10.

10.1
,
,
.

.
,
.

(operational amplifiers, op amps, OAs),
(integrated circuits, ICs).
(
)
.

.
- ,
.

, .

10.2
()

4:
1. :

2. :
.
( )
3. D:

DC
.
4. : push/pull


.
1,2 3,4 1.
.

, .

10.3

V+-V-
( ) , {Vout=(V+-V-)}.

: 104 - 106
Rin Rout

(V+-V-)

VS- Vout VS+ , VS .
VS- Vout VS+
.
.

, .

 , ,
( )
( )
kHz.

.

1 2

3
4 5


.
: (inverting)
(non-inverting),
- + ,
( )
. (2) (
) (1).

, .

 ,
.
(bipolar), ,
.
15 V.
.
,
,
.
V-
V+, :

V0 A V V

(1)

( ) (open-loop
gain) . =104-106
(1) ,
1-2 V () .
, -15 +15 V, (1) V0
-13 +13 V ().
(operational range) .

, .

 1

V+ - V- ,
200.000
-12 +12 V,
(saturation),
(1).
. (1) V+ - V- =
Vo/A V0 = -12 V +12 V

V+ - V- = = (-12 V) / 200.000 = -0,00006 V -0,06

mV
V+ - V- = = (+12 V)/200.000 = +0,00006 V
+0,06 mV

(1)
200.000
-12 +12 V.

,
, V+ - V
-0,06 +0,06 mV.

, .


, (a).
:
1. (. V+ - V- )
,
( )
.
2.
.

,
.
3. ,
.

(a)

(b)

(1) V0
V- , ,
180 , .
(closed loop), ( b)
(feedback),
( ).
,
.

,
(closed loop gain).

, .

10.4 :
()
. ()
.
.

.

(
) (

).
(
) .

, .

10.5
R2
. R2 . R2

.

, .

10

10.5.1

: G U

u1
U
u2.
.

u
: u u 0
A
(virtual ground)
2
, ,
, u1 .
1



.
0
1

, .

11

u U
u
R1 : i

R
R
u1 0

R2

.
:

u0= U1 i1 R2 = 0i1 R2=-(u1/R1)R2

, :
u
R
G
u
R
.
,
.
.

, .

12

10.5.2 (
)
u0/A.
, - u0/A.
i1 R1 : i
1

u u A u u A

R
R
I

i1 R2,
.
: u0

u
u u u A
i R
R
A
A
R
0

u
0

R R
1R R

1
A
2

,
1800
.

, .

13

10.5.3 /

u
R
R
u R
Rin, R1.
R2/R1 R2
, ( ).

.


(u2-u1)
.
I

in

, .

14

10.5.4

R1 R2
Z1 Z2

( )

V
Z

V
Z

, .

15

10.5.5 Miller

,

iC

+ VC is

R
-

i_

Vs

Vo

+
-

i_=0 is=ic

V(t)

.





, .

Vs

t
Vo

16



, 1=R 2=1/sC=1/jC,

V0
1

Vi
jCR


.
.
6dB/octave
.
dB ( )
(1/CR).
=0
. dc ,
dc .
dc
.

, .

17

10.5.6
Z 1

1
V
sCR
2=R
sC
V
0

du t
V
sCR u t CR
V
dt
I

,
CR (
)

d =1/CR

, .

18

10.5.7

.

i1,i2,,in i u1 , i u2 ,..., i un
1

i=i1+i2++in
Rf
R
R
Rf
u1 f u2 ... f un
: uo 0 iR f iR f u0

1.

2.


3.

.

, .

19

10.5.8

(I/V) (current-to-voltage
converter, current follower). To
".
.
V0
, .

Rf. ,

i=(v--vo)/Rf=-vo/Rf

3. I/V

vo=i/Rf
I/V
:
.
.
-,
(electron multipliers).
, .

, .

20

10.6
uI
,
R1

, .

21

 ,


, uI.

R1 uI/R1.
R2.

u
R

:
u
R

:
u
u u
R

, .

22








(u2-u1),

, .

23

10.6.1 -

.
(buffer amplifier)
.

R2=0 R1=.

, .

24

10.7
+, -
.
.

.
:

, .

25

()

()

() ()

.
:
RL

, .

26

10.7

 10.1:
.

. .
( u12) u01
u11(. ).
R2
u1
R3, R4 u 01
u02

R4
R
u02 u2
(1 2 )
R3 R4
R1

u0

u0

, .

R1

R2
1 R2 / R1
u1
u2
R1
1 R3 / R 4

28

R2
1 R2 / R1
u 0 u1
u2
R1
1 R3 / R 4
u0=0 u1= u2
R2/R1=R4/R3.

u0

R2
(u2 u1 )
R1

R2/R1

.
( )
.

, .

29

 10.2:
,
(),
.
,

.

()

()

()

, ()
(), () R
, () - (: ).

, .

30


( ).
, (i < 1 )
.
,
.

.
R ( ),
iR. (' ) (V).
, (Rin)
R,
RRin/ (R + Rin)
.

, .

31

 I/V.
:
1. , '
( ). ,

.
() - iR
( )
.
2.
, ,
.
3.
Rf 2-3

2-3
.

, .

32

 10.2 :

: . () ()
.
() () .

, .

33

2.1
R
( -1.34 V
Hg). (1-2 C)

. 36-38 C
:
u
R
R ( ) = 185.2 - 3.20 ( C)

G 0 2 (i)
uI
R1
:
() 36.0 38.0 C.
() ( 37 C).
.
() (i) , V0 = f(), :
V0 = -(-1.34 V) x 200 / (185.2 - 3.20) = 268 / (185.2 - 3.20) V

(ii)

(ii) = 36.0 38.0 C ,

V0 = 268 / (185.2 - 3.20x36.0) = 3.829 V V0 = 268 / (185.2 - 3.20x38.0) = 4.214 V
() V0 = f() ( ii)
dV0/d = (-3.20)x[ -268 / (185.2 - 3.20)2 ] = 857.6 / (185.2 - 3.20)2

= 37.0 C
dV0/d = 857.6 / (185.2 - 3.20x37.0)2 = 0,193 V / C.

, .

34


, .

.
() :

1,34
1,34
vo 1038k

1390,9 185,2 3,20 19,87 (iii)

185,2

3,20
k

70k

= 36.0 38.0 C ,
0 = 1390.9/(185.2 - 3.20x36.0) - 19.87 = 0.00 V
0 = 1390.9/(185.2 - 3.20x38.0) - 19.87 = 2,00 V
() (iii)
dVo/d = 4450.9 / (185.2 - 3.20)2

(iv)

= 37.0 C.
dVo/d = 4450.9 / (185.2 - 3.2037.0)2 = 0,997 V/ C.

, .

35

:
200
1038 . 1038

36 38 C
() +19.9 +21.9 V .
.
() +13 V.

, .

36