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Werber - Investigation of RF Transmission Properties of Human Tissues
Werber - Investigation of RF Transmission Properties of Human Tissues
, 4, 357360, 2006
www.adv-radio-sci.net/4/357/2006/
Author(s) 2006. This work is licensed
under a Creative Commons License.
Advances in
Radio Science
Figures
1 Technische
2 Technische
that reduces the serious side effects of common chemotherapeutical treatment. A bioactuator, which is able to in vivo
monitor the pH of the tumor microenvironment, will be used
for the treatment of inoperable tumors and localized metastases, thus the dose of applied drugs can be minimized. The
microsensor-based feedback bioactuator, which can be fixed
directly to the tumor, consists of three main parts: the drug
reservoir, the control logic and the energy supply. All components are housed in a small silicon-based device, which
measures less than 10 mm each side. The control logic measures the pH and dispenses the pH-normalizing drug directly
to the tumor microenvironment impeding further malignant
growth. As an additional feature to observe the implant parameters, like power and drug supply or applied drug dose,
communication from outside the body to the implant shall
be realized by RF transmission (Fig. 1). Not only for this
special cancer therapy but for all implants a feedback mech-
Published by Copernicus GmbH on behalf of the URSI Landesausschuss in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland e.V.
358
D. Werber et al.: Investigation of RF transmission properties of human tissues
k between
an active medical implant
and an interrogator realized by RF-transmis
Table 1. Dielectric properties (relative permittivity and conductivity) of muscle and fat tissue at 100 Hz, 100 kHz, 400 MHz and
1 GHz.
100 Hz
100 kHz
Muscle
2.27e - 1
9.33e6
3.62e - 1
8090
Fat
2.08e - 2
4.57e5
2.44e - 2
92.9
400 MHz
10 GHz
Muscle
7.96e - 1
57.1
10.6
42.8
Fat
4.11e - 2
5.58
5.85e - 1
4.6
enna: A quadratic helix with tenfold winding and 10 mm side length, printed on
Fig. 2. (a) The implants antenna: A quadratic helix with tenfold
winding andcircular
10 mm side length,
printed
on RT-Duroid.(
(b) The
na: A single
loop
antenna
60 mm), mounted rigid foam plastic.
interrogators antenna: A single circular loop antenna ( 60 mm),
mounted rigid foam plastic.
Antennas
The size of the implants antenna is restricted by the dimensions of the implant and may not exceed an area of
1 cm 1 cm. The size of the interrogators antenna is only
determined by ease of handling. From the gradient of permittivity and conductivity of human tissue it is clear that a
frequency of operation beyond about 1 GHz is not reasonable. Thus, the distance between the two antennas and the
area for the inner body antenna are electrically small. Because of their good inductive coupling in the near field and
small susceptibility to dielectric losses, loop antennas were
used for both antennas. The implants antenna is a quadratic
helix with tenfold winding and 10 mm side length, printed on
Rogers RT-Duroid and feed via a semi-rigid coaxial cable.
In Fig. 2a the layout and a picture of the implants antenna
is given. The interrogators antenna is a single circular loop
antenna ( 60 mm) wound around a on rigid foam plastic.
A sketch and a photo of the interrogators antenna is shown
in Fig. 2b.
ulation: A spiral antenna in the centre of a cubic muscle tissue and a loop antenna
00
00
50
115
180
245
310
375
440
505
570
635
700
www.adv-radio-sci.net/4/357/2006/
quadratic helix with tenfold winding and 10 mm side length, printed on RT-Duroid.
D. Werber et al.: Investigation of RF transmission
properties
tissuesA spiral antenna in the centre of a cubic muscle
359 tissue and
Fig.mm),
3: Model
used of
forhuman
simulation:
ngle circular
loop antenna ( 60
mounted
rigid
foam
plastic.
surface of the cube.
50
115
180
245
310
375
440
505
570
635
700
-30,00
-35,00
-40,00
-45,00
-50,00
-55,00
-60,00
-65,00
-70,00
Frequency [MHz]
Fig. 4. Calculated
transmission loss.
Fig. 4: Calculated transmission
loss
A spirala cubic
antenna
inandthe
centre
ofsurface
a cubic
muscle tissue and a loop antenna at the
muscle tissue
a loop
antenna at the
of the cube.
5
180
310
4 245
Simulation
375
440
505
570
635
Measurements
700
Fig. 6: Measured transmission loss characteristic for 25, 50, and 75 mm thick p
360
2E+08
3E+08
4E+08
5E+08
6E+08
7E+08
8E+08
9E+08
1E+09
-20,00
attenuation dB
-30,00
-40,00
-50,00
-60,00
-70,00
-80,00
frequency Hz
measurement 1
measurement 2
rimental
theFig.
implants
and the interrogators antenna
7. Measured transmission loss for (roughly) 150 and 200 mm
thick human
abdomen.
rimental setup: Phantom muscle tissue cushions between of the implants
and
the interrogators antenna
attenuation of phantom muscle tissue
Fig. 7: Measured transmission loss for (roughly) 150 and 200 mm thick human
1,E+08 2,E+08
3,E+08 4,E+08
5,E+08 6,E+08
7,E+08
8,E+08 9,E+08 1,E+09
attenuation
of phantom
muscle
tissue
0,00
1,E+08 2,E+08 3,E+08 4,E+08 5,E+08 6,E+08 7,E+08 8,E+08 9,E+08 1,E+09
-10,00
0,00
atte -20,00
nua
-10,00
tion -30,00
atte
dB-20,00
nua -40,00
tion -30,00
dB -50,00
-40,00
-60,00
-50,00
-70,00
-60,00
-80,00
-70,00
frequency Hz
-80,00
sured transmission
transmissionloss
lossfor
for(roughly)
(roughly)
150
and
200
thick
human
abdomen
sured
150
and
200
mmmm
thick
human
abdomen
6 Conclusions
The transmission of RF (100 MHz to 1 GHz) through human tissue was investigated.
and
measurements
100
Hz
100HzHz Simulations1e5
1e5
Hz
showed
that
a
total
transmission
loss
between
20 and 60 dB
Muscle
2.27e-1
9.33e6
3.62e-1
8090
Muscle 2.27e-1 9.33e6 3.62e-1 8090
has
to be expected
for a4.57e5
distance of2.44e-2
10 cm. The
transmission
Fat
2.08e-2
92.9
Fatincreases
2.08e-2
4.57e5moreover
2.44e-2
loss
with frequency,
small92.9
resonances
4e8
1e10
HzHz within
4e8HzHz transmission
1e10
were observed, but obviously
is possible
Muscle
7.96e-1
57.1
42.8
this
whole frequency
range.
Usage10.6
of10.6
the frequency
bands reMuscle
7.96e-1
57.1
42.8
Fat
4.11e-2
5.58
5.85e-1
4.6
served
by
the
regulatory
authorities
around
400
MHz
Fat
4.11e-2 5.58
5.85e-1 4.6 seems
Adv. Radio Sci., 4, 357360, 2006
www.adv-radio-sci.net/4/357/2006/
electric properties (conductivity and relative permittivity) of muscle and fat tissue at 100 Hz, 100 kHz, 400
electric properties (conductivity and relative permittivity) of muscle and fat tissue at 100 Hz, 100 kHz, 400
0 GHz
0 GHz
of muscl