A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or

a combination of them intended to identify the goods

and services of one seller or group of sellers and to
differentiate them from those of competition.
:-American Marketing Association

Brand Equity/Raj Mohan And Ranjith

A product is something that is made in a factory;

brand is something that is bought by a customer.
product can be copied by a competitor, a brand
unique.
A product can be quickly outdated;
successful brand is timeless.

a
A
is
a

A brand is something that resides in the minds of

consumer.

Brand Equity/Raj Mohan And

Ranjith

Sy
m
bo

A Brand Is.
Te
rm

Co

Si
gn

Name

Identifies
product/service
of seller and
differentiates from
competitors
m
bi
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Design

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The Role Of Brand

Consumers
Identification of the source of product
Assignment of responsibility to product maker
Risk reducer
Search cost reducer
Promise, bond, or pact with maker of product
Symbolic device
Signal of quality

Manufacturers

Means of identification to simplify handling

or tracing
Means of legally protecting unique features
Signal of quality level to satisfied customers
Means of endowing products with unique
associations
Source of competitive advantage
Source of financial returns

Brand equity is the added value that endowed to

products and services. This value may be reflected in
how consumers think, feel, and act with respect to the
brand, as well as the prices, market share and
profitability that the brand commands for the firm.
Brand equity is an important intangible asset that has
psychological and financial value to the firm.

Brand equity

Brand Equity/Raj Mohan And

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Brand Equity/Raj Mohan And

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The brand is viewed from the perspective of the

customer, an individual or an organization.
The power of the brand lies in what customers have
seen, read, heard, learned, thought and thought about
the product over time.
A brand is said to have positive customer brand
equity when consumers react favorably to a
product.
A brand is said to have negative brand equity if
consumers react less favorably to the product.

Brand equity models

Brand Asset Valuator:
Developed by Advertising agency Young and Rubicam(Y&R).
According to BAV there are four pillars of brand equity:Differentiation
Relevance
Esteem
Knowledge
Differentiation and relevance point to the brands future value
and Esteem and acknowledge reflects the past performance of
the firms.

Aaker Model:
Viewed by UC-Berkeley professor David Aaker.
There are a set of five categories of brand assets and
liabilities which add value to the product.
They are:
Brand loyalty
Brand awareness
Perceived quality
Brand associations
Other proprietary assets

Brandz:
Developed by marketing research consultants
Millward and WPP.
As per this model brand building involves series of
steps:
The objectives of each steps are the following:
Presence
Relevance
Performance
Advantage
Bonding

Brand resonance:
It also views brand building as an ascending, sequential
series of steps
Ensuring identification of the brand with customers
minds with a specific product class or customer
need.
Firmly establishing the brand into the mind of the
consumer.
Eliciting proper customer response to in terms of
brand related judgment and feelings.
Converting brand response to create to create an
intense, active loyalty relationship between
customers and the brand.

Measuring Brand Equity:

There are two approaches for measuring brand
equity.
Indirect approach and direct approach.

Brand Audit:
- is a consumer-focused exercise that involves a series
of procedures to access the heath of the brand,
uncover its sources of equity and suggest ways to
improve and leverage its equity.

Brand Audits consist of two steps:

Brand inventory and brand explanatory
The purpose of brand inventory is to provide a
current, comprehensive profile of how all the
products and services sold by a company are
marketed and branded.
The brand explanatory is research activity
conducted to understand what consumers think and
its corresponding product category to identify
sources of brand equity.

Brand tracking:
Tracking studies collect information from the
consumers on a routine basis over time. Tracking
studies employ quantitative study methods.
It provides a basis for decision making
It provides insights to marketing activities

Brand Valuation
It is concerned of estimating the total
financial value of the brand.

Brand Equity/Raj Mohan And

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Brand Management needs a long term view of

marketing decisions. Consumer responses to
marketing activity depend on what they know and
remember about a brand.

Brand reinforcement:
Brand equity is reinforced by marketing actions
that consistently convey the meaning of the brands
to consumers in terms of:
The product and
Superiority
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Ranjith

Reinforcing brand equity needs innovation

and relevance through out the marketing
program. Marketers must introduce new
products to satisfy the target consumers
Brand Revitalization
A strategy to recapture lost sources of brand
equity and identify and establish new sources of
brand equity. This may include product
modification or brand repositioning.
Brand Equity/Raj Mohan And
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Doubts and Clarifications

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Brand Equity/Raj Mohan And

Ranjith