The document discusses endosperm development in plants. It describes the origin and modes of endosperm development, including nuclear, cellular, and helobial types. The genetic balance between the embryo and endosperm is discussed, as well as domains within cereal endosperms like the aleurone layer, basal endosperm transfer layer, and embryo-surrounding region. Communication between maternal tissues and the endosperm is examined using the maize miniature-1 mutant. Finally, storage reserves produced by the endosperm are outlined, including carbohydrates, proteins, oils, and phytin, and gene regulation in the endosperm is discussed using maize O2 and zein genes.
The document discusses endosperm development in plants. It describes the origin and modes of endosperm development, including nuclear, cellular, and helobial types. The genetic balance between the embryo and endosperm is discussed, as well as domains within cereal endosperms like the aleurone layer, basal endosperm transfer layer, and embryo-surrounding region. Communication between maternal tissues and the endosperm is examined using the maize miniature-1 mutant. Finally, storage reserves produced by the endosperm are outlined, including carbohydrates, proteins, oils, and phytin, and gene regulation in the endosperm is discussed using maize O2 and zein genes.
The document discusses endosperm development in plants. It describes the origin and modes of endosperm development, including nuclear, cellular, and helobial types. The genetic balance between the embryo and endosperm is discussed, as well as domains within cereal endosperms like the aleurone layer, basal endosperm transfer layer, and embryo-surrounding region. Communication between maternal tissues and the endosperm is examined using the maize miniature-1 mutant. Finally, storage reserves produced by the endosperm are outlined, including carbohydrates, proteins, oils, and phytin, and gene regulation in the endosperm is discussed using maize O2 and zein genes.
I. Reserve tissues: endosperm (transient and persistent), perisperm, and cotyledons.
II. Origin of the endosperm: From a second embryo? Arguments for and against. III. Modes of endosperm development 1. nuclear - most common. Free nuclear phase followed by cellularization. 2. cellular - no free nuclear phase. 3. helobial - infrequent. Primary endosperm nucleus divides to produce two cells of unequal size. The larger cell goes through a free nuclear phase and then cellularizes (as in 1). The smaller cell may remain unicellular and uninucleate, or may undergo a few mitoses to form a multinucleate cell. IV. Genetic balance between embryo and endosperm and "imprinting" (The Endosperm Balance Number, EBN). 1. maize ig (indeterminate gametophyte) mutant. 2. crosses in Arabidopsis to manipulate maternal:paternal genome ratios. V. Domains of the endosperm: Cereal endosperm - at maturity has 5 tissues/cell types 1. central starchy endosperm (CSE) - not viable at maturity. 2. sub-aleurone layer (SAL) - cells of the starchy endosperm closest to aleurone 3. aleurone layer (AL) - 1 cell thick in maize, 3 cells thick in barley. Alive at maturity and involved in mobilization of reserves during germination. 4. basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL)- transfer of nutrients to developing endosperm. BET1 (maize) and END1 (barley) are markers for the BETL. 5. embryo-surrounding region (ESR)- cytoplasmically dense cells around embryo. Esr1 is expressed specifically in this region. VI. Communication between maternal tissues and endosperm: the maize mn1 (miniature-1) mutant. VII. Storage reserves: 1. Endoreduplication in the endosperm 2. Carbohydrates: amylose and amylopectin (starch), mannans, and xyloglucans 3. Proteins - in vacuole or in the ER: globulins, albumins, prolamines 4. Oils 5. Phytin VIII. Regulation of gene expression in the endosperm: maize O2 and zein genes as an example.