Module1:Workedoutproblems

Problem1:
A cold storage consists of a cubical chamber of dimension 2m x 2m x 2m, maintained at
10C inside temperature.The outside wall temperature is 35C. Thetopand side walls are
coveredbyalowconductinginsulationwiththermalconductivityk=0.06W/mK.Thereis
noheatlossfromthebottom.Ifheatlossthroughthetopandsidewallsistoberestrictedto
500W, whatistheminimumthicknessof insulation required?
Solution:
Known: Dimensionsof thecoldstorage,innerandoutersurfacestemperatures,thermal
conductivityoftheinsulationmaterial.
Tofind:

Thicknessofinsulation neededtomaintainheatlossbelow 500W.

Schematic:

insulation

Assumptions: (1)perfectly insultedbottom,(2)onedimensionalconductionthrough

fivewallsofareasA=4m2,(3)steadystateconditions

Analysis: UsingFourierslaw,theheatrateisgivenby
DT
q =q''.A= k Atotal
L
SolvingforLandrecognizingthatAtotal=5*W2
L=

5kDTW2
q

5*0.06W/m.K*450C*4m2
500W
L= 0.108m= 108mm
L=

Problem2:
AsquaresiliconchipisofwidthW=5mmonasideandofthicknesst=1mm. Thechipis
mountedinasubstratesuchthatthereisnoheatlossfromitssideandbacksurfaces.Thetop
surfaceisexposedtoacoolant.Thethermalconductivityofthechipis200W/m.K.If5Ware
beingdissipatedby thechip,whatisthetemperaturedifferencebetween itsbackandfront
surfaces?
Known:Dimensionsandthermalconductivityofachip.Powerdissipatedononesurface.
Find:temperaturedropacrossthechip

Schematic:

Assumptions: (1) steadystate conditions, (2) constant properties, (3) uniform dissipation,
(4)negligibleheatlossfrombackandsides,(5)onedimensionalconductioninchip.
Analysis:Alloftheelectricalpowerdissipatedatthebacksurfaceofthechipistransferred
byconductionthroughthechip.Hence,Fourierslaw,
DT
P= q= kA
t
t.P
0.001m*5W
DT =
=
2
kW 200W/m.K(0.005m )2
DT = 1.00C
Comments: for fixed P, the temperature drop across the chip decreases with increasing k
andW,aswellaswithdecreasingt.

Problem3:
Air flows over a rectangular plate having dimensions 0.5 m x 0.25 m. The free stream
temperature of the air is 300C. At steady state, the plate temperature is 40C. If the
convectiveheattransfercoefficientis250W/m2.K,determinetheheattransferratefromthe
airtoonesideoftheplate.

Known: airflowoveraplatewithprescribedairandsurfacetemperatureandconvection
heattransfercoefficient.

Find:heattransferratefromtheairtotheplate
Schematic:

Assumptions: (1)temperatureisuniformoverplatearea,(2)heattransfercoefficient is
uniformoverplatearea

Analysis: the heattransfercoefficientrateby convection fromtheairstreamstotheplate

canbedeterminedfromNewtonslawofcoolingwrittenintheform,
q = q''.A = hA(T - Ts)
whereAistheareaoftheplate.Substitutingnumericalvalues,
q = 250W/m2 .K*(0.25*0.50)m2(300- 40)0C
q = 8125W

Comments: recognize that Newtowns law of cooling implies a direction for the
convectionheattransferrate.Writtenintheformabove,theheatrateisfromtheairtoplate.

Problem4:
Asphereofdiameter10mmandemissivity0.9ismaintainedat80Cinsideanovenwitha
walltemperatureof400C.Whatisthenettransferratefromtheovenwallstotheobject?

Known: sphericalobjectmaintainedataprescribedtemperaturewithinaoven.
Find:heattransferratefromtheovenwallstotheobject
Schematic:

Assumptions:(1)ovenwallscompletelysurroundsphericalobject,(2)steadystate
condition,(3)uniformtemperatureforareasofsphereandovenwalls,(4)ovenenclosureis
evacuatedandlargecomparedtosphere.

Analysis:heattransferratewillbeonlyduetotheradiationmode.Therateequationis
qrad =eAss(Tsur4 - Ts4 )
WhereAs=pD2,theareaofthesphere
qrad = 0.9*p(10*10-3)2m2 *5.67*10-8W/m2.K[(400+ 273)4 - (80+ 273)4]K4
qrad = 3.04W

Discussions:
(1)thisrateequationisapplicablewhenwearecalculatingthenetheatexchangebetweena
smallobjectandlargersurface thatcompletelysurroundsthesmallerone.
(2) When performing radiant heat transfer calculations, it is always necessary to have
temperaturesinKelvin(K)units.

Problem5:
Asurfaceofarea0.5m2,emissivity0.8andtemperature1500Cisplacedinalarge,evacuated
chamberwhosewallsaremaintainedat250C.Findtherateatwhichradiationisemittedby
thesurface?Whatisthenetrateofradiationexchangebetweenthesurfaceandthechamber
walls?

Known: Area, emissivity and temperature of a surface placed in a large, evacuated

chamberofprescribedtemperature.

Find: (a)rateofsurfaceradiationemission,(b)netrateofradiationexchangebetweenthe
surfaceandchamberwalls.

Schematic:

Assumptions:(1)areaoftheenclosedsurfaceismuchlessthanthatofchamberwalls.
Analysis(a)therateatwhichradiationisemittedbythesurfaceisemitted
qemit = qemit.A= eAsTs4
qemit = 0.8(0.5m2)5.67*10-8W/m2.K4[(150+ 273)K]4
qemit = 726W
(b)Thenetrateatwhichradiationistransferredfromthesurfacetothechamberwallsis
q = eAs(Ts4- Tsurr4)
q = 0.8(0.5m2 )5.67*10-8W/m2.K4[(423K)4 - (298K)4
q = 547W

Problem6:
A solid aluminium sphere of emissivity e, initially at a high temperature, is cooled by
convection and radiation in a chamber having walls at a lower temperature. Convective
coolingisachievedwithagaspassingthroughthechamber.Writeadifferentialequationto
predictthevariationofspheretemperature withtimeduringthecooling process.

Known: Initial temperature,diameter and surface emissivity of a solid aluminium sphere

placed in a chamber whose walls are maintained at lower temperature. Temperature and
convectioncoefficientassociatedwithgasflowoverthesphere.

Find: equationwhichcouldbeusedtodeterminethealuminiumtemperatureasafunction
oftimeduringthecoolingprocess.

Schematic:

Assumptions:(1)atanytimet,thetemperatureTofthesphereisuniform,(2)constant
properties(3)chamberwallsarelargerelativetosphere.

Analysis: applyingan energybalance atan instantoftimetoacontrolvolumeaboutthe

sphere,itfollowsthat
.

E st = - Eout

IdentifyingtheheatratesoutoftheCVduetoconvectionandradiation,theenergybalance
hastheform
d
(rVcT)= -(qconv + qrad)
dt
dT
A
4
=[h(T- T)+ es(T4 - Tsurr
)]
dt
rVc
dT
6
4
=
[h(T- T )+ es(T4 - Tsurr
)]
dt rcD
WhereA=pD2,V=pD3/6andA/V=6/Dfor thesphere.

Problem7:Anelectronicpackagedissipating1kWhasasurfacearea1m2.Thepackageis
mountedonaspacecraft,suchthat theheatgeneratedistransferredfromtheexposedsurface
by radiation into space. The surface emissivityof the package is 1.0. Calculate the steady
statetemperatureofthepackagesurfaceforthefollowingtwoconditions:
(a) thesurfaceisnotexposedtothesun
(b)The surface is exposed to a solar flux of 750W/m2 and its absorptivity to solar
radiation is0.25?

Known: surface area of electronic package and power dissipation by the electronics.
Surfaceemissivity andabsorptivitytosolarradiation.Solarflux.

Find:surfacetemperaturewithoutandwithincidentsolarradiation.
Schematic:

Assumptions:steadystatecondition
Analysis: applyingconservationofenergytoacontrolsurfaceaboutthecompartment,at
anyinstant
.

Ein-Eout+ Eg = 0
Itfollowsthat,withthesolarinput,
aSA sq''S - Asq''emit + P = 0
a SAsq''S - AsesTs4 + P = 0
1

a A q''S + P 4

Ts = S s

Ases

''
Intheshade(q =0)
1

1000W

4
Ts = 2
= 364K
-8
2 4
1m *1*5.67*10 W/m .K

Inthesun,
1

0.25*1m2 *750W/m2 + 1000W 4

= 380K
Ts =
2
-8
2 4
1
m
*
1
*
5
.
67
*
10
W
/
m
.
K