Why C?

.) C

is simple

.) C

is fast

+ C is small

+ C offers better interaction wlth

hardware

Historical Development of C
1960 International Committee

Mach~neOriented
, Ex. Assembly,

KlClT I

C I Lecture 1

Ex. Basic, Fortran,

Pascal,Cobot

In The Beqinnina

...

Alphabets, Dlglts

Symbols Dlgltr, SP.

Alphabets,

Words, Numbers

Constants. Variables,

Alphabets, Diaits,

Constants and Variables

KlClT I C i Lecture I

Character1

String

1I

Structure
Union
Enurn
etc.

lnteqer Constants

Rules:

/-

1. No decimal point.

ic

2. May be +vs or -ve. Default: +vs

3. No comma or

spaces
4. Valid Range: -32768 to +32767

Real Constants
EX. 427.62

+24.297

-0.00254

Rules:
1. Must contain a decimal point.
2. May be +ve or -ve. Default: +ve

3. No comma or spaces.
4. Valid Range: - 3 . 4 ~t030 to +3.4 x

KlClT I C 1 Lecture 1

@&=J

many types?
As many as the types of constants.

HOW

Is it necessary to identify types?

7
Memory
y=4

z=x+y
print z

+ An entity whose value can

change
.) A name given to a location in

memory

KlClT I C I Lecture 1

1
I

--

Integer Constant

3.0
Real Constant
$3' ---t Character Constant
a -7
b - ?
c + ?

C's Wav of ldentifyinq

Variables
int a
a=3

float b
b = 3.0

char c
c = '3'

$h
pt.3
@*tdbin$h t

Rules for Buildinq

Variable Names
First character must be an alphabet, rest
can be . @ h a t s ,
or underscores.

@a,

Ex, pop98

si-int

sl-int

Length <= 8 (Us ally)

Usl-~nt

No commas or spaces

I-p

Variable names are

Ex. abc ABC Abc aBc AbC

KICIT I C I Lecture 1

C Keywords
.)

How many?
What are Keywords?

I)

What are Reserved words?

Would This Work?

integer a
El ink
'

real b

11db

character c

~ h &c

And How About This...

int f l o a e
float = 3

char
float = 3.1

Where Uo We Stand?

P'
91

Alphabets, Digits, Sp. Symbols

~ o n s t m t sVariables.
,
Keywords

51

Statements or Instructions

KlClT I C I Lecture I

The First C Proclram

float p, r, si

int n
p = 4000.50
n=3

r=15.5
sl=p*n*rll00

Tip: All variables must be declared.

float p, r, sI
int n
p = 1000.50
n=3

r=15.5
sl=p'n+r1100
printf ( "%fl, si )

KlClT I C I Lecture I

*fim

Terminoloay Matters
()

Parentheses

{ ) Braces
[ 1 Brackets

General Form of ~ r i n t f (
printf ( "format string", list of variables )

'I
b
can
. contain
, <+
-

%i integer

4,L

i.?!

%c character

%f float

Ex, prlntf ( "%f %I %f %fl,p, n, r, si )

)
tlw

awd ulric,bb in
mdQ/r d dC Q I & & ~ -

I I amStatement Terminators
p,
a boy
I go to school

noat
int n

r, si

float p, r, si ;
int n ;

c
t
a
t
y
~t
erminato)

: colon

; semicolon

KlCIT I C I Lecture 1

Free borm Lanauaae

float p, r, si ;
int n ;
is same as

9
Q

floatp,r,si; intn;

What I o Execute
,-main(

n=3:
r=15.5;
si=p+n'rIlOO:
printf "%fl,
si ) ;

maln( )

e{

float p, r, si ;
Int n ; .
p=IOOO.SO;n = 3 ; r = 1 5 . 5 ;

si=p*n'rllOO;
prlntf "OhP', si ) ;

I!)

KlClf I C I Lecture I

I' Calculation of slrnpltr Interest ' I

main( )
{
float p, r, si ;
Int n ;
p=1000.50:n=3;r=15.5;
si=p'n'rllOO;
printf ( ""/of', si ) ;

& &'

Any number of comments anywhere

I' formula ' 1 si = p

Multiline comments

......*I

n * r 1100 ; I*

r .............................

...............................
'I

Nested comments

r ..............I* .......' I ........' I

A
I' Calculation of simple interest *I
main( )
{
float p, r, sl ; int n ;
prtntf ( "Enter values of p, n and r
scanf j "%f %i%t",
sl=p'n*r1100;
printf "%f", sl ) ;

) ,

KlClT I C I Lecture I

");

Forms of Real Constants

427.62 ----+ 4.2762E2

+24.295 -4 2.4295~1
-0.00254
-2.54e.3

Fractional Form

Exponential Form

==a
-3

-.,

CI

4.2762:
E&T
-

->

Exponent

Mantissa

Character Constants
'3'

'm'

Rule : A single character enclosed

within a pair of '

'.

Are Thev OK?

'Nagpu-

I>cj

C Variables

Integer

Polnter

Character

Strlng
Structure
Unlon '
Enum
etc.

KlClT I C I Lecture I

.k Turbo C
k QuickC

* Microsoft C
j,

Artech C

Jr Zortech C
tattlce C
.rt Watcom C
3r GreenLeaf C

* Vitamin C

1
J

l ntesrated Develooment
Environment --cde~k?m
n

r*

4p

Editor and Com~iler

Edltor

Helps In typing I edltlng of a

program

* Compiler - Converts C language

program to machine
language program

KlClT I C I Lecture 2

ommands

Editin
Cursor Movement

Daletlon

+ Up Arrow
4 Down Arrow
+ Rlght Arrow
+Len Arrow

Backspace
Ctrl+T
CtrltY

Home

End

PgUp

PgDn

Computers are fun

b o b

*+ ir\.ln\ Some
~ hrub.
k
More Commands

~lsinhciid

-6'

;?$
Perm

* '

Save As
Exit

' Do* Shell

Tempora

.-]

CtrltFg Compile
AlttF5
OutputAIi +F3 CIosm
wlndow

RLt t X

e~i*

Tlp: Use rneanlngful filenames. Ex. CHtPR1.C

lnterchanclina Contents of
Two ~ariab1.s
maln( )

~ h e + h f m d+&SW

Int c.d:
. .

prtnti ( "Enter values of c and d" ) ;

KICIT I C I Lecture 2

(9j

~P,D/

~wmh
,

f i b o b +Fvr~v
q 1i ~ h t

lnterchanaina Contents of
Two Variables
e
mar( )

Inlc,d,t;
printf ( "Enter values of c and d" 1 ;

rcsntl "XI%I",LC,&d ) ;
t-c;

~1~~

dwt:

One More Way

c=c+d;
d=c-d;
c=c.d;

Sum of Diaits
main( )
Int n ;
printf ( "Enter a flve dlnlt no." ) ;

.....0.

KIClT I C I Lecture 2

mmm

.-

prlnU( "XI XI". c, d )

BBLl
c
d
t

c-d;

prlntf ( "XI Xi", c. d ) ;

Calculations

:
2691 - Division
I
- Modular division
2691 3 % 10 1
7
3
26913 1 10

I O ~ Z 6 ~ 1 3 / 2 6 9 ~

The Whole Picture

main( )

s =dl +dZ+d3+d4+d5;
printf ( "%I", s ) ;

0"-'

&*

i modulus i R e a v Useful
*

Leap year or not

Odd 1 Even
Prime or not -s

KiClT I C I Lecture 2

diw&bk by
Ior ib$.

Where Are We ....

Alphabets, Digits, Sp.Symbols

1Constants, Variables, Keyword& I

<F
Statements or Indructlons

C Statements I Instructiong

Type Declaratlon lnstructlon

Ex. Int i, 1, k :
float a, b, c ;
char ch ;

Tvae Declaration, A few

Subtleties
Int a ;
a-5;

1s same as

int a = 5 ;

*inta=S,b=lO, c=a+ba5Y*2:
Here order Is Important

KlClT I C I Lecture 2

Is This Ok?
It. tnt a, b, e, d ;

a=b=c=d=5;

&??I

C~3tatementsllnstructions
k Type Declaration Instructions

* Arithmetic Instructions
Ex.

s=dl+d2*d3;

si=j*n"r1100;
c=5.019'f-32;
+, -,', I , %

Arlthrnetic Operators
For exponentlatlon Use pow( )

Arithmetic Instructions. A Few

Small Issues

KlClT I C I Lecture 2

T V Dof~ Arithmetic lnstruction~

+

Integer mode Al

* RmtmoQo Al

+ Mixad modo AJ
Ex. i n t m = 3 , b * 4 , c ;
c-agb+5%8-b+l4;

Leaal Arithmetic Operations

1

Onerandl
float

Omrand2
float

Tty This
Int a ;
a=512;
ao5.012; 4 Q
a=512.0; - 2
a = 5.0 12.0 ; +
ar215;
-0
a82.015; --*D
a 2 1 5.0 ; ---+ @
a = 2.0 I 5.0 ; L 0

KlClT I C I Lecture 2

Result
float

Try This
float a ;

float c, f

= 21 2.0 ;

KlClT I C I Lecture 2

r" G % P - @ b ~ - ihn t

vanicJda

C Instructions

* Type Declaration Instructions

Arithmetic lnstrudlonr

* Input I Output Instructions

printf()
scanf( )

- Output
- Input

General Form of prinffLS

prlntf ( "lormat string", list of rarlabler ) ;
prlntf I "Enter values of c and d" ) ;
List d varlab4es is optional.

printf ( "%I %i %i",a, 3 9 2 + 8 % 3 ) ; -/

~l~tcancontalnvarlables,cons~nts
or expressions.

printi( )
prlntf ("format atrlr~g",llrt of varlmbl~s) ;

KlClT I C I Lecture 2

Numberina Svstems
Declrnal Octal Hsxadsclmal
(0.S)

(0.7)

0
I

(0.W.A-F)
0

Binary
(0.1)
0

10

1Wo

IW

1W

...

FF
100

....

Conversr on^
Oeel 473

4~1O2+7*10~+3*IOP~473

krrr 11 d e c l m a L l * ~ g ~ + l ~ l ~=~17
!

Bloaryl? - $ * 2 1 + 1 ' 2 0

\L*

\*a' + \ A % '

More Conversions

It=~ a i n d P / v .

KlClT I C I Lecture 2

=3

-.-

q0d = &JpJmd P ~ ~ v ~ v R L P ~
% O =& & q w l i v M

Xr=

gB y

\n Newllne
Irr \t -Tab
$r prlntf ( '%d\n%d\t%dt', 10,20,30 )

v Other Characters

* prlntf ( ''Enter valuer of c and d" ) ;

It prlntf ( "Hello" ) ;
g p r l n " ( "\nSlmple Interest
rn
n
\

KlClT I C I Lecture 2

- hkaq.bhd

p r ~ n t f l Makes
)
It Handy

$r

Rs. %f',
$1) ;

-3

.*scanf ( "format string", list of variables j ;

scanf ( "%d %f %c", &l,&a, bch ) ;

C Instructions

KlClT I C I Lecture 2

+ Type Declaratlon lnstructlons

+ Arithmetic lnstructlons
+ Input 1 Output Instructions

* Control Instructions

Control Instructions
+
+

What are they?

Control the sequence of execution
of lnstructtons
What different types?
Sequence
Decision
~e~etition(hp>
Case

int .....; float ...... ;

......
......

prlrltf (
);
scanf (
);
a = .... ;
b = ....;
prlntf (: .......);

:
CI Is the default CI I
I 1 ~ i pSequence

KlClT I C I Lecture 3

I*Calculatlon of total expenses *I

main( )

{
lnt qty ;
float prlce ;
printf ( "Enter quantity and prfce" ) ;
scanf ( "%d%f", &qty, &price ) ;

I' Calculatlon of total expenses ' I

main( )
{

lnt qty ; float price ; Int dis ; float iotexp ;

dis = 0 ;

totexp = qty ' price qty * price ' dis I100 ;

printf ( "Total expenses = Rs %f", totexp 1 ;

Tips.
+ if, else Keywords
+ General form:
if ( condltlon )

statement1 ;
else
statement2 ;
+ Cond. is usuallv built uslng <,

a==-

KlClT I C I Lecture 3

>, c=, >=, = =, I=

(@
Would This Work?
Int a = 5, b = 4, c, d ;
Jprlntf
( "Xd", a + b ) ; /
J prlntf ( "%d", a r = b ) :&
J

/~=a'b;
j ' p r l n t f ( "Y,d", c j

Tip:

.
)

.
&
.----

Condition -True - Replaced by 1

Condition False Replaced by 0

Int a ;
printf ( "%d", a )
Tip: Unless specifleally initialised a
variable contains abarbage value.

Calculation of Total Expenses *I

main( )
{

Int qty ; float price ; int dls = 0 ; float totexp ;

If qty >= 1000)

dis= 1 0 ;
totexp = qty " price qty price * dls 1 100 ;
prlntf ( "Total expenses = Rs %f",totexp ) ;

1
Tip: else block is optional

KICIT 1 C I Lecture 3

( - -'
float bs, hra, ca, da, 0s ;
prlntl( "Entrr bask walary" ;
*cant ( "W',&bs ) ;

ca=bs*IZ1100;
else

If block

hn-br'lSI100;

ea 200 ;
ga bs + hta da +
printf ( "Grolr salary

balongs to

= Ra. sf',~r ) :

t bm. hta, ca, da, gs ;

dam

pdntli "Entar bmlc salary" ) :

mcanf (*%r',&bs ) :

6 )

...;bra= ...; c a m . ..;

else

'

Y )

dam

... ;bra- ... ; c # - , , , ;

gs=bs+d*+hra+ca;

prlntl( "Grorr firlary

Rs Xf", gs )

One More Form

If ( condllbn )
I

ITlp: - Dafault scopa of If and o I m Ia'only

the next strtmrnent after tham.

-To ovorrlde *I#dotaust scope use { )

KlClT I C I Lecture 3

Leap Year or Nof

Int y :
prlntf ( "Enter year" ) ;
scanf ( "%d", By J ;

Laap

Leap

rna\n( )
(

Nwted If-else

...
!f(y~.~oa--aj

lf(y%40Om-0)

prlntf ( "Lmap" 1 ;

11*1

prlntt ( "Not l e a p "

69

olio
prlnff ( "Not Leap* ) ;

First Day of Anv Year

main(

Int y ;
prlntf ( "Enter year" ) ;

scanf ( "%d", &y )

.. .

KlClT I C I Lecture 3

;ax>

11111

dMonday

8t $11

<' Monday

151111

C~Manday

221 11 1

Monday

281 11 1

Mandry

...
...
...

1111 1 to3111Zl 1887

i ~ i t i v ~C@
e

scanf ( "Xd". &y ) :

normaldays = ( y 1 ) 365 ;
leapd~ys-(y-1)14-(y-1)/100+(y-1)/400;

30

totaldays = normaldays + leapdayr

firstday * toUldays % 7 :
If ( firstday
0)
prlntf ( "Monday" ) ;

--

%-OAoo+'&

7 $7

't-C%-\))~oo 3

h.

~00iod
t

2000,

cy-Q&

c w d i n q T-otd no. qj d&,

main( )
{

tnt y, firstday, leapdays ;

Long Int normaldays, totaldays ;

,, ,,

normaldays = ( y I) '365 ;
,, ,,

1
-32768 to +32767

long int -2147483648 to +2147483647

KlClT I C I Lecture 3

What's Wrona Here'r

normaldays = ( y I) ' 365 ;

c? float a ;

;
float a ;

Soln: normaldays = ( y
Soln: normaldays = ( y 11 ) 365 ; 4
-Soln: long Int y :

The sizeoft ) O~erator

six
O-A
u
(J

int i ;
long int j ;
prlntf ( "%d % d l sizeof ( I ), sizeof ( j ) ) ;

-L\w

WU~U bib

rwm9

w&&J

Keyword

Are You Sure?

4 % 3 - r n

3 %
-3 %
3 %
-3

4
4
4
-

L
4

ip: Sign of remainder Is

me as slgn of numerator

2
3

4ea

int a = 5 , b = S , c = S ;
i((a==t]==c)
prlntf ( -Hello':)

KlClT I C I Lecture 3

e h

cOLei~ be.

What Will Be The O u t ~ u t

-F\O

rn

'U Joe

WI

-ad ? v r n rkm'b
& !- p h d d J

b=30;
printf ( "%dm,b ) ;

nh.

What Will Be The O u t ~ u t

main( )

Tip : Truth In C is nonzero,

whereas,falslty Is zero.

int a = 10 ;
if ( a = 5 )
printf ( "Hi" ) ;

6
9

if(a=5)+

if(=)+

if(5)

main()

:--

Int m l , m2,m3, m4,rn5 ; lnt per ;

prlntf ( "Enter marks In five subjects" ) ;
scanf ( "\n%dY.d%d%d%dn, &ml, &m2, &m3, &m4, &mS )
per=(ml +m2tm3+m4+m5)15;
lf(per>=60)
prlntf ( "Flrst divislon" ) ;

rrse

I f ( per>= 5 0 )
prlntf ( "Second dlvlslon" ) ;

;Ise

if ( per >= 40 )
printf { "Third dlvislon" ) ;
else
printf { "Fall" ) :

1 )

KlClT I C I Lecture 4

sdo4em.d.

Lo&

Ak "d

main( J

I
Int rnl, m2,m3, m4. m5,per ;
prlntf ( "Enler marks In five mubjeets") ;
scant ( "%dY.d%dY*d%d", Lml, &m2, am3. bml, h m 5 ) ;
p#ra(mZ+mZ * m 3 + m 4 + m 5 ) / 5 ;

If(per*-W )
prlntf ( " F l n t dlvlslon" ) ;
If ( p a r > - 5 0 )
prlntf ( "Second dtvlslon" ) ;
prlnti ( "Thlrd dlvlslon" 1 :

prlntf ( "Fail" ) :

I----

Inlrnl. m2, rn3, m4, m5, per ;

prlnti ("Enter mark* In five subjects'' ) :

scanf ( "*hdXd%d%dY.d, L m l , Bm2, Lm3. &m4. am5 ) ;
prr=(ml tml * m 3 + m 4 * m 5 ) / 5 ;
If (per >= 60 )
prlnll( "Flrwt dlvlrlon" ) ;
l l ( per
50
printt ( "Second dlvlaion" ) ;
If ( pat ?= 40 && per < 50 )
prlntf 1 "Thlrd dlvlrion" ) ;

*=

111m

prlntf ( "Fall" ) i

c;>

Int m i , m2,rn3, m4, m5,per ;

printf ( "Enter marks in five cuh~ods"
);

runt ( "Xd%d%d%d%d",&mi,&m2,am3, &ml,LmS ) ;

per=(ml+mZ +m3+rn4+m5)/5;
if ( per
prhtf
>= 60F i )r s t d~vlslon"1 ;
if ( per >= 50 a& per c 60 )
printf ( "Second division" ) ;
I f ( per - 4 0 L& per c 5 0 )
prlntf "Thlrd dlvlslon" ) :
If ( per r 40 )
printf ( "Fall" ) ;

KlClT I C I Lecture 4

Is This

Loqical Operators

Useful in

'iP

C'

'

checking?
Ranges

;h

I Problem

prlnn ( "Enter age. sex. marital status" ) ;

scanf ( "%d%t%c", Bags, as,
f ( ms = = ' m ' )
prlntt ( "Insured ) ;

gl...,m~,

else
printf ( "Not In

if ( age r 30 1
-pint! ( "lnsured" ) ;
else
..
1

printf ( "Not I n s u r e d )

;Ir

if age > 25 )
prinlf ( " l n s u r e d ) ;

Int age ;

chars, ms ;
prlntf ( "Enter age, sex, marital status"
scanf ( "%d%c%c", &a e, as, &ins )
if(Ims9.'m'lll(ms
11 [me= = 'u' &&

s = 'f

prlntf ( "Insured") ;

else
prlntf ( " ~ o itn s u r e d ) ;

KlClT I

)XI

C I Lecture 4

88 ape > 25 ))

QL
mh o m
ecltEhtw ~t b ~ b i &
11534 +3bt+k b b b e b .

Workinq of && And

False
,

True
False
6

False
False
True

False
True
True

False

False
False

hula3

1
I

0
0

OR

0
\

Arlthmellc
Arithmsllc

+c

=.

C-1

<= >=

Relational

[=

Exchancinq Blocks
rnaln( )

main( )

I
inta=3, b = 4 ;

inta=3,b=4;

if ( a < = b )
printf ( "A" ) ;

if(arb)
printf ( "B" ) ;
else
printf ( "A" ) ;

else
printf ( "0" j ;

1
Output:

KlClT I C I Lecture 4

Output:

main( )

main( )

ff(a<=b)
printf ( "A" ) ;

i f ( l a > b)
printf ( "A" ) :

else

else

:.

net&=

pr~ntf( "B" ) ;

printf ( "B" ) ;

output:

output:

:.ButptCt 0 .

anta=3,b=4;

lf(lIa>b))
printf ( " A ) ;
else
prinif ( "B" ) ;

1
output:

Yet Another Way

main( )

main( )

I
inta=3,bE4;
it(!(ac=b))
printf ( "0") ;

Inta=3, b = 4 ;
if ( a > b )
printt ("B");

else

else
printf ( "A"

1
Output:

1;

fl

KlClT / C I Lecture 4

printf ( "A" 1 ;

1
Output:

What Would be The O u t ~ u t

main( )

I
Int a

3, b

= - 4, c ,d ;

cwla;
dmlb;
printf ( "%d %d %d %d", c, d , a, b ) ;

main( )

Int a

= 3, b = 4, c :

printf ( "%d %d", b, c )

e m : L ~ o l U e wdJ

main(
{

Int a = 3, b = 4, c ;
c=!all(b=7);
printf ( "%d %d", b, c ) ;

KlClT I C I Lecture 4

Yet Another Way

inta=3,b=4;

if(a<=b)
prlntf ( "A" ) ;
else
printf ( " B ) ;

Output:

..

..

a *r b 7 prlnff ( "A" ) : pflntf ( "6" 1 ;

HOW

would

If ( a < = b )
prlntf ( "A" ) ;

YOU

Convert

a c= b 7 printf ( " A ) ;

+I

Remove The Error

{
inta=3, b = 4 ;
a <= b 7 printf ( "A" ) :

KlClT I C I Lecture 4

a <= b 7 printf ( " A " ) : '.

I Terminator]
3 S0ln: a c= b 3 printf,( "A" ) : printf ( " " 1 ;

aabtgnmd

< - b ? p r i n l l [ l a ~ ) (: . = a ) ;

bnO

+ Use one, use another

4 Dummy

statement

main( )
Int a = 3, b ;
~1<~5?(b=IO):(b=20);
prlntf ( "%dl1,b ) ;

r prlntf ( "%do',a <= 5 7 10 : 20 ) ;

KlClT I C I Lecture 4

fl

int a = 1 0 , b = 2 0 ;
float c = 3.14, d = 6.28 ;
printf "%d %d %f %f ",a, b, c, d ) ;
print! ( "%d %d %f %d ", a, b, c, d ) ;
printf ( " " / ~%d
f %f %f ",a, b, c, d 1 ;

CIS^ 7 8 1 h D , Q O O / -i.g2?e ~

Conversions Continued ...

main( )
{

int i = 65, j = 90 ;
char ch = 'A', dh = 'Z';
printf ( "%d %d %c %c", i, j, ch, dh ) ;

printf ( "%c %c", i, j ) ;

printf ( "%d %d", ch, dh ) ;

int 1 = 65 ;

Re~resentation
float a = 3.14
char ch = 'A'

7 ii
I

B ~ n a r yEqv.

KlClT I

Binary Eqv.

C I Lecture 5

ASCII code

ASCII Codes

inary Is Difficult
.-

I
'
:

Character

Decimal

Of 0000D1

01000010

01000011

i E

"

01000100
01000~01
""

68
'

6i

..

Methods Are Different

char ch = 'A'
= 65 ;

int I

pr~ntf( "%cT7.i ) ; 4
printf ( " % d U , ch ) ;

KlClT I C I Lecture 5

14

+ 65

Characters to be Kenreranted

.-

+ 26
+2

+fO
+ 32
+ 34

Capital letters ( A- Z )
Srn.lh.*.
1.11.~ (
1)
cb
Digits ( 0 - 9 )
Spwlai Symbol8 ( +
1 . : ; etc. ]
Non-prhkblr cham control chars
Graphlc charactem

+ 128

256
00000000 To l l t l l l l l

9+ b b ,,kt h r n( e . ~b
l e
.)
,,A p m b a
ehcye

What About More Than 255

Whv Unreliable Conversions

float I = 3.14 ;
printf ( "%em,i ) ;
prlntf ( "Kd", i ) ;

i
/ ~ ~ a n d l s ~ ~ s m
0 nd
md
l lsa l~0 m a n d l a

Int I = 35 ;
prinlf ( "Wf". I ) ;

i
0sandI1 I ~ s n n d t s l

KlClT I C I Lecture 5

Sur~rised?

rain'
'

float a = 0.7 ;
if ( a c 0.7 )
printf ( "A" ) ;
else
printf { "B" ) ;

=
04d=A .

Aanearances Are Misleadinq

tloat a = 0.7 ;
printf ( " X d K d , slzeof ( a ), stteof ( 0,7 ) ) ;

Binary of A Float

Truncated after 64-blt

KlClT I C I Lecture 5

Local vls S l U vls 1SU Calls

i

printf ( "in I am In main" 1 ;

CdlD c & )

-+K q c n u I )

mdm

---3
Communication

(n-oem

main( )

~ l s c&)
a

* ,b&

Int a = 10, b = 20, c = 30 ; Int s ;

calsum ( ) ;
printf ( "%dU, s ) :

>calsurn(
I
)

<

Passinq Values
main( )

calsum ( int x, Int y, int z )

int

&w&@I
iM

lnt a, b, c, r ;
s=a+b+c:
prlntf ( "Kd", s ) ;

s,

Arguments

prlntf ( YO^", s ) ;
I

KlClT I C I Lecture 8

d
o w t z & h &ky)

=-

Returninq Values
r = calsum ( a, b, c ) ;
prinv ( "%dm,r )

calsum ( lnt x, Int y, Int

t:

Int ss ;
ss=x+y*x;
return ( ss ) ;

return ( 80 ) ;

---=
3
Are These Calls OK?
calsum ( a, 25, d ) ;.
calsum ( ID

+ 2 , 2 5 x 3, d 1 ;

calsum ( a, calsum ( 25, 10,4 ), d ) ;

int ss :

u=x+y+z;
return ( 8s 1 ;

1
Nested calls are legal.
Call wlthln 417 expression Is legal.

Returninq More Than 1 Value

main( )

Ivalue at a tlme

Int a = 1 0 1 b = 2 0 . c - 3 0 ;
int 8 , p :
3 s, p = sumprod { a, b, c ) ;
prlnn ( ll%d%dy*.r. p ) ;

sumprod ( Int

*, int y, Int x )

Int

IS,pp ;
ss=x+y+z;
pp'x'y'z:
return I ss,PP 1

;x

KlClT I C I Lecture 8

sqaw&

/&clmati~r

=\me

>

calsum ( int x, int y. int z )

j 5 ( = . ~

Ye25
~ = d ,
y=n5%? r = d ,
) = vahQ
2-r

9c&~su~~'[~s,~~,Q)

'

main( )
{

One More Try

10, b = 20. c 30 :
int s. p :
I sumprod ( a, b, c ) ;
p sumprod ( a, b, c ) ;
prlnn ( "%d~/.d",5, p ) ;

Int a

rumptod ( lnt x, Int y, lnt z )

{

int ss,pp ;

::':':':.-

,.

return ( ss 1 ;
turn ( PP ;

durn0-b

hrr,
(~1;i); $g

c!mBPh

The Only Wav Out

maln( )

s sumprod ( a, b. c, I ) :
printf { "%d%dn, s, p ) ;

sumprod ( Int w, Int y, Int z. Int code )

{

roturn ( IS ) ;
else
return ( pp ) ;

time

,=

,I

hw
~r)be

&-'d m

&t&.

II

A Better Wav

;urnprod ( lnt a, int y, Int z, Int code) -

int IS,pp ;
pp-x'y'r;

return ( pp ;

KICIT I C I Lecture 8

no.

4 -J?4

1;

calsum ( int x, int y, int r )

N ~ H O V O JS k m d ~ d

NSI VIS K & R

,.

calsurn ( x, y, z )

Alvl~-tm

Kornighan B.

I Int x, y, z ;

I
)
'

Int y ;
prlntf ( "Enter year" ) ;
scanf ( "Y.d", &y ) ;
romanize ( y ) ;

}
romanlze ( Int yy J

int n. i ;
n n yy11000:
tor(I.1 ; I < = n : l + + )
prlntf ( "m" ) :

A More General Gall

maln( )

Int y ;
prlntf ( "Enter year" ) ;
scanf ( "%d", By ) ;
y = romanlse ( y, 1000, 'rn' ) ;

romanire ( lnt yy, lnt j , char ch)

(
int n, i ;

n=yylI;
lor(l=l ;Ic=n;I++)
prlnlf ( "%c", ch )
return(yy%]);

KlClT I C I Lecture 9

...

y = romanlse ( y, 1000, 'm' ) ; ,-2

y = romanlse ( y, 500. 'dl ) ; _3
y = romanlse ( y, 1W. 'c' ) ,;

y=romanlro(y,50,r1w):
y=mrnsnlsa(y,~~,~x~)~-

%03

Int n, I ;
n-yytj ;
for(Ia1 ;I<mn;i++)
prlnff ( "xc",
ch ) ;

Advanced Features of
Functions
4 Returning a non-integer value

Call by value I Call by reference

Recursion

main( )

float a, b, c ;%square
(float) ;
a=squan(2.0);
Function
b = square ( 2.5 ) ;
Prototype
c-squam ( 1 . 5 ) :
printl ( " Sf 161 W ", a, b, c, 1 :

2.0

2.5 \ - 5 + a * D&\aa

(bmd b

C-

d*OF r.34 2
9
s

oat square ( float x )

flaat y :
yax-x;

bcl Jalnll~P- n

9,mn

\ ~ ! w ~ n ~ f i r

float y ;
Y RSqUaro [ a ) ;
prlntf ( "%1". y ) ;

float square ( float x )

What Would Be The Output

mrln( )
(

Int a = 10 ;
prinn ( *ma = %don
" Ia ) ;
a=fO;
prlntl ( "\n a = % d , I1 ;

1
f(

9 d y

printf ( "Hello I" ) ;

Int r

10 ;
printl ( k l \ ~ a = % d o . , a J'O
);

f0;

prlntf ("\n am Y.d", a ) :

A \\3
Returned value is Ignored.

prlntf ( "Hello I" ) ;

KlClT I C I Lecture 9

olution
main( )

Int a = l O ;
prlntf ( 'Ina = X d " ,a ) ;
f( 1 ;
prlntf ( " h a = % d " , a ) ;

Advanced Features of functions

+ Returning a non-integer v a l u e d
+ Call by Value I Call by Reference
+ Recursion

prlntf ( " \n address of 1 a %d" , &I ) ;

printf ("ktvalueof I = ' A d " , ' ( & I ) ) ;

KICIT I C I Lecture 9

-x

Would lhls Work ...

Int I = 10 :
j=&i;.
j=
jEg(i434);

/--

a m : ----

wad

LO&

prlntf ( "%do, 'j ) ;

variable, constant

"

lnt I 10 ; Int 'j ; Int '*k ;

4 B BOtO 9 1 2
prlntf ( " \ n v 3 l u a o f I = % d " . 1 1 : v n o~ ~
p 1..

. . .. .

-.
* ( a t ) ;V
)m$
1

prinni l * i n v a ~ u c o f i =YO^

7n

1 1

Jmal;-tadddish&hj.

~ H n f f ( " h a d d r e a r o f I = X d " . 8 1 : .,AAL

-- ,

-r

'

-- , --. ,

-9 6 ~ 0 5119,
,
BY).hrnJ6o1o.

r---

vnlue

"j

"-'x.Lq

&s

variable

*&variable

-.
J

"

id *k;

KlClT I C I Lecture 9
J&

c*k=v&

of 4bolo

b &clk iht L C L ~ ~;SC ~

urn9 C*k j * k ~ v ~ d h @A~ am
@
'lea.

0xB8000000
whlle ( 1 )
I s = Ox88000000 ;
for ( I = O : ler1999; I + + )
{

( .(s+I)

Z=

'A'

a& *(s+I) u 'zl )

*(s+L) a *(s+i) + 32 ;
else
(
. 'a' && *(*+I) cif *(s+l) =
*(s+g E *(s+/) 32 ;

KlClT I C I Lecture 9

'2' )

I-

char tar 'r ;Int r ;

char far Y ; char sh ;
110x68000000 ;
Int c ;

for ( c = 0 ;e <= 79 ; c++ ) ur

(
ch = * ( 8 +c.2);
kr(r=l;ra24;r++)

I
1

KICIT I C I Lecture 10

?in

(1

Bells And Whistles

' ~raaooooooI I Screen I

char far 'v ;Lnt r, c ;

s = OrB800MHIO :

v l I I J
+a

c = random ( 79 ) ;

mund
I-

, ..
Are Thev Same

char h r s
' ;
char far % ;

char Gr 'a, "v ;

char k r 'a

E]

char far *s,far % ;

7 -

for ( I = 1 ; I C* 3999 ; i += 2
*(s+l~-color;

KlClT l

C I Lecture 10

pr-;m

e Caps Lock Un
,

main( )
{

~oggle
Kmys
Capr lock.
Num lock
Scroll lock
Inwrt

char far *kb ;

kbrOx417 ;

How would you put off

v&

'~u
h et

on't Do Delete
chat far 'kb :
kbaOx417;
prtntl { "PI. press delete key");
*kb = l 2 ;

rthdav Josh1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

<--

I
Our Program

Del-Ctrl

KlClT I C I Lecture 10

Alt + Del

['\a+

vim
D&

rtD &ah&.
h C M *+QJ

what would be the o u t ~ u t

mln( 1

1000 2090 9000

lnti=10;flo8ta=3.~4:charch='z'; j
b
dh
Lnt 7, "k ; float 'b, "c ; char 'dh, "ah
j=&i: b-&;dh=Lch;
4000 5000 M O O
k-&J;c=&b;eh-ldh;
k
c
oh
pdnH ( " % d # d % d M j , b , d h l :
, c c z
~ rcc
MO 1500 2500
prlntl
.Ad %d'Ad", 'k ,'c , 'ah ) :

;-I

m'.

1-c.

m
W
[ 0
0
1
1
8
0
0
P
]

Lcm

prlnbl("%d'AdW',sltmof(I),sluof(a),rl~f(ch
2 1-1 I

1);

...

[~ontlnumd

dky+Sinm

]
4
0
0
0
1
w
1
prlnH('9hd %d%d",slxooi(J), slzoof( b ) , rlzoof(dh) ) ;
pr/ntf ( "%d w

KQ-2-

w",sizeof ( k ), mhd ( c ), rlzed ( ah ) ) ;

prlnff ( '%d %f %en ,"k, -c, "oh } ;

\1292,

c
main( )

int i * 25 ; int *j ;
float a = 3.34 ;float *b ;
char far "kb ;
kboOx417;
j-&i;

KlClT I C I Lecture 10

dteIadn)l&o &

@w
+bock
M
' E!&

Pointer Sizes
main( )
{

float 8 3.14 ; noat *b ;

char h r *kb ;
kb = Ox417 ;
J

= &I;
= 8.;

Int far *m ;
m = 0x413 ;

KlClT I C I Lecture t 0

fi)'

he btomvdios

C B n w i -~- O r R % c ~ @ o o

C~~XINJ&Eh a UMUS
.--

?in(

Int a n l o , b = 2 0 ;
,o,~,o
pdntf ( "KdYod", a, b ) ;
/L C
rwapv(a, b 1 ;
10
prinn ( "%d%dn. a, b ) ;

&& &

1
J

swapv ( Int x, lnt y )

110]150]110]

int t ;
\O
t * x ; x = y ; y - t ; TO
prlnti ( "%d%dW,x, y ) ;

pi-'pJB

pqwm
k.s=W

Q=\O

int a = I O , b = 2 0 ;
prlntf ( "~/ld%d",a, b ) ; 17
'
swapr ( &a, &b 1 ;

swapr (lnt 'x, lnt 'y )

I
Int t ;

'v = t ;

;urnprod ( Int x, Int y , Int z,int 'as, Int 'pp )

{
..rrx+v+z:l
a
b

KlClT I C I Lecture 10

n heLSQ be u pk. : .

char 'n[ ] = {

I
"Sanjay", "Amol",
"Slvaramkrishnan",

1:

Selection

..

int I, ] ; char 't ;

for(I=0;1<=3;l++)
I

1)

~O~(I=O;IC=~;I++)
printf ( "fds", n[ i ] ) ;

yarn(

Calendar

1/8/1~9-?
1HI1 Mon

Int m, y ; lnt leapdays ;

long In1 normatdays :
long int totaldays ;
prlntt ( "Enter month and year" ) ;
scant ( "%d%d", Lrn, & y )-;
-normaldays
= ( y - 1 ) * 365 L ;
1--leapdays=(y-1)/4-(y-1)1100
+ (y-1)1400:
totaldays = normatdays + leapdays ;

...Calendar
Int
int 1, a ; inl firstday ;

..

totaldays

= normaldays t
leapdays ;

120;
for(i=O; 1<rm:2 ;i++)
s = s +days[ i 1 ;
totaldays += s :
flrstdey = totaldays X 7

i / i ~999
i to 311711999

...Lalendar
+,

0 'I 1c\ jYL

.+- 1
rr
i n t d a y s [ ] - { 3 1 . 2 8 . ~ 1 , ~ 0 ~ ~ 1 , 3 0 ~ 3 ~ , 3 0 , 3 1 ,13; 0 , 3 1

inain( )

.. ..

tolaldaya = normaldays

+ leapdays ;

i f ( ( y % d D O = = o ) 11 ( y % i a o i = O & b y % 4 = = 0 )
days[l1=29:

---7

.-

s=o:
for(i=O: l < = m - 2 :I++)
s = s + days[ I ] ;
totaldays += s ;
tirstday = tolaldavs 'b 7 :

..

August 1999
2 0 4 - - 2 8 i --32- & 38- 4 44.c 50-(: 56
I
I
I
I
i
l
l
Mon--.T ue., Wed
C

....Calendar

I r-rharf =
'm~nfhsi

26

20

32

/ "January'. "February,, , , 1 :

totaldays += s :
firstday = totaldays % 7 :
col = 20 + flrslday ' 6 ;
clrscr( 1 ;

- --

- I, y ):

rintt ( "96s %d", months[ m 1

I D , 20 ) ;

gotorc

...

printl ( "Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sal Sun" ) ;

KICIT I C I Lecture I7

...Calendar

,-

10

;lain(

26

20

- Mon

32

...

Iue Wed

Int days[ 1 = ( 31, 28, 31. 30,31. 30, 31, 31. 30,

..j

I' print month year ' I

I' prjnt days 'I
rwr-12:
for I = 1

: I <=days[ m - 1 ] : I++ )

golorc ( row, c o l ) :
printf ( "Tbd". I )
col = col +- -6- :
11 ( col z 56 )
{

row++ ; cob = 20 :

1
1

c--.n u ) c-l'.tien':~!
(i&
~ ~ h y ~e y~

F
i11):
I

idanf "%d%dH,am, & y

COY

...calendar]

)
;

d -

while ( 1 )
I

normaldays = ( y

-1

) ' 365L

Glendar

Next year

~ O I C
( 20,35

printi ( "Rt-Next mth ..." ) ;

ch = getkey() ;
switch ( ch )

'

h
Kt%"C
.

1 % -

Prev. year

case 77 :
m++ ;

'\( -t+

...Calendar
)
I

intdays[]= {31,28,31,30,31,30,
31,31,30,31,30,31 ) :
scanf ( "%d%dn, &m, &y ) :
whlle ( 1 )

normaldays =
leapdays =
totaldays =
~ f ( y % 4 0 0 = = 0 ) l l ( y % l O O ! = O && y % d = = O ) )
days[ 1 ] = 29 :

else

days[ 1 ] = 28 ;

.. -

-I.-_

KICIT I C I Lecture 17

,,

n.&

Terminology

iame

1 1

e:2

Salary

4000.50

Handlrna
- Data
mein( )
I
char n [ ] = {'A', 'X', 'Y', 10') ;
int a[ ] = { 23, 27, 28 ) ;
float s[ 1 = { 4000.50, 5000.00, 6000.75 ) ;
int i ;
for( i = O ; i ~ = 2 ; I + + )
printf ( "Xc%d %f", n[ i 1, a[ i 1, s[ I ] ) ;

1;

float s ;

struct employee e l = { 'A', 23,4000.50 } ;

struct employee e2 = { 'X', 27, 5000.00 ) ;
struct empioyee e3 = { 'Y', 28,6000.75 ) ;
prlnti ( "%c %d %f", el .n, e l a, e l s ) ; printl ( "%c %d %fW, e2.n, e2.a, e2.s ) ;
printf ( "%c %d %f", e3.n, e3.a, e3.s ) ;

w \ ~he

n h v d d~timkp
KlClT / C I Lecture 18

~+bt;l
I jot&

& \co*e&

I+'*

Arrav of Structures
struct employee
I

1;

char n ;
int a ;
float s ;

struct employee e[ 1s {

rf

( 'A', 23,4000.50
{ 'X', 27, 5000.00 ) ,
{ 'Y', 28,6000.75 )

int i ;

I }

for( i = O ; i < = 2 ; i++)

printf ( "%c %d %f", e[ i ].n,e[ i ].a, e[ i J.s)

Terminology
Structure
namettag
char n ;
int a ;

A structure is
a collection of
dissimilar elements.
ructure elements are always stored In
memory locations.

1 1

struct employee e[ 3 j = {

1 1 1

.. }

A 23 400.50 X 27 500.00 Y ] 28 ] 600.75

401 403 qo?
408
41 5

KlClT I C I Lecture 18

Arrav of Structures
-struct employee e l I = ( ... 1 ;
char 'p ;
struct employee 'q :
struct employee ('r 113)

c . - to~
?~
array of structures

Ptr.

'

-7 I
3~
+b c k

struct employes @[ 3 I = I

.. ) :

-1

!A 123 400.50 X 27 500.00

--401

P'.

tr. to structure

* A&S ; ~

408

415

p=e ; q = e : r=e ;
p++ : q t t : I++:

printf ( "YOU",
printl ( "Xu",

p);
q);

wz

Declarations & Definitions

gtruct e r n p l o y e m

float s ;

iiruct employee e = { "Rahul", 25,4000.50 1 ;

char n[20] ; in! a ; float

s;

) e = { "Rahul", 25,4000.50

I
I

1, x, y

'

Copying 1

main( )
I

struct ernp
1

char n[20];
int a :
float s ;

e2.s = el .s ;

G i v i n g at

e3 = el ;-I-*
printl ( "%s %d %1", e3.11, e3.a, e3.s ) ;

KlClT / C / Lecture 18

'd

p b

(93 3 Jh.Jffu@.

QOoJ3

Copyinq Arravs

int a1101 = { 3, 6, 5,... 1 ;

int bIl 0] ;
f o r ( i = O ; i < = 9 ; l++)
b[i]=a[i];

struct z
{

1;

int srr(lo] ;

struct z a = { 3, 6,5, .., ) ;

struct z b ;
b=a;

truct address

; int

age ;

i i u c t emp e=( "Rahul", 23, "Ngp", 44010,4000.50

}d

Passina Structure Elements

main( )
{ struct book

{
1:

char n[20] ; int nop ; float pr ;

ktruct book b = { "Basic", 425, 135.00 ) ;

dlspla ( b.n, b.nop, b.pr ) ;

show rb.n, &b.nop, bb.pr ) ;

display (chbr *n, int pg, float p )

'
1

printf ( "%s %d %I", n, pg, p ) ;

;how ( char *n, in1 *pg, float 'p )

I

printf

"%s %d %f", n, 'pg, 'p ) ;

KICIT I C I Lecture 18

ho\d

P a s s ~ n gStructures
struct book
char n[20] ; Int nop ; tloat p r :
siruet book b = ( "Baalc", 425, 135.00 ) ;

displayl ( b ) : showl ( &b>~-----------)

/--

display1 ( struct b 6 k bb ).

printf ( "%s %d %I3',

bb.n, bb.nop, bD.pr ) ;

/rr to

showl ( struct book 'bb)

printf ( "'As %d %f", (' bb ).n, (' bb ).nap,(' bb ).pr )

printf ( "%s %d %f", bb -> n, bb -> nop, bb -r pr )

Complex Nos. --U

rstruct corn

[
I

OA
~hf--hm+
9

struct corn a = ( 2.5, i.3 } ;

struct corn b = I1.2, 1.7 ) ;

struct corn c ;
struct corn add (struct corn, struct corn) ;

: 7-7
struct corn z ;
y:r ;
*xf y.1 ;
return z ;

2 r

(mainO

a en\Lng

Complex Nos.

float a [ ] = ( 2 . 5 , 1.3);
float b [ ] = ( 1 . 2 , 1 . 7 ) ;
float *c ,
float ' add ( float *, float * ) ;
c=add(a, b ) ;
printf ( "%f %f", ' c , ' ( c + 1 ) ) ;

b=&.

'

ons of Structures
+ Pooltlonlng Cursors
+ Recelulng aecll and scan codas
+ Dlsplaying characters
Prlntlng on prlnter
4

Mause Programmlng

Graphlcs Programmlng
All Disk Operstlons
etc.

Endlsk

II * Faster

KICIT I C I Lecture 18

Iplatter ( aluminium ) )

Parts of platter

of same capacity

KlCIT / C / Lecture 18

07)hi-

%a~

9 air q i a a\(

i+.

Readina Boot Sector

#~nclude"dos.h"

Fain{
char arr [ 512 ] ; lnt I ;

printf ( "Enter floppy in drive A

press any key ..." ) ;
getch( ;
ebsread ( O , l , 0.arr ) ,
for( 1 = 0 ; 1 < 5 1 2 ; I++)
printi ( "%cV, err 1 I 1 1 ;

KlClT / C 1 Lecture 19

& B I J ~&\eb
J
~ & s P . F,hcr P c ~ i ar n f L i s ~ , b&
5
%S
i+
w
t
o Oie*
&fi0di*
,

~b~wad=

d & k. p I k ~ & ~
a]89.

GVctb

Boot Parameters
No-

Kb

1.2
Ub

1.44
Mb

512

512

512

720

2400 2880

9
2
0

35
2
0

18
2
0

360

,,gs

Descrlptlon

Jump lnstructlon
System 10
NO. of byteslsector
No, of seetorslcluster
No. of sectors In reserved area
No, of copies of FAT
. Max. no. of root dlr. entries
Total no. o l sectors
Medla descriptor
No. of sectorslFAT
No. of sectorsltrack
No, of sides
No. of hidden sectors

2
2

&ch

h
b cm h a
(3+ChA0,mam

w a 3 d ~ w h pwacedy
n
we- w ~ W n qdCf mtaei, ih B
struct boot
..

I i

-Im a r lump1
. .*.1 ;

I Descrlptlon

IT3

Jump lnstructlon

...~ o n( t

include "dos.h"
yain( )

struct boot
char jump[ 3 ] ;
char sysld[ 8 ] ;
int bps ;
char spc :

..

',

struct boot b ; lnt I ;

absread ( 0, 1,0, &b ) ;
lor(l=0;Is=2:1++)
prlnti ( " % X , b,jurnp[ I ] )
for(1=D;I<r7:1++)
prlnti ( "%cV, b.aysld[ I ] ) ;
printf ( "Bytadsector = %dl*,b.bps ) ;
, . g r l n t l ( "Sectordcluster = %dmb.spc )

b'

ol8 did it

dl&&

8)-&4 f

+ Ach

&@no.

H ~ o cw.

In General
absread ( drive no., no. of sectors to read,
sector from where reading should beg~n,butrer ) ;
absread ( 0,1,0, &b ) ;

sector relorred uuinn

LW-

& no.

Typlcal Obtains
Values Values
t02

83190
lBM3.3

Bytedsector
08s Secforslclusler
Sectors In reserved area

Maw. root dlr. entries

Total no. of sactars
Madta descrlator

512
1

....
20480
0

I
-24

2
224

1 '": 1 1
0

SO

dl- boot & WuNb

Sides

-9

nldaen *actors

i~L

J C A

so b.~&
cl~wmw b@w2a--

Anti-Viral

# Include "dos.h"

main( )
l
printf ("insert infected disk, Press any key" )

getchl)

--

fl

l o +"d

M-Cm4*

eo08*&kab.

20 880

KIClT 1 C 1 Lecture 19

#include "d0s.h"

Better...

char a[ 512 ] : char ch = 'y' ;

char 'names[ ] P ("0Jerulalwrn'+, "Yankee Doodle",

"Robinson Cruso", "Eddle Murphy",

prlntl( "lnaert unlniectmd dlak, Pteas any key" ] ;
getch( ;
absread( 0 , 1 , 0, a ) ;
whlle ( ch = 'y' )
prlntf ( "Insert Infected dlsk, Press any key" )

... 1 ;

r\

abswrlte ( 0,1, 0, a ) ;
prlntf ( "Another dlsk yln" ) ;
ch = getche( ) :

&

disp\% =kG_~l\l~
ih hamQ

4 bytes

Il Include "do8.h"

yaln(

rruct

1:

Printincl Directory

entry
char n[ 8 ] ; char ext[
char unused[ 17 ] ;
long Int size ;

struct entry e [ 16 ] ; Int I, :

prlnll ( "Insert dlsk, Press any key" )
absread ( 0 , I , 19, e ) ;
for(i=O:i<=l5;l++)

: getch( ) ;

tor(j=O;j<=7;j++)
prlntf ( "%c", e[ 1 ].n[ j 1 ) ;
lor(j=O;j<=2;j++)
printt ( "%c0, e[ I ].ext[ j ] ) :
printf ( "Xld", e[ i ].size ) ;

y'iq %C

CIT C / Lecture 19

natdfr &WQ

&

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