 105 -96/0> 3;7, (%716;:<,7 1981,
446). ' <76/9:; -09,/9:D:;0 QB:810, J6-,8,10;:56, %70A:56 :1<, -0201:
70CA3410=3 /0173, &#:$%, C90>: 964, /6=:4, C=, 43B3, A,=6-1, -;71 A=:-4,B 7,M040 (Pongraczi Santer 1970, 242-243).
/: : <73B: A7,59: 87:;67: 907,<9,B 13;0>620 -9,/0 96</,-;:-=69, 8,40C353 4,=:4, 56 3 07.0:>9,; ;:?F623 -3<A:9-4: /0H90 ,8,C:D:50
:*1#! .-%!, ,<9,-9, 4,=:4, 56 A,B010 -:;A,=:40 -;71: 3 C=,-=319:;
-9,/:;0 4,5: 90B,/6?0/053 269 963;:19: -4,7: <,=0C04. ' 090=:C: 13;0>620 -9,/0, <,A:569,; 90 -78-4,; ;0167:50=3, ,147:/69, 56 ;9,?1/,
876<-10/0--:;A,=0 3;:7020 : -;71: 40, ?1, -3 5%"#, C,.,5, &#:$%, &$0$<,, .*'$:,<,, %3(,<,, )#&$<,, 1$>,<, 43+$, .1$0+$, &#)#6"*), .1,(!"*), /%#+, .1,B$ :1<. I/: ,/: -:;A,=: -76@3 -6 : 3 /67,/02:;0, ,A:>05:Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 3 (2012)

+!"(Q

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;0, ;:1,/:;0, A0540;0, 87:>0;0 : <73B:. 907,<0, B<6 -3, 104,M6, /6C09:
C0 -;71, C0 ,905 -/61, 8,<C6;F6 : .1,9-40 A:@0, ?1, 340C356 <0 -3 1, 3 /6=:4,5 ;67: 39:/67C0=96, 07.61:8-46 876<-10/6.

I09,/9:4 9:56 <,/,F09: <,<0190 870/:=0 13;0>620

+76;0 -09,/9:43 987. &#:$% C90>: B7,C9:D3, A,=6-1 :=: -;71, 0=:
?10 3 964,; 4,947619,; -=3>053 C0:-10 C90>: 1040/ -09 1, C0/:-: : ,<
964:. <73B:. >:9:=0D0. +,176A9, 56 C901: 5,? : 4,9164-1 -90, 04136=93
-:130D:53 : 6;,D:,90=9, 70-8,=,H626 -96/0>0, 0 ,-:; 1,B0 : ?10 -6 3
-1/079,-1: <,B,<:=, 8,-=6 -90 <0 =: -6 13;0>626 ,-1/07:=,, 8,1839,,
<6=:;:>9, :=: 3,8?16 9:56.
N0 13;0>626 4,947619,B -90, -09,/9:4 56 96,8.,<09 0=: 9:56 <,/,F09
(40, ?1, C0 876/,< 164-10 9:56 <,/,F09 -0;, 76>9:4), 567 ,9 <056 -0;,
,8?10 3831-1/0. +,-1,56 ,8?10 870/:=0 13;0>620 8, 170<:D:5,; 31/7M69,; ;,<6=3, 0=: 8,-1,56 : ,<76M690 #0.!3&$<$ * 1$%*6$"!, !3-$=,<$, 3
-4=0<3 -0 =,40=9,; 170<:D:5,; 47050, -6=0, 8,7,<:D6 :=: >04 3 -4=0<3 -0
=:>9:; :-43-1/,; -96/0>0. N90>626 -:;A,=0 -90 3 <,A7,5 ;67: C0/:-:
,< ,A=0-1:, ,< -86D:G:>9,B 47050 3 4,56; -6 50/F0 (70C=:>:1: 43=1379:
0760=: :;053 70C=:>:16 <:50=6416 56C:40 -90 : 13;0>620). "O#1*!* 96?1, 8, 56<9:;0: A:@6? C<70/, 0 8, <73B:;0: ,84,=:@6 16 <3?;09:"
(J:@,/:@ 1952, 264). %=: :-1: -:;A,=, >04 : 3 :-1,5 ,A=0-1:, 13;0>: -6
70C=:>:1, 3 C0/:-9,-1: ,< ;,<0=:1610 (/6=:>:90, A,50, :1<) 3 4,56; -6 50/F0 (+,'3 &!*53 -0201: 70<,-90 /6-1, 0 5%"3 &!*53 H0=,-93 /6-1).
A1$0+$, 76D:;,, ,A:>9, C90>: -87,/,<, 870123, 0=: C90>: : -/0M3 (J:501,/:@ 1903). "M1*6,40, /:<561: <0 0#+%# .6$63 C90>: -76@3. M1*6,40, /:<561: 47,C 10;3 C90>: H0=,-1" (J:@,/:@ 1952, 264).

*0<0 -6 : 4,;6 -9,/: :-8320/053

)0 =: @6 -6 -09 ,-1/07:1: :=: 96, ,<9,-9, <0 =: 56 -09 A:, :-1:9:1,
87,7,>09-4: :=: 56 A:, /07F:/, =0H09, 1, C0/:-: ,< 1,B0 40<0 56, 3 4,56
<,A0 B,<:96 : 4,56 <,A0 9,@: -0209. ' *3>:;0 /67353 <0 -3 :-1:9:1:
-9,/: 4,5: -6 -9:/053 3 C:;3 : 87,=6@6. "$05/567,/09:5: -3 C:;-4: : 87,=6@9: -9,/:, 0 905;023 /7:56<9,-1 :;053 -9,/: C0 /7:56;6 =:-1,80<0"
()3>:@ 1931, 319). ' S3;0<:5: 4,< I7A0 8,-1,5: /67,/026 <0 -6 ,-1/07353 531072: -9,/:. %=:, 1, 96 /0H: 3 >:10/,; -78-4,; 907,<3. ' Y67D6B,/:9:, 76D:;,, I7A: /67353 -387,19,. "I9,/: 0# &#'$ "#B* -;017053
-6 :-1:9:1:; : /567353 <0 @6 -6 :-839:1:, 0 -9,/: &#.'*6, &#'$ "#B* -;017053 -6 /07F:/:;, ?1, C90>: <0 -6 96@6 :-839:1:" (J:@,/:@ 1952, 263).
!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-*, ". .. /#0. 7. .1. 3 (2012)

864

P%!* E!QLRQS%$"$

$:56 -/656<9, 96 -0;, 1, 40<0 -6 -020 (/76;6), 96B, 9: 90 4,5,5 -1709: -6

-020 (4040/ 56 8,=,H05 -96/0>0). "E04, 9087. 4,< 964:. 56 -09 :-1:9:1
40< -6 -9: 3 53173 : =6H6@: 90 <6-9,5 -1709: (&6/0> : E6;9:@), 0 4,<
<73B:. 56 1, ,A7019, (*705:90)" (J:501,/:@ 1903). E, 56 3 -4=0<3 -0 ;:1-4,; =,B:4,; 8, 4,5,5 56 0,."$ -17090 "870/0", "<,A70", "8,C:1:/90", "8,/,F90", ">:-10", ";3?40" -17090, 0 =6/0 "7M0/0", "968,/,F90", "M0/,F0",
"<6;,9-40", "96>:-10", "H69-40" (!0<694,/:@ 19960, 23).
J0<0 -/: F3<: -02053, -9,/: -6 96 ,-1/07353 -/:;0 8,<56<904,. $64:
F3<:, -0 8,-6A9:; ;,@:;0, 87:/:=6B,/09: -3 3 1,; 8,B=6<3 : ,9: :;053
-8,-,A9,-1 87,7:D020 3 -93. E, -3 ,-,A6 -0 80708-:.,=,?4:; -8,-,A9,-1:;0, /:<,/20D:, :-D6=:16F: : 537,<:/:. "+, 907,<9:;0 /567,/02:;0
905A,F6 -6 -1:56>3 -9,/: A6CB76?9:; =:D:;0. 9:56;0 ?1, :; -6 -9,/:
<,A7, -1:56>3 87:8:-356 -6 9640 /7-10 /:<,/:1,-1: ()3>:@ 1931, 319)

*04, -6 8,9:?10/0 7M0/, 87,7,>09-1/, 3 -93

N=,-=319: 87,7,>09-4: -9,/:, ,9: 4,5: 90B,/6?10/053 96-76@3, A,=6-1
: -;71, =04, ;,B3 -/,5:; -0<7H056; 3C96;:7:1: -96/0>0 : <6-10A:=:C,/01: 6;,D:,90=93 : 8-:.:>43 70/9,16H3 96 -0;, 26B0, 96B, : >:10/6 26B,/6
B7386 (8,7,<:D6, 8=6;690). /: 3C96;:7353@: -9,/: 8,-6A9, 37B6919,
C0.16/053 0<64/019, 13;0>626, 404, A: -6 8,/701:=0 ;6910=90 70/9,16H0 :
90?0, <3?6/9: ;:7. 13<0 8,176A0 -96/0>0 <0 353173 :-87:>0 -170?09,
C=,-=3109, ;:-1:>09 -09 ?1, 56 90 26B0 ,-10/:, 16H04 : <3A,4 31:-04, 4,5: ;3 56 3CA3740, 6;,D:56 : 8,76;61:, 8-:.:>4, -8,4,5-1/,.
/, ?1619, : 4,A9, <65-1/, ;,H6 -6, /67356 907,<, 963170=:-01: :CA,7,; 13;0>620 -90 :=: 964,; ,< ;0B:5-4:. 70<2: 3-;6769:. 90 8,9:?10/026 7M0/,B <65-1/0 -90. +7:>026 -90, : 1, ,<;0. 8, A3M623 (709,
353173), 56-16 56<90 ,< 1:. ;0B:5-4:. C0?1:10 ,< 8,B3A9:. 8,-=6<:D0.
%=: :-1, 104,, 8,-1,5: : -387,190, 96B01:/90 ;0B:5-40 ;670, 10A3:-026
87:>020 -90 4,5: 9050/F356 96-76@3. >:B=6<9, <0 96 8,-1,5: -=0B026 3
/67,/023, 8,?1, "56<9: <7H6 <0 96 176A0 7M0/ -09 9:4,;6 B,/,7:1:, 0
<73B:, A0? 90 87,1:/, <7H6 <0 B0 176A0 -/:;0 40C:/01: (*705:90)" (J:501,/:@ 1903). *,< *3>0 8,-1,5: C0A7090 40C:/020 73H9,B -90. "E6H04 -09,
4,5: 8, 907,<9,; 13;0>623 8761-40C356 C=6 8,-F6<:D6, 96 /0F0 40C01:
9:4,;6 ,-:; 40;693, , >6;3 -6 :;0 :C70C0 : 3 907,<9,5 856-;:: P,:$)
.$"$), 0$ /$ 9#/ 3+*6,, /Q'' /$ "*)#- ",-#6 )$:*1$!*, / @# /$ )$:* .!30,"3 )$-,"3, / @, +* '* ., 3 )$- .)$-,"*#!" ()3>:@ 1931, 319). I=:>9,
/67,/026 90=0C:;, : 3 <73B:; 47056/:;0. E04,, 76D:;,, 40<0 3 S3;0<:5: >,/64 -020 <0 &$0$ 3 )$)$1 -%$=$" +,40$", -170.356 <0 -6 96 70CA,=: :
96 3;76, 16 C01, , 1,;6 @31:. " 9 -/,5 -09 ", !%,+$ 0$ &%*=$, 404, -6 /67356, A07 <,4 96 87,M6 8,<96, 0=: -6 -;0170 <0 : 8,-=6 1, 176A0 876@3101:
Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 3 (2012)

+!"(Q

I$ K"J%

865

567 56 1, 56<09 ,< 876<C9040 -;71:" (*96H6/:@ : R,/09,/:@ 1958, 96). <
7M0/,B 8761-40C020 -90 F3<: -6 A7096 96B:7026; 87,7,>09-46 ;,@: -90,
;0B:5-4:; /67A0=9:; G,7;3=0;0 8,831 ,/:.: @$ ."3 0#('# "$ ."3 *
#!*('# (K34 1986, A7. 3247), A$" 6, '$:$, $ +#/ 6, *.!*"$ (K34 1986, A7.
4713), @, 16,%36 ."3, )#'*)# "* &.3 (K34 986, A7. 3338). <A7090 3 /:<3
/67A0=9,B ,14=02020 7M0/,B C90;620 :C -90 -3 : -=6<6@6 G70C6 3 /:<3
A=0B,-=,/0: "9#/ B, 0$!* 0$ B, 0#+%# +*!*" :=: "@,) 6, .%,!"#" ((05409,/:@ 1994, 213). E:; 76>:;0 90 ;0B:5-4: 90>:9 ,905 4,;6 56 :-87:>09
-09 8,9:?10/0 26B,/, 968,/,F9, 8761-40C026.

:+2&"!23"!
Aeppli, Ernest. 1967. San i tumaRenje snova. Zagreb: Matica hrvatska.
Aristotel. 1981. O proricanju po snu. Polja (16;01-4: A7,5 San) 274.
%716;:<,7. 2007. I9,/:. F%$0$5 (16;01 "I9,/:"): 162-163.
L6B,/:@, $:4,=0. /1896/1986. H*1#! * #+*=$6* A%+$ /%$"*=$%$. L6,B70<: +7,-/610.
L,10, Z,7M6. 1955. $07,<9: H:/,1 : ,A:>05: 3 -6=3 R074,/D3 (3 L09013). M+#%"*) CA. $,/: I0<: J01:D0 -78-40.
#7M:@ L56=,4,-:@, &340. /1897/ 1985. I4 "$%#0$ * # "$%#03. L6,B70<: +7,-/610.
)07/:9, (07=-. /1872/ 2009. I4%$:$1$<, ,-#5*6$ )#0 =#1,)$ * :*1#!*<$. L6,B70<: ),-:56.
)3>:@, I16/09. 1931. H*1#! * #+*=$6* &',-,"$ L3=$. IQNA, XLVIII. L6,B70<:
I*%.
Q=:50<6, J:7>0. 1999. A'*), * .*-+#'*. K/',0* # -$/*6.)#-%,'*/*6.)#6 .*-+#'*5*. $,/: I0<: *2:H079:D0 N,7090 I1,509,/:@0.
N6>6/:@, I=,A,<09. 1982. L3'! -%!1*7 )#0 A%+$. L6,B70<: K34 *070[:@.
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29-30.
*0C:;:7,/:@, !0<,/09. 1940.?$%$<,, /$!$<,, 1%$=$<, * &%#%*5$<, 3 "$(,- "$%#03 L6,B70<:"C<026 42:H079:D6 J:=,70<0 +. J:=09,/:@0.
*96H6/:@, I76A7:D0 : R,/09,/:@, J:=40. 1958. T$%-,"#15*. IQNA, LXXIII. L6,B70<: I%$.
J:501,/:@, I109,56. 1903. I9,/: (8, 907,<9,; /67,/023 : 13;0>623) :C &6/>0
: E6;9:>0. L$%$U*B IV (2).
J:501,/:@, I109,56. 1957. Q19,B70G-46 C0A6=6?46 :C &6/>0, E6;9:@0 : !6-0/6.
F C.
J:@,/:@, ^3A,. 1952. H*1#! * #+*=$6* J#&#1$5$. L6,B70<: I%$.
+617,/:@, +6107. 1948. H*1#! * #+*=$6* "$%#0"* 3 F%3:*. IQNA, LVIII. L6,B70<: I%$.
+=,19:4,/0, %90. 2001. #7,A. A'#1,".)$ -*!#'#/*6$: ,"5*)'#&,0*6.)* %,="*),
I/61=090 J. E,=-1,5 : ^3A:94, !0<694,/:@ (76<.). L6,B70<: Zepter Book
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E,=-1,T, $:4:10. 2003 $07,<9\6 1,=4,/09:X -9,/ : :. ;:G,=,B:>6-40X ,-9,/0.
$. ". E,=-1,T, K=,%)* .'$1S".)#/# S4*=,.!1$. J,-4/0: "9<7:4.
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E76A56?09:9, P074,.1986. "*3=1 : -:;A,=:40 /0176 3 ;:1,=,B:5: : 76=:B:5:
I7A0". ' E7,509,/:@, N$!%$ 3 #+*=$6*-$ * :*1#!3 A%&.)#/ "$%#0$ /1930/.
L6,B70<: +7,-/610.
V:=:8,/:@, J:=694,. 1949. H*1#! * #+*=$6* N*.#=)#6 "$7*6*. IQNA, LXI. L6,B70<: I%$.
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IQNA, LIV. L6,B70<: I*%.

arko Trebjeanin
Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade

Narratives about dreams which foretell death and dying and

their interpretation
As in many others, in Serbian folk tradition a lot of attention is given to
dreams which foretell death through the means of certain images and symbols,
which should first be decoded in order to understand the prophesy. The princiIssues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 3 (2012)

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867

ples of folk interpretation are rooted in ancient forms of mythical and magical
thinking (the principles of similarity, closeness, sameness, opposition, mythological symbolism etc.) which is present to different degrees in folk culture
(myths, religion, beliefs, rituals, customs). In this kind of worldview, the opposition between life and death is considered especially important, as evident
from the rich symbolismof foretelling death in dreams. The analysis of the interpretation of dreams among The Serbs reveals a number of ill omens which
occur in dreams, symbolizing death: the color black, the Moon, a deciesed
person, fire, falling, buildings being torn down, pulling teeth, weddings, priests, graves, candles etc. These symbols are present in the beliefs, myths and
fairy tales of many peoples, where they are also connected to death, the netherworld and chthonic beings, which suggessts that these are largely universal, archetypical images. Stories about prophetic dreams which foretell death
are a genre of folklore which has not been sufficiently studied in our society,
and these kind of studies can be an important topic, as well as a means to unearth the ancient folk worldview and the mythical logic on which it is based.
Key words: dream, narrative about dream, foretelling, death, traditional interpretation, Serbs
Rcits de rves annonant la mort et lagonie et leur
interprtation
Dans le peuple serbe, ainsi que dans les autres peuples, une grande
attention est accorde aux rves qui annoncent la mort par lintermdiaire de
certaines reprsentations-symboles, quil faut pralablement dcoder pour
comprendre la prophtie. Les principes de linterprtation populaire des rves
sont ancrs dans la pense ancienne mythico-magique (principe de
ressemblance, de proximit, didentit, dopposition, le symbolisme
mythologique, etc.) qui imprgne la culture populaire tout entire (mythes,
religion, croyances, rites, coutumes). Dans ce mode archaque dapprhension
du monde, lune des oppositions essentielles, est celle entre la vie et la mort,
dont tmoigne une riche symbolique de lannonce de la mort dans les rves.
Lanalyse de linterprtation des rves chez les Serbes dvoile une profusion
de reprsentations-symboles funestes de la mort: noir, Lune, dfunt, incendie,
chute, croulement, extraction de dents, noces, prtre, tombeau, cierge, etc.
Ces symboles se rencontrent dans les croyances, les mythes, les contes de fes
de nombreux autres peuples o ils sont galement lis la mort, lautre
monde et des tres chtoniens ; on en conclut quil sagit essentiellement de
reprsentations universelles, archtypales. Ltude des rcits de rves
prophtiques annonant la mort est fondamentale pour la connaissance dun
!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-*, ". .. /#0. 7. .1. 3 (2012)

868

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genre folklorique nglig chez nous, mais aussi pour la dcouverte de

lancienne image populaire du monde, ainsi que de la logique mythique sur
laquelle cette image repose.
Mots cls: rve, rcits de rve, prsage-annonce, mort, interprtation
populaire, Serbes
Primljeno / Received: 13. 03.2012
PrihvaWeno / Accepted for Publication: 10. 05. 2012.

Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 3 (2012)