Characteristics of living things

- Excrete waste
- Reproduce
- Respond to stimuli
- Grow
- Respire
- Move
- Absorb nutrients

Unicellular vs multicellular
Unicellular orgaisms use only one cell that does everything for the organism whilst multicellular
organism use multiply cells in order to function. Examples of unicellular organisms are bacteria,
protists, and yeast. Examples of multicellular organisms are humans, cats, dogs, trees.

Prokayotic cells vs eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound organelles whilst prokaryotic cells do not.
Examples of eukaryotes are animals, plants, and fungi. Examples of prokaryotes are e. Coli,
mycoplasma.

Plant vs animal cells

1. Plant has a cell wall for added protection
2. Plants have a chloroplast (site of photosynthesis)
3. Large vacuole (to store more water as it can’t get its own water)

Organelles can be seen in eukaryotic cells within the cytoplasm. They carry out eccessry
functions to maintain homeostasis in the cell. They are involved in eergy production,building
proteins, destroying toxins, and responding to external signals.

Binar fission
1. DNA of bacterium uncoils and duplicates
2. DNA is pulled to separate poles of the bacterium
3. a growing (new) cell wall begins to separate the bacterium
4. the complete development of the cell wall results in the
split of the bacterium
5. the daughter cells have tightly coiled DNA rods, ribosomes, and
Plastids

Mitosis
Divided into five phases
1. Interphase - the DNA in the cell is copied in preparation for cell division, resulting in two
identical sets of chromosomes.
2. Porphase - The chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures that can be easily
seen under a microscope.
 Metaphase - the chromosomes neatly arranged along the cnetre
3. Anaphase - The sister chromatids are then pulled apart by the mitotic spindle which pulls
one chromatid to one pole and the other chromatid to the opposite pole.

4. Telophase - a membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create to new nuclei
Result of cell division
Wehn cells divide they make new cells. A single cell with divide into 2 then they will divide into 4
and so on. New cells are formed when old ones divide.

Osmosis
Molecules of a solvent pass through the semipearmeable membrane from a less concentrated
solution to a more concenated one. Isontonic has not effect.

Structure of the cell membrane

Phsopholipid bilayer (two phospholipid layer) with tails pointing inward.
fatty acid based lipids and proteins.

autotroph va heterotrophs
autotrophs are producers bc they can make their own food from raw materials and energy.
examples include plants (photosynthesis), algae, some troupes of bacteria. heterotrophs are
consumers bc they consume producers or other consumers. these include dogs, cats, humans ,
fish.

constant does not change.

diffusion, osmosis, transport