Hng dn thng k a cht

ThS. L Phng Bnh

HNG DN THNG K A CHT

TCVN 9153-2012 Cng trnh thy li Phng php chnh l kt qu th nghim mu t
TCVN 9362.2012 Tiu chun thit k nn nh v cng trnh
1.

L THUYT THNG K

1.1. X L V THNG K A CHT TNH TON NN MNG

-

H s kho st a cht phc v thit k nn mng c s lng h khoan nhiu v s

lng mu t trong mt lp t ln. Vn t ra l nhng lp t ny ta phi chn
c ch tiu i din cho nn.

Ban u khi khoan ly mu da vo s quan st thay i mu, ht m ta phn chia

thnh tng lp t.

Theo TCVN 9362-2012 c gi l mt lp a cht cng trnh khi tp hp cc gi

tr c c trng c l ca n phi c h s bin ng nh. V vy ta phi loi tr
nhng mu c s liu chnh lch vi gi tr trung bnh ln cho mt n nguyn a
cht.

V vy thng k a cht l mt vic lm ht sc quan trng trong tnh ton nn

mng.

1.2. PHN CHIA N NGUYN A CHT

1.2.1. H s bin ng:
-

Chng ta da vo h s bin ng phn chia n nguyn

H s bin ng xc nh theo cng thc: =

A
n

Trong gi tr trung bnh ca mt c trng:

lch bnh phng trung bnh: =

A=

i =1

1 n
( Ai A) 2

n 1 i =1

Trong : Ai : l gi tr ring ca c trng t mt th nghim ring; n : s ln th

nghim.
Lu : Khi kim tra loi tr sai s th i vi cc ch tiu kp nh lc dnh (c) v gc
ma st trong () th lch bnh phng trung bnh c xc nh nh sau:

1 n
( Ai A) 2

n 2 i =1

1.2.2. Qui tc loi tr cc sai s th :

Lu hnh ni b

Trang: 1

Hng dn thng k a cht

ThS. L Phng Bnh

Trong tp hp mu ca mt lp t c h s bin ng [] th t cn ngc li

th ta phi loi tr cc s liu c sai s ln hoc b.

Trong []: h s bin ng ln nht, tra bng 1 tu thuc vo tng loi c trng .
Bng 1: H s bin ng ln nht theo TCVN 9362-2012
c trng ca t

H s bin ng []

T trng ht
Trng lng ring
m t nhin
Gii hn Atterberg
Module bin dng
Ch tiu sc chng ct
Cng nn mt trc

0.01
0.05
0.15
0.15
0.30
0.30
0.40

Kim tra thng k, loi tr cc gi tr qu ln hoc qu b ca Ai theo cng thc sau:

A Ai V cm

Trong c lng lch: cm =

1 n
( Ai A) 2

n i =1

Lu : Khi n 25 th ly cm =
Bng 2: Bng tra cc gi tr ca V
S ln xc
nh n

Gi tr
chun s V

S ln xc
nh n

Gi tr
chun s V

S ln xc
nh n

Gi tr
chun s V

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

2.07
2.18
2.27
2.35
2.41
2.47
2.52
2.56
2.60
2.64
2.67
2.70
2.73
2.75
2.78

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88
2.90
2.91
2.93
2.94
2.96
2.97
2.98
3.00
3.01
3.02

36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.14
3.15
3.16

1.3. GI TR TIU CHUN CC C TRNG CA T

1.3.1. Gi tr tiu chun cc ch tiu n:

Lu hnh ni b

Trang: 2

Hng dn thng k a cht

ThS. L Phng Bnh

Gi tr tiu chun ca tt c cc ch tiu n (ch tiu vt l nh m, khi lng

th tch, ch s do, st,... v cc ch tiu c hc nh mdun tng bin dng,
cng khng nn,...) l gi tr trung bnh cng ca cc kt qu th nghim ring l
A sau khi loi tr sai s th.

Lu :
-

i vi cc ch tiu vt l gin tip (h s rng, ch s do) v modun tng bin

dng th gi tr tiu chun ca chng c xc nh t gi tr tiu chun ca ch tiu
th nghim m tnh gi tr tiu chun ca ch tiu gin tip theo cng thc c hc t.

1.3.2. Gi tr tiu chun cc ch tiu kp:

-

Cc gi tr tiu chun ca cc ch tiu kp lc dnh n v (c) v gc ma st trong ()

c thc hin theo phng php bnh phng cc tiu ca quan h tuyn tnh ca
ng sut php i v ng sut tip cc hn i ca cc th nghim ct tng ng, =
.tg+c.

Lc dnh n v tiu chun ctc v gc ma st trong tiu chun tc c xc nh theo

cng thc sau:
n
n
n
1 n
2
c = ( i i i i i )
i =1 i =1
i =1
i =1
tc

tg tc =

n
n
n
1
( n i i i i )
i =1
i =1
i =1

= n i
i =1
i =1
n

2
i

Lu : Nu theo cng thc trn tnh c ctc < 0 th chn ctc = 0 v tnh li theo cng

thc:
n

tc

tg =

i =1
n

2
i

i =1

1.4. C TRNG TNH TON CC C TRNG CA T

1.4.1. Gi tr tnh ton cc ch tiu n:
-

Nhm mc ch nng cao an ton cho n nh ca nn chu ti, mt s tnh ton

n nh ca nn c tin hnh vi cc c trng tnh ton .

Lu hnh ni b

Trang: 3

Hng dn thng k a cht

ThS. L Phng Bnh

Gi tr tnh ton cc ch tiu n c xc nh theo cng thc sau: Att =

Atc
kd

Trong : Atc l gi tr tiu chun ca cc c trng ang xt.

1
1

H s an ton v t c xc nh theo cng thc: kd =

Ch s chnh xc c xc nh theo cng thc: =

t v
n

Trong : t l h s ph thuc vo xc sut tin cy

-

H s ng c xc nh theo mc 1.2.1

Khi tnh nn theo bin dng (TTGH II) th = 0.85

Khi tnh nn theo cng (TTGH I) th = 0.95

Lu :
-

S lng ti thiu ca mt th nghim ch tiu no vi mi n nguyn a cht

cng trnh cn phi m bo l 6.

Nu trong phm vi n nguyn a cht cng trnh c s lng mu t hn 6 th gi

tr tnh ton cc ch tiu ca chng c tnh ton theo phng php trung bnh cc
tiu v trung bnh cc i.

Att =
-

Atc + Amax
Atc + Amin
v Att =
2
2

Vic chn tnh theo mt trong hai cng thc l ty thuc vo ch tiu lm tng an
ton cho cng trnh.

1.4.2. Gi tr tnh ton cc ch tiu kp:

-

Atc
Gi tr tnh ton ca cc ch tiu kp c xc nh theo cng thc sau: A =
kd
tt

Trong : Atc l gi tr tiu chun ca cc c trng ang xt.

1
1

H s an ton v t c xc nh theo cng thc: kd =

i vi cc ch tiu kp nh: lc dnh c v h s ma st tg. Ta c cng thc:

= t v
-

H s bin ng c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau:

c =

Lu hnh ni b

c
c

tc

& tg =

tg
tg tc
Trang: 4

Hng dn thng k a cht

ThS. L Phng Bnh

lch bnh phng trung bnh c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau:

c =

1 n 2
i
i

& tg =

& =

Khi tnh nn theo bin dng (TTGH II) th = 0.85

Khi tnh nn theo cng (TTGH I) th = 0.95

1 n
( i tg tc + c tc i ) 2

n 2 i =1

Lu :
-

tm tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton c v cn phi xc nh khng nh hn 6 gi

tr i vi mi tr s p lc php tuyn .
-

Khi tm gi tr tnh ton c, dng tng s ln th nghim lm n

Bng 3: Bng tra cc gi tr ca h s t
S bc t do
(n -1) i vi Rn v
(n - 2) i vi c v
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
25
30
40
60

H s t ng vi xc sut tin cy
0.85

0.9

0.95

0.98

0.99

1.34
1.25
1.19
1.16
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.10
1.10
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.06
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05

1.89
1.64
1.53
1.48
1.44
1.41
1.40
1.38
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.30
1.30

2.92
2.35
2.13
2.01
1.94
1.90
1.86
1.83
1.81
1.80
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.70
1.68
1.67

4.87
3.45
3.02
2.74
2.63
2.54
2.49
2.44
2.40
2.36
2.33
2.30
2.28
2.27
2.26
2.25
2.24
2.23
2.22
2.19
2.17
2.14
2.12

6.96
4.54
3.75
3.36
3.14
3.00
2.90
2.82
2.76
2.72
2.68
2.65
2.62
2.60
2.58
2.57
2.55
2.54
2.53
2.49
2.46
2.42
2.39

Cc c trng tnh ton theo TTGH I v TTGH II c gi tr nm trong mt khong

Att =Atc A

Ty theo trng hp thit k c th m ta ly du (+) hoc du (-) m bo an

ton hn.

Lu hnh ni b

Trang: 5

Hng dn thng k a cht

ThS. L Phng Bnh

Khi tnh ton nn theo cng v n inh th ta ly cc c trng tnh ton TTGH
I(nm trong khong ln hn = 0.95).

Khi tnh ton nn theo bin dng th ta ly cc c trng tnh ton theo TTGH II
(nm trong khong nh hn = 0.85).

2.

V D MINH HA

2.1.

Thng k cc ch tiu n: Dung trng ca t

STT

K hiu mu

w(T/m )

(w -tb)2

1
2
3

ND1-1
ND2-2
ND3-3

1.63
1.62
1.59
4.48
1.61

0.00028
0.00004
0.00054
0.00087

Tng
Trung bnh
a. Kim tra thng k:
1 n tc
( i ) 2 =
n 1 i =1

=
-

0.00087
= 0.021
3 1

0.021
= 0.013 < [] = 0.05
1.61

Theo TCVN 9362-2012 th dung trng c []=0.05. Vy tp hp mu c chn.

b. Xc nh gi tr tiu chun:
n

tc =

4.48
= 1.61(T/m3)
3

c. Xc nh gi tr tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn I (TTGH I):

- Vi TTGH I th xc sut tin cy = 0.95. Tra bng ta c t = 2.92

=

t
n

2.92 0.013
3

= 0.022

tt = tc (1 ) = 1.61(1 0.022 ) = (1.578 1.648 ) (T/m3)

I

d. Xc nh gi tr tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn II (TTGH II):

-

Vi TTGH II th xc sut tin cy = 0.85. Tra bng ta c t = 1.34

=

t
n

1.34 0.013
3

= 0.01

tt = tc (1 ) = 1.61(1 0.01) = (1.597 1.629 ) (T/m3)

II

Lu hnh ni b

Trang: 6

Hng dn thng k a cht

2.2.

ThS. L Phng Bnh

Thng k cc ch tiu kp: lc dnh c v gc ma st trong

S dng hm LINEST trong chng trnh phn mm MICROSOFT EXCEL .

Cch tnh: Ta ghi kt qu ng sut ct cc i max vo ct 1 v ng sut php

tng ng vo ct 2. Sau chn mt bng gm 2 ct 5 hng, nh vo lnh linest (v tr

dy s max ,dy s ,1,1) xong n cng lc "Shift+Ctrl+Enter".
Lp t c 6 mu th nghim ct trc tip (th nghim ct nhanh khng thot nc)
Mu

(kG/cm)
0.75
0.74
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.76
1.38
1.40
1.40
1.45
1.47
1.49
1.95
1.95
2.00
2.08
2.09
2.00

(kG/cm)
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3

tgtc = 0.631
tg = 0.014

c = 0.031

0.992
1914.817
4.775

0.050
16.000
0.040

ctc = 0.136

a. Kim tra thng k:

tg =

tg 0.014
=
=0.022 [] = 0.3
tg 0.631

Trong :

tgtc = 0.631
tg = 0.014

c=

c
c

0.031
= 0.228 [] = 0.3
0.136

Trong :

ctc = 0.136
c = 0.031

Vy mu c tg , c [] = 0.3 nn tp hp mu c chn.
b. Xc nh gi tr tiu chun:
-

Theo bng trn ta c :

Lu hnh ni b

Trang: 7

Hng dn thng k a cht

ThS. L Phng Bnh

tgtc = 0.631 tc = 32.25

ctc = 0.136 (kG/cm2)
c. Xc nh gi tr tnh ton theo TTGH I

Theo TTGH I xc sut tin cy = 0.95. Ta c n = 18 n-2 = 16 tra bng t = 1.75

-

Gc ma st I
chnh xc c xc nh nh sau : tg = t.tg = 1.75 x 0.022 = 0.0385

tgI = tgtc(1tg) = 0.631(10.0385) = 0.6070.655

Suy ra I = 31.26 33.22
-

Lc dnh cI
chnh xc c xc nh nh sau: c = t.c = 1.75 x 0.228 = 0.399

cI = ctc(1c) = 0.136(10.399) = 0.082 0.19(kG/cm2)

d. Xc nh gi tr tnh ton theo TTGH II

Theo TTGH II xc sut tin cy = 0.85. Ta c n = 18 n-2 = 16 tra bng t = 1.07

-

Gc ma st II
chnh xc c xc nh nh sau: tg = t.tg = 1.07 x 0.022 = 0.024

tgII = tgtc(1tg) = 0.631(10.024) = 0.6460.616

Suy ra II = 32.86 31.63
-

Lc dnh cII
chnh xc c xc nh nh sau: c = t.c = 1.07 x 0.228 = 0.244

cII = ctc(1c) = 0.136(10.244) = 0.1690.103(kG/cm2)

Lu hnh ni b

Trang: 8