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Propiedades Gas Natural
Propiedades Gas Natural
Properties
of N a t u r a l
G a s
2.1 Introduction
Properties of natural gas include gas-specific gravity, pseudocritical pressure and temperature, viscosity, compressibility factor, gas density, and
gas compressibility. Knowledge of these property values is essential for
designing and analyzing natural gas production and processing systems.
Because natural gas is a complex mixture of light hydrocarbons with a
minor amount of inorganic compounds, it is always desirable to find the
composition of the gas through measurements. Once the gas composition
is known, gas properties can usually be estimated using established correlations with confidence. This chapter focuses on determination of gas
properties with correlations developed from various lab measurements.
Example problems are presented and solved using computer programs
provided with this book.
(2.2)
(2.3)
and
(2.4)
where pci and Tci are critical pressure and critical temperature of component i, respectively.
Mole Fraction
O,
0.775
C2
0.083
C3
0.021
i-C4
0.006
n-C4
0.002
i-C5
0.003
n-C5
0.008
C6
0.001
C7+
0.001
N2
0.050
CO2
0.030
H2S
0.020
Solution
This problem is solved with the spreadsheet program
MixingRule.xls. Results are shown in Table 2 - 1 .
If the gas composition is not known but gas-specific gravity is given, the
pseudocritical pressure and temperature can be determined from various
charts or correlations developed based on the charts. One set of simple
correlations is
(2.5)
(2.6)
Table 2-1
Compound
Yi
MWj
Y1MW1
Pci
(psia)
YiPci
(psia)
Tci
(0R)
YiTci
(0R)
Ci
0.775
16.04
12.43
673
521.58
344
266.60
C2
0.083
30.07
2.50
709
58.85
550
45.65
C3
0.021
44.10
0.93
618
12.98
666
13.99
i-C4
0.006
58.12
0.35
530
3.18
733
4.40
n-C4
0.002
58.12
0.12
551
1.10
766
1.53
i-C5
0.003
72.15
0.22
482
1.45
830
2.49
n-C5
0.008
72.15
0.58
485
3.88
847
6.78
C6
0.001
86.18
0.09
434
0.43
915
0.92
C7+
0.001
114.23
0.11
361
0.36
1024
1.02
N2
0.050
28.02
1.40
227
11.35
492
24.60
CO2
0.030
44.01
1.32
1073
32.19
548
16.44
H2S
0.020
34.08
0.68
672
13.45
1306
26.12
1.000
MW3 = 20.71
Ppc =
661
' pc =
411
^g =
0.71
(2.9)
(corrected Tpc)
(corrected ppc)
(2.10)
(2.11)
(2.14)
(2.15)
2.4 Viscosity
Gas viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow exerted by the gas.
Dynamic viscosity (jug) in centipoises (cp) is usually used in the natural
engineering:
(2.16)
(2.17)
Gas viscosity is very often estimated with charts or correlations developed based on the charts. The gas viscosity correlation of Carr, Kobayashi, and Burrows (1954) involves a two-step procedure: the gas
viscosity at temperature and atmospheric pressure is estimated first from
gas-specific gravity and inorganic compound content. The atmospheric
value is then adjusted to pressure conditions by means of a correction
factor on the basis of reduced temperature and pressure state of the gas.
The atmospheric pressure viscosity (/Z1) can be expressed as:
(2.18)
where
(2.19)
(2.20)
(2.21)
(2.22)
(2.23)
where
Thus, once the value of jur is determined from the right-hand side of this
equation, gas viscosity at elevated pressure can be readily calculated
using the following relation:
(2.24)
Other correlations for gas viscosity include Dean-Stiel (1958) and LeeGonzalez-Eakin (1966).
Example Problem 2.2
A 0.65 specific gravity natural gas contains 10% nitrogen, 8%
carbon dioxide, and 2% hydrogen sulfide. Estimate viscosity of
the gas at 10,000 psia and 1800F.
Solution
This problem is solved with the spreadsheet Carr-KobayashiBurrows Viscosity.xls that is attached to this book. The result is
shown in Table 2-2.
(2.25)
Introducing the z-factor to the gas law for ideal gas results in the gas law
for real gas as:
(2.26)
Input Data
Pressure:
10,000 psia
Temperature:
1800F
Gas-specific gravity:
0.65 air =1
0.1
0.08
0.02
a.
Pseudocritical pressure:
697.164 psia
Pseudocritical temperature:
345.357 0R
0.012174 cp
0.000800 cp
0.000363 cp
0.000043 cp
0.013380 cp
Pseudoreduced pressure:
14.34
Pseudoreduced temperature:
1.85
In (Mg/p-rTpr):
1.602274
Gas viscosity:
0.035843 cp
This spreadsheet calculates gas viscosity with correlation of Carr, Kobayashi, and
Burrows.
The gas compressibility factor can be determined on the basis of measurements in PVT laboratories. For a given amount of gas, if temperature is
kept constant and volume is measured at 14.7 psia and an elevated pressure P1, z-factor can then be determined with the following formula:
(2.27)
where VQ and V1 are gas volumes measured at 14.7 psia and/? l 9
respectively.
Very often the z-factor is estimated with the chart developed by Standing
and Katz (1942). This chart has been set up for computer solution by a
number of individuals. Brill and Beggs (1974) yield z-factor values accurate enough for many engineering calculations. Brill and Beggs' z-factor
correlation is expressed as follows:
(2.28)
(2.29)
(2.30)
(2.31)
(2.32)
and
(2.33)
(2.34)
Input Data
Pressure:
5,000 psia
Temperature:
1800F
Gas-specific gravity:
0.1
0.08
0.02
697 psia
Pseudocritical temperature:
345 0R
Pseudo-reduced pressure:
7.17
Pseudo-reduced temperature:
1.85
A=
0.5746
B=
2.9057
C=
0.0463
D=
1.0689
0.9780
This spreadsheet calculates gas compressibility factor based on Brill and Beggs
correlation.
Hall and Yarborough (1973) presented more accurate correlation to estimate z-factor of natural gas. This correlation is summarized as follows:
(2.35)
(2.36)
(2.37)
(2.38)
(2.39)
and
(2.40)
where Y is the reduced density to be solved from
(2.41)
If Newton-Raphson's iteration method is used to solve Equation (2.41)
for F, the following derivative is needed:
(2.42)
Example Problem 2.4
For a natural gas with a specific gravity of 0.71, estimate z-factor
at 5,000 psia and 1800F.
Solution
This problem is solved with the spreadsheet program HaIIYarborogh-z.xls. The result is shown in Table 2-4.
Click to View Calculation Example
Table 2-4 Results Given by Hall-Yarborogh-z.xlsa
Instructions: 1) Input data; 2) Run Macro Solution; 3) View result.
Input Data
T:
1800F
p:
5,000 psia
SGFG:
0.71 air= 1
391.94 0R
667.783 psia
Tpr = (T + 460.0)/Tpc:
1.632902995
t = 1/Tpr:
0.61240625
Ppr = p/Ppc:
7.487462244
0.031322282
6.430635935
-25.55144909
D = 2.18 + 2.82*t:
3.906985625
0.239916681
0.97752439
(2.44)
where the gas density is in lbm/ft3. This equation is also coded in the
spreadsheet program Hall-Yarborogh-z.xls.
(2.45)
where the unit of formation volume factor is ft3/scf. If expressed in rb/scf,
it takes the form of
(2.46)
(2.47)
or
(2.48)
in scf/rb. It is normally used for estimating gas reserves.
(2.49)
(2.50)
(2.51)
(2.52)
where pb is the base pressure (14.7 psia in most states in the U.S.). The
pseudopressure is considered to be a "pseudoproperty" of gas because it
depends on gas viscosity and compressibility factor, which are properties
of the gas. The pseudopressure is widely used for mathematical modeling
of IPR of gas wells. Determination of the pseudopressure at a given pressure requires knowledge of gas viscosity and z-factor as functions of pressure and temperature. As these functions are complicated and not explicit,
a numerical integration technique is frequently used.
Example Problem 2.5
Natural gas from a gas reservoir has a specific gravity of 0.71. It
also contains the following compounds:
0.10
0.08
0.02
Input Data
Base pressure:
14.7 psia
Maximum pressure:
10,000 psia
Temperature:
60 0 F
Gas-specific gravity:
a.
Pseudocritical pressure:
673 psia
Pseudocritical temperature:
357.570R
0.010504 cp
0.000000 cp
0.000000 cp
0.000000 cp
0.010504 cp
Pseudoreduced temperature:
1.45
Pseudopressure (psia2/cp)
Figure 2-1
Pressure (psia)
Plot of pseudopressures calculated by PseudoP.xls.
(2.53)
where pr is the pseudoreduced pressure. For the convenience of engineering applications, the normalized gas pressures of sweet natural gases
at various pressures and temperatures have been generated with the
spreadsheet program NormP.xls. The results are presented in Appendix B.
P (Psia)
M- (CP)
2p%z)
m(p)
9,950
0.045325
1.462318
300,244
2,981,316,921
9,952
0.045329
1.462525
300,235
2,981,916,517
9,954
0.045333
1.462732
300,226
2,982,516,096
9,956
0.045337
1.462939
300,218
2,983,115,657
9,958
0.045341
1.463146
300,209
2,983,715,201
9,960
0.045345
1.463353
300,200
2,984,314,727
9,962
0.045349
1.463560
300,191
2,984,914,236
9,964
0.045353
1.463767
300,182
2,985,513,727
9,966
0.045357
1.463974
300,174
2,986,113,200
9,968
0.045361
1.464182
300,165
2,986,712,656
9,970
0.045365
1.464389
300,156
2,987,312,094
9,972
0.045369
1.464596
300,147
2,987,911,515
9,974
0.045373
1.464803
300,138
2,988,510,918
9,976
0.045377
1.465010
300,130
2,989,110,304
9,978
0.045381
1.465217
300,121
2,989,709,672
9,980
0.045385
1.465424
300,112
2,990,309,022
9,982
0.045389
1.465631
300,103
2,990,908,355
9,984
0.045393
1.465838
300,094
2,991,507,670
9,986
0.045397
1.466045
300,086
2,992,106,968
9,988
0.045401
1.466252
300,077
2,992,706,248
9,990
0.045405
1.466459
300,068
2,993,305,510
9,992
0.045409
1.466666
300,059
2,993,904,755
9,994
0.045413
1.466873
300,050
2,994,503,982
9,996
0.045417
1.467080
300,041
2,995,103,191
9,998
0.045421
1.467287
300,033
2,995,702,383
10,000
0.045425
1.467494
300,024
2,996,301,557
2.11 References
2.12 Problems
2-1
2-2
2-4