ABSTRACT

Vellore Municipality has been upgraded with Corporation status. The steady incre
mental in the city population results in the increase of domestic sewage generat
ion. But still now there is no treatment plant. So it is required to construct a
Sewage Treatment Plant with sufficient capacity to treat the increased sewage.
The project deals with the design of the Sewage Treatment plant and its major co
mponents such screening chamber, grit chamber, skimming tank, sedimentation tank
, secondary clarifier, active sludge tank and sludge drying beds.
The project covers the 10.54 sq.km, 48 wards of Vellore Municipal Corporation fo
r next 30 years and its increased population. Vellore City, the Head Quarters of
the Vellore District is at a distance of 135 km West of Chennai and 35 km south
of Chittoor Town (Andhra Pradesh).
With regard to Vellore, almost the entire town and environment are plain and the
general slope is from West to East. The town is situated at the altitude of 12S5N
latitude and 78E longitude. The soil of the area is being gravel, rocky and a la
rge proportion of sand and gravel. All the aspects of Vellore s climate and topogr
aphy, its population growth rate is to be considered while designing the project
.
By the execution of the project the entire sewage of the city can be treated eff
ectively and efficiently.
Qo(m3 / h)
Qe (m3 / h)
Qr (m3 / h)
Qw (m3/ h)
BOD (mg / L)
BODo (mg / L)
SS (mg / L)
SSr , w (mg / L)
A (m3 / h)
MLSS (mg / L)
t (h)
OL (kg BOD / m3. day)
F / M (kg BOD / kg MLSS .
day)
R
SA (day)
ASR (m3 / kg BOD)
E (%)
Cd
Influent flow - rate
Effluent flow - rate
Recycled sludge flow - rate
Wasted sludge flow - rate
Biochemical oxygen demand
Influent biochemical oxygen
demand
Suspended solids (SS)
Recycled and wasted sludge SS
Air flow - rate
Mixed liquor suspended solids
Hydraulic retention time
Organic loading
Food to microorganism ratio
Recycle ratio

Sludge age
Air supply rate
BOD removal efficiency
Co-efficient of discharge
ABBREVIATIONS

INTRODUCTION
SEWERAGE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and hou
sehold sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemi
cal, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contam
inants. Its objective is to produce a treated effluent and a solid waste or slud
ge suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment. This material is o
ften inadvertently contaminated with many toxic organic and inorganic compounds.
Sewage implies the collecting of wastewaters from occupied areas and conveying t
hem to some point of disposal. The liquid wastes will require treatment before t
hey are discharged into the water body or otherwise disposed of without endanger
ing the public health or causing offensive conditions.
As the cities have grown, the more primitive method of excreta disposal have gai
n place to the water-carried sewerage system. Even in the small cities the great
er safety of sewerage, its convenience, and freedom from nuisance have caused it
to be adopted wherever finances permit.
DEFINITIONS
Sewerage is the art of collecting, treating and finally disposing of the sewage.
Sewage is liquid, consists of any one or a mixture of liquid waste origins from
urinals, latrines, bath rooms, kitchens of a dwelling, commercial building or in
stitutional buildings.
Storm sewage is a liquid flowing in sewer during or following a period of rainfa
ll and resulting there from.
A Partially Separate Sewer System is the sewerage system in which the
domestic sewage is carried with the storm water in the rain season.
Activated sludge is the active biological floc produced in activated sludge plan
ts, largely composed of saprotrophic bacteria, protozoan flora (amoebae) and a r
ange of other filter feeding species.
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) is the amount of suspended solids in the mi
x of raw water and activated sludge.
Return activated sludge (R.A.S) is the activated sludge extracted from the syste
m and mixed with raw water to form the mixed liquor.
Waste activated sludge (W.A.S.) or Surplus Activated Sludge (S.A.S.) is excess a
ctivated sludge that is extracted from the system to be directed to sludge treat
ment.
Sludge Age is the average residence time of biological solids in the system. It
can be defined as the average lifespan of bacteria in the system.
Overflow rate / Surface loading is the discharge per unit of plan area. This par
ameter is the design factor in designing the settling tanks.
Food to Micro-organisms ratio (F/M ratio) is the ratio between daily BOD load ap
plied to Aerator System and total microbial mass in the system.
TREATMENT OF SEWAGE
The treatment of sewage consists of many complex functions. The degree of treatm
ent depends upon the characteristics of the raw inlet sewage as well as the requ

ired effluent characteristics.

Treatment processes are often classified as:
(i)
Preliminary treatment
(ii)
Primary treatment
(iii) Secondary treatment
(iv) Tertiary treatment.
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT:
Preliminary treatment consists solely in separating the floating materials like
tree branches, papers, pieces of rags, wood etc. and heavy settable inorganic so
lids. It helps in removal of oils and greases and reduces the BOD by 15% to 30%.
The processes under this are:
.
Screening
to remove floating papers, rags, clothes.
.
Grit chamber
.
Skimming tank

to remove grit and sand.

to remove oils and greases.

PRIMARY TREATMENT:
Primary treatment consists in removing large suspended organic solids. It is usu
ally accomplished by sedimentation in settling basins. The liquid effluent from
the primary treatment often contains a large amount of suspended organic materia
l and has a high BOD (about 60% of original).
SECONDARY TREATMENT:
Here the effluent from primary treatment is treated through biological decomposi
tion of organic matter carried out either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
Aerobic Biological Units:
I) Filters ( intermittent sand filters, trickling filters) II) Activated Sludge
Plant (feed of active sludge, secondary settling tank and aeration tank) III) Ox
idation ponds and Aerated lagoons.
Anaerobic Biological Units:
I) Anaerobic lagoons
II) Septic tanks
III) Imhoff tanks.
The effluent from the secondary treatment contains a little BOD (5% to 10% of or
iginal) and may contain several milligrams per litre of s DO.
TERTIARY TREATMENT:
The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final treatment stage to raise
the effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment (sea,
river, lake, ground, etc.). More than one tertiary treatment process may be use
d at any treatment plant. If disinfection is practiced, it is always the final p
rocess. It is also known as "effluent polishing".
DESIGN PERIOD:
A sewerage scheme involves the laying of underground sewer pipes and constructio
n of costly treatment units, which cannot be replaced or increased in their capa
cities easily or conveniently at a later date. In order to avoid such complicati
ons, the future expansions of the city and consequent increase in the sewage qua
ntity should be forecasted to serve the community satisfactorily for a reasonabl
e year. The future period for which the provision is made in designing the capac
ities of various components of the sewerage is known as design period. This
sewage treatment plant is designed for 30 years.

PARAMETERS
pH
BOD
COD
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
Nitrogen
Ammonia Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
(as PO4)
Total Coli form
RAW SEWAGE OF
VELLORE Corp.*
6.4
300 mg/l
600 mg/l
50 mg/l
600 mg/l 61 mg/l 50 mg/l
5 mg/l
100000 MPN/ml
EFFLUENT
(expected)**
5.5-9.0
= 20 mg/l
= 250 mg/l
= 5 mg/l
= 30 mg/l
= 5 mg/l
= 50 mg/l
= 5 mg/l
= 1000 no/100 ml
* -Raw sewage characteristics, tested in Environmental laboratory with
T
echnical division, Vellore Corporation. ** -Expected effluent characteristics ac
cording the design. POPULATION FORECAST:
Forecasting method: Incremental increase method.
Year Population Incremental Incremental increase
1951 1,06,024 7,718
1961 1,13,742 25,430 17,622
1971 1,39,082 35,165 9,825
1981 1,74,247 814 -34,351
1991 1,75,061 2,352 1,538
2001 1,77,413
Avg =71,389
Avg = -5,366
x = 71,3895 = 14,278.
y = -53664 = -1342. Pn = P0 + nx + n n+12 x y Base period as 2010, P2010 = 1,77,
413 + 0.9 x 14278 + 0.9 0.9+12 x (-1342) = 1,89,116.
Intermediate period as 2025, P2025 = 1,77,413 + 2.4 x 14278 + 2.4 2.4+12 x (-134
2) = 2,10,343. Ultimate design period as 2040,
P2040 = 1,77,413 + 3.9 x 14278 + 3.9 3.9+12 x (-1342) = 2,45,920 At design perio

d of 30 years the forecasted population of the Vellore city is 2,45,920.

CALCULATION OF SEWAGE GENERATION:
Ultimate design period = 30 years Forecast
ed population at 2040 = 24.920
Per Capita Water Supply = 135 lpcd Avg. wate
r supply per day
= 24920 x 135
= 33199200
33200000 = 33.
2 MLD Avg. sewage generation per day = 80% of supplied water
= 0.8 x 33.2
= 26.56 MLD In cumec,
Avg. sewage generation per day = 26
.56 X 1061000 X 24 X 60 X 60
Avg. discharge = 0.308 cumec
Max. discharge = 3 x avg
. discharge = 3 x 0.308 = 0.924 cumec

SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS

GENERAL
Sewage contains various types of impurities and disease bacteria. This sewage is
disposed of by dilution or on land after its collection and conveyance. If the
sewage is directly disposed of, it will be acted upon the natural forces, which
will convert it into harmful substances. The natural forces of purification cann
ot purify any amount of sewage within specified time. If the quantity of sewage
is more, then receiving water will become polluted or the land will become sewag
e sick. Under such circumstances it becomes essential to do some treatment of th
e sewage, so that it can be accepted by the land or receiving water without any
objection. These treatment processes will directly depend on the types of impuri
ties present in the sewage and the standard up to which treatment is required.
OBJECT OF TREATMENT
The main object of treatment units is to reduce the sewage contents (solids) fro
m the sewage and remove all the nuisance causing elements and change the charact
er of the sewage in such a way that it can be safely discharged in natural water
course applied on the land.
In other words, the objective of sewage treatment is to produce a disposable eff
luent without causing harm or trouble to the communities and prevent pollution.
Practically the treatment of sewage is required in big cities only where the vol
ume of the sewage is more as well as the quantity of various types of solid, ind
ustrial sewage etc. is more and porous land or large quantity of water bodies is
not available for the proper disposal of sewage.
DEGREE OF TREATMENT
The degree of treatment will mostly be decided by regulatory agencies and the ex
tent to which the final product of treatment are to be utilized. The regulatory
bodies might have laid down standard for the effluent or might specify the condi
tion under which the effluent must be discharged into the natural stream. The me
thod of treatment adopted should not only meet the requirement of the regulatory
bodies, but also result in the maximum use of the end product with economy.
DESIGN PERIOD
The treatment plant is normally designed to meet the requirement over a 30 year
period after it completion. The time lag between the design and completion shoul
d not normally exceed 2-3 years. Care should be taken that the plant is not cons
iderably under loaded in the initial stages, particularly the sedimentation tank
.
The ultimate design period should be 30 years and to that extent sufficient acco
mmodation should be provided for all the units necessary to cater to the need of
ultimate population. In some cases, it may be necessary to combine a number of
sewage systems with a common sewage treatment plant.
LOCATION OF TREATMENT PLANT
The treatment plant should be located as near to the point of disposal as possib
le. If the sewage as to be disposed finally in to the river, the plant should be

located near the river bank. Care should be taken while locating the site that
it should be on the downstream side of the city and sufficiently away from water
intake works. If finally the sewage as to be applied on land, the treatment pla
nt should be located near the land at such a place from where the treated sewage
can directly flow under gravitational forces toward the disposal point. The pla
nt should not be much far away from the town to reduce the length of the sewer l
ine.
On the other hand the site should not be close to the town, that it may cause di
fficulties in the expansion of town and may pollute the general atmosphere by sm
ell and fly nuisance.
LAYOUT OF TREATMENT PLANT
The following point should be kept in mind while giving layout of any sewage tre
atment plant:
All the plant should be located in the order of sequence, so that sewage from on
e process should directly go to other process.
If possible all the plant should be located at such elevation that sewage can fl
ow from one plant into next under its force of gravity only.
All the treatment units should be arranged in such a way that minimum area is re
quired it will also ensure economy in its cost.
Sufficient area should be occupied for future extension.
Staff quarter and office also should be provided near the treatment plant, so th
at operators can watch the plant easily.
The site of treatment plant should be very neat and give very good appearance.
Bypass and overflow weir should be provided to cut out of operation any unit whe
n required.
All channels, conduits should be laid in such a way as to obtain flexibility, co
nvenience and economy in the operation.
POINT CONSIDERED IN DESIGN: Following points are considered during the design of
sewage treatment unit:
The design period should be taken between 25 to 30 years.
The design should not be done on the hourly sewage flow basis, but the average d
omestic flow plus the maximum industrial flow on the yearly record basis.
Instead of providing one big unit for each treatment more than two numbers small
units should provided, which will provide in operation as well as no stoppage d
uring maintenance and repair of the plant.
Overflow weirs and the bypasses should be provided to cut the particular operati
on if desired.
Self cleaning velocity should develop at every place and stage.

The design of the treatment units should be economical; easy in maintenance shou
ld offer flexibility in operation.

RECEIVING CHAMBER
Receiving chamber is the structure to receive the raw sewage collected through U
nder Ground Sewage System from the city. It is a rectangular shape tank construc
ted at the entrance of the sewage treatment plant. The main sewer pipe is direct
ly connected with this tank.
DESIGN: Design flow = 0.924 cumec
Detention time = 60 sec Volume required = f
low X detention time = 0.924 x 60 Vrqd = 55.44 m3 Provide, depth = 3m
Area = 55.443
= 18.48 m2 Length: Breadth = 2:1
L x B = 2B x B =2B2= 18.48 B
= 3m L = 6.2m CHECK:
Volume designed = 6.2 x 3 x 3
Vdes = 55.8 m2
Vrqd = 55.44 m3
Vdes > Vrqd Receiving chamber is designed for the size of 6.2m X 3m X 3m (SWD)
+ 0.5 (FB)
SCREENING
GENERAL:
Screening is the very first operation carried out at a sewage treatment plant an
d consists of passing the raw sewage through different types of screens so as to
trap and remove the floating matter such as tree leaves, paper, gravel, timber
pieces, rags, fibre, tampons, cans, and kitchen refuse etc.
PURPOSE OF SCREENING:
Screening is essential in sewage treatment for removal of materials which would
otherwise damage the plant, interfere with the satisfactory operation of treatme
nt unit or equipment.
To protect the pumps and other equipments from the possible damages due to float
ing matter.
To remove the major floating matters from the raw sewage in a simple manner befo
re it reaches into the complex high energy required process.
COARSE SCREENS
` The coarse screens essentially consist of steel bars or flat placed 30 to 60 inc
lination to the horizontal. The opening between bars are 50mm or above. These ra
cks are placed in the screen chamber provided in the way of sewer line.
The width of the rack channel should be sufficient so that self cleaning velocit
y should be available and a bypass channel should be provided to prevent the ove
rtopping. The bypass channel is provided with vertical bar screen. A well draine
d trough is provided to store the impurities while cleaning the rack. These rack
s are cleaned mechanically.
DESIGN OF COARSE SCREEN:
Peak discharge of sewage = 0.924 m3/s
Assume the velocity at average flow is not allowed to exceed 0.8 m/s

The net area screen opening required = 0.9240.8 = 1.16 m2 Clear opening between
bars = 30 mm = .03 m Size of the bars
=75 mm x 10 mm Assume width of the c
hannel = 1m The screen bars are placed at 60 to the horizontal. Velocity through
screen at peak flow = 1.6 m/s
Clear area = 1.161.6sin6
0
= 0.837 m2
No of clear openings = 0.8370.03 =28 Nos
Width of channel = (28 x 30) + (29 x 10) = 1130 mm = 1.13 m Provide width of the
channel = 1.2 m
Coarse screen channel is designed for the size of
1.2 m X 0.7m (SWD) + 0.5 m (FB)

GRIT CHAMBER
Grit removal basins are the sedimentation basins placed in front of the fine scr
een to remove the inorganic particles having specific gravity of 2.65 such as sa
nd, gravel, grit, egg shells and other non-putrescible materials that may clog c
hannels or damage pumps due to abrasion and to prevent their accumulation in slu
dge digesters. The grit chamber is designed to scour the lighter organic particl
es while the heavier grit particles remain settled.
Here the horizontal flow type grit chamber is designed to give a horizontal stra
ight line flow velocity, which is kept constant over varying discharge.
DESIGN
Peak flow of sewage = 0.924 m3/s
Assume average detention period = 180 s Aerated volume = 0.924 x 180
= 168 m3 In order to drain the channel periodically for routine cleaning and ma
intenance two chambers are used.
Therefore volume of one aerated chamber = 1682 m3
= 84 m3
Assume depth of 3m and Width to depth ratio 2:1
Width of the channel = 2 x 3
= 6 m
Length of the channel = 843 x 6
= 4.7 m
Increase the length by about 20% to account for inlet and outlet Provide length
= 4.7 x 1.2 m = 5.7m Grit chamber is designed for the size of 5.7m X 6m X 3m
FINE SCREEN
Fine screens are the structures built between the grit chambers and primary sedi
mentation tank in order to remove some amount of suspended solids from sewage. T
he fine screens often get clogged need frequent cleaning. The brass metal is use
d as it has higher resistant towards rust and corrosion.
Here the disc type fine screen is designed and the wire mesh of the screen is ma
de up of brass metal. The fine screen is attached with electric motors. The clog
ged screen is often cleared by cone brush.
DESIGN
Design flow = 0.924 cumec
At avg. flow design velocity = 0.8 m/s
Area required = 0.9240.8
=1.16 m2
SWD provided = 0.7 m
At peak design velocity = 1.6 m/s
Assuming the screen bars are placed at 40 to the horizontal.

Clear area = .9241.6sin40

= 1.13 m2 Clear opening = 8 mm = 0.008 m
Net clear width of channel = 1.130.008
= 1.41 m No. of clear openings = 178
Size of the bars = 50mm x 10 mm

No. of bars = 178

Width of channel
= (178 x 8) + (179 x 10) = 3.2 m Fine screen is designed for
the size of 3.2 m X 0.8 m (SWD) + 0.5 m (FB)
SKIMMING TANK
Skimming tanks are the tanks removing oils and grease from the sewage constructe
d before the sedimentation tanks. Municipal raw sewage contains oils, fats, waxe
s, soaps, fatty acids etc. The greasy and oily matter may form unsightly and odo
rous scum on the surface of settling tanks or may interfere with the activated s
ludge process.
In skimming tank air is blown along with chlorine gas by air diffuser placed at
the bottom of the tank. The rising air tends to coagulate and solidify the greas
e and cause it to rise to the top of the tank whereas chlorine destroys the prot
ective colloidal effect of protein, which holds the grease in emulsified form. T
he greasy materials are collected from the top of the tank and the collected are
skimmed of specially designed mechanical equipments.
DESIGN
The surface area required for the tank A = 6.22 X 10-3 X qVr m2
Where
q = rate of flow sewage in m3/day
Vr = minimum rising velocity of the oily material to be removed in m/min
q = 0.924 x 60 x 60 x24
= 79833.6 m3/day
Vr = 0.25 m/min
= 0.25 x 60 x 24
= 360 m/day
A = 6.22 X 10-3 X 79833.6360
A =1.37 m2
1.5 m2
Provide the depth of the skimming tank is 3m
The length breadth ratio is 1.5: 1
Therefore L = 1.5B L x B = 1.5B2

Therefore B= 1m
L = 1.5 m Skimming tank is designed f

or the size of 1.5m X 1m X 3m + 0.5m (FB)

PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK
Primary sedimentation tank is the settling tank constructed next to skimming tan
k to remove the organic solids which are too heavy to be removed i.e. the partic
les having lesser size of 0.2 mm and specific gravity of 2.65.
The designed tank is circular type which makes settling by allowing radial flow.
These are fabricated using carbon steel with epoxy lining on the inside and epo
xy coating on the outside. Built on the concept of inclined plate clarification,
these clarifiers use gravity in conjunction with the projected settling area so
as to effect a fairly high percentage of removal of suspended solids as 60 to 6
5% of the suspended solids and 30 to 35% of the BOD from the sewage.
DESIGN:
Max. quantity sewage = 26.56 MLD
Surface loading = 40 m3/m2/day
Detention period = 1 hrs
Volume of sewage = 26560 X 124

=1106.7 m3
.1110 m3
Provide effective depth = 2.5 m
Surface area =11102.5
= 444 m2
Surface Area the tank = Total flowSurface lloading
= 2656040
=664 m2 Use greater of area of these two, Therefore area surface a
rea of the tank =664 m2 Diameter of the tank = 664 x 4p =29.07 m 29.2 m Primary s
edimentation tank is designed for the dimension of
29.2 m (dia) X 2.5 m (depth) + 0.5 (FB)
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
The activated sludge process is an aerobic, biological sewage treatment system t
o treat the settled sewage consist a variety of mechanisms and processes that us
e dissolved oxygen to promote the growth of biological floc that substantially r
emoves organic material. The essential units of the process are an aeration tank
, a secondary settling tank, a sludge return line from the secondary settling ta
nk to the aeration tank and an excess sludge waste line.
CONCEPT:
Atmospheric air is bubbled through primary treated sewage combined with organism
s to develop a biological floc which reduces the organic content of the sewage.
The Mixed Liquor, the combination of raw sewage and biological mass is formed. I
n activated sludge plant, once the effluent from the primary clarifier get suffi
cient treatment, the excess mixed liquor is discharged into settling tanks and t
he treated supernatant is run off to undergo further treatment. Part of the sett
led sludge called Return Activated Sludge (R.A.S.) is returned to the head of th
e aeration system to re-seed the new sewage entering the tank. Excess sludge whi
ch eventually accumulates beyond R.A.S known Waste Activated Sludge (W.A.S.) is
removed from the treatment process to keep the ratio of biomass to food supplied
(F:M) ratio. W.A.S is further treated by digestion under anaerobic conditions.
METHOD: CONTACT STABILIZATION METHOD
Microorganisms consume organics in the contact tank.
Effluent from primary clarifier flows into the contact tank where it is aerated
and mixed with bacteria.
Soluble materials pass through bacterial cell walls, while insoluble materials s
tick to the outside.

FLOW CHART OF CONTACT STABILIZATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS

Solids settle out later and are wasted from the system or returned to a stabiliz
ation tank.
Microbes digest organics in the stabilization tank, and are then recycled back t
o the contact tank, because they need more food.
Waste Activated Sludge is removed and sent to further treatment. PROCESS
The activated sludge functions in the above mentioned concept by following the C
ontact stabilization method. The effluent from primary clarifier is mixed with 4
0 to 50% of own volume of activated sludge (R.A.S). Then it is mixed for 4 to 8

hours in the aeration tank by the combined aerator which does compressed air dif
fusion and mechanical mixing. The moving organisms oxidize the organic matter an
d make it to settle in the secondary clarifier.
The settled sludge known as activated sludge is then recycled to head of aeratio
n tank and mixed with the new entering sewage. New activated sludge is produced
continuously and W.A.S is disposed along with primary treated sludge after prope
r digestion.
The activated sludge plant results 80 to 95% of BOD removal and 90 to 95% bacter
ia removal by making the necessary set up such as
(i)
Ample supply of oxygen to plant
(ii)
Intimate and continuous mixing sewage with activated sludge.
(iii)
s.

Constant rate of return sludge is made to be kept through out the proces

AERATION TANK
Aeration tank is the mixing and diffusing structure in the activated sludge plan
t. These are rectangular in shape having the dimensions ranging 3 to 4.5m deep,
4 to 6m wide and 20 to 200m length. Air is introduced continuously to the tank.
Combined Aeration type aerators having the diffused air aeration as well as mech
anical aeration together in a single unit are used in the project. The Dorroco m
odel is designed as it gives higher efficiency and occupies less space. This res
ults in higher efficiency and lesser detention period and lesser amount of compr
essed air.
DESIGN
No. of Aeration tank = 2
Design flow = 26.56 MLD
Average flow of each tank = 265602
= 13280 m3
BOD at inlet = 0.8 x 300
(20 % of BOD removed at Grit chamber)
Yo = 240 mg/l
BOD at outlet YE
= 20 mg/l
BOD Removed in Activated Plant = 240-20 = 220 mg/
l
Minimum efficiency required in the activated plant = 220240
Min. efficiency = 91.7 %
Since the adopted extended aeration process
can remove 85-92 %
He
nce it is OK MLSS (Xt) = 3000 mg/l F/M ratio = 0.4 Volume the tank required V =
Q FM x YoXt
= 13280 X 2200.4 X 3000
= 2344.
67 m3
2345 m3 Assume the liquid
depth of the tank as 4.5 m
The Width to Depth ratio as 2.2 BD = 2.2
B = 9.9 m
10 m
L = 24354.5 X10
= 54 m
L = 54 m; B = 10 m;
d = 4.5 m Volume provided = 54 x 10 x 4.5 = 2430 m3
(i) CHECK FOR AERATION PERIOD / HRT:
Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) = t = V X 24Q
= 2430 X 2413280
= 4.39 hrs Since it lies between 3-6 hrs it is OK.
(ii) CHECK FOR VOLUMETRIC LOADING:
Volumetric loading = Q X YoV
= 13280 X 2402430 = 1171.6 g/m3 =1.171 kg/m3
Since it lies between 1.0
1.2 it is OK

(iii) CHECK FOR RETURN SUDGE RATIO:

Return activated sludge = QrQ = Xt(106S.V.I-Xt
Where,
S.V.I = Sludge Volume Index
Qr =Sludge Recirculation Rate 41
= QrQ = 3000(106115-3000)
= 53%
It lies between 0.5
1.0. Design is OK
(iv) CHECK FOR SRT (.C):
V x Xt = ay X Q X Yo-YE X .c1+(KeX .c)
Where, y = 0.5 constant for municipal sewage with respect to MLSS Ke = 0.06 d-1
constant for municipal sewage .C = Solids Retention Time (SRT)
Yo = 240 mg/l
YE= 20 mg/l
V = 2430 m3
Xt = 3000 mg/l
Q = 13280 m3/day
2430
1+
.c =
.c =

x 3000 = 0.5 X 13280 x(240-20)1+(0.06 X .c )

0.06 .c = 0.2004
10.2004
7.12 days
It lies between 5-8 days. The deign is OK
Provide the Aeration tank as 54 m X 10 m X 4.5 m + 0.5 m (FB)
BOD5 applied to each tank = 240 mg/l Average flow in each tank = 13280 m3/day BO
D5 removed in each tank = 13280 x 0.240
= 3187.2 kg/day = 133 kg/hr Oxygen requirement
= 1 kg/kg of BOD applie
d Peak oxygen demand =125 %
Oxygen transfer capacity of the aeration standard condition = 1.9 kg/kWh = 1.41
kg/HP/hr
Oxygen transfer capacity aerators at field conditions = 0.9 x 1.41 = 1.269 kg/HP
/hr Oxygen to be applied in each tank = 1.0 x 133 x1.25 = 167 kg/hr
HP of aerators required = 1671.269
= 132 HP
Provide 4 Nos. of 40 HP aerators.
SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK
A sedimentation tank constructed next to the aeration tank is the secondary sedi
mentation. This tank will be as the primary sedimentation tank with certain
modifications as no floating materials are here, provisions for the removal of s
cum, floatage are not needed. The surface area for the secondary sedimentation t
ank is designed for both overflow rate basis and solids loading rate basis. The
larger value is adopted. DESIGN No. of Secondary clarifier = 1 Average flow = 26
560 m3/day Recirculated flow = 53% = 14070 m3/day Total inflow = 26560+14070 = 4
0630 m3/day Provide hydraulic detention period = 2 hrs Volume the tank (exclus
ive of hopper portion)
= 40630 x 224
= 3386.4 m3
Assume liquid depth = 3.5 m
Area = 3386.43.5
= 967.54 m2
Surface loading rate of average flow = 25 m3/m2/day
Surface area provided = 2656025
=1062.4 m2
Using greater area of the two values
Therefore surface area = 1062.4 m2 Diameter =1062.4 X 4p =36.7 m

37 m Provide diameter of 37m

(i)CHECK FOR WEIR LOADING: Average flow = 26560 m3/day Weir loading = 2656037 X
p
= 176.13 m3/day/m It is lesser than 185 m3/day/m. Hence it is OK (ii)CHECK FOR S
OLIDS LOADING: Recirculated flow = 14070 m3/day Average flow = 26560 m3/day MLSS
in the tank = 3000 mg/l
Total solids in flow = (26560+14070) x 3
= 121890 kg/day Solids loading = 12
1890967.54
= 125.98 kg/day/m2 It lies betwee
n 100-150 kg/m2/day
Hence it is OK
Provide secondary sedimentation as 37 m (dias) X 3.5 m (depth) + 0.5 m (FB) Hopp
er slope shall be 1in 12. STABILIZATION TANK: Total return flow = 14070 m3/day =
9.771 m3/min Detention time = 15 min Volume of wet well = 9.771 x 15
= 14
6.6 m3 Provide depth as 3m, width as 5 m Therefore length is = 9.8 m Wet well di
mension as 9.8m X 5m X 3m + 0.5m (FB) Dry well dimension as 9.8m X 9.8 m
2 No. of pump house each of 14.07 MLD capacity in the dry well are provided
SLUDGE DRYING BEDS
Drying of the digested sludge on open beds of land is sludge drying and such ope
n beds of land are known as sludge drying beds. The digested sludge from digesti
on tank contains a lot of water. So it is necessary to dry up or dewater the dig
ested sludge before it disposed of dumping. It is the quite suitable to dewater
in Vellore due to its hot climate.
The sewage sludge is brought and spread over the top of drying beds to a depth o
f 20 to 30 cm, through distribution troughs. A portion of the moisture drains th
rough the bed while most of it gets evaporated to the atmosphere. In hot countri
es like India it takes 6 to 12 days to dry. After the period the sludge cakes ar
e removed with spades and they are used as manure as it contains 2 to 3% of NPK
Sludge drying beds are open beds of land 45 to 60 cm deep, 30 to 45 cm thick gra
ded layers of gravel or crushed stone varying in size from 15cm at bottom and 1.
25 cm at top. Open jointed under drain pipes of 15 cm diameter are laid below th
e gravel layers. Large beds are portioned by concrete walls, and a pipe header f
rom the digesters with gated openings allows application of sludge independently
to each cell. Seepage collected in the under-drains is returned to the plant we
t well for treatment with the raw wastewater.
DESIGN
Sludge applied to drying bed at the rate of 100kg/MLD
Sludge applied = 300kg/day
Specific gravity = 1.015
Solid content = 2%
Volume of sludge = 3000.02 X 1000 X 1.015
= 14.778m3/day
For Vellore weather condition the beds get dried out about 10 days.
Number of cycle in one year = 36510
= 37 cycles.
Period of each cycle = 10 days
Volume of sludge per cycle = 14.778 X 10
= 147.78 m3
Spreading a layer of 0.3m per cycle,
Area of bed required = 147.780.3
= 492.6 m2
ide 5 nos. of beds, Area of each bed = 100 m2
X 8m are designed.

500 m2 Prov
5 beds of dimension 12.5m

SEWAGE DISPOSAL
The disposal of treated effluent into land or water body is sewage disposal. Thi
s can be of two methods,
(i) Dilution
disposal in water bodies.

(ii) Effluent irrigation

DILUTION:

disposal on land.

The disposal of effluent by discharging it into water courses such as streams, r

ivers or large body of water such as lake, sea is called dilution.
EFFLUENT IRRIGATION:
When the effluent is evenly spread on the surface of land it is effluent irrigat
ion. The water of sewage percolates on the ground and the suspended solids remai
n at the surface of the ground. The remaining organic suspended solids are partl
y acted upon by the bacteria and are partly oxidized by exposure to atmospheric
actions of heat, light and air.
While considering the characteristics of Vellore Corporation it is preferred tha
t Effluent Irrigation i.e. land disposal for the following reasons.
(i)
Vellore Corporation is not a coastal city i.e. sea is out of reach. Vellore does
not have any perennial river makes impossible for dilution.
(ii)
The nearby river stream Pallar has very small amount of dry weather flow. In sum
mer season it runs dry.
(iii) The Sewage Treatment Plant is designed according to Indian Standards whi
ch produces effluent having lesser hazardous characteristics than the standards
of land disposing.
(iv)
It is an alternative source of water for irrigation and it contains the
manure and some amount of NPK compounds.
Sl.no Characteristics
1 pH
2 BOD
3 Suspended solids
4 Oil & Grease
5 Chlorides
6 Sulphate
Tolerance limit as per
IS : 3307-1986
5.5-9.0
100 mg/l
200 mg/l
10 mg/l
600 mg/l
1000 mg/l
Effluent from the plant
5.5-9.0
= 20 mg/l
= 30 mg/l
= 5 mg/l
= 400 mg/l
= 250 mg/l
Comparison between IS : 3307-1986 and expected effluent s characteristics.
The effluent to be disposed in Land Effluent Irrigation method and it is done by
constructing Ridge and Furrow in the disposal land. Here the land is first plou
ghed up to 45cm, then leveled and divided into plots and sub-plots. Then each su

b-plot is enclosed by small dykes. Now ridges and furrows are formed in each sub
-plot. The sewage is allowed to flow in furrows, whereas crops are grown on ridg
es. After an interval of 8-10 days the sewage can be again applied depending on
the crops requirement and the nature of the soil.
SALIENT DETAILS OF PROJECT
Sl.No ATTIBUTE
1 Project
2 Sewerage type
3
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
4 Method of Forecasting 5 Base year-2010 Intermediate 2025 Ultimate year 2040 6
Per Capita Water Supply
7 Existing Sewerage system
DATA
Sewage Treatment Plant for Vellore Municipal Corporation.
Partially Separate Sewerage System
Population Census 1,06,024 1,13,742 1,39,082 1,74,247 1,75,061 1,77,413
Incremental increase method
Design Population 1,89,116 2,10,343 2,45,920 135 lpcd
Nil
CONCLUSION
A successful technical project involves integration of various fields. This is a
n attempt to combine several aspects of environmental, biological and chemical a
nd civil engineering.
Since, in Vellore Municipal Corporation there is no proper treatment plant for s
ewage, it is necessary to construct a Sewage Treatment Plant. The plant is desig
ned perfectly to meet the future expansion for the next 30 years in accordance w
ith Indian Codal provisions. This project consists the design of the complete co
mponents of a Sewage Treatment Plant from receiving chamber, screening chamber,
grit chamber, skimming tank, sedimentation tank, secondary clarifier, active slu
dge tank and sludge drying beds for sewage.
PLANT DETAILS
COMPONENT
Receiving chamber
Coarse screen
Grit chamber
Fine screen
Skimming tank
Primary clarifier
Aeration tank

Secondary clarifier
Sludge Drying bed
TYPE
1 manual
1 mechanical
Horizontal
Flow type
Disc type,
Mechanical
Air diffuser +
Chlorine gas
Circular type,
Radial flow
CombinedDorocco type
Circular type,
Radial flow
Sand + Graded
graveled
NOS
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
5
DIMENSIONS
6.2m X 3m X 3m (SWD) + 0.5m (FB)
1.2m X 0.7m (SWD) + 0.5m (FB)
5.7m X 6m X 3m
3.2 m X 0.8 m (SWD) + 0.5 m (FB)
1.5m X 1m X 3m + 0.5m (FB)
29.2m X 2.5m (SWD) + 0.5m (FB)
54m X 10m X 4.5m + 0.5m (FB)
37m X 3.5m (SWD) + 0.5m (FB)
12.5m X 8m