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    A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book TEST STRATEGIES with Practice Tests Third Edition Eli Hinkel, Ph.D. ite ee * to strengthen your skills in understanding spoken English to understand structure and the rules of written English * to improve your reading comprehension © to expand your vocabulary * to enhance your writing skills And to do your best on the Test of English as a Foreign Language SPECIAL FEATURES List of idioms and preparation for the Test of Written English Eight TOEFL practice tests with answer keys A tutorial for the Computer-Based TOEFL ®TOEFL is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service. This publication has been neither reviewed nor endorsed by Educational Testing Service. © Copyright 2004, 1998, 1994 by Eli Hinkel All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the copyright owner, All inquiries should be addressed to: Barton's Educational Series, Inc. 250 Wireless Boulevard Hauppauge, New York 11788 hutp://Awww barronseduc.com ‘TOEFL answer sheets are reprinted by permission of Educational Testing Service, the copyright owner. No endorsement of this publication by Educational Testing Service should be inferred. Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 2003060806 ISBN- 13: 978-0-7641-7745-3 (Book and 5 CDs Package) ISBN-10: 0-7641-7745+1 (Book and 5 CDs Package) ISBN- 13: 978-0-7641-2342-9 (Book only) ISBN-10; 0-7641-2342-4 (Book only) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hinkel, Eli, TOEFL strategies / Eli Hinkel. — 3rd ed p. cm. ISBN 0-7641-2342-4 — ISBN 0-7641-7745-1 (book with Audio CDs) J. Test of English as a Foreign Language—Study guides. 2. English language—Textbooks for foreign speakers. 3. English language—Examinations—Study guides. I. Title. PE1128,H46 2004 428",0076— PRACTICE TOEFL 2 207 AAAAAAAA 7. The passage suggests that, for its time, the Globe ‘Theater was (A) humble (B) harsh (C) austere (D) large 8. According to the passage, in how many buildings was the Globe ‘Theater housed during its operation? (A) One (B) Two (©) Three (D)Four 9. The author implies that the last building housing the Globe was (A) dignified (B) unmistakable (C) hazardous: (D) haunted 10. With which of the following statements is the author most likely t0 agree? (A) The architectural design of the theater was exemplary in the 1600s. (B) The builders did not invest a great deal of thought into the theater design. (C) The theater audience enjoyed plays, as well as the building design. (D) The theater location contributed to the opulence of its design and decorations, GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. » 208 TOEFL STRATEGIES AAAAAAAA Questions 11-22 ‘Vitamins, taken in tiny doses, are a major group of organic compounds that regulate the mechanisms by which the body converts food into energy. They should not be confused with minerals, which are inorganic in their makeup. Although in general the naming of vi- Ene tamins followed the alphabetical order of their identification, the nomenclature of individ- (3) wal substances may appear to be somewhat random and disorganized. Among the 13 vita- mins known today, five are produced in the body. Because the body produces sufficient quantities of some but not all vitamins, they must be supplemented in the daily diet. Al- though each vitamin has its specific designation and cannot be replaced by another com- pound, a lack of one vitamin can interfere with the processing of another. When a lack of (20) even one vitamin in a diet is continual, a vitamin deficiency may result. The best way for an individual to ensure a necessary supply of vitamins is to maintain a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods and provides adequate quantities of all the com- pounds. Some people take vitamin supplements, predominantly in the form of tablets. The vitamins in such supplements are equivalent to those in food, but an adult who maintains a (15) balanced diet does not need a daily supplement. The ingestion of supplements is recom- mended only to correct an existing deficiency due to unbalanced diet, to provide vitamins known to be lacking in a restricted diet, or to act as a therapeutic measure in medical treat- ment. Specifically, caution must be exercised with fat-soluble substances, such as vitamins Aand D, because, taken in gigantic doses, they may present a serious health hazard over a pe- (20) riod of time. 11. In line 1, the word “regulate” is closest in meaning to 15. The author implies that foods (A) supply some but not all necessary (A) control vitamins (B) refine (B) should be fortified with all vitamins S —_ (Care equivalent in vitamin content confine (D) supplement some but not all necessary vitamins 12. According to the passage, vitamins are (A) food particles 16. In line 7, the phrase “daily diet” is closest (B) essential nutrients in meaning to (C) miscellaneous substances (D) major food groups (A) weight loss or gain (B) sufficient quantities 1 a In line 4, the word “nomenclature” is closest in meaning to (A) conservation (B) classification (C) concentration (©) nourishment intake (D)vitamin tablets A continual lack of one vitamin in a person's diet is () clarification (A) contagious (B) desirable 14. How many vitamins must be derived «© preposterous from nourishment? W f) 40.(A) Assign more homework (B)Take class attendance (Give a makeup test STOP< This is the end of Section 1. Read the directions for Section 2. Do not read or work on any other section of the test. Look at the time now before you begin work on Section 2. Use exactly 25 minutes to work on Section 2. A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book PRACTICE TOEFL 4 255 AAAAAAAA Questions 11-18 ‘Observations of nature gained a foothold in art in the 1860s and 1870s when painters in- terested in science attempted to analyze the effects of light on color by means of physics. If the goal of impressionist painters was to copy the visual qualities of sunlight at different an- Line gles, they needed to reproduce light as it appears to the spectator when reflected from the (5) surfaces of structures. In painting, the effects of shade were conveyed by using small strokes to minimize breaks between hues. The so-called divided color method appeared to grasp a shimmering reflection of shadows when minimal portions of primary-color paints were ap- plied directly to the canvas, instead of being blended on the palette, Edouard Manet departed from the fairy-tale style of painting with its tacit symbolism (10) and centered his compositions around the visual reality of ordinary objects. Mary Cassatt fol- lowed with her spontaneous and subtle portraits of children, and Edgar Degas depicted bal- Jet dancers in their artful poses and the color schemes of their costumes in soft colors. Postimpressionism built on the techniques developed by impressionists and supple- mented it with keen insight into other dimensions of objects and scenes. Paul Gaugin chose (15) to disregard the classical conventions of composition, the application of color, and the shap- ing of form and imitated primitivist am that upheld the beauty of native drawings in Tahiti. Henri Matisse created a unique style of poster graphics, deceptively simplistic in its shythm and texture. In his view, paintings were intended to brighten and improve reality, not copy it. He noted that photography can accomplish this latter goal just as well, or even better. 11. This passage probably comes from a 14. In line 8, the word “blended?” is closest longer work on in meaning to (A) science and the fine arts (A) replenished (B) great masters of impressionist (B) placed painting (© rendered (C)light in the paintings of the 1800s (D) mixed (D)new techniques in the art of the 1800s 15. What technique did painters employ to represent light as it appeared to the 12. The author of the passage implies that artist? the goal of the impressionists was to (A) They used as little paint as was (A) reproduce light and shadow exactly necessary. as they appeared (B) They graded the shades of color in (B) depict light as it appeared on hues. different surfaces (C) Their paint colors were dark and {C) copy the pattern of sun rays at muted. different angles (D) Their brush strokes were slow and (D)reflect light and shadow from cautious. surfaces of structures 13. In line 7, the word “shimmering” is closest in meaning to (A) gleaming ‘GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. » «B) strong «©) trembling PRACTICE TOEFL5 269 Hoa 41. (A) Directing traffic (B) Enforcing speed laws (C) Patrolling streets (D) Resolving disputes 42, (A) Changing tires for motorists (B) Verifying vehicle licenses (C) Walking the beat on city streets (D) Producing reports and correspondence 43. (A) I's physically exhausting. (B) Its ineffectual. (©) it can be boring. (D)it may be exhilarating, 44, (A) The first American government (B) Writing in the early colonial times (© Population mobility in the colonial times (D)The establishment of first libraries 45, (A) To describe their new lives (B)To produce literary volumes (€)'To conquer wilderness (D)To improve their writing skills 46.(A)To gain insight and understanding (B)To help shape them into novels (O'To make them a pant of legal institutions {D)To develop American national character 47.(A) Jamestown colony (B) Virginia Company (English tailors (D) Religious organizations 48. (A)In Virginia (B)In Pennsylvania (C)In Boston Bay (D)In Middle Colonies 49. (AyPhiladelphia (ByLondon (©)Jamestown. «ysalem 50. (A) Chronicles (B) Observations and essays (C)Goverament documents (D)Novels and poetry >STOP< This is the end of Section 1. Read the directions for Section 2. Do not read or work on any other section of the test, Look at the time now before you begin work on Section 2 Use exactly 25 minutes to work on Section 2. 270 TOEFL STRATEGIES Section 2 Structure and Written Expression Time: 25 minutes This section is designed to test your ability to recognize language structures that are appro- priate in standard written English. The questions in this section belong to two types, each of which has special directions. Directions: Questions 1-15 are partial sentences. Below each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Select the one word or phrase that best com- pletes the sentence, Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question you have selected. Blacken the space so that the letter inside the oval does not show. Example I Sample Answer Drying flowers is the best way - - - = - - them. e®eoo (A) to preserve (B) by preserving (C) preserve (D) preserved The sentence should state, “Drying flowers is the best way to preserve them." Therefore, the correct answer is (A). Example I Sample Answer Many American universities - - = - - - as small, private colleges. ®©@e0 (A) begun (B) beginning (©) began (D) for the beginning The sentence should state, “Many American universities began as small, private colleges.” Therefore, the correct answer is (C). After you read the directions, begin work on the questions. 1. The Boston Public Library, - - - - - - 2. Toolmakers not only = - - - =~ elaborate 1854, was the first library to be financed tools but also test them for reliability and by donations and proceeds from raffles, ut (A) found it in (A) does it help to construct (B) founded in (B) help in the construction (©)was founded in (© help to construct (D)it was found (D)do help to construct ‘GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. » PRACTICE TOEFL5 271 3. Before he turned 14, Mozart - - - - - - few lesser pieces for the piano. (A) had composed (B) has composed (©) had the composition (D)he had composed 4, One of the quickest methods personality is the self-report inventory. (A) the measuring of (B) to the measures (C) for measurements (D) of measuring 5. Ginkgo trees bear seeds - - - - - - an unpleasant odor to discourage animals from eating them (A) who have (B) that have (© which they (D) that are 6. Patrick Henry, born in 1736, --- - - - by his father, who had advanced training in, mechanies. (A) had taught (B) has been taught (C) taught (D) was taught 7. In the 1950s, many people believed that the more they produced and consumed, (A) they were the more affluent (B) the more affluent they were (© were they affluent (D) they were affluent 8. A meteor burns brightly === == « through the earth's atmosphere. (A) as it descends (B) as descending (C) whether it descends (D) when descends 10. Automatic fire alarms, 9. Mass transit systems relieve traffic congestion when the service is convenient, - - - - - - , and affordable. (A) comfort (B) comforting (©comfonable (D) comforted detector, are installed in almost all public buildings. (A) such as the ubiquitous (B)so ubiquitous (© such is the ubiquitous (D)so as the ubiquitous 11. When a person is in shock, the blood geese enough oxygen to the brain. (A) supplies fail to (B) supplied fails to (© failing to supply (D)fails to supply 12, Throughout history, elevated ranges have been viewed as barriers to transportation and ------ s (A) to the communicating (B) to the communications (© communication (D) communication with 13. About 90 percent of fabrics distributed to secondary sewing outlets - - weaving or knitting, (A) are manufactured the (B) are manufactured by (© by manufacturing the (D) manufactured by GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. » 272 TOEFL STRATEGIES @eeoeoece9o 14, Deer ticks - - - - - - vacationers hiking or camping in mixed deciduous forests. (A) never trouble (B) never any trouble (©) troubles never ()trouble never 15. Either the goalkeeper or one of the other players - - - - - - the ball from the goal (A) retrieving (®) retrieval (C) retrieves (D)retrieve GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. + PRACTICE TOEFLS 273 Directions: In questions 1640 every sentence has four words or phrases that are underlined. The four underlined portions of each sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the one word or phrase that should be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and blacken the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have selected. Sample Answer Example I e2oo0 Christopher Columbus has sailed from Europe in 1492 and discovered a new land he thought to A B c D be India. The sentence should state, “Christopher Columbus sailed from Europe in 1492 and discov- ered a new land he thought to be India.” Therefore, you should choose answer CA). Example IL Sample Answer ®eoo As the roles of people in society change, so does the rules of conduct in certain situations, A B Cc D ‘The sentence should state, “As the roles of people in society change, so do the rules of con- duct in certain situations.” Therefore, you should choose answer (B). After you read the directions, begin work on the questions. 16. The Slater Mill, built in 1793, it was one of the first successful mills in the United States. A B c D 17. In kindergarten, children are generally unrestricted in expressing their ideas by talk A B Cc 18, Japanese initially used jeweled objects to decorate swords and ceremonial items. A B c D 19. The legal age which a person is considered to be an adult is customarily 18. A B c D 20. Australian aborigines adhere to their tribal traditions and few marriage outside the tribe. A B Ly D 21. During a radio broadcast, a microphone picks up speech and another live sounds. A B c D 22. Although both are the bread and butter of recreational vehicles, camping trailers are smaller A B and compacter than tra trailers. c GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. » A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book PRACTICE TOEFL5 279 AAAAAAAA Questions 12-23 Consumers are frequently unaware that about 30 percent of nationwide department stores are franchises with numerous outlets. Chain stores are a group of retail stores that are supervised or coordinated by centralized management. From a business perspective, chain Zine stores have numerous advantages over independent stores, one of which is that the parent () company almost always has the credit to purchase large quantities of goods to supply to its ‘outlets and to receive a discount for placing such an order. Through the centralized system of distribution, chain stores can absorb the cost and price differential and attract consumers with various physical and psychological needs. They can also distribute their operating costs for accounting, advertising, marketing, merchandising, and transportation, ZO) In general, approximately 50 percent of gross product cost results from the associated marketing research and distribution. While research focuses on the probable market seg- ‘ments, it strongly consiclers consumer behavior and cognitive motives rather than the ac- tual prices of goods. Similarly, the cost increase in the multiple channels of distribution accounts for about 23 percent of the unit price, By combining their marketing resources and (15) distribution networks, franchise outlets can avoid performing whole stages of marketing studies and layers of distribution networks to reduce unit prices, It is the central company that conducts marketing and communicates with manufacturers, thus controlling produc- tion decisions and the pricing policy. Franchises operate according to their contracts with the parent company and pay it a fraction of their net gains. They symbolize a brand name (20) and identify their goods with a particular range of quality that sets it apart from other, simi- lar products. Essentially, chain stores convert consumer brand name loyalty into profit; this factor determines franchise proliferation and results in a relatively low degree of failure, 12. With what topic is the passage mainly 15, It can be inferred from the passage that concerned? (A) The marketing of chain store products (B) The business rationale for chain stores (€) Pricing and distribution in franchises (D) Brand name imaging of retail outlets 13. In line 2, the word “outlets” is closest in meaning to (A) stock markets (B) store rooms (©) retailers (D) outfits 14. In line 7, the word “absorb” is closest in meaning to (A) absolve (B) cushion (€) hide (D) advertise chain stores (A) are more expensive than department stores (B) can economize by controlling their operating cos (C) have a greater consumer appeal than the parent company (D)have power in identifying their market segments 16, According to the passage, what does marketing research include? (A) The actual prices of goods: (B) Consumer segments and behavior (C) Multiple channels of distribution (D) The percentage of gross product cost GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. + 282 TOEFL STRATEGIES AAAA 29. It can be inferred from the passage that a AAA A 33. It can be inferred from the passage that census of industries took place in census data are necessary to (a) 1990 (A) rebuild urban infrastructure (B) 1994 (B) determine arising needs (©).1998 (C) analyze the electoral outlook (091997 (D) identify sources of criminal activity 30. In line 17, the word “consistent” is 34. The author of the passage implies that 31 32. closest in meaning to most censuses are conducted by (A) constant (A) private agencies (B) uniform (B) public organizations (C) assorted (C) the central government (D) conjectural (D)the statistical bureau To gather complete information, the organization conducting the census contacts all people who (A) speak at the same time (Byhave a similar economic status (C) are involved in similar activities (D)are concerned about a specific problem Where in the passage does the author describe how census information is collected? CA} Lines 1-3, (B) Lines 7-14 *(C) Lines 15-19 (D)Lines 21-24 35. In line 23, the word “statistics” is closest in meaning to (A) equations (B) solutions (€) questionnaires (D) data GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. » PRACTICE TOEFL5 263 AAAAAAAA Questions 36-42 ‘The body of the honey bee, like the bodies of all insects, is divided into three sections: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen, The bee's entire body is covered with fine hairs to which grains of pollen adhere as the bee moves from flower to flower, harvesting nectar and polli- Line nating plants. The hairs on the antennae provide a means for tactile sensing without the () ability to grasp extending objects. In pigmentation, bees range from black to shades of very pale brown, thus reflecting their wasplike ancestry. The queens are larger by far than both workers and drones, with the drones being bigger than workers. ‘A honey bee has five eyes—three secondary ones that form a triangle on top of its head and a large compound eye on either side of its head, The compound eyes center around thou- (20) sands of tenses clustered closely to one another, Bees cannot focus their eyes, as many mam- mals do, because their eyes have no pupils. Bees were the first insects known to distinguish color, an ability due to the color sensitivity of their optic nerve particles. Their vision is espe- cially receptive to hues of blue and yellow and to ultraviolet rays, unseen by humans. How- ever, bees see red in the same way they see green but can distinguish geometrical patterns in (15) the shapes of foliage and blossoms. 36. It can be inferred from the passage that 40. In line 10, the word “clustered” is closest the body of the bee in meaning to (A) has a pronounced abdomen (AD lined up (B) has fine layers (B)tumed up (©) is colored for protection (© bunched (D)is typically compound (Dybundled 37. According to the passage, what do bees 41, In line 13, the word “hues” is closest in collect? meaning to (A) lowers (A) shades (B) grains (B) layers (©) nectar and pollen (C) specks (D)extending objects (circles 38. According to the passage, what purpose 42, Tt can be inferred from the passage that do the fine hairs on the body of the bee bees are LEAST likely to distinguish Serve! (A) ultraviolet light (A) They identify the bees’ ancestry (By red flowers from foliage (B) They furnish a sense of touch (©) shapes in their proximity (©) They carry pollen to female (D)patterns of leaf veins blossoms (D) They camouflage the insect. 39. How many classes of bees are mentioned in the passage? (A) Two. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. » (B) Three (©) Four WD) Five A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book ) G} 6.(A) Do you have the chemistry assignment? (B) Will Frank come to the chemistry lab? (©) Does Frank teach chemistry? (D) Will Frank be willing to help us? 7.(A) Only two pieces of luggage can be checked in, (B) The boxes and the suitcases should be checked. (C) The suitcases belong to another passenger, (D)Suiteases cannot be checked in. 8.(A) Do you know where my coat is? (B) Have you been wearing my red coat? (€) Where is your coat? (D)Have you read it yet? 9. (A) He lives in the dorm. (B) He has a new apartment. (C) His apartment is north of campus. (D)He is moving soon. 10. (A) The wait is 15 minutes if you have a reservation. (B) Those who have to wait should make reservations, (©) The waiting 00m is on the fifth floor. (D)Without a reservation, you may wait for almost an hour, 11. (A) She thinks the food is excellent. (B)She feels that the price is reasonable, (C) She doesn’t want to order the salad. (D)She thinks they should order dessert. 12. (A) Repair Jennifer's car. (B) Start diving to Jennifer's house. (©)Take Jennifer to the library. (D) Take Jennifer to the bank. 13.(A) He is excited about the show. (B)He has been to the museum many times. (C)He has seen the crafts displayed at the show, (D)He doesn't want to attend the craft show PRACTICE TOEFL6 289 i] OW 14. (A) Avoid traveling through the city. (By Travel on a different day. (Stay away from highways. (D) Travel at 75 miles an hour. 15, (A)In the kitchen, (B)In a bookstore, (C)At a sports counter. (D)Near the outside door. 16.(A)She is the course advisor. (B)The man needs to take the history course. (C)The man is not taking a discussion course. (D)She cannot advise the man, 17.{A}It’s around the corner, (B)Its in the next block. (OUIe’s on woman's right. (DM's at the end of the block. 18. (A) At a packaging company. (ByIn Seattle. (CALA post office. «D)In a weight loss clinic. 19. (A) His wife does not like the man’s brother, (B) He'll be busy on Saturday. (He'll be away for the weekend. (D)His wife will be away. 20.CA)A s clerk, (B)A shoe-maker. €©)A receptionist (DA tailor, 21.€A)Go to the pool (B)Make a phone call C) Correct the mistake. (D)Write a letter. 22, CANIS been a great day. (B)We should do it all today. (©)We should stop for today. (D)Let’s call Kay. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. » 292 TOEFL STRATEGIES HOA oD DIRECTIONS: In this part of the test, you will hear several short talks. After each talk, you will hear some questions. The talks and questions will be spoken only one time. After you hear a question, read the four selections and choose the best answer. Then, on. your answer sheet, find the number of the question and blacken the space that corresponds to the letter for the answer you have chosen. Listen to this sample talk. You will hear: Now listen to the following example. Sample Answer You will hear: @®e00 You will read: (A) By cars and carriages (B) By bicycles, trains, and carriages. (© On foot and by boat (D) On board ships and teains. The best answer to the question “According to the speaker, how did people travel before the invention of the automobile?" is (B), “By bicycles, trains, and carriages." Therefore, the cor rect answer is (B). Sample Answer ®02eo0 Now listen to another sample question. You will read: (A) One million (B) Ten million (C) Twelve million (D) Ninety million The best answer to the question “Approximately how many people are employed in the automobile service industry?” is (C), “Twelve million.” Therefore, the correct answer is (C). Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or write in your test book. 39.(A) To discuss the importance of expensive clothes 41.(A) They don't care about their appearance. (B) They don't arrive on time? (B)To explain the purpose of interviews. (C)To prepare listeners for a job interview, {D)To emphasize the importance of being polite. 40,(A)It should be expensive, (B)It can bring good fortune. (Olt is requited of all interviewers. (D)It should be clean, (© They borrow other people's clothes. (Dy They lose money if they are careless. 42.(A}To match that of the interviewer. (ByIncrease it (0 save time. (C}Slow it down and think before responding, (D)To meet the interviewer's expectations. ‘GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. » fH] G) fl 43. (A) A party in Boston. (B)A raid by American colonists. (C) Tea popularity in America. (DyThe price of merchandise in Boston. 44, (A) In 1342 (B)In 1660 (C)In 1767 (DyIn 1773 45.(A) One (@B) Two (€) Three (D)Four 46. (A) They wanted to profit from its sales. (B) They wanted to destroy it (€)'The tea was not fit for consumption, (Dy The tea was too expensive to buy. 47. (A)3 percent (B)5 percent (C) 36 percent (D)100 percent PRACTICE TOEFL6 293 Ho W 48. (A) Events as they continue to occur. (B) Voters’ attitudes at a particular time (©) People’s political beliefs in general. (D>Politician's views on current problems 49.(A) They distributed the information. (B) They used a scientific method (C}They reminded voters to go to the polls. (D) They made phone calls to ask for opinions. 50. (A) Roosevelt lost to Landon by a landslide, (B) The sample didn't include various groups of population, (©)Voters changed their minds (D)The sample of the population was not large enough. »STOP< This is the end of the Listening Comprehension Section of the Test ‘The next part of the ‘Test is Section 2. ‘Turn to the directions for Section 2, read them, and begin work Do not read or work on any other section of the test A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book PRACTICE TOEFL6 311 AAAAAAAA 47. According to the passage, immigrants 49, In line 22, the word “industrious” is the 48. from Europe (A) arrived in Chicago by ships and boats (B) came to the city to enjoy its beaches (©) arrived in large numbers (D) came to Chicago to live in a large city What changes have occurred in the city since the 1940s? (A) Many residents moved out to neighboring towns. (B) Its population grew rapidly. (C) Many residents forgot their ethnic heritage. (D) Its original builders moved back to Europe. closest in meaning to (A) employed in an industry (B) hard-working (C) ill-famed (D) employed in construction According to the passage, currently most sesiclents of Chicago (A) speak several languag (B) do not shop in local stores ¢€) do not have community institutions «D) predominantly speak English PRACTICE TOEFL7 315 Hoo 6.(A) Pay for new clothes (B) Exercise regulas (C) Have his clothes altered (D) Weigh himself every day 7.(A) She isa guest here. (B) She is still thinking, (C) Sh hed ordering (D)She is guessing, 8.(A) Tracey is very reliable (B) Tracey doesn’t mention Marsha. (©) Tracey is Jess dependable than Marsha (Di Tracey is more striking than Marsha 9.(A) He is joking. (B) He is not kidding. (©) He agrees with the woman, (D)He likes motorcycle races. 10. CA) Plan a vacation (B) Buy a camera (©) Take a wip (D)Leave the camera 11. (A) He is unloading the truck. (B) He has a good mind, (©)He is happy to help the woman, (D)He is also bothered by the noise 12.(A) Cancel her appointment (B) Wait until June (©)See the doctor now (D)Make another appointment 13. (A) She doesn't like it when people look at her, (B) She doesn't intend to lend the man the (€) She works in the loan department at the bank, (DyUnlike the man, she has paid her tuition already. 14, (A) The cut should be made differently than was proposed (B) There is ample time to analyze the data. (©) The time for data analysis may not be sufficient (DyThe market survey won't be completed in time. 15. (A)She knows about the road construction. (B)She can't find an alternate route home. (€) She wants more information about the traffic (D)She wants the man to tell her about his problems. 16.(A) They should have stayed in their hotel. (B)'They should have checked their route. (©) The stadium is difficult to find (D)The map was lost while they were driving, 17. (A) Discuss buying the house (B)Talk to the buyer (C) Appraise the property (D)Play volleyball 18, (A) Looking for something else for the children 10 do (B) Finding other means of transportation cling the trip to the new (Dy Taking the trip on another day of the week 19. (A) Playing cards (B) Writing letters (©) Playing a board game (D)Memorizing vocabulary 20. (A) She is surprised. (B) She is excited. (©) She is angry. (D)She is disgusted. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. » 316 TOEFL STRATEGIES MoO oo 21.(A)He cannot eat dinner alone, (B) He came in with two other people. (C) Three people will have dinner. (Da table for two people is needed. 22.(A) The salesman was not helpful (B) The salesman was excellent. STOP< This is the end of Section 2. Read the directions for Section 3. Do not read or work on any other section of the test. Look at the time now before you begin work on Section 3. Use exactly 55 minutes to work on Section 3. 354 TOEFL STRATEGIES AAAAAAAA Questions 1-12 Architecture has social purposes and meets practical needs by means of combining art and technological innovations. In building construction, however, an emergence of new materials does not make its precursors obsolete, and architectural knowledge is cumulative. Line ‘The fact that today much is constructed from prefabricated concrete does not do away with (S) brick. Furthermore, despite dramatic changes and increased technological sophistication of architectural design and construction, the essential apparatus of erecting a building has remained rooted in preindustrial traditional practices passed down during the millennia. The social and utilitarian expectations of structures are largely based on elemental demands of keeping out elements and enemies, ameliorating the extremes of heat, and avoiding the (40) intrusion of wind, precipitation, and pests. Gravity, air pressure, and earthquakes can induce tensions that have to be accounted for when constructing functional enclosed space. Vertical stacking of masonry materials causes compression that can lead to important problems when a structure is spanned to build a roof and connect walls, Arches, vaults, and domes were specifically developed to alleviate (15) the compression by directing the spanning element along a curve rather than a straight line. Building suspension structures, dams, and tunnels became possible in the nineteenth century with the increased availability of steel that could reinforce structural frames and enable them to withstand natural forces previously believed to be insurmountable. Functional evolutions of modern buildings create new demands on the analysis of struc- (20) tural behavior and engineering. Few occupants of skyscrapers view elevators as elaborate systems of vertical transportation. Humidity and temperature control, forced ventilation, nat- ural and artificial lighting, sanitation and disposal of waste, electrical wiring, and fire pre- vention make very tall constructions engineering marvels that also must be aesthetically pleasing and physically convenient. (25) — Execting a structure involves a great deal more than merely attending to the aesthetics and psychological experience of architectural space. The shape, size, and incombustibility of locally available construction materials fostered developments of specific technologies, and brick and stone masonry have evolved in response to the need for structural durability. Advances in civil engineering and knowledge associated with properties of building materials combine to lead to (30) innovations in architectural design. Tools and skills required to exploit easily obtainable materi- als have continued to inform the development of modern industrialized technologies. 1. What is the main topic of the passage? 3. The author mentions the word “brick” in WS jhe modem aiecEarcidiecire and line $ as an example of which of the social pressure folewtg (B) The profound importance of tradition (A) How old techniques can continue to in architecture remain practical (©) The mutual impact of architecture (B) How old buildings can coexist with and technology modem architecture «D)The great technological advances in (©) How new knowledge can supplant building materials traditional technology ‘ (D) How new design can improve 2. The word “obsolete” in line 3 is closest traditional construction in meaning to (A) obvious (B) obstinate (C) antiquarian GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. » (D) antiquated A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book A You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book PRACTICE TOEFL 8 361 AAAAAAAA }4. In line 6, the word “plagued” is closest in 36. meaning to (A) diseased (B) disfigured (©) trampled (D)tormented 5, It can be inferred from the passage that Samuel Johnson (Addi not eam a college degree (B) did not enter a prestigious college (C) evaded unusual behaviors (D)avoided extremes of emotion According to the passage, Johnson's marriage (A}was a miserable failure due to poverty (B) was motivated by convenience and money (©) provided him a safe haven (D)afforded him new writing venues The word onistic” in line 17 is closest in meaning to (Ay hallow (BY heated (C) hospitable (D)hostile 38 39. 40. 4l According to the passage, the Dictionary descriptions of word meanings (A) are emulated by modern lexicographers (B) were not without peculiarities (€) are considered exemplary by linguists (D) were not consistently illustrated ‘The word “obscure” in line 30 is closest in meaning to (A) offensive (B) obtuse (C) irrelevant (D) irreverent Which of the following is NOT mentioned among the genres of Johnson's writing? (A) Plays (B) Biographies (C) Quotations (D) Articles The word “slight” in line 27 is closest in meaning to (A) trivial (B) triumphant (C) sinister (D)solema GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. + 362 TOEFL STRATEGIES AAAAAAAA Questions 42-50 Psychologists who work on motivation research a wide range of human traits and physi- ological characteristics that include the effects of hunger, reward, and punishment, as well as desires for power, tangible achievement, social acceptance, belongingness, self-esteem, Line and self-actualization. A plethora of hypotheses developed in the nineteenth and twentieth () centuries have the goal of identifying causes of an organism's behavior that can be both conscious and unconscious. The hierarchical organization of human needs is a theoretical model, originally established by an American psychologist, Abraham Maslow, in 1954. The needs located at the bottom of the pyramid are the essentials of physiological survival that encompass oxygen, water, nuttition, rest, and avoidance of pai Maslow’s theory, grounded (10) in research, also stipulated that these are variable and, at least o some extent, may explain, for example, food gratification. The second tier is rooted in the human need for safety, sta- bility, and protection In the human life cycle, the needs for belonging are manifested in the desires to marry, have a family, belong in a community or among similarly minded people. In part, the need (15) to belong can also show up in a search for particular types of occupations or careers. The next level of the hierarchy in effect deals with two substrata, where the first presumes the need for status, prestige, recognition, appreciation, and dominance, and the higher division includes a conglomeration of emotionally centered traits that pivot on competence, conti- dence, mastery, achievement, independence, and freedom (20) The top tier is different from all others, and Maslow referred to it as growth motivation and self-actualization, At the highest level, individuals seek to realize and put to use their creativity. talent, leadership, curiosity, and understanding. At this level people can reach their full potentials and accurately perceive and accept reality, seek privacy and depth in personal relationships, resist enculturation, and develop social interests, compassion, and (23) humanity, In many cases, self-actualizers do not ad ordinary lives, choose growth over safety, and cultivate peak experiences that leave their mark and change one for the better. 42. According to the passage, what does psychology of motivation attempt to uncover?

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