DUPL

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Best Experimental
Value

Approximate
Value for Problem
Work

Quantity (Units)

Symbol

Permittivity of free space (F/m)

eu

8.854 x 10

Permeability of free space (H/m)

/j,o

4i7 x 10" 7

12.6 x 10" 7

Intrinsic impedance of free

space (fl)

rj o

376.6

120ir

Speed of light in vacuum (m/s)

2.998 x 108

3 X 108

Electron charge (C)

Electron mass (Kg)

12

-1.6030 x 10" l 9

-1.6 x 10" 1 9

mQ

9.1066 x 10" 31

9.1 x 10" 31

Proton mass (kg)

mp

1.67248 x 10" 27

1.67 x 10" 27

Neutron mass (Kg)

ma

1.6749 x 10" 27

1.67 x 10

Boltzmann constant (J/K)

1.38047 x 10" 23

1.38 x 10" 23

Avogadro's number (/Kg-mole)

6.0228 x 1026

6 x 1026

Planck's constant (J s)

6.624 x 10" 34

6.62 x 10" 3 4

Acceleration due to gravity

(m/s2)

9.81

9.8

Universal contant of gravitation

(m2/Kg s2)

6.658 x 1 0 - "

6.66 x 10" 11

Electron-volt (J)

eV

1.6030 x 10" 19

1.6 x 10" 1 9

27

CONTENTS

Preface xiii
A Note to the Student

xvi

PART 1 : VECTOR ANALYSIS

1

Vector Algebra
1.1
11.2
1.3
1.4
115
1.6
1.7
1.8

Introduction 3
A Preview of the Book 4
Scalars and Vectors 4
Unit Vector 5
Vector Addition and Subtraction 6
Position and Distance Vectors 7
Vector Multiplication 11
Components of a Vector 16
Summary 22
Review Questions 23
Problems 25

Coordinate Systems and Transformation

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
f2.5

28

Introduction 28
Cartesian Coordinates (x, y, z) 29
Circular Cylindrical Coordinates (p, <f>, z)29
Spherical Coordinates (r, d, z) 32
Constant-Coordinate Surfaces 41
Summary 46
Review Questions 47
Problems 49

VII

Contents

Vector Calculus
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
t3.9

53

Introduction 53
Differential Length, Area, and Volume 53
Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals 60
Del Operator 63
Gradient of a Scalar 65
Divergence of a Vector and Divergence Theorem
Curl of a Vector and Stokes's Theorem 75
Laplacian of a Scalar 83
Classification of Vector Fields 86
Summary 89
Review Questions 90
Problems 93

69

PART 2 : ELECTROSTATICS
4

Electrostatic Fields
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10

103

Introduction 103
Coulomb's Law and Field Intensity 104
Electric Fields due to Continuous Charge Distributions 111
Electric Flux Density 122
Gauss's LawMaxwell's Equation 124
Applications of Gauss's Law 126
Electric Potential 133
Relationship between E and VMaxwell's Equation 139
An Electric Dipole and Flux Lines 142
Energy Density in Electrostatic Fields 146
Summary 150
Review Questions 153
Problems 155

Electric Fields in Material Space

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
f 5.7
5.8

161

Introduction 161
Properties of Materials 161
Convection and Conduction Currents 162
Conductors 165
Polarization in Dielectrics 171
Dielectric Constant and Strength 774
Linear, Isotropic, and Homogeneous Dielectrics 175
Continuity Equation and Relaxation Time 180

CONTENTS

5.9

Boundary Conditions 182

Summary 191
Review Questions 192
Problems 194

Electrostatic Boundary-Value Problems

6.1
6.2
f 6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6

199

Introduction 199
Poisson's and Laplace's Equations 199
Uniqueness Theorem 201
General Procedure for Solving Poisson's or Laplace's
Equation 202
Resistance and Capacitance 223
Method of Images 240
Summary 246
Review Questions 247
Problems 249

PART 3: MAGNETOSTATICS
7

Magnetostatic Fields
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
f 7.8

261

Introduction 261
Biot-Savart's Law 263
Ampere's Circuit LawMaxwell's Equation 273
Applications of Ampere's Law 274
Magnetic Flux DensityMaxwell's Equation 281
Maxwell's Equations for Static EM Fields 283
Magnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials 284
Derivation of Biot-Savart's Law and Ampere's Law
Summary 292
Review Questions 293
Problems 296

Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Devices

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
f 8.6
8.7
8.8

304

Introduction 304
Forces due to Magnetic Fields 304
Magnetic Torque and Moment 316
A Magnetic Dipole 318
Magnetization in Materials 323
Classification of Magnetic Materials 327
Magnetic Boundary Conditions 330
Inductors and Inductances 336

290

IX

Contents
8.9
f8.10
18.11

Magnetic Energy
Magnetic Circuits
Force on Magnetic
Summary 354
Review Questions
Problems 358

339
347
Materials

349

356

PART 4: WAVES AND APPLICATIONS

9

Maxwell's Equations 369

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
t9.6
9.7

10

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

10.1
tl0.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
f 10.9

11

Introduction 369
Faraday's Law 370
Transformer and Motional EMFs 372
Displacement Current 381
Maxwell's Equations in Final Forms 384
Time-Varying Potentials 387
Time-Harmonic Fields 389
Summary 400
Review Questions 407
Problems 404

Introduction 410
Waves in General 411
Wave Propagation in Lossy Dielectrics 417
Plane Waves in Lossless Dielectrics 423
Plane Waves in Free Space 423
Plane Waves in Good Conductors 425
Power and the Poynting Vector 435
Reflection of a Plane Wave at Normal Incidence
Reflection of a Plane Wave at Oblique Incidence
Summary 462
Review Questions 464
Problems 466

Transmission Lines
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

410

473

Introduction 473
Transmission Line Parameters 474
Transmission Line Equations 477
Input Impedance, SWR, and Power 484
The Smith Chart 492

440
451

CONTENTS

11.6
f 11.7
111.8

Some Applications of Transmission Lines

Transients on Transmission Lines 512
Microstrip Transmission Lines 524
Summary 528
Review Questions 530
Problems 533

12 Waveguides
12.1
12.2
12.3
12A
12.5
12.6
tl2.7
12.8

13 Antennas
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
113.8
tl3.9

14

542

Introduction 542
Rectangular Waveguides 543
Transverse Magnetic (TM) Modes 547
Transverse Electric (TE) Modes 552
Wave Propagation in the Guide 563
Power Transmission and Attenuation 565
Waveguide Current and Mode Excitation 569
Waveguide Resonators 575
Summary 581
Review Questions 582
Problems 583

588
Introduction 588
Hertzian Dipole 590
Half-Wave Dipole Antenna 594
Quarter-Wave Monopole Antenna 598
Small Loop Antenna 599
Antenna Characteristics 604
Antenna Arrays 612
Effective Area and the Friis Equation 62 /
The Radar Equation 625
Summary 629
Review Questions 630
Problems 632

Modern Topics
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

505

638

Introduction 638
Microwaves 638
Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility
Optical Fiber 649
Summary 656
Review Questions 656
Problems 658

644

XI

\ii

Contents

15

Numerical Methods
15.1
tl5.2
15.3
15.4
15.5

660

Introduction 660
Field Plotting 667
The Finite Difference Method 669
The Moment Method 683
The Finite Element Method 694
Summary 713
Review Questions 714
Problems 7 / 6

Appendix A Mathematical Formulas 727

Appendix B Material Constants 737
Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 740
Index 763

PREFACE

The fundamental objectives of the book remains the same as in the first editionto present
electromagnetic (EM) concepts in a clearer and more interesting manner than earlier texts.
This objective is achieved in the following ways:
1. To avoid complicating matters by covering EM and mathematical concepts simultaneously, vector analysis is covered at the beginning of the text and applied gradually.
This approach avoids breaking in repeatedly with more background on vector analysis,
thereby creating discontinuity in the flow of thought. It also separates mathematical theorems from physical concepts and makes it easier for the student to grasp the generality of
those theorems.
2. Each chapter starts with a brief introduction that serves as a guide to the whole
chapter and also links the chapter to the rest of the book. The introduction helps students
see the need for the chapter and how the chapter relates to the previous chapter. Key points
are emphasized to draw the reader's attention to them. A brief summary of the major concepts is provided toward the end of the chapter.
3. To ensure that students clearly understand important points, key terms are defined
and highlighted. Essential formulas are boxed to help students identify them.
4. Each chapter includes a reasonable amount of examples with solutions. Since the
examples are part of the text, they are clearly explained without asking the reader to fill in
missing steps. Thoroughly worked-out examples give students confidence to solve problems themselves and to learn to apply concepts, which is an integral part of engineering education. Each illustrative example is followed by a problem in the form of a Practice Exercise, with the answer provided.
5. At the end of each chapter are ten review questions in the form of multiple-choice
objective items. It has been found that open-ended questions, although intended to be
thought provoking, are ignored by most students. Objective review questions with answers
immediately following them provide encouragement for students to do the problems and
gain immediate feedback.
A large number of problems are provided are presented in the same order as the material in the main text. Problems of intermediate difficulty are identified by a single asterisk;
the most difficult problems are marked with a double asterisk. Enough problems are pro-

XIII

\iv

Preface
vided to allow the instructor to choose some as examples and assign some as homework
problems. Answers to odd-numbered problems are provided in Appendix C.
6. Since most practical applications involve time-varying fields, six chapters are
devoted to such fields. However, static fields are given proper emphasis because they are
special cases of dynamic fields. Ignorance of electrostatics is no longer acceptable because
there are large industries, such as copier and computer peripheral manufacturing, that rely
on a clear understanding of electrostatics.
7. The last chapter covers numerical methods with practical applications and computer programs. This chapter is of paramount importance because most practical problems
are solvable only by using numerical techniques.
8. Over 130 illustrative examples and 400 figures are given in the text. Some additional learning aids, such as basic mathematical formulas and identities, are included in the
Appendix. Another guide is a special note to students, which follows this preface.
In this edition, a new chapter on modern topics, such as microwaves, electromagnetic
interference and compatibility, and fiber optics, has been added. Also, the Fortran codes in
previous editions have been converted to Matlab codes because it was felt that students are
more familiar with Matlab than with Fortran.
Although this book is intended to be self-explanatory and useful for self-instruction
the personal contact that is always needed in teaching is not forgotten. The actual choice o1
course topics, as well as emphasis, depends on the preference of the individual instructor
For example, the instructor who feels that too much space is devoted to vector analysis o:
static fields may skip some of the materials; however, the students may use them as refer
ence. Also, having covered Chapters 1 to 3, it is possible to explore Chapters 9 to 15. In
structors who disagree with the vector-calculus-first approach may proceed with Chapter;
1 and 2, then skip to Chapter 4 and refer to Chapter 3 as needed. Enough material i
covered for two-semester courses. If the text is to be covered in one semester, some sec
tions may be skipped, explained briefly, or assigned as homework. Sections marked wit!
the dagger sign (t) may be in this category.
A suggested schedule for a four-hour semester coverage is on page xv.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Peter Gordon and the editorial and production staff of Oxford Un
versity Press for a job well done. This edition has benefited from the insightful commeni
of the following reviewers: Leo C. Kempel, Michigan State University; Andrew Diene
University of California, Davis; George W. Hanson, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukei
Samir El-Ghazaly, Arizona State University; and Sadasiva M. Rao, Auburn University,
am greatly indebted to Raymond Garcia, Jerry Sagliocca, and Dr. Oladega Soriyan f<
helping with the solutions manual and to Dr. Saroj Biswas for helping with Matlab. I a:
grateful to Temple University for granting me a leave in Fall 1998, during which I was ab
to work on the revision of this book. I owe special thanks to Dr. Keya Sadeghipour, de;
of the College of Engineering, and Dr. John Helferty, chairman of the Department of Ele
trical and Computer Engineering for their constant support. As always, particular than]

PREFACE

xv

Suggested Schedule
Chapter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Title
Vector Algebra
Coordinate Systems and Transformation
Vector Calculus
Electrostatic Fields
Electric Fields in Material Space
Electrostatic Boundary-Value Problems
Magnetostatic Fields
Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Devices
Maxwell's Equations
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Transmission Lines
Waveguides
Antennas
Modern Topics
Numerical Methods
Exams
TOTAL

Approximate Number of Hours

2
2
4
6
4
5
4
6
4
5
5
4
5
(3)

(6)
4
60

go to my wife, Chris, and our daughters, Ann and Joyce, for the patience, prayers, and full
support.
As usual, I welcome your comments, suggestions, and corrections.
Matthew N. O. Sadiku

A NOTE TO THE STUDENT

Electromagnetic theory is generally regarded by most students as one of the most difficult
courses in physics or the electrical engineering curriculum. But this misconception may be
proved wrong if you take some precautions. From experience, the following ideas are provided to help you perform to the best of your ability with the aid of this textbook:
1. Pay particular attention to Part I on Vector Analysis, the mathematical tool for this
course. Without a clear understanding of this section, you may have problems with the rest
of the book.
2. Do not attempt to memorize too many formulas. Memorize only the basic ones,
which are usually boxed, and try to derive others from these. Try to understand how formulas are related. Obviously, there is nothing like a general formula for solving all problems. Each formula has some limitations due to the assumptions made in obtaining it. Be
aware of those assumptions and use the formula accordingly.
3. Try to identify the key words or terms in a given definition or law. Knowing the
meaning of these key words is essential for proper application of the definition or law.
4. Attempt to solve as many problems as you can. Practice is the best way to gain
skill. The best way to understand the formulas and assimilate the material is by solving
problems. It is recommended that you solve at least the problems in the Practice Exercise
immediately following each illustrative example. Sketch a diagram illustrating the
problem before attempting to solve it mathematically. Sketching the diagram not only
makes the problem easier to solve, it also helps you understand the problem by simplifying
and organizing your thinking process. Note that unless otherwise stated, all distances are in
meters. For example (2, - 1 , 5) actually means (2 m, - 1 m, 5 m).
A list of the powers of ten and Greek letters commonly used throughout this text is
provided in the tables located on the inside cover. Important formulas in calculus, vectors,
and complex analysis are provided in Appendix A. Answers to odd-numbered problems are
in Appendix C.

XVI