Fiber To The Home

Thomas Martin

thmartin@cisco.com

Consulting Systems Engineer

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AGENDA

Motivation for Fiber to the Home

FTTH Approaches
FTTH Deployment Aspects
Conclusion

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Motivations For
FTTx

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FTTH Motivations/Drivers
Need for a first mile
Availability of Local Loop Unbundling
Dependency on Local Loop Unbundling
Greenfield Areas

Streamlining the Access Network

Consolidation of Access networks

Competitive Threat
From cable companies & DOCSIS 3.0/Wideband DOCSIS
SPs offering FTTH services

The need for speed!

Bandwidth requirements driven by NGN applications
Video (HD is a key driver)
On demand BW services

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Bandwidth Drivers
Triple Play
Switched Video at Home

Bandwidth demands
growing

Video

Video download than realtime streaming

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Symmetric High-speed
Connectivity

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High Definition!

Telepresence

Bandwidth Drivers

Telepresence

Source: IDATE

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FTTH The Way to

Provide True High Speed Access
ADSL is reaching its limitations
The two major constraints inherent in ADSL
technologies,
asymmetry and bandwidth limitation,
prevent operators from being able to supply the
applications that digital homes will be
demanding in the not too distant future.
With increased penetration download speeds beyond
1.5 to 2 km drops dramatically and the minimum
10Mbps for 3Play (SDTV) cannot longer be provided

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Trend for access bitrates :

exponential growth
10000000

1000000
100000

10000

1000

100
10

1
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
"High-speed connection," actual
Straight line extrapolation assuming acceleration from 2004
Straight line extrapolation
Source: Heavy Reading report FTTH Worldwide Market & Technology Forecast, 2006-2011
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FTTx Access Topologies/

Technologies

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FTTH Access Topologies

Tree architectures
Passive Optical Network (PON) technology
Star architectures
Point-to-point connection of customers to
switches in a star topology

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Passive Optical
Networks (PON)

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PON Architecture
TV Set
Video source
(VoD / Bcast)

PC

Analog

SMB and residential

Internet

Phones

ONT in home
or business
Main
Point of Presence

Set-top Box

Ethernet

Ethernet

RJ-11

RF coax

ONT

RJ-11

ONT
WiFi
1:N split

Core Network

Voice
Gateway

Aggregation

Passive
Optical Fiber

ONT

ONT in
Video
Appartment
or office
surveillance

10

ONU
ONU in
basement

10 Mbit/s

Access

PSTN
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PON Physical Network Infrastructure

Drop
Cables

Serving Area
Distribution
Cable

Central Office

Single
Family
Unit

Distribution
Terminal
(Splitter)

Multi
Dwelling
Unit

Access Node

Aggregation
Network

IP
Aggregation
Router

Optical Line
Terminal
(OLT)

Optical
Distribution
Frame (ODF)

Feeder
Cable

Primary Fiber Distribution Distribution

Terminal
Concentration
Cable
(Splitter)
Point (FCP)

Distribution
Cable

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Drop
Cables

Drop
Distribution
Cables
Terminal
(Splitter)

Multi
Tenant
Building

Small
Business
Unit

13

Motivations for PON deployment

Fiber saving between splitter and CO/POP
relevant in scenarios where existing cables or ducts need to be reused towards
the splitter, or where fiber deployment is restricted (e.g., aerial cabling)
Less relevant for Greenfield scenarios
TV
(marginal cost of fiber compared to digging, splicing, ...) RF

Analog video overlay for existing broadcast services

emulates cable TV distribution plant on a separate downstream wavelength
delaying introduction of IP TV
requires equivalent of cable headend at each OLT side

Port saving in the CO/POP

need to terminate thousands of fibers on switch ports
PON can reduce this by 1...2 orders of magnitude compared to P2P
port costs on a per-customer base, however, are roughly equivalent

No deployment of active equipment in the outside plant

in Europe & ME typically loops are sufficiently short so that also for P2P there is
no need to put active equipment into the outside plant,
unless the fiber saving argument becomes relevant

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PON Flavors Today

BPON

EPON

GPON

Standard

ITU-T G.983

IEEE 802.3ah

ITU-T G.984

Bandwidth

Downstream up to
622 Mbit/s
Upstream 155 Mbit/s

Up to symmetric
1.25 Gbit/s

Downstream
up to 2.5 Gbit/s
Upstream
up to 1.25 Gbit/s

Downstream (nm)

1490 and 1550

1550

1490 and 1550

Upstream (nm)

1310

1310

1310

Transmission

ATM

Ethernet

Ethernet, ATM, TDM

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PON Protocol Overview

CATV overlay
CATV overlay

CBA

1550 nm
CATV overlay

A
ONT

1490 nm

CBA

CATV overlay

1310 nm

CATV overlay

CBA

A B C

B
ONT

OLT
CATV overlay

CATV overlay

CBA
C

C
ONT

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About Next-Gen PON:

GPON vendors say ...

2006

2009

GPON up and
running.

2010

More bandwidth.
New optical components.
10G PON.

More capacity with

Wavelenght multiplexing.
WDM-PON (CWDM)

2011+
More capacity and bandwidth with
One wavelength per subscriber.
(DWDM)

None of this is standardized yet

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About Next-Gen PON:

GPON vendors say ...

2006

2009

GPON up and
running.

2010

More bandwidth.
New optical components.
10G PON.

More capacity with

Wavelenght multiplexing.
WDM-PON (CWDM)

Simple view of the solution

OLT

2011+
More capacity and bandwidth with
One wavelength per subscriber.
(DWDM)

ONT

1x 10Gbps

ONT

1x 1.25Gbps

ONT

GPON Lambdas:
- 1 downstream
- 1 upstream

GPON
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GPON vendors say ...

2006

2009

GPON up and
running.

2010

More bandwidth.
New optical components.
10G PON.

More capacity with

Wavelenght multiplexing.
WDM-PON (CWDM)

Simple view of the solution

OLT

2011+
More capacity and bandwidth with
One wavelength per subscriber.
(DWDM)

ONT

4x 2.5Gbps

ONT

1x 1.25Gbps

ONT

GPON Lambdas:
- N downstream
- 1 upstream

GPON
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PON deployment Splitter spliced into plant

=> LLU impossible

ONT

Splitter
1 fiber
per n OLTs
OLT

opt.
MDF

ONT

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PON deployment remote ODF with splitters

=> Enables LLU at a cost
LLU through SP-specific splitter in ODF and SP-specific feeder fiber

ONT

ONT

ODF
Splitters
1 fiber
per Service Provider
OLT

opt.
MDF

ONT
ONT

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Main Issues with PONs

Data sent to all users on the tree: inefficient Video multicast & VoD
IGMP Proxy and snooping with limited support. IGMP process distributed between OLT(Proxy) and ONT(Snooper)
instable. Zapping degrades with large number of channels selected. No state of IGMP on ONT kept. Troubleshooting
by mirroring PONT tree, no focus on one sub (trace per user) possible Asymmetrical

All FTTH deployments that we are aware of universally assume a take rate of 25...35%. Only 25-35% of
interfaces need to be accommodated on switches in a Eth. P2P scenario rather than 100% in PON.
Strong encryption required to prevent eavesdropping
No resilience
OLT optics is single point of failure for entire tree
corrupt CPE can impact entire PON tree

Jamming is very easy

just transmit continuous light and the whole tree is OOS

In case of technology change all terminations on a tree need to be replaced (simultaneously?)

Every endpoint (OLT, ONT, ...) has to operate at the aggregate bitrate
e.g., a GPON ONT delivering 100 Mbit/s to an end customer has to operate at 2.5 Gbit/s

Theoretical maximum number of customers per tree is rarely reached due to take-up rates, unless very
expensive ODFs in the field are used to optimize utilization

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Main Issues with PONs

Data sent to all users on the tree: inefficient Video multicast & VoD
Asymmetrical
All FTTH deployments that we are aware of universally assume a take rate of 25...35%. Only 25-35% of
interfaces need to be accommodated on switches in a Eth. P2P scenario rather than 100% in PON.
Strong encryption required to prevent eavesdropping

ONT
No resilience
OLT optics is single point of failure for entire tree
corrupt CPE can impact entire PON tree

ONT

Jamming is veryOLT
easy
just transmit continuous light and the whole tree is OOS

In case of technology change all terminations on a tree need to be replaced (simultaneously?)

Every endpoint (OLT, ONT, ...) has to operate at the aggregate bitrate

ONT

e.g., a GPON ONT delivering 100 Mbit/s to an end customer has to operate at 2.5 Gbit/s

Theoretical maximum number of customers per tree is rarely reached due to take-up rates, unless very
expensive ODFs in the field are used to optimize utilization

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PON CPE Aspects

CPEs (a.k.a. ONUs or ONTs) are an integral part of the PON
architecture
Special functionality
Media Access Control
Burst-mode lasers
high optical power
encryption

makes PON-CPEs inherently more expensive than native Ethernet

CPEs
Multi-vendor interoperability left for the future
Typically deployed and owned by the Service Provider as corrupt
CPEs can impact the traffic of other customers and compromise
security

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Point-to-Point
(P2P)
or
home run fiber

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Ethernet Star Architecture

TV Set
Video source
(VoD / Bcast)

PC

Analog

SMB and residential

Phones
Set-top Box Ethernet

Ethernet

Internet

ONT in home
or business
Point of Presence

RJ-11

NT

RJ-11

NT
WiFi
NT

Core Network

ONT in
Video
Appartment
or office
surveillance

Voice
Gateway

Aggregation

Access
switch in
basement

Access

PSTN
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Ethernet Physical Network Infrastructure

Drop
Cables

Serving Area
Distribution
Cable

Central Office
Access Node

Aggregation
Network

IP
Aggregation
Router

Ethernet
Switch

Optical
Distribution
Frame (ODF)

Feeder
Cable

Cable

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Distribution
Terminal
(One-to-One
Cable)

Primary Fiber Distribution Distribution

Terminal
Concentration
Cable
(Eth
Switch)
Point (FCP)

Distribution

Single
Family
Unit

Multi
Dwelling
Unit

Drop
Cables

Drop
Distribution
Cables
Terminal
(Eth Switch)

Multi
Tenant
Building

Small
Business
Unit

27

Ethernet Star Architecture Characteristics

(a.k.a. P2P, Point-to-Point
Direct fiber access to individual subscribers
(e.g. single family residences, apartments)
Access switches in CO or decentralized on customer premise
Single mode single fibre

MTU deployments for residential, SMB, and Enterprise

customers
Access switches in basement of MTU; last drop via UTP
(Cat6/7) or fiber (SM/MM)

Very flexible and future proof solution as it provides

virtually unlimited bandwidth per customer

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Ethernet Star Architecture Characteristics

(a.k.a. P2P, Point-to-Point)
Pay as you grow possibility
Fiber topology is technology neutral
Migration to new technologies / higher speeds
can be done on a customer by customer basis
(enabling competition among different
technologies / speeds)
Higher number of fibers to CO/POP
Slightly more equipment needed in the
CO/POP

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CPE Aspects
CPEs can be commodity items purchased at retail
stores
No interoperability issues
No special functionality required
No Media Access Control
No Burst-mode lasers

CPEs inherently less expensive than PON CPEs

Can be deployed and owned by the customer as
corrupt CPEs can not impact the traffic of other
customers or compromise security
just switch off the port in case of non-compliant CPE behavior

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Ethernet Point-to-Point Advantages

Dedicated Bandwidth Per User
Greenfields: Fiber topology is not tailored to- and limited by a given
technology
Ethernet is a commodity
Lower port prices
Wide interoperability

Allows cost-effective and still future proof hybrid deployments

Mix of Fiber To The Home and Fiber To The Curb with Copper(UTP)
connection to the subscriber

Co-Existence of Business and Residential Subscribers

Residential subscribers cannot interfere with business services and
SLAs
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FTTx
Deployment

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Cost of Equipment and Construction

Deployment models

Fiber
6%

Cabinets
2%

Civil Works cost is the major share of

FTTx deployment and is common to
Installation
3%
both PON and P2P
Other Services
9%
Ethernet
12%

Civil Works
68%

Fiber Cost is only 6% of a FTTx

network cost
Fiber lifetime varies between 15 and
25 years
Increased fiber cost of P2P vs. PON is
only a minor part of the overall cost of
deployment and has to be regarded in
15-25 years depreciation

Source: Corning and FTTH Council Europe

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SPs need to make three significant

investments for FTTH deployment
Step 2: Connect the building
~35% of capex

Step 3:
Connect the
customer
~50% of capex

Step 1: Roll out in the region

~15% of capex

Only for step 1 there are any differences resulting from

access network architectures
Source: Cisco IBSG
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FTTH capex
Compared costs for GPON and E-P2P ( per Home Passed )

2,500
passive

active

2,000

443

351

1,637

1,727

1,500
1,000
500

443

352

404

469

Metro GPON

Metro E-P2P

0
Suburban GPON Suburban E-P2P

Costs for GPON and E-P2P quite close

Civil engineering represents 70% of the costs
Source: IDATE, Study for French Government, April 2006

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FTTH Subscriber Connection

FTTH
Network

STB

Access
Switch

Residential
Gateway

Home
Network
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FTTx Point-to-Point
Physical Subscriber Connection

1. New multi/single mode fiber

Simple to deploy, Quick User Activation, Unlimited Bandwidth, Easy
upgrade to GE access
Multimode up to 500m, for in-building wiring
Singlemode-single fiber for 100Mb/s and 1000Mb/s up to 10km
Quick Installation in existing risers (no safety/interference issues)

2. UTP Copper CAT V-VII

In New Buildings (dedicated ducts) Installation quicker and simpler than
fiber
Network Components (U-PE & CPE) have lower cost than fiber equivalent
Future Proof Media for Speeds Up to 1Gb/s
Limited to 90m of distance (100m including patching)

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Customer Premises Equipment

STB

FTTH
Network

Residential
Gateway

Gaming
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Internet Service
38

Customer Premise Equipment

SPs regard the CPE as demarcation point for the
service and termination of the FTTH line
2 types of CPE approaches, depending on the service
offering
ONT (Optical Network Termination)
Terminates incoming fiber and converts 100BaseFX/BX/LX10 to
100BaseT
Customer connection via UTP

HAG (Home Access Gateway)

Combined ONT and Service termination
Mostly Voice/Data combinations

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Home Access Gateway Architecture

Ethernet
10/100BaseTX
Switch

Voice
Adaptor
(H.323,
(H.323, MGCP,
MGCP, SIP)
SIP)

FXS

FXS

UPLINK
10/100BaseT
100BaseXX

USER DEVICES
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Video STB

Analogue Phones
40

CPE
E-ONT: Scientific Atlanta Prisma Series
100BaseBX10 to 100BaseTX
Optional RF Video Overlay

HAG: Deployments with Partner CPE

HAG Partner:
Tilgin (former i3micro) www.tilgin.com
Telsey www.telsey.it
Genexis www.genexis.nl

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FTTH Deployment Example

Residential Access
Access
Switch
GE

Business Access

Set-Top Box
STB

Distribution
Switch

Aggregation
POP
Main POP

Core
Switch
Core

Access

GE
Voice Gateway

Distribution

Internet

CPE

Video Servers

SS7 Interconnect

PSTN

Customer Premise

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Centralized POP Approach

Video Source
(VoD / Bcast)

Internet

U-PE
N-PE

Core Network

Aggregation

HAG
HAG
HAG
HAG
HAG

Voice
Gateway
HAG
HAG
HAG

Access

PSTN

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Centralized POP Approach

4510 with up to 384 ports

Core Network

n x GE or 10GE uplinks
3 x 4510 per 42RU Rack
1182 Subscriber per Rack

Pay as you grow

Cisco 4510

Modular line-card with SFP

Add (pay for) transceiver only
when a subscriber is connected
100BaseBX10

100Mb/s per Subscriber

Centralized Equipment
HAG HAG HAG HAG HAG HAG

1 point for AC and UPS

Central cable management and
troubleshooting

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Centralized Access Pop

ODF relative position to Cisco 4510R

Cisco 4510R in a rack

ODF

Known POP sizes vary from 2 000 to 20 000 connected customers

Citynet in Amsterdam has designed POP with 10 000 & 12 000 fibres
New French Deployment (2M ports) with more than 10000 fibers per Pop
Loop lengths deployed:
In average 3.5 km, maximum 5 km
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Novel mechanical solution

ODF for 2304 fiber terminations
Rack for 1502 active fiber
interfaces
50% take rate
up to 100% take rate
achievable with second
switch rack

Source: Huber & Suhner

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Distributed Access
Video source
(VoD / Bcast)

Internet

PE-AGG

HAG
HAG
HAG
HAG
HAG
HAG
HAG
HAG
HAG
HAG
HAG
HAG

N-PE

Core Network/P

Voice
Gateway

Aggregation

U-PE

Access

PSTN

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Multi Tenant Building Solution

Decentralized Access
Residential MTU Access
Access Switch located in
Basement/Utility Area
UTP in-house cabling up to
90m distance

HAG

Cost effective Deployment

U-PE operates in L2 Mode

and can provides access for
Business services Layer2 &
Layer3 VPN services as well
as for Layer3 3Play services
To the
DP/POP

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GE (L2) link(s) to the PE-AGG

48

Multi Tenant Unit

Switch Cabinet Solution
Compact Form Factor allows for
wall mounting
Power Distribution Panel with
optional UPS (Uninterruptible
Power Supply)
Fiber Tray for incoming fiber
UTP Patch Panels for in-house
cabling
Switches tilt-mounted to optimize
depth
Enclosure chassis act as heat-sink
Vandalism proof
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FTTx Conclusion

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What has been deployed so far?

In the US some of the incumbents are currently deploying
GPON
Utilization of existing Infrastructure: Re-use of existing duct and
outside cabinet structure
Video overlay

In Japan NTT and KDDI are deploying EPON

Aerial deployment in many regions does not allow large fiber
counts
Regulatory situation enforced lowest common denominator

Virtually anywhere else

Deployment of Point-to-Point/Star Ethernet
Only very little traction for PONs

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Conclusion
Fiber deployment to residences is a large
investment into the future
Every deployment scheme for FTTx
networks has its own merits

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Every deployment scheme for FTTx networks

has its own merits
PONs can optimize deployment cost in the very
short term, but do not represent a very futureproof investment.
Ideal for existing FTTC (Fiber To The Curb)
topologies
Residential services in areas with FTTC deployments
Service offerings with low SLA (Service Level
Agreements)

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Every deployment scheme for FTTx networks

has its own merits
Ethernet Point-to-Point architectures represent
the most future-proof solution which can
provide virtually unlimited bitrates to
subscribers.
Optimal choice for Greenfield deployments
Individual subscribers can be migrated to more
powerful technologies as needed without impacting
the service to other subscribers
Ideal to support mixed service offerings
Concurrent support for residential and business
services utilizing the same infrastructure

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In terms of equipment, both PON and P2P solutions

have their merits, In terms of network topology, P2P
architectures have significant advantages. They are
more flexible and scalable, and therefore have
economic lifetimes in excess of 20 years.

Gartner Group
Choose the Right Topology for Your Fiber-to-the-Home Network

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