Tran Thanh Minh - Phan Lu Bien Tran Quang Ngha

GIAI TCH 11

www.saosangsong.com.vn

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

Muc Luc
CHNG 3. DAY SO CAP SO CONG .......................................................................................3
- CAP SO NHAN................................................................................................................................3
1. Phong phap quy nap toan hoc .............................................................................................3
A. Tom Tat Giao Khoa ............................................................................................................3
B. Giai Toan . .............................................................................................................................3
C. Bai Tap Ren Luyen ..............................................................................................................4
D.Hng dan ap so . ...........................................................................................................5
2. Day so .......................................................................................................................................8
A. Tom Tat Giao Khoa ............................................................................................................8
B. Giai Toan ...............................................................................................................................8
C. Bai Tap Ren Luyen ............................................................................................................10
D.Hng dan ap so . .........................................................................................................12

www.saosangsong.com.vn

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

CHNG 3. DAY SO CAP SO CONG

- CAP SO NHAN
1. Phong phap quy nap toan hoc
A. Tom Tat Giao Khoa .

e chng minh mnh cha bien A(n) la mnh ung vi moi gia tr nguyen dng ca n , ta thc
hien hai bc sau :
Bc 1 : Chng minh A(1) ung .
Bc 2 : Vi x Z+ , chng minh neu A(k) ung th A(k + 1) cung ung .

B. Giai Toan .
V du 1 : Chng minh vi moi s nguyen dng , ta luon co :
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n 1) = n 2 (1)
Giai : Chu y ve trai (VT) co n so hang . n = 1 : VT = 1 , n = 2 : VT = 1 + 3 . . .
Vi n = 1: (1) 1 = 12 : mnh nay ung . Vy (1) ung khi n = 1.
Gia s (1) ung khi n = k 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + (2k 1) = k2 (2) , ta chng minh (1) cung ung khi n = k
+ 1 1 + 3 + 5 + . . .+ (2k 1) + [2(k+1) 1] = ( k + 1)2 (3)
That vay : VT(3) = VT(2) + [2(k+1) 1] = VP(2) + [ 2k + 1]
= k2 + 2k + 1 = (k + 1)2
= VP(3) ( pcm)
Theo phong phap quy nap , (1) ung vi moi s nguyen dng n .
V du 2 : Chng minh rang so an =

n
1
1
1
=
(1) vi moi s nguyen dng n .
+
+ ... +
1.2 2.3
n(n + 1) n + 1

Giai :

1
1
=
: ung . Vay (1) ung khi n = 1 .
1.2 1 + 1
k
1
1
1
Gia s (1) ung khi n = k ak =
=
(2) , ta chng minh (1) cung ung
+
+ .... +
1.2 2.3
k(k + 1) k + 1
k +1
1
1
1
1
=
.
khi n = k + 1 ak+1 =
+
+ .... +
+
1.2 2.3
k(k + 1) (k + 1)(k + 2) k + 2
1
k
1
Thay vay : ak+1 = ak +
=
( theo gia thiet quy nap (2) )
+
(k + 1)(k + 2) k + 1 (k + 1)(k + 2)
k(k + 2) + 1
k 2 + 2k + 1
(k + 1)2
=
=
=
(k + 1)(k + 2) (k + 1)(k + 2) (k + 1)(k + 2)
k +1
(pcm)
=
k+2
Vay (1) ung vi moi s nguyen dng n .
Vi n = 1 : (1) a1 =

V du 3 : Chng minh so un = 13n 1 chia het cho 6 vi moi s nguyen dng n (1)
Giai :
Vi n = 1 : u1 = 131 1 = 12 chia het cho 6 . Vy (1) ung khi n = 1

www.saosangsong.com.vn

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

Gia s (1) ung khi n = k uk = 13k 1 chia het cho 6 , ta chng minh (1) cung ung khi n = k + 1
uk+1 = 13k+1 1 chia het cho 6 .
That vy : uk+1 = 13k+1 1 = 13.13k 1 = 13(13k 1) + 12 = 13uk + 12 . V uk chia het cho 6 va 12 chia het
6 nen uk+1 chia het cho 6 ( tong hai so chia het cho 6 la mt so
chia het cho 6 ) .

C. Bai Tap Ren Luyen

3.1. Chng minh vi moi s nguyen dng n , ta co :

n(n + 1)
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
a) 1 + 2 + . . .+ n =
b) 12 + 22 + . . .+ n2 =
2
6
2
c) 1.4 + 2.7 + . . . + n(3n + 1) = n(n + 1)
3.2. Chng minh vi moi s nguyen dng n , ta co :
1
1
1
n
a)
+
+ ... +
=
1.3 3.5
(2n 1)(2n + 1) 2n + 1
1
b) 1.n + 2(n 1) + . . .+ (n 1).2 + n. 1 = n(n + 1)(n + 2)
6
1 2 3
n
n+2
c) + + + ... + n = 2 n
2 4 8
2
2
3.3. Chng minh vi moi s nguyen dng n , ta co :
a) (1 + x)n 1 + nx vi x > - 1 .
n
n
an + b n
n +1
a+ b
c)
vi a 0 , b 0 .
b)

n
+
1

2
n
2
1
1
1 13
+
+ ... +
>
c)
n +1 n + 2
2n 24
3. 4. Chng minh vi moi s nguyen dng n , ta co :
a) un = 62n + 10.3n chia het cho 11 .
b) tch ca 4 s nguyen dng lien tiep chia het cho 24 .
c) 6n + 8n chia het cho 14 khi n le
d) un = 5. 23n 2 + 33n 1 chia het cho 19 .
3.5. Theo mt truyen co , trong mt hang ong tai mt ni nao o , co mt v than ang thc hien mt
cong viec buon te nh sau . Trc mat ong ta la ba mam vang . Tren mam th nhat co mt thap tao bi
64 da kim cng co lo gi . Cac da co kch thc khac nhau t chong len nhau xuyen qua mt thanh
ngoc sao cho da tren luon nho hn da sat ben di . Mam th hai va mam th ba cung co mt thanh
ngoc giua .Cong viec cua v than la di thap da kim cng t mam th nhat sang mam th ba theo
quy tac sau :
Moi lan ch c di mt da .
Luc nao da tren cung nho hn dia ben di
Co the t da ang di tam tren mam th hai , nhng cung theo luat la da tren nho hn da di .
Th du vi thap 2 da , goi da 1 la da nho , da 2 la da ln , ta thc hien cac bc sau :
Di da 1 vao mam 2 .
Di da 2 vao mam 3 .
Di da 1 t mam 2 vao mam 3 .
Ta can tat ca 3 ong tac e hoan tat .

www.saosangsong.com.vn

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

Mam 1

Mam 2

Mam 3

Chng minh rang v than can 264 - 1 ong tac e hoan tat cong viec . Gia s moi ong tac keo dai ung 1
giay , hoi can bao nhieu thi gian e cham dt cong viec . Truyen thuyet ke rang khi viec di 64 da c
hoan tat th o cung la ngay tan the ca loai ngi .

D.Hng dan ap so .
3.1. a) * Vi n = 1 : VT = VP = 1 => mnh ung khi n = 1 .
k(k + 1)
, th th :
* Gia s : 1 + 2 + . . .+ k =
2
k(k + 1)
k(k + 1) + 2(k + 1)
+ k +1=
1 + 2 + . . .+ k + (k + 1) =
2
2
(k + 1)[(k + 1) + 1]
=> mnh ung khi n = k + 1
=
2
1(1 + 1)(2 + 1)
=1
b) * Vi n = 1 : VT = 12 = 1 , VP =
6
k(k + 1)(2k + 1)
* Gia s 12 + 22 + . . .+ k2 =
6
k(k + 1)(2k + 1)
+ (k + 1)2
=> 12 + 22 + . . .+ k2 + (k + 1)2 =
6
k(k + 1)(2k + 1) + 6(k + 1)2
=
6
(k + 1)[k(2k + 1) + 6(k + 1)]
=
6
2
(k + 1)(2k + k + 6k + 6)
=
6
(k + 1)(2k 2 + 7k + 6)
=
6
(k + 1)(k + 2)(2k + 3)
=
6
(k + 1)[(k + 1) + 1][2(k + 1) + 1]
=
6
=> mnh ung khi n = k + 1 .
1
1
c) * Vi n = 1 : VT = = VP =
3
2.1 + 1
* Gia s 1.4 + 2.7 + . . . + k(3k + 1) = k(k + 1)2
=> 1.4 + 2.7 + . . . + k(3k + 1) + (k + 1)[3{k+1) + 1] = k(k + 1)2 +(k + 1) (3k + 4)
= (k + 1)(k2 + k + 3k + 4)
= (k + 1)(k + 2)2
=> mnh ung khi n = k + 1 .
www.saosangsong.com.vn

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

1
1
= VP =
1.3
2 +1
1
1
1
k
* Gia s
+
+ ... +
=
1.3 3.5
(2k 1)(2k + 1) 2k + 1
1
1
1
1
k
1
=>
+
+ ... +
+
=
+
1.3 3.5
(2k 1)(2k + 1) (2k + 1)(2k + 3) 2k + 1 (2 k + 1)(2k + 3)
k(2k + 3) + 1
=
(2k + 1)(2k + 3)
2k 2 + 3k + 1
(k + 1)(2k + 1)
=
=
(2k + 1)(2k + 3) (2k + 1)(2k + 3)
k +1
=
=> mnh ung khi n = k + 1
2(k + 1) + 1
1
b) * Vi n = 1 : VT = 1.1 = 1 , VP = .1.2.3 = 1
6
1
* Gia s 1.k + 2(k 1) + . . .+ (k 1).2 + k. 1 = k(k + 1)(k + 2) (1)
6
1
Ta phai chng minh : 1.(k+1) + 2. k + 3.(k 1) +. . . + k. 2 + (k + 1).1 = .(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3) (2)
6
Lay (2) (1) ve vi ve : (k+1) + k + (k 1) +. . . + 2 +1 =
1
1
.(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3) - k.(k + 1)(k + 2) (3)
6
6
(k + 1)(k + 2)
VT(3) =
( theo bai 3. 1 . a)
2
1
(k + 1)(k + 2)
VP(3) = .(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3 k) =
6
2
Vy ta co pcm .
3.2. a) * Vi n = 1 : VT =

1 2
k
k+2
+ + ... + k = 2 k
2 4
2
2
1 2
k k +1
k + 2 k +1
=> + + ... + k + k +1 = 2 k + k +1
2 4
2
2
2 2

2(k + 2) (k + 1)
=22 k +1
k+3
= 2 - k +1 => mnh ung khi n = k + 1
2
3.3. a) * Vi n = 1 : VT = VP = 1 + x . Vy mnh ung khi n = 1 .
* Gia s (1 + x)k 1 + kx (1) => (1 + x)k + 1 = (1 + x) (1 + x)k (1 + x)(1 + kx) ( nhan hai ve ca (1)
cho 1 + x > 0 )
Suy ra : (1 + x)k + 1 1 + kx + x + kx2 1 + kx + x ( v kx2 0 )
Hay (1 + x)k + 1 1 + (k + 1)x => mnh ung khi n = k + 1 .
c) Gia s :

b) * Vi n = 1 : VT = VP = 2 => mnh
k
k +1
* Gia s
k + 1 (1)
k
k+2
=>

k +1

k +1

ung khi n = 1

k + 2 k + 2 k + 2 k + 1
=

k + 1 k + 1 k + 1 k

www.saosangsong.com.vn

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

k + 2 k +1

<=> k(k+2) (k + 1)2 ( ung )

k +1
k
k +1
k+2
k+2
=>

(k + 1 ) (do (1) )
k +1
k +1
k+2
Vy mnh ung khi n = k + 1 .
k
k +1
k
ak + b k
a+ba+b
a + b ak + b k
a+b
a+b
c) Gia s
=>

2
2
2 2
2
2
2
v

k +1

a k +1 + b k +1 + ab k + a k b
a+b
=>
(1)

4
2
Ta chng minh : abk + akb ak + 1 + bk + 1 ak(a b) + bk ( b a) 0
(a b)(ak bk) 0 . Bat ang thc nay ung v a b 0 => ak bk
Va 0 a b => ak bk .
k +1
2(a k +1 + b k +1 ) ak +1 + b k +1
a+b

( pcm )
Vy (1) thanh :
=

4
2
2
3. 4. a) * Vi n = 1 : u1 = 62 + 10. 31 = 66 chia het cho 11 .
* Gia s uk = 62k + 10.3k chia het cho 11 , th th :
uk+1 = 62(k+1) + 10.3k +1 = 36.62k + 30.3k = 3(62k + 10.3k ) + 33.62k = uk + 33.62k
=> uk + 1 chia het cho 11 v la tong ca hai so chia het cho 11 .

b) Ta chng minh : un = n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) chia het cho 24 .

* u1 = 1.2.3.4 = 24 chia het cho 24 .
* Gia s uk = k(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3) chia het cho 24 , th th :
uk+1 = (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)(k + 4) = uk + 4(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
Ta biet tch ba s nguyen lien tiep (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3) luon ch het cho 6 v co cha mt so chan va mt
so chia het cho 3 . Do o uk+1 la tong hai so cho chia het cho 24
nen chia het cho 24.
c) * Vi n = 1 : u1 = 61 + 81 = 14 chia het cho 14.
* Gia s uk = 6k + 8k chia het cho 14 , so le tiep theo so k la k + 2 , ta co :
uk+2 = 6k+2 + 8k + 2 = 36.6k + 64.8k = 36(6k + 8k) + 28.8k = 36.uk + 14.2.8k
=> uk + 2 chia het cho 14 v la tong hai so chia het cho 14 .
d) * Vi n = 1 :u1 = 5. 21 + 32 = 19 chia het cho 19 .
* Gia s uk = 5. 23k 2 + 33k 1 chia het cho 19 , th th :
uk+1 = 5. 23k + 1 + 33k + 2 = 5. 23 . 23k 2 + 33 . 33k 1 = 8.5.23k 1 + 27.33k- 1
= 8(5.23k 1 + 33k- 1 ) + 19.33k 1 = 8.uk + 19.33k 1
=> uk+1 chia het cho 19 v la tong ca hai so chia het cho 19.
3.5. * Vi n = 1 : v than ch can 21 1 = 1 mt ong tac di ( ung )
* Gia s v than can 2k 1 ong tac e di k da , th th vi k + 1 da , ta se di nh sau :
Di k da t da tren cung n da ke chot sang mam th hai : can 2k - 1 ong tac ( gia thiet ca
phep quy nap).
Di da cuoi cung ln nhat t mam th nhat sang mam th ba : 1 ong tac
Di k da t mam th hai sang mam th ba , dung mam th nhat lam trung gian : can 2k 1 ong
tac .
Vy can tat ca : 2k 1 + 1 + 2k 1 = 2k + 1 1 ong tac
Suy ra pcm .

www.saosangsong.com.vn

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

Vi 64 da , v than can thc hien 264 1 . May tnh bo tui khong tnh c so nay , ch cho ta mt gia tr
gan ung la . 18.446.744.070.000.000.000.000.000.000 ( 19 so 0 ) . Mi ban oc so nay ! Neu moi ong
tac di da la mt giay va luon chnh xac t gi nay ti gi kia , tu ngay nay qua ngay khac, t nam nay
qua nam ti ( than ma ! ) , th phai can 584.942.417.400 nam !

2. Day so
A. Tom Tat Giao Khoa .

1. nh ngha : Mt ham so u xac nh tren tap hp N* cac s nguyen dng c goi la mt day so vo
han .
K hieu : so hang tng quat u(n) c k hieu la un : so hang th n .
Day so vo han u = u(n) c k hieu (un) hay u1 , u2 , . . ., un .
Khi 1 n m , ta co day so hu han : u1 la so hang au , um la so hang cuoi .
2. Cach cho day so :
Cach 1 : Cho bi cong thc ca so hang tng quat .
Cach 2 : Cho bi he thc truy hoi .
3. Day so tang , giam :
(un) day so tang n , un < un+1
(un) day so giam n , un > un+1
u
Chu y : 1) (un) tang n , un+1 un > 0 n , n +1 > 1 ( neu n , un> 0 )
un
u
2) 1) (un) giam n , un+1 un < 0 n , n +1 < 1 ( neu n , un> 0 )
un
4. Day so b chan :
(un) b chan tren M , n , un M
(un b chan di m , n , un m
(un) b chan (un) b chan tren va chan di .

B. Giai Toan
Dang 1 : Xac nh cac so hang ca day so :
Dung cong thc un hoac he thc truy hoi
V du 1 :

n
. Tm so hang u3 , u4 .
2n
b) Cho day so cac so dng chia cho 5 d 3 sap xep theo th t tang dan . Tm so hang th 1000.

a) Cho day so (un) vi un =

3 3
4
4 1
= , u4 = 4 =
=
3
2
8
2 16 4
b) Day so la 3, 8, 13 . . . So hang tng quat la un = 5(n 1) + 3 = 5n 2 , n N * . Vy so hang th 1000
la u1000 = 5000 2 = 4998 .

Giai : a) u3 =

u1 = 5
V du 2 : Cho day so (un ) xac nh bi :
. Tm so hang u4 .
un = 2un 1 3 ; n 2
Giai : Ta co : u2 = 2.u1 3 = 10 3 = 7 , u3 = 2u2 3 = 14 3 = 11, u4 = 2u3 3 = 22 3 = 19 .

* Dang 2 : Xac nh so hang tng quat ca day so cho bi he thc truy hoi .
www.saosangsong.com.vn

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

Tnh th cac so hang au , d oan mt he thc un = f(n) .

Chng minh he thc o ung vi n bang phong phap quy nap .

V du 3 : Cho day so (un ) xac nh bi : u1 = 5 va n 2 , un = 2un-1 3

Tm so hang tng quat un .
Giai : T cac gia tr ca u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 a tnh trong v du 2 , ta d oan :

n , un = 2n + 3 (1) v he thc ung khi n = 1 , 2, 3, 4 , nen ta hi vong no cung ung vi moi n.

u1 = 21 + 3 = 5 : ung

Gia s (1) ung khi n = k uk = 2k + 3 , th th :

uk+1 = 2uk 3 ( he thc truy hoi )
= 2( 2k + 3) 3 = 2k + 1 + 3 , chng to (1) ung khi n = k + 1 . Vy (1) ung vi moi n .

Dang 3 : Chng minh day so tang giam ( xet tnh n ieu ) :

Neu day so xac nh bang cong thc th s dung nh ngha hoac phan chu y trong ly thuyet .
Neu day so xac nh bang he thc truy hoi , th ta dung nh ngha + phep chng
minh quy nap .
V du 4 : Xet tnh tang giam ca cac day so (un) sau :
n
2n + 3
n 2 + 15
a) un = n
b) un =
c) un =
3
n+2
n +1
Giai :

n +1
un +1 3n +1 n + 1
=
=
< 1 , n . Vy (un) la day so giam .
a) Ta co : n , un > 0 va
n
un
3n
3n
2(n + 2) 1
1
=2
( n gian cong thc day so )
b) Ta co : un =
n+2
n+2
1
1

1

1

Suy ra , n , un+1 un = 2
> 0 nen day so (un) la day so tang .
2
=
n
2
n
+
+3
(n
1)
2
n
2
+
+
+

(n 2 1) + 16
16
= n 1+
n +1
n +1
16
16
16
16
16

=> un+1 un = n +

=1
n 1+
=1+
n + 2 n +1
(n + 1)(n + 2)
n+2
n +1

Hieu so nay am khi n = 2 va dng khi n = 3 , do o day so (un) khong tang cung khong giam .
19
31
; u3 = 6 , u4 =
th co : u1 > u2 >
That ra neu ta tnh th vai so hang au tu cong thc : u1 = 8 , u2 =
3
5
u3 < u4 . Vy day so khong tang cung khong giam .

c) Ta co :

u1 = 1
* V du 5 : Cho day so (un) nh bi he thc truy hoi
2
u n +1 = u n + 3un , n 1
Giai : Ta chng minh un+1 un > 0 (1) , n .
u2 u1 = (1 + 3) 1 = 3 > 0 => (1) ung khi n = 1 .
Gia s uk+1 uk > 0 (2) , th th :
uk+2 uk+1 = (u2k+1 + 3uk+1 ) - (u2k + 3uk) = (u2k+1 - u2k ) + 3(uk+1 uk)
= (uk+1 uk)[ (uk+1 + uk ) + 3]
T he thc truy hoi , co the chng minh un > 0 , n , do o suy ra :
www.saosangsong.com.vn

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

10

uk+1 + uk + 3 > 0 , cung vi (2) , ta c : uk+2 uk+1 > 0 => (1) ung khi n = k + 1 .
Vy (1) ung vi moi n va day so (un) tang .

Dang 4 : Xet tnh b chan

e chng minh (un) b chan , ta tm hai so M va m sao cho : m un M , n .

Neu (un) cho bi he thc truy hoi th ta d oan so M, m roi chng minh tnh b chan bang
phong phap quy nap.

V du 6 : Chng minh cac day so sau b chan

3n + 14
1
1
a) un =
b) un = + cos n c) u1 = 1 , un+1 = un + 2 , n 1
n+2
n
2

3(n + 2) + 8
8
=3+
n+2
n+2
8
8
8 17
, suy ra : 3 un 3 + = . Vy (un) b chan .
V n 1 nen 0 <
n+2 3
3 3
Ghi chu : Le d nhien , ta co the viet thoang hn la : 0 un 3 + 8 = 11
Giai : a) Ta co : un =

1
1
1 va 1 cos n 1 , do o : 0 1 + cos n 1 + 1
n
n
tc : - 1 un 2 . Vy (un) b chan .
1
5
5
13
13
29
+2=
, u4 =
.
c) Ta tnh th vai gia tr au tien ca day so : u1 = 1 , u2 = + 2 = , u3 = + 2 =
2
2
4
4
8
8
Ta d oan un < 4 , n va le d nhien th un > 0 , n .
1) Chng minh : un > 0 , n
u1 =1 > 0
1
Gia s uk > 0 , th th : uk+1 = u k + 2 > 0 .
2
Vy un > 0 , n (1)
2) Chng minh un < 4 , n .
u1 = 1 < 4
1
1
Gia s uk < 4 , th th : uk+1 = u k + 2 < .4 + 2 = 4 .
2
2
Vy un < 4 , n (2)
T (1) va (2) , ta co (un) b chan .
b) V 0 <

C. Bai Tap Ren Luyen

3.6. Chon cau ung : So hang th 9 ca day so un =

a) 1, 9b) 2, 0

c) 2, 1

d) 3, 0

2n + 1
la :
n +1

u1 = 15
3.7 . Chon cau ung : Cho day so
u n = u n 1 + n
So hang dng au tien ca day so la so hang th may ?
a) 15

b) 4

c) 5

3.8. Chon cau ung : Cho ba day so

2n + 5
(II) un = (-1)n n2
(I) un =
n +1

(III) un =

d) 6
2n
n +1

www.saosangsong.com.vn

10

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

11

Day so nao la day so tang ?

a) Ch (I)

b) Ch (II)

c) Ch (III)

d) Co 2 day so tang trong ba day so

3.9. Chon cau ung : Cho ba day so

n5
4n + 2n
(II) un = n2 - 6n (III) un = n
(I) un =
2n + 1
4 2n
Day so nao la day so giam ?

a) Ch (I) va (II)

b) Ch (II) va (III)

c) Ch (I) va (III)

d) ca (I) , (II) va (III)

3.10. Chon cau ung : Cho ba day so

3n + 5
(I) un =
(II) un = 2sinn n (III) un = (-1)n n2
n +1
Day so nao b chan tren ?
a) Ch (I) va (II)
b) Ch (II) va (III)
c) Ch (I) va (III)
d) Ca (I) , (II) va (III)
3.11. Tm 3 so hang au tien ca day so sau :
n(n + 1)
1
1
1
+ ... + 2
a) un =
b) un = 2
+ 2
n
2
2 1 3 1
n 1
n

c) un = (-1)n cos
d) un = (-1)1 .1 + (-1)2 .2 + . . . + (-1)nn
4
3. 12. Tm cac so hang au tien ca day so sau roi suy ra cong thc un = f(n) ca cac day so cho bi
he thc truy hoi :
b) u1 = 4 , un+1 = 3.un - 2 , n 1
a) u1 = 7 , un+1 = un + 4 , n 1
1 + un 1
* 3.13. Cho day so (un ) nh bi : u1 = - 1 , un =
, n 2 .
2
a) Tnh 3so hang au tien ca day so .
b) Tm cong thc un theo n .
3.14. Xet tnh n ieu ca cac day so (un ) sau :
3n + 7
n2
2n 1
c) un =
a) un =
b) un =
n +1
n+2
2n
3n
e) un = - n sin2 n
f) un = n3 3n2 + 5n
d) un =
(n + 1)2
3.15. Xet tnh n ieu ca cac day so (un ) sau :
a) un =

*c) un =

1
1
1
+
+ ... +
n +1 n + 2
2n
n +1 n
n +1 + n

b) un = n + 2sinn

d) un =

sin n
n

3.16. Xet tnh b chan ca cac day so sau :

www.saosangsong.com.vn

11

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

3n 6
2n 2 + 3
b) un =
n(n + 1)
2n + 1
* d) un = - 1 + 2 - 3 - . . . + (-1)nn
a) un =

12

* d) un =

n +1 n

1
u n + 1 , n 1
3
b) Chng minh (un) b chan .

* 3.17. Cho day so (un) nh bi : u1 = 1 , un+1 =

a) Chng minh (un) giam

* 3.18. Cho day so (un) nh bi : u1 = 1 , un+1 = 2un + 1 , n 1

a) Chng minh (un) la day so tang
b) Tm cong thc un theo n .
* 3.19. Cho day so (un) nh bi : u1 = 1 , un+1 =

a) Chng minh ; un = tg

1 + u2 n 1
, n 1 .
un 1

, n .
2 n +1
b) Suy ra tnh n ieu va b chan ca (un)

* 3.20. Cho day so (un) nh bi : u1 = 1 , u n +1 =

n(n + 1)
, n .
2n
b) Xet tnh n ieu va b chan ca (un)

(n + 2)un
, n 1 .
2n

a) Chng minh un =

D.Hng dan ap so .
19
= 1,9
10
3.7 .(d) u2 = - 15 + 2 = - 13 , u3 = - 13 + 3 = - 10 , u4 = - 10 + 4 = - 6 , u5 = - 6 + 5 = - 1 , u6 = - 1 + 6 = 5 .
3.6. (a) The n = 9 vao cong thc : u9 =

Vy so hang dng au tien la so hang th 6 ,

3
=> n cang ln un cang nho => (un) giam .
n +1
* Xet (II) : u1 = - 1 ; u2 = 4 ; u3 = - 9 => (un) khong tang , khong giam .
Vy chon (III)
u
2(n + 1)
> 1 => (un) tang .
* Nu xet (II) th : n +1 =
un
n+2
3.8. (c) * Xet (I) : un = 2 +

1
11
11
(1
) => n cang ln th
cang nho => (un) cang nho => (un ) giam .
2
2n + 1
2n + 1
* Xet (II) : u1 = - 5 ; u2 = - 8 ; u10 = 40 => (un) khong tang , khong giam
2n + 1
2
* Xet (III) : un = n
=> n cang ln th un cang nho => (un) giam
=1+ n
2 1
2 1

3.9 . (c) * Xet (I) : un =

2
4 => (un) b chan tren .
n +1
* Xet (II) : V n - 1 va 2sin n 2 nen un 1=> (un) b chan tren
* Xet (III) : Khi n la so chan vo cung ln th un la so vo cung ln , do o (un) khong b chan tren .
3
3
3.11. a) u1 = 1 , u2 = , u3 =
2
2
3.10. (a) * Xet (I) : un = 3 +

www.saosangsong.com.vn

12

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

13

1
1
1
11
1
21
= , u2 = u1 + 2
=
=
, u3 = u2 + 2
2 1 3
3 1 24
4 1 40

2
3
2
c) u1 = (-1)cos =
, u2 = (1).cos = 0 , u3 = ( 1) cos =
4
2
2
4
2
d) u1 = (-1) .1 = - 1 , u2 = u1 + (1).2 = 1 , u3 = u2 + (-1)3 = - 2
b) u1 =

3.12. a) u1 = 7 , u2 = 11, u3 = 15 . . .( Nhan xet : Cac so co tnh cht chung la chia cho 4 d so la 3 : u1 =
4.1 + 3 , u2 = 4.2 + 3 , u3 = 4.3 + 3 ) Ta chng minh : un = 4n + 3 (1)
u1 = 4.1 + 3 : (1) ung khi n = 1 .
Gia s uk = 4.k + 3 , th th :
uk+1 = uk + 4 ( gia thiet ca quy nap )
= (4k + 3) + 4 = 4(k + 1) + 3 : (1) ung khi n = k + 1
Vy (1) c chng minh .
b) u1 = 4 , u2 = 3.4 - 2 = 10 , u3 = 3.10 - 2 = 28 . Nhan xet : u1 = 31 + 1, u2 = 32 + 1, u3 = 33 + 1 . Ta
chng minh : un = 3n + 1 (1) , n
u1 = 31 + 1 : (1) ung khi n = 1 .
Gia s uk = 3k + 1 , th th :
uk+1 = 3uk - 2 ( gia thiet ca quy nap )
= 3(3k +1) - 2 = 3k + 1 + 1 : (1) ung khi n = k + 1
Vy (1) c chng minh .
2
3.13. a) u1 = - 1 , u2 = 0 , u3 =
.
2

b) Nhan xet u1 = cos , u2 = cos , u3 =

. Ta chng minh : un = cos n 1 (1) , n
2
4
2

u1 = cos 0 = cos = - 1 : (1) ung khi n = 1 .

2

Gia s uk = cos k 1 , th th :
2
1 + uk
( gia thiet ca quy nap )
uk+1 =
2

1 + cos
2

k 1

2 cos2
2

a
2 k ( cong thc 1 + cosa = 2cos2 )
2

: (1) ung khi n = k + 1

2k
Vy (1) c chng minh .
= cos

3.14. a) Ta co : un =

3(n + 1) + 4
4
=3+
n +1
n +1

4
4
4

Suy ra : un+1 un = 3 +
< 0 , n . Vy (un) la day so giam.
3 +
=
n+2
n + 1 (n + 2)(n + 1)

b) Ta co : un =

(n 2 4) + 4
4
=n2+
n+2
n+2

Suy ra : un+1 un = [(n + 1) 2 +

4
4
4
] [n 2 +
] =1+
> 0 v (n+3)(n+2) > 4 , n 1.
n+3
n+2
(n + 3)(n + 2)
www.saosangsong.com.vn

13

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

14

Vy (un) la day so tang .

1
2n 1
=1- n .
n
2
2

c) Ta co : un =

Suy ra : un+1 un =

1
1
1
n +1 = n +1 > 0 , n .
n
2 2
2

d) V moi un > 0 nen

u n+1
un

3(n + 1)2
> 1 3(n + 1)2 > (n + 2)2 2n2 + 2n 1 > 0
2
(n + 2)

2n2 + n + (n 1) > 0 : ung vi n 1. Vy (un) tang.

e) Ta co : un+1 un = un = [ - n - 1 sin2 (n + 1)] [ - n sin2n ]
= - sin2 (n + 1) (1 sin2n) = - sin2 (n + 1) cos2n < 0 , n . Vy (un) giam .
f) un + 1 un = [(n + 1)3 n3] 3[(n + 1)2 n2 ] + 5[(n + 1) n ]
= (3n2 + 3n + 1 ) 3(2n + 1) + 5
= 3n2 - 3 n + 3 = 3n(n 1) + 3 > 0 , n 1
Vy (un) giam .
3.15. a) un la tong ca n so hang , un + 1 co n + 1 so hang .

1
1 1
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
+
+ ... +
un + 1 - un =

2n + 2 n + 1 n + 2
2n
n+2 n+3
=

1
1
1
1
1
1
+

=
>0

=
2n + 1 2n + 2 n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 2 (2n + 1)(2n + 2)

Vy (un ) tang .
b) Ta co : u1 2,7 , u2 3,8 , u3 3,3 . Vy day so (un) khong tang cung khong giam .
c) un = 1 -

2 n
=> un+1 = 1 n +1 + n

=> un+1 un =

2 n
n +1 + n

2 n +1
n + 2 + n +1

n(n + 2) (n + 1)2
2 n +1
= 2.
( n + n + 1)( n + 1 + n + 2 )
n + 2 + n +1

Hieu so nay am v n(n + 2) < (n + 1)2 . Vy (un) la day so giam .

1
, u4 = 0 : vy (un) khong tang cung khong giam .
3
3
15
(2n + 1)
3n 6
2 = 3 15
3.16. a) Ta co : un =
= 2
2n + 1
2n + 1
2 2(2n + 1)
3 15
3
15
15
V n 1 nen 0
. Suy ra : un
=> (un) b chan .

2 6
2
2(2n + 1) 6
Ghi chu : Ta co the giai thoang hn nh sau :
4n + 2
v - 6(2n + 1) < 3n 6 < 4n + 26 ( qua hien nhien ! )
un <
2n + 1
d) Ta co : u1 = 1 , u2 = 0 , u3 = -

www.saosangsong.com.vn

14

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

15

=> - 6 < un < 2

b) Ta co : 0 < 2n2 + 3 < 3n(n + 1) => 0 < un < 3 => (un) b chan .
Ghi chu : Ta chia t cho mau va lam nh cau (a) .
c) Ta co un =

n + 1 n > 0 , n => (un) b chan di .

1
Mat khac : un =
< 1 v n + 1 + n > 1 => (un) b chan tren
n +1 + n
Suy ra (un) b chan .

d) Neu n = 2k : un = ( - 1 + 2) + (- 3 + 4) + . . . + (- 2k + 1 + 2k) = k ( tong k so hang moi so hang bang 1)

Nu n = 2k 1 : un = - 1 + (2 - 3 ) +( 4 - 5) + . . . + ( 2k - 2 - 2k + 1) = - 1 (k 1) = - k
V du : u1000 = 500 , u2007 = - 1003 . Vy (un) khong b chan tren cung khong b chan di .
* 3.17.. a) Co the chng minh un > 0 , n .
Ta chng minh : un +1 un > 0 (1) , n 1 bang phong phap quy nap .

u2 u1 =

4
1 > 0 : (1) ung khi n = 1
3

1
1

Gia s uk+1 uk > 0 , th th : uk+2 uk+1 = u k +1 + 1 u k + 1

3
3

1
(u k +1 u k ) . 0
3

Vy (1) ung , n .
b) Nhan xet bang cach tnh cac gia tr au tien , ta chng minh un < 2 , n bang phong phap quy nap .
u1 = 1 < 1
1
1
Gia s uk < 2 , th th uk+1 = u k + 1 < .2 + 1 < 2
3
3
3
Ghi chu : Ta co the chng minh : un <
2
* 3.18. a) Giai tng t nh bai 8 .
b) Ta chng minh un = 2n 1 tng t nh v du 3 .
* 3.19. a) un = tg

u1 = tg

(1) , n

2 n +1

: (1) ung khi n = 1

4

Gia s uk = tg

2 k +1

sin

2 k +1

2sin 2
2sin

2 k +2

2k +2
cos

2 K +1
2

, th th : uk+1 =

2 k +1 =

1 cos

1 + tg2

2k +2

= tg

k +2

1
1

cos

2 k +1

2tg k +1
2

. Vy (1) ung khi n = k + 1

www.saosangsong.com.vn

15

Chng 3.Day so - Cap so cong . - Cap so nhan

Vy un = tg

2 n +1

, n .

va ham so tg x ong bien tren (0 ; /4) nen day so (un) giam va b chan di bi so
2
4

tg0 = 0 va b chan tren bi so tg = 1 .

4
n(n + 1)
3.20. a) Chng minh un =
(1) , n .
2n
1(1 + 1)
* u1 = 1 =
=> (1) ung khi n = 1
21
k(k + 1)
(k + 2) k(k + 1) (k + 1)(k + 2)
.
=
=> uk+1 =
* Gia s uk =
k
2
2k
2k
2 k +1
=> (1) ung khi n + k + 1 .
Vy (1) ung , n
3
b) * u1 = 1 ; u2 = u3 = => (un) khong tang , cung khong giam.
2
* De thay un > 0 , n .
Ta chng minh un 2 , n .
u1 = 1 2
(k + 2)
.2 2
uk 2 => uk+1
2k
b) V 0 <

16

n +1

<

www.saosangsong.com.vn

16