Gary L Gray A Course of Latex

SON TI LIU
KHOA HC vi LATEX
Bin son: Gary L. Gray

Laboratory for Parallel and Computational Mechanics
Engineering Science and Mechanics Department
The Pennsylvania State University
Dch bi: Nguyn Phi Hng
Ngy 24 thng 08 nm 2004
c
Bn quyn 2000-2004
thuc v Gary L. Gray, All rights reserved.
Cm n!
Phn ln ni dung ca ti liu ny c ly t bn hng dn son ti liu
khoa hc vi LATEX bng ting Anh ca Gary L. Gray, i hc Pennsylvania
State.
Ti liu ny c dch trong thi gian ti hc LATEX vi mong mun
gip cc bn hc v s dng LATEX tt hn.
N cng l mn qu lu nim ca ti gi tng khoa TonTin trng
i hc S Phm Thnh Ph H Ch Minh sau khi kt thc kha hc. Nu
c sai st trong vic nh my, hay cn b sung thm ti liu ny cc bn
hy lin h vi ti.
Nguyn Phi Hng
email: phihung_sp@yahoo.com
LI GII THIU
LATEX l mt h thng son tho rt ph hp vi vic to ra cc ti liu khoa
hc v ton hc vi cht lng bn in rt cao. ng thi, n cng rt ph
hp vi cc cng vic son tho cc ti liu khc t th t cho n nhng
cun sch hon chnh. LATEX s dng TEX lm b my nh dng.
Ti liu ny s gii thiu cho cc bn cch s dng LATEX 2 son ti
liu khoa hc v cn hn th na.
Ti liu ny c chia lm 7 chng:
Chng 1 gii thiu v cu trc c bn ca mt ti liu c son tho
bng LATEX 2 . Ngoi ra, chng ny cng gii thiu v mt s thut
ng v kin thc c bn lm c s cho vic nh dng ti liu ca
bn..
Chng 2 Gii thiu su hn v cc mi trng lit k, tabbing, list, . . .
Chng 3 Hng dn cch son tho cc cng thc Ton trn hng v
trn mt hng ring bit.
Chng 4 Hng dn cch son tho cc cng thc Ton nhiu hng.
Chng 5 Ni v cc gi lnh h tr chn hnh nh v bng vo ti liu.
Chng 6 Hng dn bn to lnh mi v mi trng mi.
Chng 7 To danh sch ti liu tham kho vi BIBTEX.
Nu bn c nhu cu v cc vn lin quan n LATEX, hy tham kho
thm ti liu trang web ca Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN).
Trang ch c t ti http://www.ctan.org. Bn c th ti v tt c cc
iv
Li gii thiu
gi d liu thng qua cc chng trnh FTP a ch ftp://www.ctan.org

hay rt nhiu a ch lin kt ph khc trn th gii nh ftp://ctan.tug.org
(US), ftp://ftp.dante.de (Germany), ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk (UK). Nu
bn khng cc nc trn th hy la chn a ch no gn bn nht.
Nu bn mun s dng LATEX trn my tnh c nhn, hy xem qua nhng
thng tin a ch CTAN:/tex-archive/systems.
Mc lc
Cm n!
ii
Li gii thiu
1
iii
Gii thiu v LATEX

1.1 Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 LATEX l g ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 Ti sao ta dng LATEX ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3 Cc ngun cung cp phn mm v ti liu v LATEX
1.2 Bt u vi LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 Cu trc chung ca ti liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 Cc lnh ca LATEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3 Mi trng (Environment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.4 Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.5 K t (character), t (word), on vn (paragraph) . .
1.2.6 Cu (Sentence) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.7 Quotes, Hyphens, & Dashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.8 Kiu ti liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.9 Cc gi thm vo (Package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.10 Bin giy, phn u v chn trang . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Tng hp nhng g bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Font ch, cc mi trng lit k

2.1 Tng quan v LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 V d v cc sch p son bng LATEX
2.1.2 Font trong LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Thay i font cho k t . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Nhn mnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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MC LC
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.2.2 ln font ch . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 H Font, sc nt, m nht. . . . .
Canh gia v tht u hng . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Canh gia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 Trch dn mt on vn . . . . . . . .
Cc mi trng lit l . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.1 Danh sch chm im . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2 Danh sch nh s . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.3 Danh sch m t . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.4 Thay i nhn cho mi trng lit k.
2.4.5 Mi trng lit k tng qut . . . . . .
2.4.6 Mi trng tabbing . . . . . . . . . . .
Hp trong LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bng trong LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3 Son tho Ton trong LATEX

3.1 S dng AMS-LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 Mi trng math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2 Khong trng trong ch son cng thc Ton. .
3.2.3 Cc phng trnh Ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.4 Cc cu trc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.5 Chn ch vo cng thc Ton . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.6 Cc du ngoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.7 Hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.8 Cc du nhn trn mt k hiu . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.9 Khong trng xung quanh cc k hiu . . . . . . .
3.2.10 K t v k hiu Ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.11 Phn s tng qut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Cc phng trnh nhiu dng
4.1 Biu din cng thc Ton trn nhiu dng . . . .
4.2 Gp nhm cc cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Ngt dng cc cng thc di . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Vi nguyn tc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 Cng thc con . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2 Ngt dng v sp theo ct cc cng thc
4.4.3 nh s nhm cc cng thc . . . . . . .
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MC LC
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
vii
Canh ngay cc ct . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.1 Mi trng align . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.2 Mi trng flalign . . . . . . . . .
4.5.3 Mi trng alignat . . . . . . . .
Mi trng Ton con . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6.1 Mi trng con split . . . . . . .
nh dng ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.1 Cc dng ca mi trng matrix
4.7.2 Mi trng array . . . . . . . . .
4.7.3 Mi trng cases . . . . . . . . .
Ngt trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit

61
5.1 Gi graphicx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.1.1 C bn v lnh \includegraphics . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.1.2 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn scale . . . . . . . . 63
5.1.3 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn width, height, v keepaspectratio 65
5.1.4 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn angle . . . . . . . . 67
5.1.5 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn bb . . . . . . . . . 68
5.2 Gi lscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.3 Cc vn xy ra khi chn hnh nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.4 S dng mu vi gi color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.4.1 nh ngha mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.4.2 Tn mu c trong ty chn dvips . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.5 Mi trng float . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.5.1 Ni t i tng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.5.2 V d v mi trng table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.5.3 V d s dng mi trng figure . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Ti u cho ngi s dng

6.1 Ti u vic s dng LATEX .
6.1.1 B m (Counters) . .
6.1.2 di . . . . . . . .
6.1.3 nh ngha lnh mi
6.1.4 Vi ch c bn . . .
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viii
MC LC
7 Danh sch ti liu tham kho

7.1 Ti liu tham kho & BIBTEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.1 To danh sch ti liu tham kho n gin . . . . . .
7.1.2 To danh sch ti liu tham kho vi BIBTEX . . . . .
90
90
90
92
Ti liu tham kho
95
Chng 1
GII THIU V LATEX
1.1 Gii thiu
1.1.1 LATEX l g ?
LATEX c pht m l Lay-tech hay Lah-tech. Chng ta sn sng
s dng LATEX 2 v c th nng cp ln LATEX3. Chng ta vit LATEX c
ngha l LATEX 2 . LATEX l phn mm x l vn bn, hn na c th d
dng to ra file .html. N rt tt to cc vn bn khoa hc m nht
l Ton hc. TEX, b my nh dng ca LATEX, s dng cc font c cht
lng rt tt (Computer Modern), c to bi Donald Knuth, mt nh khoa
hc my tnh Stanford, trong khi vit tc phm The Art of Computer
Programming. Bi vy, ng ta tri qua nhiu nm lp trnh TEX trc
khi hon thnh cun sch ny.
1.1.2 Ti sao ta dng LATEX ?

N khng ging Microsoft Word !!!
Vi LATEX, bn c th d dng to ra cc ti liu di, phc tp nhng
rt p v chuyn nghip1 .
LATEX h tr rt tt cho vic son tho cc ti liu Ton hc v khoa
hc k thut.
1 cc
ti liu to ra bi LATEX l kiu mu c s dng bi cc nh xut bn ni ting

nc ngoi.
Gii thiu v LATEX

Cc phng trnh, hnh nh, bng, chng, mc . . . c th c gn
nhn, c LATEX nh s t ng v th ta c th tham kho n
chng d dng.
Chng ta c th to ra v tham chiu n mt danh sch ti liu tham
kho rt ln nh s dng BIBTEX.
TEX hon ton min ph v ta c th dng n nh trn mi h thng
c cu hnh cao hay thp, dng PC hay Mac.
File ngun ca TEX lu dng k t ASCII (file .tex) nn rt nh.
Sau khi bin dch file ngun, LATEX to ra kt qu c th l file .pdf
(Adobe Portable Document Format), .ps (PostScript), hoc .dvi (Device Independent format).
Hin nay trn th gii c rt nhiu c nhn v t chc s dng TEX.
1.1.3 Cc ngun cung cp phn mm v ti liu v LATEX

Web site ca ti liu ny: http://www.esm.psu.edu/courses/LaTeX
( thi im ny n c thay bng mt a ch mi.)
Cng ng ngi dng TEX: comp.text.tex
Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN): http://www.ctan.org
TEX Users Group (TUG) http://www.tug.org
American Mathematical Society (AMS), to ra AMSLATEX (h rt thng
minh !): http://www.ams.org
N. J. Higham, Handbook of Writing for the Mathematical Sciences, SIAM,
Philadelphia, PA, 1993.
Macintosh TEX/LATEX Web Site: http://www.esm.psu.edu/mac-tex
1.2 Bt u vi LATEX
1.2 Bt u vi LATEX
1.2.1 Cu trc chung ca ti liu
Mi file ngun ca LATEX c cu trc c bn sau:
\documentclass[options]{class}
Phn u ti liu
\begin{document}
. . . ni dung ti liu . . .
\end{document}
trong class l mt trong cc kiu ti liu sau article, report, book hay
letter2 v options l mt danh sch cc ty chn tng ng vi kiu ti
liu .
1.2.2 Cc lnh ca LATEX.

Mt lnh ca LATEX c cu trc c bn sau:
\name[parameter]{mandarg}
name l tn lnh, parameter l tham s (hay l bin), s lng cc tham s
c th c l t 0 n 9, mandarg l ni dung ca lnh. Cc lnh ca LATEX c
hai dng:
Cc k t & $ % _ { } # c ngha c bit v rt hay dng trong
LATEX. K t \ theo sau bi duy nht mt k t ni trn s in ra chnh
n trong vn bn.
K t \ theo sau bi mt hay nhiu k t thng thng.
Sau ny chng ta s bit v dng nhiu lnh nh th ny.
1.2.3 Mi trng (Environment)

Phn vn bn bn trong mt mi trng th khc vi phn vn bn ngoi
mi trng . Mt mi trng c dng:
2 thc ra trn Internet cn c nhiu kiu ti liu khc, mt s trong chng c bn quyn.
Gii thiu v LATEX

\begin{environment}
phn thn ca mi trng
\end{environment}
y cng l mt cu trc quan trng ca LATEX m ta s dng rt nhiu.

Mt v d l mi trng center (canh gia mt on vn bn) ging nh
th ny:
on vn bn ny nm trong mi trng center
v n c canh u hai bin giy.
1.2.4 Declarations
Declaration l nhng lnh m n lm thay i cch hot ng ca mt tham
s hay lnh no m n khng in ra vn bn g c. V d nh lnh
\setlength{\topmargin}{-0.9in}
c dng trong ti liu iu chnh li bin trn (top margin) ca t giy
l 0.9 inches (vng, di vn c th m). Nh mt v d khc, chng
ta dng declaration \footnotesize to kch thc nh hn kch thc
thng thng, ging nh th ny: y l footnotesize.
Mt declaration c tc dng trc tip t khi gi n v kt thc khi c
mt declaration khc cng loi c gi li. Nu mt declaration xut hin
bn trong mt mi trng hay cp du {... } th tc dng ca n ch c trong
mi trng ny hay i vi phn vn bn trong cp du ngoc ging nh
khi thy v d trn vi declaration \footnotesize.
1.2.5 K t (character), t (word), on vn (paragraph)

LATEX xem xt xp mt nhm cc k t thnh mt t thng qua cc
khong trng (nhiu khong trng hay xung hng cng ch c coi l
mt khong trng). Mt hng trng hay nhiu hng trng ch cho LATEX
rng ta mun kt thc mt on v bt u on mi. Mt khong trng
khng b ngt c a vo vi du . Chng ta s thy nhiu v d loi
ny. Nhng k t: & $ % { } # c nhng ngha c bit i vi LATEX.
Nu bn mun xut ra chng th ta phi t trc n k t \ ging nh
th ny: \$ \& \# .... Tt c cc lnh ca LATEX bt u vi k t \, k t
% lm cho LATEX b qua tt c cc phn vn bn trn hng k t sau n.
1.2 Bt u vi LATEX
1.2.6 Cu (Sentence)
Mt cu kt thc vi . (hoc c th l ? hay !) v LATEX t ng thm vo mt
khong trng ln hn khi bt u cu mi (gp i khong trng thng
thng). Trong s thm vo , s c vi trng hp LATEX lm sai khi
trc du chm cu l ch in hoa. Sau y l mt v d minh ha, nu ta
nhp vo: G. L. Gray sent a proposal to NSF. How nice., ta s c
kt qu l: G. L. Gray sent a proposal to NSF. How nice.
Ch rng kh nng ngt cu v thm vo cc khong trng t ng
ca LATEX s b sai khi trc du chm l ch in hoa, khc phc
iu ny ta c th thm vo lnh \@ trc du chm. Ging nh
th ny: G. L. Gray sent a proposal to NSF\@. How nice. N s
cho ta kt qu l: G. L. Gray sent a proposal to NSF. How nice.
Lnh \frenchspacing s tt chc nng thm vo khong trng khi
kt thc cu v y l c trng ca ting Php.
1.2.7 Quotes, Hyphens, & Dashes

Chng ta hu nh khng bao gi dng k t " , bi v m hay ng
ngoc (n hay kp) ta thng dng nh sau single hay double. Chng
c nhp vo nh sau: single v double.
Nhng loi du gch ni (dash) c dng trong son tho ty tng
hon cnh. LATEX c th to ra bn loi du gch ni sau:3
Hyphen (-) s dng ni cc t b ngt qung khi kt thc hng, v d
nh docu-ment.
En dash () dng biu th dy c th t, v d nh t 1216 Thng Tm.
du tr ($-$) dng trong ch son tho cng thc ton ging nh x
y2 , ch di ca du tr v cc khong trng ln xung quanh n.
dash hoc emdash () Cc trng hp khc.
3 Nhng
ngi s dng Microsoft Word dng nh ch bit mt loi trong chng.
Gii thiu v LATEX
1.2.8 Kiu ti liu

i vi mi ti liu, LATEX u yu cu ngi son xc nh cu trc ca
ti liu thng qua cc ty chn (option) v chn kiu ti liu (class) mun
son. Cc chn la c th dng l:
font size 10pt, 11pt, 12pt, trong mc nh l 10pt.
paper size/orientation Kh giy mc nh ph thuc vo bn LATEX m
bn ci t. Kh giy letterpaper dng cho U.S. l 8 12 11 in. Kiu
dng mc nh l portrait, nhng ta c th thay thnh landscape.
one/two column onecolumn l gi tr mc nh. Ty chn twocolumn t
ng nh dng li ti liu thnh 2 ct.
V th, bn c th bt u ti liu vi lnh:
\documentclass[letterpaper,12pt]{article}
Xem Sch [4] c cc thng tin chi tit hn v cc ty chn khc.
1.2.9 Cc gi thm vo (Package)

Mt phn mi c thm vo u ti liu l cc gi lnh. C hng ngn gi
lnh c sn v min ph trn CTAN m ta c th dng.
Nhng gi no c th dng ph thuc vo bn LATEX m bn ci t,
nhng ta cng c th ci b sung thm sau . Sch [4] s cho bn nhng
tng tt ci cc gi thm vo. Ni bn ci cc gi ph thuc vo th
mc gc m bn ci LATEX. V d, vi h iu hnh Mac OS X (UNIX), th
mc ci LATEX l
/Library/texmf/tex/latex/misc/
v trong Windows vi MikTEX th mc nh l th mc
C:\texmf\tex\
Mi file .sty m LATEX cn dng u trong th mc ny, c th c tm
thy v s dng. y l th mc ci LATEX thng dng, v ta c th ci cc
gi vo y. Khi bin dch, TEX s tm cc file cn dng trong th mc ny,
v th mc t file cn bin dch.
1.3 Tng hp nhng g bit
1.2.10 Bin giy, phn u v chn trang

Bn c th iu chnh hnh dng ca trang in khi cn cho ph hp vi mc
ch ca mnh. Mi trang cha phn u trang (head), chn trang (foot) v
phn thn (phn cha vn bnbody). LATEX dng cc kch thc mc nh
nhng ta c th thay i n. Hy cn thn, thay i cc gi tr ny c th
lm mt i tnh trong sng v chuyn nghip ca vn bn.
V th, nh mt v d, vi kh giy 8 12 11in, c th thit lp li bin
tri v phi l 1 in bng cc lnh sau:
\setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in}
Nh mt v d khc, u ti liu ta c th dng lnh:
\setlength{\textwidth}{9.75in}
\setlength{\textheight}{6.8in}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-0.25in}
\setlength{\topmargin}{-0.9in}
c trang in p bn hy xem trang 555557 trong Sch [4].
1.3 Tng hp nhng g bit

y l mt phn file ngun tng hp cc hng dn trn y.
\documentclass[12pt,letterpaper]{article}
\title{Ti liu u tin ca bn son bng \LaTeX}
\author{Tn tc gi\thanks{ch thch cho tc gi: ni
lm vic, email,...}
\and
ng tc gi\thanks{ch thch nh trn}}
\date{\today}% in ra ngy trong my
\begin{document}
\maketitle % lnh yu cu to tiu
\begin{abstract} % tm tt bi bo co ca bn
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Tm tt}
y l tm tt ca bn.
\end{abstract}
Gii thiu v LATEX
\tableofcontents % to mc lc
\section{y l mc th nht} \label{sec:01}
Phn thn ca Mc~\ref{sec:01} y.
\subsection{y l mc con ca Mc~\ref{sec:01}}
\label{ssec:01}
Phn thn ca Mc~\ref{ssec:01} y.
......................
\end{document}
Chng 2
FONT CH, CC MI TRNG
LIT K
2.1 Tng quan v LATEX
2.1.1 V d v cc sch p son bng LATEX
Chng ti lun mun lm cho bn bit c mt ti liu c son vi
LATEX cha nhng g v n p nh th no, bn hy xem
Mt trang trong Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids.
Mt trang trong Journal of Applied Mechanics.
Mt quyn sch ca George Gratzer: First Steps in LATEX: A Short
Course.
Mt ngi c th tranh ci rng c phi LATEX to ra cc trang in ni trn
tp trung vo ni dung hn l cch thc nh dng khng ?
Vi phn ng nhng ngi son tho, h c gng so snh v lm theo
nhng trang vn bn nh dng hon chnh hay cc quyn sch m cc
nh xut bn sp xp li cc mc, tham chiu cho ...
2.1.2 Font trong LATEX

Mt bn LATEX ci t hon chnh s cha y cc font h CM..., c
th thm cc font LAZY..., LOGO... . Nu c ci gi vietnam th s c thm
cc font VN.... Chng trong th mc: \texmf\font\...
10
2.2 Thay i font cho k t

2.2.1 Nhn mnh
Nhng ngi nh my khi h mun nhn mnh (emphasisze) iu g th
h gch di n. Trong son tho, ta khng nn dng bin php gch di
nhn mnh m phi THAY I FONT ca on vn bn .
Thng thng, ta c th nhn mnh mt on vn bng cch in nghing
n trong font thng ng, lnh \emph cho php nhn mnh mt on vn
trong mi font. Ta c th nhn mnh mt phn on vn m on
c nhn mnh. Hy xem v d sau: Bn c th nhn mnh vn bn khi
m n c chnh l in nghing, trong font ch dng sans-serif, hay kiu nh
my.
2.2.2 ln font ch
ln ca font c th c thay i bng cc declarations (xem mc 2.4
ca Chng 1) sau y:
\tiny (tiny)
\footnotesize (footnotesize)
\normalsize (normalsize)
\scriptsize (scriptsize)
\small (small)
\large (large)
\Large (Large)
\LARGE
\huge
\Huge
(huge)
(LARGE)
(Huge)
Cc c ch trong cc lnh trn ph thuc vo font ch chn u ti liu.

Ch rng hai lnh \huge v \Huge c cng ln khi chn c ch l 12pt
hay kiu ti liu l FoilTEX . Thm na, di khong trng v khong
cch gia cc hng s thay i khi thay i c ch.
2.2.3 H Font, sc nt, m nht.

S dng cc font chun ca LATEX (Computer Modern fonts), chng ta c th:
family: cho ta nhng kiu ch sau: Roman, Typewriter, Sans Serif.
shape: cho ta nhng dng ng, nghing: upright, italic, slanted,
SMALL CAPS.
series: cho ta sc nt ca ch: medium, bold.
2.3 Canh gia v tht u hng
11
Ch rng h font san serif thng dng mc nh trong trnh din v

khng c cc kiu in nghing v CH IN NH. thay i h font, kiu,
sc nt ta c th dng cc lnh di y hay chnh xc hn l cc declarations (xem trong [4]).
family: \textrm{text},\texttt{text},\textsf{text}
shape: \textup{text},\textit{text},\textsl{text},\textsc{text}
series: \textmd{text},\textbf{text}
2.3 Canh gia v tht u hng

2.3.1 Canh gia
C nhiu cch canh gia mt on, nhng vi LATEX, chng ta ch c
mi trng center lm vic ny, ging nh th ny:
\begin{center}
dng 1\\ dng 2 di hn\\ dng ny di nht
\end{center}
n s cho ta kt qu sau
dng 1
dng 2 di hn
dng ny di nht
trong lnh \\ cho ta mt hng mi.
[4] c ni n hai declaration l \centering v \centerline nhng c
hai khng tt.
2.3.2 Trch dn mt on vn
Ta c th thm vo mt on trch dn nhiu hng bng cch s dng mi
trng quote hoc quotation. y l v d v mi trng quote:
My father was a relentlessly self-improving boulangerie owner from
Belgium with low-grade narcolepsy and a penchant for buggery. My
mother was a fifteen-year-old French prostitute named Chloe with
webbed feet. My father would womanize, he would drink, he would
12

make outrageous claims, like he invented the question mark. Sometimes he would accuse chestnuts of being lazy. A sort of general
malaise that only the genius possess and the insane lament.
My childhood was typical. Summers in Rangoon, luge lessons. In the
spring wed make meat helmets. If I was insolent, I was placed in a
burlap bag and beaten with reeds. Pretty standard, really. At the age
of twelve I received my first scribe. Dr. Evil, Austin Powers.
v y l mi trng quotation:
My father was a relentlessly self-improving boulangerie owner
from Belgium with low-grade narcolepsy and a penchant for buggery.
My mother was a fifteen-year-old French prostitute named Chloe
with webbed feet. My father would womanize, he would drink, he
would make outrageous claims, like he invented the question mark.
Sometimes he would accuse chestnuts of being lazy. A sort of general
malaise that only the genius possess and the insane lament.
My childhood was typical. Summers in Rangoon, luge lessons. In
the spring wed make meat helmets. If I was insolent, I was placed in
a burlap bag and beaten with reeds. Pretty standard, really. At the
age of twelve I received my first scribe. Dr. Evil, Austin Powers.
Bn hy tm s khc nhau1 gia hai mi trng ny i !
2.4 Cc mi trng lit l

2.4.1 Danh sch chm im
y l mi trng lit k vi cc du chm hay k t c bit u dng,
hy xem v d sau:
\begin{itemize}
\item Cp ln nht l chm en ln.
\begin{itemize}
\item Sau ta c mt gch u hng (\engidx{dash}).
1 Mi
trng quote khng c tht u hng (noindent) u mi on nhng khong

trng dc gia hai on th ln hn thng thng; mi trng quotation c phn cch
on tc l lnh \par c tc dng v c tht u hng.
13
\begin{itemize}
\item K ta c du sao (\engidx{asterisk}).
\begin{itemize}
\item Cui cng l du chm nh.
\end{itemize}
\item Mt du sao khc.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\item Item 2
\end{itemize}
n s cho ta
Cp ln nht l chm en ln.
Sau ta c mt gch u hng.

K ta c du sao.
Cui cng l du chm nh.
Mt du sao khc.
Mt gch u hng na.

Item 2
C bn loi mi trng lit k v ta c th dng xen k hay lng vo nhau

n 4 ln.
2.4.2 Danh sch nh s

Mi trng enumerate cho php to ra cc danh sch nh s. Sau y l
v d v mi trng ny:
\begin{enumerate}
\item nh s bng s kiu Arabic ln s dng th nht.
\begin{enumerate}
\item nh s bng ch thng.
\begin{enumerate}
\item nh s bng s kiu Roman cp th 3.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Cui cng dng ch in hoa.
14
\end{enumerate}
\item V y l nh s kiu Roman.
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
\item Number 2
\end{enumerate}
N s cho ta:
1. nh s bng s kiu Arabic ln s dng th nht.
(a) nh s bng ch thng.
i. nh s bng s kiu Roman cp th 3.
A. Cui cng dng ch in hoa.
ii. V y l nh s kiu Roman.
2. Number 2
Ch rng c hai mi trng itemize v enumerate u c th lng vo
nhau xen k ty n 4 ln.
2.4.3 Danh sch m t

nh x l mt qui tc tng ng t mt tp hp, gi l tp xc nh, vo
mt tp hp khc gi l tp gi tr m mi phn t tp xc nh c
duy nht mt nh tp gi tr.
Hm s l nh x c tp xc nh l tp con ca tp s thc R.
Tch phn Riemann l gii hn ca mt dy cc tng Riemann ca hm
f , tc l gii hn
Z b
a
f ( x ) dx = lim
| P |0 k=1
f ( k )( xk xk1 )
trong x0 = a < x1 < < xn1 < xn = b v k chn ty trong

( x k 1 , x k ).
Cc nh ngha trn son bi mi trng description nh sau:
15
\begin{description}
\item[nh x] l mt qui tc tng ng t mt tp hp,
gi l \emph{tp xc nh}, vo mt tp hp khc gi l
\emph{tp gi tr} m mi phn t tp xc nh c duy
nht mt nh tp gi tr.
\item[Hm s] l nh x c tp xc nh l tp con ca
tp s thc R.
\item[Tch phn Riemann] l gii hn ca mt dy cc tng
Riemann ca hm $f$, tc l gii hn $$\int_a^bf(x)\,dx=
\lim_{|P|\rightarrow0}\sum_{k=1}^nf(\xi_{k})(x_k-x_{k-1})
$$ trong $x_0=a<x_1<\dots<x_{n-1}<x_n=b$ v $\xi_k$
chn ty trong $(x_{k-1},x_k)$.
\end{description}
Chng ta s tho lun v vic son cc cng thc Ton Chng 3.
2.4.4 Thay i nhn cho mi trng lit k.

Trong mi trng lit k (itemize) cc nhn u mi mc (item) c th
c thay i ton b hay tng ci mt. lm vic ny ta c th dng
thm mt tham s lnh \item.
clubs
hearts
diamonds
spades
N c son nh sau:
\begin{itemize}
\item[$\clubsuit$] clubs
\item[$\heartsuit$] hearts
\item[$\diamondsuit$] diamonds
\item[$\spadesuit$] spades
\end{itemize}
16
thay i ton b cc nhn thnh mt nhn mi, ta c th dng lnh

\labelitemi theo v d sau
\begin{itemize}
\renewcommand{\labelitemi}
{$\checkmark$}
\item item 1 \item item 2
\end{itemize}
cho ta kt qu
X item 1
X item 2
2.4.5 Mi trng lit k tng qut

c to bi mi trng list theo dng sau:
\begin{list}{label}{declarations}
\item mc 1
\item mc 2
\end{list}
trong
label l nhn mc nh cho nhng mc no khng c ch r
nhn c th lnh \item.
declarations l cc lnh iu khin di ngang v dc cho
mi trng list ging nh cc lnh xc nh di khc.
Sau y l v d v mi trng list:
\begin{list}{}{%
% rng bin tri
\setlength{\leftmargin}{1.6in}
% rng phn cha nhn
\setlength{\labelwidth}{1.2in}
% khong trng ngang gia nhn v text
\setlength{\labelsep}{0.0in}
% khong trng dc gia hai item
\setlength{\parsep}{5pt plus 1pt minus 0pt}
% khong trng dc gia hai item
\setlength{\itemsep}{7pt plus 1pt minus 0pt}
% khong trng dc trc v sau mi trng list
\setlength{\topsep}{10pt plus 1pt minus 0pt}
17
}
\item[\textsc{\textbf{Education}}\hfill]
Ph.D., Engineering Mechanics, 1993\\
\emph{University of Wisconsin--Madison}
M.S., Engineering Mechanics, 1988\\
\emph{University of Wisconsin--Madison}
S.M., Engineering Science, 1987\\
\emph{Harvard University}
B.S. \emph{cum laude}, Mechanical Engineering, 1985\\
\emph{Washington University}
\item[\textsc{\textbf{Experience}}\hfill] Some jobs here and
some jobs there.
\end{list}
Kt qu l ta c on sau:
EDUCATION
Ph.D., Engineering Mechanics, 1993

University of WisconsinMadison M.S., Engineering Mechanics, 1988
University of WisconsinMadison S.M., Engineering Science, 1987
Harvard University B.S. cum laude, Mechanical Engineering, 1985
Washington University
EXPERIENCE
Some jobs here and some jobs there.
2.4.6 Mi trng tabbing

y l v d s dng mi trng tabbing
Professors Dr. Gary L. Gray
Associate Professor
ESM Dept.
409C Earth-Engineering Sciences Bldg.

phone: 863-1778
email: gray@engr.psu.edu
Dr. Francesco Costanzo 409D Earth-Engineering Sciences Bldg.

Associate Professor
phone: 863-2030
ESM Dept.
email: costanzo@engr.psu.edu
v y l on m ca n
18
\begin{tabbing}
\hspace{1.7in} \= \hspace{3.4in} \= \kill
\textbf{Professors} \> Dr.\ Gary L. Gray \> 409C
Earth-Engineering Sciences Bldg. \+ \\
Associate Professor \> phone: 863-1778 \\
ESM Dept. \> email: \texttt{gray@engr.psu.edu} \\[0.1in]
Dr.\ Francesco Costanzo \> 409D Earth-Engineering
Sciences Bldg.\\
Associate Professor \> phone: 863-2030\\
ESM Dept. \> email: \texttt{costanzo@engr.psu.edu}
\end{tabbing}
y l vi li gii thch ca ti: mi trng tabbing lm vic ging nh
cch canh ngay cc ct ca nhng ngi dng my nh ch
X canh ngay cc ct v bn tri.

X tab dng khi gp lnh \=.
X khng c ngt dng t ng trong mi trng ny, mun ngt dng
phi dng lnh \\.
X \> ngn cch cc ct.
X Vic dng tab c th thit lp trn mt dng khng c in ra nu
dng kt thc vi \kill.
Bn c th xem v d phc tp hn file tabbing_demo.pdf. V mi trng
ny bn c th tham kho thm trong Sch [?].
2.5 Hp trong LATEX

Mi hp box l mt vt th m LATEX xem nh l mt n v, ging nh
mt k t. Do mi k t c LATEX xem nh mt ci hp, nhng ci
hp ny c th di chuyn sang mi hng xung quanh n nhng khng
th ph v n.
Mt \framebox l mt hp thc s m ta c th thy c, lnh
\framebox{text} s cho ta kt qu text , lnh \framebox c th thay
i theo thch, hy xem chi tit trong [4].
2.5 Hp trong LATEX
19
Mt on c th a vo mt ci hp ln bng cch s dng lnh

\parbox hay l t n trong mi trng minipage. Ta s c v d v
n di y.
Mt rule box cho php v mt hp en ch nht vi chiu di v rng
xc nh, cu trc ca n l \rule[lift]{width}{height}.
Sau y l nhng v d v cc lnh trn. Lnh \framebox th khng cn
phi a vo v d v n qu r rng. Lnh \rule{\textwidth}{1pt} s
cho ta ng thng ngang di bng di ca lnh \textwidth v dy
l 1 pt.
v y l lnh \rule{0.3\textwidth}{1pt}.
Cc tham s width v height c th thay ty bng di hay cc lnh
xc nh di nh trn. V d tinh t hn v lnh \rule v \baselineskip
file rule_command_demo.pdf.
i vi lnh \parbox, y l cu trc c dng trong rt nhiu v d:
\parbox[pos][height][innerpos]{width}{text}
Problem 1
The mechanism shown at the right consists
of the disk whose center is pinned at O and
two links AB and BC. The disk O has radius
R and is rotating with a constant counterclockwise angular velocity 0 . If the lengths
of AB and BC are also equal to R, determine
the angular accelerations of link AB, AB ,
and link BC, BC , at the instant shown.
N c to ra bng cch dng on sau:
\textsf{\textbf{Problem 1}}\\\parbox[t][][t]{3in}{\textsf{
The mechanism shown at the right consists of the disk
whose center is pinned at $O$ and two links $AB$ and
$BC$. The disk $O$ has radius $R$ and is rotating with
a constant counterclockwise angular velocity $\omega_0$.
If the lengths of $AB$ and $BC$ are also equal to $R$,
determine the angular accelerations of link $AB$,
$\alpha_{AB}$, and link $BC$, $\alpha_{BC}$, at the
20
instant shown.}}\hfill\parbox[t][][b]{2.1in}{
\includegraphics[scale=.8]{Problem1}}
Lnh \parbox to ra mt hp (khng c bin nhn thy nh lnh \framebox)
c chiu rng v di ln lt cho bi tham s width v height, pos v
innerpos l tham s ch v tr ca hp ng vi chiu dc v chiu ngang.
2.6 Bng trong LATEX

y l on nhp liu ca mt ci bng rt p.
\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{||l|c|c|c|c||} \hline \hline
\multicolumn{2}{||c|}{Onset of Delamination} &
\multicolumn{3}{c||}{Laminate Type} \\ \hline
Result & Source & $[0]$ & $[(0/90)_{N}]_{S}$ &
$[(0_7/90_5)_N]_S$ \\ \hline\hline
$\rho$ & Martins Analysis & 0.42 & N/A & 0.42 \\ \cline{2-5}
& Martins Experiment & 0.33--0.49 & N/A & N/A\\ \cline{2-5}
& DDSHM & 0.41 & 0.41 & 0.41\\ \hline
$\theta^{\circ}$ & Martins Analysis & 25 & N/A & 25 \\
\cline{2-5}
& DDSHM & 25.4 & 25.4 & 25.4\\ \hline
$P$ (N) & Martins Experiment & 7.23--14.60 & N/A &
6.50--10.50\\ \cline{2-5}
& DDSHM & 9.13--9.74 & 7.99--8.49 & 8.88--9.48\\ \hline \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{y l mt bng rt phc tp v tinh t,
ng khng bn ?}
\label{table}
\end{center}
\end{table}
N to ra bng 2.1.
2.6 Bng trong LATEX
21
Onset of Delamination
Laminate Type
Result
Source
[0]
[(0/90) N ]S [(07 /905 ) N ]S
Martins Analysis
0.42
N/A
0.42
Martins Experiment 0.330.49
N/A
N/A
DDSHM
0.41
0.41
0.41
Martins Analysis
25
N/A
25
DDSHM
25.4
25.4
25.4
P (N) Martins Experiment 7.2314.60
N/A
6.5010.50
DDSHM
9.139.74
7.998.49
8.889.48
Bng 2.1: y l mt bng rt phc tp v tinh t, ng khng bn ?
V cch son tho cc bng trong LATEX, bn c th tham kho chi tit trong
mc 2.11.5 Sch [?] hoc [?].
Chng 3
SON THO TON TRONG
LATEX
3.1 S dng AMS-LATEX
Ti gi s rng bn ci t v c th s dng cc gi lnh sau: amsmath,
amssymb, exscale, eucal v mi khi bn son vn bn Ton hc, ti khuyn
bn nn np ht bn gi ny. y l m t ngn gn v bn gi lnh trn:
amsmath y l gi lnh u tin ca AMS-LATEX, b sung vo LATEX cc
lnh v mi trng mi son cc cng thc, h phng trnh
nhiu hng, thm nhiu k hiu Ton in m, d dng to ra k hiu
mi v nhiu tnh nng khc.
amssymb Thm vo hn mt trm k hiu Ton hc mi m chng khng
c trong LATEX thng thng.
exscale Gi ny cho php LATEX dng cc font m rng khc nhau (font
cmex) trong trng hp cR th. Cc font cmex c dng cho cc k
hiu ton ln nh , , , . . . v exscale cn cho php nhng font
ny c th c lm ln ln cho ph hp vi lp ti liu headings v
nhng kiu ti liu dng font ln khc.
eucal Thay th k thut to ra cc k t Ton hc p ca LATEX vi cc k t
Ton Euler Script. Vi ty chn mathscr, bn c c hai loi font bng
cch dng \mathcal to ra cc k t Ton p ca LATEX, ging nh
3.2 Cc ch hin th cng thc
23
ABCD , v s dng lnh \mathscr to ra cc k t Euler Script,

ging nh ABCD.
AMS-LATEX cn bao gm nhiu gi khc, t ng np vo khi np bn
gi trn, c th l amsmath t ng np thm vo amsgen, amsbsy, amsopn
v amstext cn amssymb t ng np vo amsfonts.

Thng thng, cng thc Ton c hin th trn cng mt hng, l mt
phn ca hng hin thi, hoc c hin th trn mt hay nhiu hng khc
song song vi hng hin thi. u tin, chng ta s tho lun v cng thc
hin th trn cng hng hay trn mt hng ring bit sau s ni v cng
thc trn nhiu hng.
3.2.1 Mi trng math

Cng mt cng thc nhng y l cng trn hng M( ) =
g(Xc (t), t + ) dt v y l trn mt hng ring bit
M ( ) =
Z +
R +
f (Xc (t))
f (Xc (t)) g(Xc (t), t + ) dt
C mt vi ch nh y:
Hai cng thc trn c nhp vo khc nhau ty vo ta mun cng
thc trn hng hay mt hng ring.
Cng thc trn hng c gii hn bi cp du $...$, ta cng c th
dng cp du $...$ hay mi trng math, ti lun dng du $.
Cng thc hin th trn mt dng ring bit c th nhp vo bi cp
du $$...$$ hay l \[...\] hay c th dng mi trng displaymath.
Thng thng, i vi cng thc Ton, cc s v hm c dng font
Roman thng ng, v cc bin th in nghing (italics). LATEX t ng
thm vo cc khong trng xung quanh cc ton t nh +, , = . . .
24
Son tho Ton trong LATEX

i vi cng thc trn cng hng th cc ch s (trn v di) khng
c y ra xa, cc k hiu tch phn, tng khng ln, cn i vi
cng thc trn mt dng ring th ngc li. Bn hy xem v d trn
thy r s khc nhau ny.
Tt c nhng cp k t hay mi trng ni trn (v cn nhng mi trng

khc na) u cho php ta vo hay thot khi ch son tho Ton hc.
Hn na, ta khng cn phi thm vo cc khong trng 1 khi ang trong
ch Ton hc, v nu bn nhp vo mt hng trng trong n th LATEX
s bo li.
! Missing $ inserted.
<inserted text>
$
l. 67
?
3.2.2 Khong trng trong ch son cng thc Ton.

LATEXb qua mi khong trng trong ch son cng thc Ton theo qui
lut sau:
Bn phi gii hn tn lnh bng khong trng, s hay k hiu m
khng l cc k t: a, b, c, ...
Nu bn tm thi chuyn qua ch son tho thng thng trong
ch Ton, khi khong trng trong phn son theo ch thng
vn c tc dng.
Tht vy, nh mt v d, bn s thy c cng mt kt qu khi nhp vo
$\ddot{x} +\sin x=0$ v $ \ddot{x}
+\sin x =0 $, l cng thc
x + sin x = 0. Ch rng khong trng theo sau lnh \sin v trc bin
x l cn thit v nu khng c n th tc l ta nhp vo lnh \sinx, m
lnh ny cha c nn LATEX bo li
! Undefined control sequence
Tht l tt nu bn c th son file ngun mt cch r rng c th d
dng tm kim nu c li.
1 Ngoi
tr khong trng dng ngn cch cc lnh vi k t ngay sau n.
25
3.2.3 Cc phng trnh Ton hc

Equation c hiu l mt phng trnh hay mt cng thc, n lun c
nh s v hin th ring trn mt hng, c nhp vo thng qua mi
trng equation. Theo mc nh, s th t phng trnh hin th st bin
phi v lnh \label cho php bn gn cho n mt tn gi bt k, sau
ny c th tham kho hay i chiu n n. V d sau y s gip bn r
hn:
\begin{equation} \label{int:Mel}
M(\theta) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}_c(t))
\wedge \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}_c(t), t + \theta) \, dt.
\end{equation}
s cho ta cng thc sau
M ( ) =
f(xc (t)) g(xc (t), t + ) dt.
(3.1)
m n c th c tham kho tr li bi lnh \eqref nh l tch phn Melnikov (3.1). Ch rng LATEX chun dng lnh \ref, n yu cu bn phi
t nhp vo cp du ngoc n: tch phn Melnikov~(\ref{int:Mel}).
Lnh \eqref rt tt v n lun gi s ca phng trnh font Roman
thng ng m khng chu tc ng ca cc lnh thay i font nh \emph,
\textsl,. . .
Cc phng trnh c nh s lin tip bn trong ti liu, v cch
nh s ph thuc lp ti liu m bn chn. i vi kiu ti liu article,
phng trnh c nh s dng 1, 2, 3, ... nhng ta c th thay i nh
lnh sau t u ti liu \numberwithin{equation}{section} s cho
ta cch nh s bn trong section nh tch phn (3.1) ni trn. Do
phng trnh th hai trong mc ny s c nh s nh sau:
Z x R

Rx
a p( ) d
a p( ) d
y( x ) = e
e
q( ) d + b
(3.2)
a
Cui cng ta c th dng mi trng equation* to ra cc cng thc

khng nh s theo dy trn, v d nh cng thc tch phn Leibniz sau
y
d
dt
Z b (t)
a(t)
f ( x, t) dx =
Z b (t)
f
a(t)
dt + b (t) f (b(t), t) a (t) f (a(t), t)
26
Tht ra, hu nh ta khng cn dng equation* to ra cc cng thc

khng nh s v to ra n ta ch cn dng cp du $$...$$ s lm cho
vic nhp liu tr nn n gin. Mc ch chnh ca ngi son khi dng
equation* l ta c th dng lnh \tag{nhn ring} gn mt nhn ring
v tnh cht c bit ca cng thc , v d:
x 2 y2
+ 2 =1
a2
b
(elip)
V ta c th tham chiu n n bng cc lnh \label v \ref: Cng thc

trn l mt elip tm 0, i qua cc im (a, 0) v (0, b).
Mt ln na, ti nhc cc bn rng khng th c mt hng trng bn
trong mi trng equation.
3.2.4 Cc cu trc c bn
By gi ti s ch cho bn cch son cc cng thc nh cc ch v tnh
cht ca cng thc m bn mun to ra.
ln ca cng thc
Da vo mi trng son tho trn dng hay trn mt dng ring m bn
nhp vo, LATEX t ng thm vo cc khong trng c di thch hp
ti v tr thch hp. V d x + y, x y, x/y, x, xy, x y, x y v x y. Trong
ch son Ton, phn s lun c nhp vo bi lnh \frac{ }{ } c
kt qu ging nh sau:
v =
v x vy vz
+
+
x
y
z
(3.3)
Cc phng trnh hay cng thc ln, quan trng2 thng khng t trn
cng hng m nn t ring bit trn mt hng v c nh s hay khng
l ty thuc vo bn c cn nhc li n hay khng.
Th nhng, c khi bn mun t n trn cng hng ? Thng thng,
kt qu s khng p nu bn nhp vo bng lnh \frac ging nh th
vy
vz
x
ny: v = v
x + y + z , c l cc phn s trong cng thc ny hi
2 Cc
ny.
cng thc ny thng l kt qu ca mt vi suy lun m bn s dng li sau
27
nh ? Tt nht bn nn dng du / biu din phn s trn cng hng:

v = v x /x + vy /y + vz /z.
Cc ch s trn v di S m
Ch s di (subscript) v trn (superscript) ln lt c nhp vo bi du
_ v ^. Nhp vo $x^y, e^{x+y}, x_1, x_2, a_i^1, a^1_i$ s cho
kt qu l x y , e x+y , x1 , x2 , a1i , a1i . Bn c th dng cp du ngoc { }
nhm cc bin cn lm ch s hay s m3 . Bn hy nhp vo $x^{y^z}, x^{yz}, x_1,
z
x_12, x_{12}$ ta s c x y , x yz , x1 , x1 2, x12 . LATEX t ng iu hnh kch
thc nh hn cho cc s m v ch s (subscript v superscript) nh bn thy
trn.
C mt k t lun t ng nm cao hn (theo trn gi l superscript) cc
k t thng, l du phy (prime) . Nh mt v d, trong cng thc
tch phn Leibniz, ta dng du phy b (t) f (b(t), t) a (t) f (a(t), t)
ch o hm. Ngoi cch nhp trc tip t bn phm, du phy trong ch
Ton c th c nhp vo bi lnh \prime v du phy ny khng
ch superscript.
Du ba chm trong LATEX
Ellipses l s lc b mt hay nhiu t ca mt cu m ta vn hiu c
ngha ca n. y l mt cu trc rt quan trng trong Ton hc. N c
s dng trong cc biu thc lin quan vi s t nhin, s nguyn, ging
nh nh ngha hm logarit ca s phc:
def
log z = log r + i (0 + k2 ),
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
Trn y, ti dng lnh \ldots to ra du ba chm trn chn ca

hng . . . , cn y l lnh \cdots, ta dng lnh ny to ra du ba chm
gia hng trong phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh bc n sau
def
L =
dn
d n 1
d
+
p
(
x
)
+ + p n 1 ( x ) + p n ( x )
1
n
n
1
dx
dx
dx
Bn hy so snh cc du ba chm hai cng thc trn.

3 Tt
c cc lnh trong LATEX, tr cc declaration, u dng cp du { } gii hn

phm vi tc dng ca n.
28
Khi dng AMS-LATEX, ti khuyn bn khng bao gi dng lnh \ldots

hay \cdots, th nhng \dot (v \ddot) th hu ch hn, n to ra mt chm
(tng ng hai chm) trn mt k kiu ging nh bin x ny c nhp
vo bi lnh \dot{x}. Lnh \dots cng to ra du ba chm ging nh lnh
\ldots, AMS-LATEX cn cung cp cho chng ta cc lnh hu ch sau to
ra cc du chm:
\dotsc: lnh ny to ra cc du chm theo sau du phy;
\dotsb: to ra du ba chm theo sau cc php ton nh phn nh
xy;
\dotsm: to ra du ba chm theo sau cc php nhn, v d x1 x2 x3 ;
\dotsi: du ba chm vi tch phn;
\dotso: s dng trong cc trng hp khc (ti th tht rng ti
khng bit v n).
By gi, ta nhp vo cng thc Taylor ca hm f ti a
\begin{equation}\label{ct Taylor}
f(x)=f(a)+f(a)(x-a)+\frac{1}{2!}f(a)(x-a)^2+\dotsb,
\end{equation}
v ta c
f ( x ) = f (a) + f (a)( x a) +
1
f (a)( x a)2 + ,
2!
(3.4)
n c son nh vy l rt tt.
Tch phn
R
Lnh \int s in ra k hiu tch phn v hai cn ca n c nhp vo
nh hai ch s bng du ^ v _, cch LATEX in ra cc cn ty vo ta nhp vo
ch trn cng hng (in-line) hay l trn mt hng ring (displaymath).
Chng ta gp tch phn Melnicov cng thc (3.1) nhng ti s nhc
li y tin so snh
M ( ) =
f(xc (t)) g(xc (t), t + ) dt.
(3.5)
29
V ch hin th in-line v displaymath bn c th xem li Mc 3.2.1. Nu

bn mun cc cn thc s trn v di k hiu tch phn th bn c th
thm lnh \limits ngay sau lnh \int. N s in ra cng thc sau:
M ( ) =
f(xc (t)) g(xc (t), t + ) dt.
(3.6)
Bn hy so snh cch xp cc cn ca tch phn trong cng thc (3.5) v

(3.6). Ti ngh rng (3.6) trng tt hn (3.5), nu bn mun tt c cc tch
phn trong ch displaymath u c cc cn ging nh cng thc (3.6)
m khng cn phi nhp lnh \limits tng cng thc th c th dng
ty chn intlimits trong gi amsmath
\usepackage[intlimits]{amsmath}
Cc du tch phn hai, ba hay nhiu lp c th c nhp vo nh sau
\iint, \iiint, \iiiint, \idotsint, \oint v ln lt ta c
Z
ZZ
ZZZ
ZZZZ
Du cn
Du
cn bc hai c nhp vo bi lnh \sqrt ging nh \sqrt{x} ta c
x. Cn bc ln hn hai c nhp vo nh mt ty chn ca lnh \sqrt
ging nh lnh \sqrt[x]{y}, n s cho ta x y. Du cn ny rt d nhn

thy v rt p nhng cng c
i khi c mt vi k t m font ch lm ta
rt kh nhn thy, v d nh g x. AMS-LATEX cung cp hai lnh \leftroot
v \uproot ci thin mt t cho s khuym khuyt trn. Bn hy xem
xt cc v d sau y:
g
\sqrt[g]{x}
x
g
\sqrt[\uproot{2}{g}]{x}
x
q
\sqrt[q]{x}
x
q
\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}{q}]{x}
x
Lnh \uproot ko bc ca cn ln pha trn, ph thuc tham s, tng t
lnh \leftroot ko bc ca cn v bn tri, du tr trong v d trn cho
hng ngc li.
30
3.2.5 Chn ch vo cng thc Ton

Khi son tho trong LATEX, nhiu ngi s lm nh sau, v d sau l nh
ngha tp hp cc im n nh trong dng chy (a local stable manifold:)
def
s
Wlot
(x ) = { x U | t ( x ) xast , andt ( x ) U f orallt 0} (3.7)
Mc d bn c cc khong trng trc v sau cc t as, and, for all

nhng kt qu hon ton khng nh mong i, tt c cc khong trng
u b b qua v n nm trong mi trng son cng thc Ton, hn na,
tt c cc k t trong cc t lot, as, and, for all u c TEX coi l bin,
c in nghing v hiu l nhiu bin nhn vi nhau, chng lm ta nhm
vi cc t ast, fooralt. l mt c mng !. Ti c mt vi ch nh cho
bn v iu ny:
Cc ch loc, as, and, for all c TEX hiu l nhiu bin
nhn vi nhau;
Khng c y cc khong trng gia cc bin v cc ch theo
ta, iu ny lm ngi c rt d hiu nhm thm ch khng hiu;
Cc ch loc, as, and, for all c nh dng l in nghing
m l ra l thng ng.
Nhiu ti liu v LATEX ch cho bn dng lnh \mbox gii quyt cc vn
trn khi cn son vi ch ch thng bn trong mi trng son
cng thc Ton. Tt nhin, n c th gii quyt hu ht cc vn trn. Bn
hy nhn cng thc 3.8 di y m ti c dng lnh \mbox:
def
s
Wlot
(x ) = { x U | t ( x ) x as t , and t ( x ) U for all t 0}
(3.8)
N tng i tt nhng ch lot do nm trong lnh \mbox nn thot
khi tnh nng iu chnh kch thc t ng trong mi trng Ton vi
cc ch s trn v di v v th n hi ln so vi mt ch s di thng
thng. May mn thay, AMS-LATEX cung cp cho ta lnh \text lm cho
cng thc (3.8) tr nn hon ho nh di y:
def
s
Wlot
(x ) = { x U | t ( x ) x as t , and t ( x ) U for all t 0}
(3.9)
Cc cng thc (3.7), (3.8) v (3.9) c to ra nh sau:
31
%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Cng thc (2.7) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{equation}\label{def:stable1}
W_{lot}^s(\overline{\mathbf{x}})\stackrel{def}{=}
\{x\in U\,|\,\phi_t(x)\rightarrow\overline{\mathbf{x}}
as t\rightarrow\infty, and \phi_t(x)\in U for all
t\geq0\}
\end{equation}
%%%%%%%%%%%%% Cng thc (2.8) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
W_{\mbox{lot}}^s(\overline{\mathbf{x}})\stackrel{
\mbox{def}}{=}\{x\in U\,|\,\phi_t(x)\rightarrow
\overline{\mathbf{x}}\mbox{ as }t\rightarrow\infty,
\mbox{ and }\phi_t(x)\in U\mbox{ for all }t\geq0\}
\end{equation}
%%%%%%%%%%%%% Cng thc (2.9) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
W_{\text{lot}}^s(\overline{\mathbf{x}})\stackrel{
\text{def}}{=}\{x\in U\,|\,\phi_t(x)\rightarrow
\overline{\mathbf{x}}\text{ as }t\rightarrow
\infty,\text{ and }\phi_t(x)\in U\text{ for all }
t\geq0\}
\end{equation}
Bn cng c th dng lnh \textrm{small text} t mt vi ch bn
trong mi trng son cng thc Ton nhng n c nhng hn ch ging
ht nh lnh \mbox.
3.2.6 Cc du ngoc
Cc du ngoc mc ny c th l (), {}, [ ], v cc phn sau l ni chung
cho c ba loi .
ln cc du ngoc
Nu bn nhp vo cc du ngoc m khng c cc lnh iu khin ln
th chng s c cng mt kch thc nh trong cng thc (3.10)
r =
h Ir r
1
1
1
[(
)h1 h3 + ( B + )r ( 2
)] (3.10)
Ir B A C + A
Ir
B+
32
Cc du ngoc ny qu nh lm ta kh phn bit tng cp tng ng

nhau. Khc phc vn ny, ta c th iu chnh kch thc cc du ngoc
bng cc lnh \big, \Big, \bigg, \Bigg (mi lnh cho kch thc ln dn)
ging nh cng thc sau

h I
1
1
1
r r
2
h1 h3 + ( B + )r
r =
Ir B A C + A
Ir
B+
(3.11)
Ch rng tng cp du ngoc tng ng nhau phi c cng ln,
vi cc lnh ny cng thc son ra tng i tt nhng vn cn mt
khuyt im, l phn bin gia cc cp du ngoc m c bit l cc
khong trng c ln khng ph hp vi cp du ngoc ln xung quanh
n.
Tt c cc du ngoc (c 22 loi, xem trang 130 Sch [4]) c th ch dng
mt bn (tri hay phi) ca mt t, mt s hng, v d du | ch dng
mt ln trong cng thc sau
Z b
a
a

F ( x ) dx = F( x ) vi F ( x ) lin tc trn [ a, b]
(3.12)
ln cc bin bn trong cp du ngoc
Nh ni trn, cc lnh thay i kch thc mc 3.2.6 khng lm

thay i kch thc cc bin bn trong cp du ngoc, do cng thc
khng c p. May thay, LATEX c cung cp hai lnh \left v \right s
dng thnh tng cp c tc dng thay i kch thc cp du ngoc v
c phn bin bn trong mt cch t ng cho ph hp vi ng cnh. Cng
thc (3.11) c son li dng lnh \left v \right nh sau:

h2 Ir r
B+
(3.13)
Bn hy so snh cng thc (3.11) v (3.13) thy s khc bit, ch cc
khong trng gn cc du ngoc v trc bin h1 h3 .
Cc lnh \left v \right phi dng thnh tng cp, do vn t
ra l lm sao biu din cng thc (3.12) v n ch dng mt du |. Cu tr
li l bn phi dng mt du ngoc trng c to ra bi lnh \left. hay
1
r =
Ir B

1
1
A C+A
h1 h3 + ( B + )r
Ir
33
\right., cng thc (3.12) tr thnh:

a
Z b

F ( x ) dx = F( x ) vi F ( x ) lin tc trn [ a, b]
a
hoc
Z b
a
(3.14)

F ( x ) dx = F( x ) ba vi F ( x ) lin tc trn [ a, b]
(3.15)
C hai trong chng th u ging vi cng thc (3.12) (theo ti, (3.12)
l cng thc c son tt nht). Bn c tng g cho vic son ra cng
thc (3.14) v (3.15) hay khng, hy suy ngh v lm th i !. Sau y l
mt v d v cc lnh \left v \right., n gip bn tr li cu hi trn.
$$D(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ccl}
1 & \text{nu} & x\text{ hu t}\\
0 & \text{nu} & x\text{ v t} \\
\end{array}\right.$$
D(x) =
1 nu x hu t
0 nu x v t
Cui cng, bn s c thy mt s tht rng LATEX khng phi lun lun
t ng iu chnh kch thc cc du ngoc mt cch chnh xc. lm
v d, bn hy so snh4 hai dng ca cng thc sau
"
#1
ai
i
ai
i
1p
Tt nhin ti thch ci th hai hn. V d th hai xy ra vi cc nhm du

ngoc

z1 (( x1 + y1 )( x2 + y2 ) + z2 ) v z1 ( x1 + y1 )( x2 + y2 ) + z2
trong ta thy biu thc th hai c cc du ngoc vi kch thc ph

hp hn. Tt nhin, tr khi bn nh ngha li du ngoc vung vi mt
ngha no khc, trong trng hp thng thng ti thy biu thc th hai
di y hon thin hn ci th nht.

z1 [( x1 + y1 )( x2 + y2 ) + z2 ] v z1 ( x1 + y1 )( x2 + y2 ) + z2
4 Tng cp trong ba v d
t y n cui mc ny, biu thc th nht cc du ngoc

ngoi c iu chnh kch thc bi cp lnh \left, \right cn biu thc th hai du
ngoc ngoi c iu chnh kch thc bi lnh \big.
34
Cc du ngoc c quan h vi nhau theo tng i

Hy cn thn v bn phi s dng ng cc lnh iu chnh ln ca
cp du ngoc m gia chng c mi quan h no . Hy xem s khc
bit gia hai cch nh dng sau:
{ x R | x 2} v { x R | x 2}
trong cng thc th hai khng c cc khong trng trc v sau
du | . Nu bn mun c cc du ngoc ln, bn c th dng cc
dng ca lnh \big
Z x

2
x
t dt 5
0
nhng phi ch n di cc khong trng nhng v tr cn thit

trong cng thc. Cc lnh thm bt mt khong trng nh trong khi son
tho s c ni n trong Bng 3.3 Trang 38.
3.2.7 Hm s
Cc hm s c bn (sin, cos, tan, sup, inf, . . . ) c vai tr rt quan trng
trong Ton hc, do i vi LATEX chng c nh dng khc bit so
vi cc bin. Bn c th nhp vo $sin x$ (khng c hai du nhy kp
u) v kt qu l sinx, khng c s phn bit gia hm v bin x. Thay v
lm nh vy, bn c th dng lnh \sin, nhp vo \sin x v ta c kt
qu l sin x. Quan st v d trn, tn hm dng font Roman thng ng bin
c in nghing, hn na c mt khong trng nh gia tn hm v bin, tt
c nhng iu ny l nh dng chun ca LATEX i vi vic son tho cc
hm trong Ton hc.
Hu ht cc hm s s cp c bn u c AMS-LATEX h tr v c th
nhp vo theo cch trn, tc l \<tn hm>, v d \tan, \cos, \log, \ln,
\exp, \lim, . . .
LATEX phn bit hai loi hm
Cc hm khng c gii hn hay ch s m ch tc ng trc tip vo
bin sau n v d nh: sin, cos, tan, cotan, ln, log, exp, . . . , v d
cos x, log x, exp x;
Cc hm c gii hn, ch s hay iu kin bn di: inf, sup, lim, limsup, liminf, max, min . . . , v d nh lim supx0 f ( x ), maxx A g( x ).
35
Cc hm s c ch s di th ch s s c nh dng kiu subscript (xem

Mc 3.2.4), v d nh trong ch displaymath ta c
sin x
=1
x 0 x
lim
v trong ch in-line, bn s c limx0 sinx x = 1 hoc bn c th vit

limx0 (sin x/x ) = 1.
Bn hy so snh cch t ch s (i vi cng thc trn l x 0)
trong ch in-line v ch displaymath, n tun theo cc qui lut
ni trong Mc 3.2.4 v subscript v superscript.
nh ngha tn hm mi
Mc d AMS-LATEX h tr hu ht cc hm ph dng trong Ton hc,
nhng ta vn lun c nhu cu nh ngha hm mi cho ring mnh. Vi gi
amsmath ta c th nh ngha tn hm mi vi lnh \DeclareMathOperator.
V d, LATEX v AMS-LATEX nh ngha cc hm hyperbolic: \cosh, \coth,
\sinh v \tanh nhng khng c \sech v \csch. Bi vy, chng ta s nh
ngha hai hm ny:
\DeclareMathOperator{\sech}{sech}
\DeclareMathOperator{\csch}{csch}
N cho php son cng thc sau:
Z
sin ax sech2 bx tanh bx dx =
a2
a
csch( );
3
2b
2b
b>0
(3.16)
Bn hy l gii ti sao ta khng dng lnh \text{sech} cho vic son hm

sech ?
Cc ton sectiont c kch thc ln
R
C vi ton t Ton hc nh , , , . . . c LATEX t ng iu chnh
kch thc cho ph hp ch hin th, i vi ch in-line chng
thng c biu din vi kch thc nh v trong ch displaymath
th c LATEX s dng kch thc ln.
36
Khng c g phi ni nhiu v iu ny v LATEX t ng iu chnh

kch thc chng mt cch thch hp, ch c mt iu l lm th no
to ra cc ch s nhiu hng
n
~Fi +
i =1
~fij =
i =1 j =1
j 6 =i
mi~ai ,
(3.17)
i =1
Cng thc trn c son vi lnh \substack nh sau

\begin{equation}
\sum_{i=1}^{n} \vec{F}_i + \sum_{i=1}^{n}
\sum_{\substack{j=1 \\ j \neq i}}^{n} \vec{f}_{ij}
= \sum_{i=1}^{n} m_i \vec{a}_i,
\end{equation}
3.2.8 Cc du nhn trn mt k hiu

Trong Ton hc, biu din mt bin ph thuc vo bin x theo mt
Cc k hiu nh x,
x,
~a, x v rt
ngha no , ta c th k hiu n l x.
nhiu ci khc na lm cho cc k hiu Ton hc v cng phong ph. Cc
lnh v kt qu ca n v cc du nhn ny c cho trong Bng 3.1. C
hai dng ln hn ca lnh \hat v \tilde l \widehat v \widetilde, hai
lnh ny theo th t to ra du nhn c ln ph hp vi ln ca
bin s bn di n. V d
w,
c
wi,
d
wid,
d
wide,
[
wider,
\
widest.
Thm na, AMS-LATEX lm rt tt trong vic chng cc du nhn, tc l ta

c th to ra bin a nh lnh \hat{\hat{a}}. Hn na, cc bin dng x 1
hay ~x3 c son rt tt bi lnh $\dot{\hat{x}}_1$ hay $\ddot{\vec{x}}_3$.
V LATEX s iu chnh du nhn nm bn trn v chnh gia k hiu di
n nn vi lnh \dot{\hat{x_1}} ta s c k hiu x1 , n khng p

v c th lm sai ngha nu cc du m c mt ngha ring no .
3.2.9 Khong trng xung quanh cc k hiu

Thng thng, LATEX bit cn phi t mt khong trng c di bao
nhiu xung quanh nhng k hiu khc nhau, c phn loi nh sau:
37
Bng 3.1: Cc lnh to du nhn cho k hiu.

\acute{a}
\bar{a}
\breve{a}
\check{a}
\dot{a}
\ddot{a}
\dddot{a}
a
a
a
a
a
a
...
a
\ddddot{a}
\grave{a}
\hat{a}
\widehat{a}
\tilde{a}
\widetilde{a}
Bng 3.2: Vai tr ca du |.

Lnh
|
\mid
\left|
\right|
....
a
a`
a
b
a
a
e
a
Vai tr
k hiu thng thng
quan h hai ngi
ngoc bn tri
ngoc bn phi
Cc k hiu Ton hc thng thng nh D, , x, . . . ;

Quan h hai ngi: =, , , |, , . . . ;
Php ton hai ngi: +, , , , , . . . ;
Cc du ngoc: {, (, [, . . . .
Mt khc, cc k hiu +, v | c th xut hin trong nhng tnh hung
khng l php ton hai ngi, v d +, c th l du (sign) ging nh x.
Ln na, LATEX chn vo khong trng rt ph hp nh dng qui lut +
hay l mt php ton hai ngi nu chng c ng trc v theo sau bi mt
k hiu hay mt nhm trng {} . Bn s thy nhiu v d khi ta son cc cng
thc nhiu hng.
K hiu | c bn vai tr c ni Bng 3.2. C nhng trng hp
m LATEX thm vo cc khong trng khng ph hp v chng ta d dng
nhn thy nhng ch , thng l khong trng hi hp, do ta c th
yu cu LATEX thm vo mt khong trng nh bng lnh \,. V d, khi son
38
Bng 3.3: Khong trng trong Ton hc. mu l n v v 18 mu = 1 em.

Khong trng
Lnh ngn
Thm vo
2 em
1 em
Khong trng nh
Khong trng nh hn
Khong trng nh nht
1 mu
Khong trng nh
Khong trng nh hn
Khong trng nh nht
1 mu
\;
\:
\,
Bt i
\;
\:
\,
Lnh di
\qquad
\quad
\thickspace
\medspace
\thinspace
\mspace{1mu}
\negthickspace
\negmedspace
\negthinspace
\mspace{-1mu}
cng thc tch phn mt cch thng thng s c

Z 2
cos2 xdx =
Z 2
cos2 x dx =
Trong cng thc trn ta thy khng c s phn bit gia hm ly tch phn
cos2 x v vi phn dx, do ta thm vo mt khong trng nh gia chng
0
LATEX v AMS-LATEX cung cp mt s lng ln cc lnh iu chnh khong

trng, chng c ni n trong Bng 3.3. Nu bn son $|-f(x)|$ s
c | f ( x )|, vic chn khong trng khng thch hp v LATEX hiu nhm
l php ton hai ngi. c hon ho, bn phi son $\left|-f(x)\right|$
v ta c | f ( x )| .
Nu bn son $\sin x/\log n$ c cng thc sin x/ log n ch
in-line, bn s thy rng c hi nhiu khong trng gia / v log n. Ta
c th sa n vi mt khong trng m thinspace nh $\sin x/\!\log n$
v ta c sin x/log n.
Nu bn nhp vo $f(1/\sqrt{n})$ s c f (1/ n), bn thy rng

k hiu cn bc hai dnh vo du ngoc. C th sa iu ny
bng cch
nhp $f(1/\sqrt{n} \,)$ v s cho ta kt qu p hn f (1/ n ).
39
Cui cng, lnh \colon c dng ph bin trong vic in ra du :

ca mt nh x. Nu bn nhp trc tip $$f:A\rightarrow B$$ ta c
f :AB
cn nu dng lnh ny $$f\colon A\rightarrow B$$ th
f: AB
Hy ch khong trng trc du : trong hai cng thc trn, r rng
cng thc th hai tt hn.
3.2.10 K t v k hiu Ton hc

LATEX dng cc font Computer Modern in nging (CM italic) cho cc ch
ci trong Ton hc v dng font CM Roman cho s. Thm na, bn thng
mun dng cc font ch m biu din cc k hiu vect, ma trn, tenx. Bn cng c nhu cu dng cc ch trong cc bng ch ci khc biu
din cho cc k hiu Lagrangians, khng gian vect, cc tp hp c bit
hay cc i tng Ton hc khc. Tt nhin, LATEX v AMS-LATEX hon ton
c th tha mn nhng nhu cu trn.
Bng 3.4 cho ta cc bng ch ci c th dng trong Ton hc v chng
trng nh th no.
K hiu Ton in m
to ra cc ch ci in m trong cng thc Ton ta ch cn dng lnh
\mathbf v d dng to ra cng thc sau:
M ( ) =
f(xc (t)) g(xc (t), t + ) dt.
(3.18)
Ta khng th lm nh th c cc k hiu in m, do ta phi dng

lnh \boldsymbol nh sau:
,
B,
D,
Bn c th to mt cng thc c in m ton b ging nh sau nh lnh

\mathversion{bold}
g
+ sin = 0
l
40

Bng 3.4: Cc ch ci trong Ton hc.
Lnh
Bng ch ci
Kt qu
Kiu ch
\mathbf
in m
abcdefgh
Hoa, thng
\mathit
in nghing
abcdef gh
Hoa, thng
\mathsf
sans serif
abcdef gh
Hoa, thng
\mathrm
Roman
abcdefgh
Hoa, thng
\mathtt
ch nh my a b c d e f g h
Hoa, thng
\mathcal
vit hoa
A B C D E F G H Hoa
\mathscr
Euler script
ABCDEFGH
Hoa
\mathfrak
Euler Fraktur
abcdefgh
Hoa, thng
ABCDEFGH
\mathbb
ch hai lp
NZQRCP
Hoa
\alpha\beta Ch ci Hi lp
Hoa, thng
Lnh \mathversion t trc v bn ngoi mi trng son cng thc Ton

v c tc dng k t v sau, khi ta mun quay tr li ch thng cn
t li lnh \mathversion{normal}. Vi k hiu khng c dng in m, bn
hy so snh hai cng thc sau, ci th nht dng lnh \mathversion{bold}
v ci th hai ch thng
n
i =1
i2
i =1
Quan st k s thy k hiu tng cng thc th nht ging nh cng

thc th hai, tc l n khng c in m hn. Bn c th to ra k hiu
tng m hn nh lnh \pmb (vit tt ca ch poor mans bold). Lnh \pmb
lm ra cc k hiu m bng cch dch chuyn n v bn phi v chng
ln k hiu c sn, do ta c th lm k hiu rt m nh dng nhiu ln
lnh ny nhng hu qu l n s ph hy cu trc ca k hiu .
3.2.11 Phn s tng qut

Lnh \genfrac cung cp mt cng c tin li to cc phn s c cc du
ngoc bn ngoi v iu chnh cc khong trng. Cu trc ca lnh ny
41
\genfrac{ldelim}{rdelim}{thick}{style}{num}{den}
trong
ldelim du ngoc bn tri ca phn s;
rdelim du ngoc bn phi ca phn s;
thick dy ca k hiu phn s;
style the math style of fraction;
num t s;
den mu s.
dng lnh ny d hn ta hy nh ngha cc lnh sau u ti liu
\newcommand{\pfrac}[2]{\genfrac{(}{)}{}{}{#1}{#2}}
\newcommand{\bfrac}[2]{\genfrac{[}{]}{}{}{#1}{#2}}
\newcommand{\vfrac}[2]{\genfrac{|}{|}{}{}{#1}{#2}}
v hy so snh hai phn s c hai du ngoc sau, mt son vi lnh \genfrac
v mt son theo cch thng thng

a+b
a+b
v
c+d
c+d
R rng phn s th nht c cc khong trng c sp tt hn.
Chng 4
CC PHNG TRNH NHIU
DNG
4.1 Biu din cng thc Ton trn nhiu dng
ci thin s sng sa v d c ca mt bi vit c nhiu cng thc,
thng ngi ta t cc cng thc hay phng trnh ln nhiu dng. Cc
ti liu ngy nay thng c chia thnh nhiu ch , kt hp vi biu
din cc cng thc trn nhiu hng.
Mt cch t nhin, mc ch ca vic t chc cc cng thc thnh nhiu
hng l ngi c d tip cn n. V l do , cc cng thc nhiu hng
c sp ngay theo ct, c th mt hay nhiu ct. Gratzer ngh to ra mt
mi trng Ton cho php ngi s dng nh dng cc cng thc trn
nhiu hng da vo hai tham s sau:
nh dng ct, khi cc cng thc c canh tri canh phi hay
canh gia.
Canh l ct, trong s sp xp cc cng thc c thit lp bi tham
s do ngi dng ch nh.
4.2 Gp nhm cc cng thc

Mi trng gather l mt trong nhng mi trng c th hin th nhm
cc cng thc m mi cng thc nm trn mt hng ring bit. Nhng cng
4.2 Gp nhm cc cng thc
43
thc ny s xut hin trn nhng hng song song v c canh gia. V
d, bn hy xem cc h thc lng gic c bn sau:
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1,
sin ( + ) = sin () cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos () ,
cos ( + ) = cos () cos ( ) sin () sin ( ) .
(4.1)
(4.2)
(4.3)
Cc cng thc trn c to ra bi on sau:

\begin{gather}
\sin^{2}\left(x\right)+\cos^{2}\left(x\right)=1,
\label{TrigA1}\\
\sin\left(\alpha+\beta\right)=\sin\left(\alpha\right)\,\cos
\left(\beta\right)+\sin\left(\beta\right)\,\cos\left(\alpha
\right)\label{TrigB1}\\
\cos\left(\alpha+\beta\right)=\cos\left(\alpha\right)\,\cos
\left\beta\right)-\sin\left(\alpha\right)\,\sin\left(\beta
\right).\label{TrigC1}
\end{gather}
Chng ta quan tm n s khc nhau gia mi trng gather v mi trng
equation m cc cng thc di y dng:
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1
(4.4)
sin ( + ) = sin () cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos ()
(4.5)
cos ( + ) = cos () cos ( ) sin () sin ( )
(4.6)
R rng khong trng dc gia cc cng thc (4.4), (4.5) v (4.6) l khng
u, v do trong trng hp ny mi trng gather tha mn tt hn
yu cu ca ta. Ti c vi ch cho bn v vic s dng mi trng gather:
Cc cng thc ring bit c xung hng bi lnh \\;
Cng thc cui cng trong mi trng ny khng bao gi c lnh \\;
Mi hng c nh s t ng tr khi c lnh \tag hoc \notag
trc lnh \\;
Nhn ca mi cng thc phi t trc lnh \\;
44
Cc phng trnh nhiu dng

Khng c php c mt hng trng trong mi trng ny.
Nu mun tt c cc cng thc bn trong gather u khng c nh s,

chng ta c th dng mi trng gather* m cc cng thc trong mi
trng ny c th c nh s vi lnh \tag. S dng mi trng gather*,
cng thc trn c son li nh sau:
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1
(TrigID)
Vi lnh \label theo sau lnh \tag ta c th tham chiu n cc cng thc
c t lnh \tag. V d ti c th nhc li cng thc (TrigID) bng lnh
\eqref.
Ch rng, mi trng gather ch cha cc one-line formula khng c
ngha l mi cng thc khng th biu th trn nhiu hng. iu ny c
ngha l mi cng thc ch nh s mt ln.
4.3 Ngt dng cc cng thc di

Mi trng multline l mi trng cho php ngt dng cc cng thc qu
di. Ch u tin l bn phi phn bit y l mi trng multline ch
khng phi l multiline (multi-line). Cch s dng ca mi trng ny
khng ging nh mi trng gather.
Bn hy xem xt v d sau:
( x + y + z )2 ( x y )4 ( x z )2 = x 8 2 x 7 y x 6 y 2 + 4 x 5 y 3 x 4 y 4 2 x 3 y 5 + x 2 y 6 2 x 6 y z +
(4.7)
m n c nhp vo nh sau:
\begin{equation}
(x + y + z)^2 \, (x - y)^4 \, (x - z)^2 =x^8 - 2\,x^7\,y x^6\,y^2 + 4\,x^5\,y^3 - x^4\,y^4 - 2\,x^3\,y^5 + x^2\,y^6 2\,x^6\,y\,z + 6\,x^5\,y^2\,z - 4\,x^4\,y^3\,z-4\,x^3\,y^4\,z +
6\,x^2\,y^5\,z - 2\,x\,y^6\,z - 2\,x^6\,z^2 + 6\,x^5\,y\,z^2 3\,x^4\,y^2\,z^2 - 8\,x^3\,y^3\,z^2 + 12\,x^2\,y^4\,z^2 6\,x\,y^5\,z^2 + y^6\,z^2 + 2\,x^4\,y\,z^3 - 8\,x^3\,y^2\,z^3 +
12\,x^2\,y^3\,z^3 - 8\,x\,y^4\,z^3 + 2\,y^5\,z^3 + x^4\,z^4 -
4.3 Ngt dng cc cng thc di
45
4\,x^3\,y\,z^4 +6\,x^2\,y^2\,z^4 - 4\,x\,y^3\,z^4 + y^4\,z^4.

\end{equation}
R rng cng thc trn qu di n ni khng th trnh by trn mt hng
m phi ngt ra thnh tng hng ngn hn, ging nh sau:
( x + y + z )2 ( x y )4 ( x z )2 = x 8 2 x 7 y x 6 y 2 + 4 x 5 y 3 x 4 y 4
2 x 3 y5 + x 2 y6 2 x 6 y z + 6 x 5 y2 z 4 x 4 y3 z
4 x 3 y 4 z + 6 x 2 y 5 z 2 x y 6 z 2 x 6 z2 + 6 x 5 y z2
3 x4 y2 z2 8 x3 y3 z2 + 12 x2 y4 z2 6 x y5 z2 + y6 z2
+ 2 x4 y z3 8 x3 y2 z3 + 12 x2 y3 z3 8 x y4 z3
+ 2 y5 z3 + x4 z4 4 x3 y z4 + 6 x2 y2 z4 4 x y3 z4 + y4 z4 . (4.8)
\begin{multline}\label{MulLnEx1}
(x + y + z)^2 \, (x - y)^4 \, (x - z)^2 =x^8 - 2\,x^7\,y x^6\,y^2 + 4\,x^5\,y^3 - x^4\,y^4\\
- 2\,x^3\,y^5 + x^2\,y^6 -2\,x^6\,y\,z + 6\,x^5\,y^2\,z
- 4\,x^4\,y^3\,z\\-4\,x^3\,y^4\,z + 6\,x^2\,y^5\,z
- 2\,x\,y^6\,z - 2\,x^6\,z^2 + 6\,x^5\,y\,z^2\\
- 3\,x^4\,y^2\,z^2 - 8\,x^3\,y^3\,z^2 + 12\,x^2\,y^4\,z^2
- 6\,x\,y^5\,z^2 + y^6\,z^2\\
+ 2\,x^4\,y\,z^3 - 8\,x^3\,y^2\,z^3 + 12\,x^2\,y^3\,z^3
- 8\,x\,y^4\,z^3\\
+ 2\,y^5\,z^3 + x^4\,z^4 - 4\,x^3\,y\,z^4 +6\,x^2\,y^2\,z^4
- 4\,x\,y^3\,z^4 + y^4\,z^4.
\end{multline}
Cc ch v mi trng multline:
Ni tt nht t lnh \label l ngay sau lnh \ begin{multline};
Ngt dng bng lnh \\ , dng cui khng dng lnh \\ ;
Quan st cng thc (4.8) ta thy hng u tin c canh tri, hng
cui cng c canh phi v cc hng cn li c canh gia;
Cng thc lun c nh s t ng tr khi c lnh \tag hay
\notag v s th t c t bn phi ca hng cui cng (hay
46

bn tri hng u tin). Ta c th khng nh s n vi lnh \notag.
Mi trng multline* to ra cng thc nhiu hng khng nh s t
ng nhng vn c th dng lnh \tag. Bn nh rng khi dng mi
trng ny th c cng thc ch c nh s mt ln hoc khng c
nh s.
4.4 Vi nguyn tc c bn
Sau y l nhng nguyn tc c bn son cc cng thc Ton nhiu
hng:
1. Xung hng bi lnh \\ v khng dng lnh ny khi kt thc hng
cui cng;
2. Khng c php c hng trng bn trong cc mi trng ny;
3. Nu mt mi trng c cha nhiu hn mt cng thc th cc cng
thc c nh s song song. nh s t ng c th loi b bi
lnh \notag hay \tag.
4. Lnh \label hay \tag lun t trc lnh \\;
5. Mi mi trng son cng thc trn nhiu hng u c tng ng mt
mi trng dng * m vi n cc cng thc khng c nh s
t ng mc d lnh \tag vn c hiu lc.
4.4.1 Cng thc con

Vi mt cng thc di c ngt thnh nhiu hng bi mi trng multline,
ta gi mi hng nh l mt cng thc con (subformula) v chng cng c th
c tham chiu n nh l mt cng thc. Trong cc mi trng khc
th nh ngha ca cng thc con c thay i i cht. V d, trong cc mi
trng canh l, mi trng m trong n cc hng khc nhau ca cng thc
c t chc ngay ngn trong nhng ct, cng thc con l
Bt c phn no ca cng thc m n nm gia v tr bt u v k
t & u tin; hoc
Nm gia hai k t &; hoc
4.4 Vi nguyn tc c bn
47
Mt k t & v mt lnh \\; hoc

K t & cui cng v kt thc cng thc.
Trong mi trng canh l, k t & c dng ngn cch cc ct, bn cn
nh nhng nguyn tc sau khi dng cc mi trng loi ny to ra cc
cng thc con:
1. Mi cng thc con u phi l mt cng thc hon chnh m LATEX
x l c lp;
2. Nu mt cng thc con kt thc vi mt trong cc php ton hai ngi
nh + hay , chng ta phi nhp vo +{} hay -{}, theo th t ta thu
c khong trng thch hp gia cng thc con v k hiu ;
3. Nu mt cng thc con bt u vi mt trong cc php ton hai ngi
nh + hay , chng ta phi nhp vo {}+ hay {}-, theo th t ta thu
c khong trng thch hp gia k hiu v cng thc con.
4.4.2 Ngt dng v sp theo ct cc cng thc

Dng nh y l mt vn i vi s thch v phong cch ring ca
mi c nhn, thc t, phi c mt s chp nhn cc nguyn tc in n ang
c s dng quyt nh ngt dng cc cng thc di khi no v ti
u, cng nh sp xp theo ct cc phn ca mt cng thc nhiu hng
nh th no. George Gratzer, tc gi chnh ca sch Math into LATEX,
cng vi Ellen Swanson, Arlene A. OSean, v Antoinette Tingley Schleyer
(American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1999) quyt nh xut
bn sch hng dn vi ta Mathematics into Type, nh l mt s
gii thiu lm cch no nh dng cc cng thc c nhiu hng. Phn
nhiu trong sch chu nh hng bi phong cch ring ca h, y l mt
vi nguyn tc c bn m h ni n trong sch:
1. Cng thc phi c ngt dng trc php ton hai ngi nh +
hay .
2. Nu du ngt xy ra trc du +, th dng k tip ta phi bt
u vi {}+ hay {}-.
48

3. Nu ngt dng xy ra bn trong cp du ngoc n, ngoc vung, . . .
th dng k tip phi tht vo ph hp, l, n phi bt u bn
phi ca du m ngoc.
4. Vic t chc cc cng thc trong cc ct ging nh cch cc ct c
sp v tr cc quan h hay php ton hai ngi.
5. Nu cc ct c sp ti ch c cc php ton hay quan h hai ngi,
k t & phi c t trc tip bn tri php ton hai ngi .
6. Nu s sp hng c lm bi du + hoc - nh l mt php ton
hai ngi th n phi c nhp vo nh sau: &{}+ hoc &{}-.
4.4.3 nh s nhm cc cng thc

Mc d vic nh s cc cng thc c nhiu hng c lm t ng bi
mi trng m bn dng, nhng thng thng, chng ta c th thay i
phong cch nh s theo ring. V d, quan st cch nh s cc phng
trnh trong mi trng gather sau:
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1,
sin ( + ) = sin () cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos () ,
cos ( + ) = cos () cos ( ) sin () sin ( ) .
(4.9)
(4.9a)
(4.9b)
Cch nh s phng trnh th hai v th ba thu c nh s dng hai

lnh \tag{\ref{TrigA3}a} v \tag{\ref{TrigA3}b}. Ch rng ta c th
tham chiu n c ba phng trnh trn bng cc lnh \label v \ref (hay
\eqref), ging nh hai phng trnh (4.9a) v (4.9b) c nh s bn
trong phng trnh (4.9). Mt cch khc thay i cch nh s cc
phng trnh trn l dng mi trng subequations nh sau
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1
\begin{subequations} \label{SubEqEx1}
\begin{gather}
\sin^{2} \left( x \right) + \cos^{2} \left( x \right) = 1
\label{SubTrigA1} \\
(4.10a)
(4.10b)
(4.10c)
4.5 Canh ngay cc ct
49
\sin \left(\alpha+\beta\right) = \sin \left( \alpha \right)\,

\cos\left( \beta \right) + \sin \left( \beta \right) \, \cos
\left( \alpha \right) \label{SubTrigB1} \\
\cos \left(\alpha+\beta\right) = \cos \left( \alpha \right)\,
\cos\left( \beta \right) - \sin \left( \alpha \right) \, \sin
\left( \beta \right) \label{SubTrigC1}
\end{gather}
\end{subequations}
u th ca mi trng subequations l ta c th nh s cho c nhm cng
thc v cho tng cng thc nh trong nhm, do ta c th tham chiu
n tng cng thc hoc c nhm:
Cc cng thc (4.10a), (4.10b) v (4.10c) l mt phn ca cng
thc (4.10).
v n c son nh sau:
Cc cng thc~\eqref{SubTrigA1}, \eqref{SubTrigB1} v
\eqref{SubTrigC1} l mt phn ca cng thc~\eqref{SubEqEx1}.
4.5 Canh ngay cc ct

Trong mc ny ta s xt cc mi trng m n cho php sp cc phng
trnh thnh nhiu ct.
4.5.1 Mi trng align

Mi trng align c dng sp cc phng trnh thnh nhiu ct. S
ct b hn ch bi rng ca trang giy, v khong trng gia cc ct
c iu chnh mt cch t ng. V d v mi trng align:
f ( x, y) = x + y,
g(y, z) = y + sin(z),
h( x, z) = log x + z, (4.11)
q
z
log
x
+
( x, y) = ( x + y)3 , (y, z) = y + sin(z), ( x, z) =
,
1 + |z|
(4.12)
trong on lnh nhp vo l
50
\begin{align}
f(x,y) & = x + y, & g(y,z) &= y+\sin(z), & h(x,z) &= \log x +
\sqrt{z}, \label{AlignExA1}\\
\phi(x,y) &= (x + y)^{3}, & \psi(y,z) &= \sqrt{y+\sin(z)}, &
\zeta(x,z) &= \frac{\log x + \sqrt{z}}{1+|z|},\label{AlignExA2}
\end{align}
Da vo c php ca mi trng align, ta thy k t & c dng vi tc
dng ngn cch cc ct vi nhau. By gi ta s xem xt nhng v d khc.
Gi s ta mun canh ngay cng thc sau
Z t
y (t)
y2 (t) sin (t)
p
r
y (t) + y (t) +
+
dt

=0
1 + | sin(t) + y(t)|
1
1 + log
1+ t
v cng thc
Z t
y2 (t) sin (t)

(y(t), y (t), y(t)) +
r
dt

1 + log (1t)
Ta c th dng mi trng align canh ngay hai cng thc trn theo du
ngoc n nh sau:
Z t
y(t)
y2 (t) sin (t)
r
p
y (t) + y (t)+
dt
+

=0
1 + | sin(t) + y(t)|
1
1 + log
1+ t
Z t
y2 (t) sin (t)
(y(t), y (t), y(t)) +

r
dt
.

1 + log (1t)
(4.13)
(4.14)
\begin{align}
\dot{y}(t) + \ddot{y}(t) + & \left( \frac{\ddot{y}(t) }{1 +
|\sin(t) + \sqrt{y(t)}|} + \int_{-\infty}^{t}
4.5 Canh ngay cc ct
51
\frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}{\sqrt{1+\log\left(\frac{1}{1+
\sqrt{t}}\right)}} \, dt \right)=0\label{AlignExB1}\\
& \left( \psi\left(y(t),\dot{y}(t), \ddot{y}(t)\right) +
\int_{-\infty}^{t} \frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)} {\sqrt{1+\log \left(
\frac{1}{\zeta(t)} \right) }} \, dt \right).\label{AlignExB2}
\end{align}
hoc cng c th dng lnh \phantom1 theo cch sau:
\begin{align}
& \dot{y}(t) + \ddot{y}(t) +
\left( \frac{\ddot{y}(t) }{1 + |\sin(t) + \sqrt{y(t)}|} +
\int_{-\infty}^{t}\frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}
{\sqrt{1+\log\left(\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{t}}\right)}} \, dt
\right) = 0 \\
& \phantom{\dot{y}(t) + \ddot{y}(t) +{}}
\left( \psi\left(y(t),\dot{y}(t), \ddot{y}(t)\right) +
\int_{-\infty}^{t}\frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}
{\sqrt{1+\log \left( \frac{1}{\zeta(t)} \right) }} \, dt
\right).
\end{align}
V d ny thc hin vic canh ngay hai cng thc trn theo du tch phn
bn trong cp du ngoc n:
Zt
y(t)
y2 (t) sin (t)
r
p
y (t) + y (t) +
+

dt = 0
1 + | sin(t) + y(t)|
1
1 + log
1+ t
1 Lnh
Zt
y2 (t) sin (t)
(y(t), y (t), y (t)) +

r
dt

.
1 + log (1t)
(4.15)
(4.16)
\phantom xut ra mt khong trng trong cng thc bng vi di ca tham

s ca lnh ny, v d lnh $\phantom{aaaaa} cho ta khong trng di bng di ca
nm ch a ging nh sau
. Lnh ny c dng ph bin canh ngay nhiu
cng thc theo ct ti mt v tr no .
52
4.5.2 Mi trng flalign

Mi trng flalign l mt dng ca mi trng align trong ct th nht
c y v bn tri v ct cui cng y v bn phi nu c th. y l v
d trn nhng s dng mi trng ny:
f ( x, y) = x + y,
g(y, z) = y + sin(z),
h( x, z) = log x + z, (4.17)
q
log x + z
3
( x, y) = ( x + y) , (y, z) = y + sin(z), ( x, z) =
, (4.18)
1 + |z|
4.5.3 Mi trng alignat

Mt bin th khc rt linh ng ca mi trng align l mi trng alignat.
Cu trc v cch s dng ca n gn ging vi mi trng align nhng
phi c ch l mi trng alignat yu cu ngi dng xc nh s ct ca
mi trng ny. So snh cng thc ny
(4.19)
f ( x, y) = x + y,g( x, y) = log x + y,
q
( x, y) = ( x + y)3 + log x,( x, y) = y + sin( x ) + log y + x, (4.20)

vi cng thc sau
f ( x, y) = x + y,
( x, y) = ( x + y)3 + log x,
g( x, y) = log x + y,
(4.21)
q
( x, y) = y + sin( x ) + log y + x, (4.22)
Mt ng dng rt hu ch ca mi trng alignat l thm vo ch sau

cng thc
f ( x, y) = x + y, (y l mt cng thc)
( x, y) = ( x + y)3 + log x (v y l mt cng thc khc)
(4.23)
(4.24)
Lnh \intertext cho php ta thm mt on vn bn vo mi trng

Ton m n khng b sp xp nh mt ct, bn c th xem v d sau:
f ( x, y) = sin x cos y + cos x + sin y,
(4.25)
hoc, bng vi,
= sin ( x + y) ,
v n c nhp vo:
(4.26)
4.6 Mi trng Ton con
53
\begin{align}
f(x,y) &= \sin x \cos y + \cos x + \sin y, \\
\intertext{hoc, bng vi,} &= \sin\left( x + y \right),
\end{align}
4.6 Mi trng Ton con

Mi trng ton con l mt mi trng Ton m n ch c th c dng
bn trong mt mi trng Ton khc. Cc cng thc c to ra bi mi
trng Ton con c xem nh mt vt m ta c th tng tng nh l
mt k hiu Ton ln hay n gin l mt ci hp.
Cc mi trng align, alignat, v gather c cc mi trng Ton con
tng ng l aligned, alignedat, v gathered. Xem xt cc cng thc sau:
f ( x, y) = x + y,
g(y, z) = y + sin(z),
h( x, z) = log x + z,
q
log x + z
3
,
( x, y) = ( x + y) , (y, z) = y + sin(z), ( x, z) =
1 + |z|
(4.27)
Cng thc (4.27) c to ra nh t mi trng aligned bn trong mi
trng equation.
im khc nhau c bn gia s bin din trn v nhng cng thc
ny son bng mi trng align ( trang 51) l cng thc trn c xem
nh mt phng trnh duy nht, c c trng l ch nh s mt ln.
By gi bn hy xem xt v d sau:
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1
( x, y) = ( x + y)3
(4.28)
Cng thc (4.28) c nhp vo nh sau:
f ( x, y) = x + y
\begin{equation}\label{Sub02}
\begin{aligned}
f(x,y) & = x+y \\
\phi(x,y) & =(x+y)^{3}
\end{aligned} \qquad \begin{gathered}
\sin^{2}\left(x\right)+\cos^{2}\left(x\right)=1\\
54
\sin\left(\alpha+\beta\right)=\sin\left(\alpha\right)\,\cos
\left(\beta\right)+\sin\left(\beta\right)\,\cos
\left(\alpha\right)\\
\cos\left(\alpha+\beta\right)=\cos\left(\alpha\right)\,\cos
\left(\beta\right)-\sin\left(\alpha\right)\,\sin
\left(\beta\right)
\end{gathered}
\end{equation}
Bn hy ch cch t mi trng gathered v aligned bn trong mi
trng equation, v c hai mi trng ny c canh gia theo chiu dc
nh th no. V tr ca cc mi trng con bn trong theo chiu dc c
iu khin bi tham s vertical alignment m n c th nhn cc gi tr sau:
ccanh gia, tcanh u v pha trn, bcanh u v pha di. V d,
chng ta c th nh dng li cng thc (4.28) u v pha trn nh sau:
f ( x, y) = x + y
( x, y) = ( x + y)3
hay u v pha di:
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1
(4.29)
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1
f ( x, y) = x + y
( x, y) = ( x + y)3
(4.30)
hay theo mt cch c bit:
f ( x, y) = x + y
sin2 ( x ) + cos2 ( x ) = 1
(4.31)
Mt hiu ng thng dng trong trnh din ca mi trng aligned l biu
th kt qu ca cc php tnh n gin, v d:
( x, y) = ( x + y)3
sin (2) = sin ( + )

= sin cos + cos sin
= 2 sin cos
(4.32)
4.6 Mi trng Ton con
55
4.6.1 Mi trng con split

Mi trng split c dng ngt mt cng thc c canh ngay theo
mt phn no . Mi trng ny cung cp hai thuc tnh quan trng lm
cho n tr nn hu ch, c bit khi dng bn trong mi trng align.
Mi trng Ton cha n ch xem c cng thc to ra bi mi trng
split nh l mt cng thc duy nht v ch nh s mt ln.
Mi trng split thc s l mi trng aligned vi mt ct, n cho
php ta nh ngha ch mt v tr canh ngay cc ct. Khi mi trng
split dng bn trong mi trng align th im canh ngay cc ct
trong mi trng split c chp nhn bi mi trng align v c
dng canh ngay tt c cc cng thc bn trong mi trng align.
V y l mt v d ng dng trc tip mi trng split:
Z t
y(t)
y2 (t) sin(t)
p
r
dt
+
y (t) + y(t) +

1 + | sin(t) + y(t)|
1
1 + log 1+
(4.33)
t
!
Z t
y2 (t) sin (t)
p
+ (y(t), y (t), y (t)) +
dt = 0.
1 + (t)
n c nhp vo nh sau:
\begin{equation} \label{SplitEx1}
\begin{split}
\dot{y}(t)+\ddot{y}(t) & {}+\left(\frac{\ddot{y}(t)}
{1+|\sin(t)+\sqrt{y(t)}|}+\int_{-\infty}^{t}
\frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}{\sqrt{1+\log\left(
\frac{1}{1+t}\right)}}\,dt\right)\\
& {}+\left(\psi\left(y(t),\dot{y}(t),\ddot{y}(t)\right)+
\int_{-\infty}^{t} \frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}
{\sqrt{1+\zeta(t)}}\,dt\right)=0.
\end{split}
\end{equation}
56
Nhng ta cng c th dng mi trng multline nh dng li cng thc

trn:
Z t
y2 (t) sin (t)

y(t)
p
r
+
y (t) + y(t) +
dt

1 + | sin(t) + y(t)|
1
1 + log 1+
t
!
Z t
y2 (t) sin (t)
p
dt = 0. (4.34)
+ (y(t), y (t), y(t)) +
1 + (t)
Trong trng hp ny, theo ti, cng thc (4.34) trng p hn cng thc (4.33).
Cn y l v d s dng mi trng split bn trong mi trng align:
p1 ( x ) = ( x + sin x )3

1
+ 3 log
,
x
p( x )3 = ( x + sin x )3

1
,
+ 4 log
x
p2 ( x ) = ( x + sin x )3

1
+ 33 log
,
x
p4 ( x ) = ( x + sin x )3

1
+ 44 log
.
x
v y l on lnh nhp vo
\begin{align}
\begin{split}
p_{1}(x) & = (x + \sin x )^{3} \\
& {}+ 3 \log\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\right),
\end{split}
&
\begin{split}
p_{2}(x) & = (x + \sin x )^{3} \\
\end{split}
\\
\begin{split}
p(x)_{3} & = (x + \sin x )^{3} \\
\end{split}
(4.35)
(4.36)
4.7 nh dng ct
57
&
\begin{split}
p_{4}(x) & = (x + \sin x )^{3} \\
& {}+ 44 \log\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\right).
\end{split}
\end{align}
4.7 nh dng ct
Khi bn lm vic vi nhng i tng c sp xp nhiu theo ct ging nh
ma trn, thng thng chng ta mong mun cc phn t ca ma trn c
canh gia bn trong ct cha n. thc hin vic ny, chng ta khng
th da vo cc mi trng canh ngay theo l m phi dng n cc mi
trng mi, c gi l mi trng Ton canh ngay theo nhiu ct. Cc mi
trng array, matrix v case u c th lm c yu cu ny.
Sau y l vi v d:

A11 A12
A=
A21 A22
Mi trng matrix c th cho php son cc ma trn c th c ti 10 ct,
nu bn mun nhiu hn th bn phi iu chnh tham s MaxMatrixCols
xc nh s ct nhiu nht, bn hy nhn v d ny:
\begin{equation*}
\setcounter{MaxMatrixCols}{12}
\begin{matrix}
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 & 11 & 12 \\
1 & 2 & \hdotsfor{8} & 11 & 12
\end{matrix}
\end{equation*}
v n xut ra kt qu l
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12
58
4.7.1 Cc dng ca mi trng matrix

Cc dng ca mi trng matrix cho php to ra cc ma trn vi cc du
ngoc vung, chun, du nh thc. Xem xt cc ma trn sau:

A11 A12
A21 A22
A11
A21

A11

A21

A11 A12

A21 A22
A12
A22

A12

A22
A11
A21

A11
A21
A12
A22
A12
A22
Chng ln lt c to ra bi cc mi trng matrix, pmatrix, bmatrix,

vmatrix, Vmatrix v Bmatrix.
4.7.2 Mi trng array

Mi trng array cung cp bi AMS-LATEX c trong gi amsmath. Thc cht
n gn ging vi mi trng matrix nhng cho php ta iu chnh vic
nh dng cc ct trong mi trng ny. Cc tham s l c, l, r ln lt canh
gia, canh tri, canh phi cc ct trong mi trng ny. Sau y l mt v
d c bn ct, trong ct th nht c canh tri, hai ct gia canh gia
v ct cui cng canh phi
1
11
A=
111
1111
n c nhp vo nh sau:
A12
A22
A32
A42
A13
1
A23
11
A33 111
A43 1111
\[
A=\left(\begin{array}{lccr}
1
& A_{12} & A_{13} & 1
\\
11
& A_{22} & A_{23} & 11
\\
111 & A_{32} & A_{33} & 111 \\
1111 & A_{42} & A_{43} & 1111
\end{array}\right)
\]
4.8 Ngt trang
59
4.7.3 Mi trng cases

Mi trng cases l mt mi trng Ton con, c bit c ch trong trng
hp bn nh ngha cc hm c nhiu cng thc khc nhau ng vi nhng
tp xc nh khc nhau. V d
log( x ), nu x < 0;
f ( x ) = 0,
nu x = 0;
sin x
x
nu x > 0.
\begin{equation*}
f(x) =
\begin{cases}
\log(-x), & \text{nu } x<0; \\
0, & \text{nu } x=0; \\
x^{\,\sin x} & \text{nu } x>0.
\end{cases}
\end{equation*}
4.8 Ngt trang

Theo mc nh, cc mi trng Ton nhiu hng khng cho php ngt trang
gia n. V vy, khi dng cc mi trng ny, khng him khi ta c th thy
mt vi trang c lp y khng hon chnh. bt buc ngt trang xy
ra bn trong mi trng Ton nhiu hng, chng ta c th dng declaration \allowdisplaybreaks nh v d sau:
{
\allowdisplaybreaks
\begin{multline}
\dot{y}(t) + \ddot{y}(t) {}+ \left( \frac{\ddot{y}(t) }
{1 + |\sin(t) + \sqrt{y(t)}|} + \int_{-\infty}^{t}
\frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}{\sqrt{1+\log\left(\frac{1}{1+t}
\right)}} \,dt\right) \\
{}+ \left( \psi\left(y(t),\dot{y}(t), \ddot{y}(t)\right)+
\int_{-\infty}^{t} \frac{y^{2}(t)\sin(t)}{\sqrt{1+\zeta(t)}}
\, dt \right) = 0,
\end{multline}
60
}
Chng 5
HNH NH V CC I
TNG C BIT
5.1 Gi graphicx
Gi graphicx l mt trong nhiu gi h tr cho vic chn vo vn bn cc
hnh nh bn ngoi, l cc hnh nh c to bi cc chng trnh x l
nh khc m khng phi l bn thn LATEX. Gi ny c th to ra mt s kt
qu thng dng, cho php ta thm vo ti liu hnh nh v hn th na,
n c th ty bin ln, hng, ni a nh vo. Cc lnh iu khin
vic a nh vo v iu chnh dng v ca n c tc dng ph thuc vo
s tng thch gia nh dng nh v driver dng hin th hay in kt
qu xut ra ca LATEX. Bn cht ca vn ny l bn phi chn driver ph
hp ca gi graphicx vi yu cu ca bn. V d, khi np vo gi graphicx
u ti liu, hai la chn driver pdftex v dvips phi c xc nh, ph
thuc vo bn dng TEX hay pdfTEX.
Lnh c bn cung cp bi gi ny l \includegraphics, n cho php
ta a hnh nh vo ti liu. Nhng g sau y, chng ta xem nh l mt
tho lun tm tt v lnh ny v cc tham s ca n. Cc v d s gip
bn thy c kh nng cng nh minh ha tc dng ca tng ty chn
m ti ni n. c nhng thng tin chi tit hn bn c th tham kho
Mc 6.2 ca Sch [4].
62
5.1.1 C bn v lnh \includegraphics
V d ny cho bn mt cch n gin dng lnh \includegraphics,

ch cn t tn file hnh v khng c mt ty chn no c dng.
\includegraphics{CCODMasterCurve}
5.1 Gi graphicx
5.1.2 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn scale
Thu nh
\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{CCODMasterCurve.eps}
63
64
Phng ln
5.1 Gi graphicx
65
5.1.3 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn width, height, v keepaspectratio
iu chnh chiu rng v chiu cao
\includegraphics[width=5.3in,height=3in]{CCODMasterCurve.eps}
66
Gi hnh cn i
\includegraphics[width=6in,height=3in,keepaspectratio=true]
{CCODMasterCurve.eps}
5.1 Gi graphicx
5.1.4 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn angle
\includegraphics[angle=45,origin=tl]{CCODMasterCurve.eps}
67
68
5.1.5 Lnh \includegraphics: ty chn bb

y, bb i din cho bounding box. Bounding box ca mt hnh nh
ngha ln ca n cho LATEX phn phi lng khong trng t hnh
nh vo.
Gii hn mt phn v ct hnh
\includegraphics{CCODMasterCurve.eps}
5.1 Gi graphicx
\includegraphics[bb=0.000 10.000 150.000 230.000]

\includegraphics[bb=0.000 0.000 150.000 200.000,

clip=true]{CCODMasterCurve.eps}
69
70
Phng to
\includegraphics[bb=0.000 0.000 266.000 236.000]

\includegraphics[clip=true,scale=2.0,viewport=0.0 100.0
150.0 200.0]{CCODMasterCurve.eps}
5.2 Gi lscape
71
5.2 Gi lscape
Mt phn ca gi lnh x l hnh nh, gi lscape cung cp mt cch gii

quyt i vi nhng hnh nh ln m n phi hin th trong c mt trang
in ngang (landscape). Khi phi a vo ti liu mt hnh ln, ta thng
khng mun lm v cu trc xuyn sut ca c ti liu. V th, bo m
cu trc c ti liu trong khi c mt vi i tng c thm vo ti nhng
trang ring ch landscape, mi trng landscape c cung cp bi
gi lscape. Mt v d v vic s dng n l Hnh 5.1.
\afterpage{\clearpage
\begin{landscape}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{Specter}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fig:girls}y l mt nh trng en nhng rt p.}
\end{figure}
\end{landscape}
}
72
Hnh 5.1: y l mt nh trng en nhng rt p.
5.3 Cc vn xy ra khi chn hnh nh
73
5.3 Cc vn xy ra khi chn hnh nh

Thnh thong, ph thuc vo cch to ra i tng hnh nh bn c th s
gp vi vn trong vic a hnh nh vo hay t n vo ti liu khng
ng nh. y, chng ti m t vi vn thng xy ra m nguyn
nhn ca n l kch thc ca hnh qu ln so vi kh giy. Bn hy xem
xt nhng v d sau.
Hnh 5.2: y l mt v d v bc tranh theo phong cch hin i.

Hnh ny c a vo nh mt trang ring, iu bt tin ny c th
d dng sa cha bng cch chnh sa kch thc ca nh. V d, hnh
trn c to bi Adobe Illustrator 9.0 v lu tr dng file PDF. May
mn thay, bng cch m file PDF ny trong mt chng trnh son vn
bn n gin (a text editor, v d nh Notepad) ta c th thy cc kch
thc ca hnh (air box) rt khc v thm ch nh hn kch thc ca
trang vn bn. Bn c th m file nh v c th thy nhng dng gn
trn nh sau:
/MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ]
/ArtBox [ 181.80859 473.23535 398.08789 637.84473 ]
%%BoundingBox: 181 473 399 638
%%HiResBoundingBox: 181.8086 473.2354 398.0879 637.8447
74
Ch rng /MediaBox chnh l kch thc ca trang giy 8 12 11 inch

(kch thc thc ca nh trong file PDF rt ln). Cc kch thc /ArtBox,
BoundingBox, v HiResBoundingBox xc nh bounding box ca hnh.
Do , ta c th d dng chnh sa cc thng s ny, bng cch sa li cc
kch thc xp x trong file PDF v s dng n cho cc gi tr ca bb. V
d v iu ny c kt qu l Hnh 5.3.
Hnh 5.3: y l mt v d v bc tranh theo phong cch hin i.
5.4 S dng mu vi gi color

Gi color l mt phn ca gi graphicx v c vi phn c s dng bi gi
graphicx, c bit, xa hn na mt s driver ca hai gi c lin quan n
nhau. thm vo mt s tnh nng cho gi graphicx, gi color c th c
np vi cc la chn sau:
monochrome: chuyn mi lnh xc nh mu thnh trng en;
dvipsnames: lm cc tn mu ca ty chn dvips c th s dng cho cc
driver khc;
nodvipsnames: v hiu ha tn mu ca dvips ti kim b nh;
usenames: np tt c cc tn mu m ta nh ngha (Ti thng khng
dng n vi TEX).
5.4 S dng mu vi gi color
75
5.4.1 nh ngha mu
Mu sc c th c ta nh ngha bng cch pha trn cc mu c bn
(model-component). V d:
[rgb]{1,0,0}
nh ngha mu mi theo h mu rgb vi {1,0,0} l cc tham s pha
trn mu. Trong v d c bit trn mu mi l mu . Nu mt h
mu c dng, mu mi c nh ngha nh sau:
[named]{ColorName}
trong ColorName l b gm tn mu v cc tham s trn mu. Hai
h mu thng dng l rgb hoc cmyk.
Mu mi c nh ngha bi lnh:
\definecolor{name}{model}{specs}
V d:
\definecolor{MyKindOfBlue}{rgb}{0.3,0.5,0.7}
nh ngha tn mu MyKindOfBlue cho bi h mu rgb vi cc thng s
{0.3,0.5,0.7}. Sau ta c th dng mu ny trong ti liu.
Cc lnh s dng mu c tho lun thng qua cc v d.
Mu nn ca trang vn bn
Lnh \pagecolor xc nh mu nn ca trang vn bn hin thi v c
nhng trang sau .
Mu ca ch
Mu ca ch c th xc nh bi lnh \color theo dng
\color{<tn mu> text}
hay
\textcolor{tn mu}{text}
76
V khi in ra tt c u c mu en nn ti khng a ra cc v d phn

ny.
tr li mu ch thng thng ta c th s dng lnh \normalcolor.
By gi ti c vi ch y.
Mu BurntOrange c nh ngha trong file dvipsnam.def, m n
c np t ng khi gi color c np vi ty chn dvipsnames.
thay i mu cho mt vi ch m khng l tt c ta c th dng
lnh \textcolor di dng sau:
\textcolor{tn mu}{text}
Bn hy son cc lnh ny v bin dch xem th kt qu th no.
\textcolor{red}{red},
\textcolor{green}{green},
\textcolor{blue}{blue},
\textcolor{yellow}{yellow},
\textcolor{cyan}{cyan},
\textcolor{magenta}{magenta},
\textcolor{black}{black}, and
\textcolor{white}{white}.
Nu mun to ra mt hp c mu nn va cha mt on ngn
th bn c th dng lnh \colorbox.
Nu mun thay i c mu nn v bin ca hp chc vn bn ta c
th dng lnh \fcolorbox vi hai tham s v mu, ci th nht cho
bin v th hai l mu nn.
5.4.2 Tn mu c trong ty chn dvips

Tn mu trong file dvipsnam.def
GreenYellow
Yellow
Goldenrod
Dandelion
Apricot
Peach
Melon
YellowOrange
Orange
5.5 Mi trng float

BurntOrange
Bittersweet
RedOrange
Mahogany
Maroon
BrickRed
Red
OrangeRed
RubineRed
WildStrawberry
Salmon
CarnationPink
Magenta
VioletRed
Rhodamine
Mulberry
RedViolet
Fuchsia
Lavender
Thistle
77
Orchid
DarkOrchid
Purple
Plum
Violet
RoyalPurple
BlueViolet
Periwinkle
CadetBlue
CornflowerBlue
MidnightBlue
NavyBlue
RoyalBlue
Blue
Cerulean
Cyan
ProcessBlue
SkyBlue
Turquoise
TealBlue
Aquamarine
BlueGreen
Emerald
JungleGreen
SeaGreen
Green
ForestGreen
PineGreen
LimeGreen
YellowGreen
SpringGreen
OliveGreen
RawSienna
Sepia
Brown
Tan
Gray
Black
White
5.5 Mi trng float

Chn hnh bng lnh \includegraphics s c thc hin chng bao lu
sau ni ta t lnh , cng ging nh ta to cc bng vi mi trng
tabular. Mt cch khc chn hnh hoc bng khng khc my so vi
cch trn l dng cc mi trng figure hay table lm cho TEX t cc
i tng ny ti mt v tr c th c vi mc ch l lm cho ti liu tr
nn sng sa. im khc l cc hnh hay bng ny c t tn v c th
tham chiu d dng. Cc mi trng figure v table l nhng dng t bit
ca mt mi trng float tng qut c cung cp bi gi floats.
5.5.1 Ni t i tng
Hnh nh v bng c th c xem l mt i tng linh ng bng cch
t chng vo cc mi trng figure, figure*, table, v table*. Dng * ca hai
mi trng trn ch dng khi bn ang dng cu trc vn bn hai ct v
78
Hnh 5.4: y l mt hnh nh hp dn.

n lm cho i tng a vo nm ngang c hai ct tc l khng chu tc
ng ca mi trng hai ct ny. Nhng trng hp khc bn nn dng
cc mi trng thng thng.
Hnh 5.4 c chn vo bng mi trng figure. V d ny s dng
on lnh sau:
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{TCCODExample}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fig:AnExamFig}y l mt hnh nh hp dn.}
\end{figure}
Thnh phn c bn ca v d ny l hnh nh c sn, thm vo l tn
hnh gii thch ni dung c bn hay mt nhn nh ca bn v n. Bng
cc lnh \label v \ref ta c th gn nhn v tham chiu n n d dng.
Vn chnh ca mc ny l tho lun v ni t i tng m c th
y l hnh nh. Cc tham s iu khin vic v tr t hnh gm c:
5.5 Mi trng float
79
h (here): t hnh nh hay bng ging nh trng hp ta ch dng

lnh \includegraphics hay mi trng tabular;
t (top): quyt nh t i tng u trang hin ti hay u nhng
trang khc sau ;
b (bottom): t i tng cui trang hin ti hay cui nhng trang
k tip;
p (page): t cc i tng ny ln mt trang t bit ch cha cc
i tng linh ng, y l hnh hay bng;
!: khng quan tm n cc tham s bn trong nh hng n s sp
xp n.
Ln na, ta phi hiu rng tt c nhng ty chn trn y khng c
tnh tuyt i. Nu phi s dng nhiu th gi float c th gip nhiu cho
bn nh c thm ty chn H.1
Khi s dng cc mi trng float chn hnh hay bng, ta c th
dng cc lnh \clearpage hay \cleardoublepage cha ra mt hay hai
trang trng xut cc hnh v bng cn trong hng i. im bt li
khi dng hai lnh ny l trang hin thi s c th b b trng mt phn
lm cho trang khng p. ci thin vn ny ta c th dng lnh
\afterpage cung cp bi gi afterpage. im li ca lnh ny l trang hin
thi c lp y bi phn vn bn tip theo, sau khi kt thc trang
th trang sau s b trng chn hnh vo. Ta c th lm vic ny bi lnh
sau: \afterpage{\clearpage}.
Cc lnh sau c nh ngha li thu c mt dng v tt hn cho
mi trng float.
\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.85}
\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.85}
\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.85}
\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.15}
5.5.2 V d v mi trng table

y l mt v d minh ha vic s dng mi trng table. Bng 5.1 c
1 ty
chn H c hiu lc tuyt i bt buc i tng phi c t ngay ti ni a

vo, s dng n bn cn c gi here.
80
to bi cc lnh sau:
\begin{table}[b]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{@{}p{1.7in}p{3.3in}@{}}
Course and Date & Brief Description \\
\hline
Introduction to LSEDIT\newline March 14 -- 16 &
Logging on --explanation of the VMS file system --explanation and intensive application of the VMS editor
LSEDIT --- user modifications \\
\hline
Introduction to \LaTeX{}\newline March 21 -- 25 &
Word processors and formatting programs --text and commands --- environments --document and page styles --displayed text --- math equations --simple user-defined structures
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{TableExample1}y l mt bng rt p.}
\end{table}
Ch rng trong Bng 5.1 tn bng c t pha di. Ta c th t n
pha trn ca bng bng cch t lnh \caption trc mi trng tabular
ging nh Bng 5.2.
Course and Date
Introduction to LSEDIT
March 14 16
Introduction to LATEX
March 21 25
Brief Description
Logging on explanation of the VMS file system explanation and intensive application of
the VMS editor LSEDIT user modifications
Word processors and formatting programs text
and commands environments document
and page styles displayed text math equations simple user-defined structures
Bng 5.1: y l mt bng rt p.
5.5 Mi trng float
81
Bng 5.2: y l mt bng rt p.

Course and Date
Introduction to LSEDIT
March 14 16
Introduction to LATEX
March 21 25
Brief Description
Logging on explanation of the VMS file system explanation and intensive application of
the VMS editor LSEDIT user modifications
Word processors and formatting programs text
and commands environments document
and page styles displayed text math equations simple user-defined structures
5.5.3 V d s dng mi trng figure

Xc nh ni t hnh nh ging nh lm i vi bng. Khi a vo cc
hnh nh chng ta mun t hai hnh trn mt hng ngang. Khi ta c
th dng mi trng minipage ging nh Hnh 5.5 v 5.6. Hnh 5.5 v 5.6
Hnh 5.5: y l tn ca hnh ny.

N c p khng?
Hnh 5.6: Mt tn qu di, hi vng

n c in ra trn nhiu hng.
c to bi cc lnh sau:
\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{minipage}[t]{2.7in}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{TCCODExample.eps}
\end{center}
82
\caption{\label{fig:CZFragmentation}y l tn ca
hnh ny. N c p khng?}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[t]{2.7in}
\begin{center}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fig:StriationMarks} Mt tn qu di,
hi vng n c in ra trn nhiu hng.}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}
Chng 6
TI U CHO NGI
S DNG
6.1 Ti u vic s dng LATEX
Trong mc ny ti hng dn cc bn iu chnh, nh ngha cc lnh v
mi trng mi s dng vi mc ch ring ca mnh.
6.1.1 B m (Counters)
Mi b m ca LATEX l mt bin dng m s ln xut hin ca mt
i tng no trong ti liu, v do n nhn gi tr l s nguyn;
ngoi ra mi gi lnh c th c thm cc bin m khc; khi bt u ti
liu cc bin m ny c gn mt gi tr nht nh, mi khi gp mt i
tng cng loi th bin m ny c cng thm 1. Bn thn LATEX c
sn mt s b m v chng bao lu ta s phi s dng n n. Mt s
trong rt nhiu b m ca LATEX cho trong Bng 6.1.
Trong Bng 6.1 enumi, enumii, enumiii v enumiv l cc b m ca
bn mi trng nh s. Khi bt u ti liu dng article tt c cc b
m k c b m s trang u c gn l 0, tt nhin mi b m c
tng ln hay khi ng li khi bn bt u mc mi hay mi trng mi.
Ta c th gn gi tr ca mt b m bi mt gi tr bt k bng lnh
\setcounter theo cch sau:
\setcounter{counter}{number}
84
Ti u cho ngi s dng
V d, ti liu ca bn c nhiu chng c son ring l, khi bin dch

chng th tm ta phi gn li b m s chng bng lnh sau:
\setcounter{chapter}{8}
Bng cch ny ta c th thay i cch nh s phng trnh (theo dng
(1.1.3)) trong ti liu nh sau:
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\arabic{section}.%
\arabic{subsection}.\arabic{equation}}
nh ngha b m mi
Bn c th to mt b m mi bng lnh \newcounter theo cch sau:
\newcounter{name}[supercounter]
trong name l tn ca b m mi v tham s supercounter l tn ca mt
b m c (do bn nh ngha hay c sn). Nu tham s trn c dng
th b m name tr v gi tr 0 mi khi b m supercounter c tng ln
khi s dng mt trong hai lnh \stepcounter hay \refstepcounter. Gi
tr mc nh ca mt b m mi to ra l 0.
Thay i gi tr ca mt b m
Bn c th thay i gi tr ca mt b m vi cc lnh c trong Bng 6.2.
Nu mun bit gi tr ca mt b m dng, ta c th dng lnh
\value{counter}. V d, bn c th nh s mc ny bng vi s trang cha
n bng cch dng lnh
\setcounter{section}{\value{page}}
Bng 6.1: Mt s b m c bn ca LATEX.
section
subsection
subsubsection
page
equation
figure
table
footnote
enumi
enumii
enumiii
enumiv

Lnh
\setcounter{counter}{num}
\addtocounter{counter}{num}
\stepcounter{counter}
\refstepcounter{counter}
85
Tc dng
Lnh ny gn s nguyn num cho gi
tr ca b m counter
Gi tr ca b m counter c cng
thm bi s nguyn num, m n c
th m hay dng.
Gi tr ca b m counter c tng
ln bi chng ta. Thm na, tt c
cc b m con, b m nhn counter
lm supercounter u tr v gi tr 0.
Xem trong K&D.
Bng 6.2: Lnh lm thay i gi tr ca mt b m do ngi dng hay

LATEX nh ngha.
mc d ti ngh vic lm ny khng c ch li g nhng cng nu ra nh

l mt v d c bit.
Cui cng, bn c th in ra gi tr ca b m counter bng mt trong
cc lnh sau:
\arabic{counter}
\Roman{counter}
\roman{counter}
\alph{counter}
\Alph{counter}
\fnsymbol{counter}
s thng thng;
s La M in hoa;
s La M in thng;
k t in thng;
k t in hoa;
t 1 n 9 k hiu ch thch.
trong 9 k hiu ch thch theo th t l: , , , , , k, , , v . Bn

hy tm cch in ra cc k t trn.
Vi mi b m c nh ngha, ta c thm lnh \thecounter
ging nh lnh \thesection bit. Vi hu ht cc b m, lnh ny n
gin ch l lnh \arabic{counter}, nhng n c th c nh ngha li ty
vo kiu ti liu hay theo thch ca bn. V th, v d, \thesubsection
cho ta mc con hin thi l 6.1.1, \thepage cho ta s trang hin ti l 85, v
\thefootnote cho ta 0.
86
Ti u cho ngi s dng
6.1.2 di
Chng ta bit rt nhiu i lng o chiu di trong LATEX, mt v d
l cc thit lp ca trang giy in, gm c
\hoffset
\oddsidemargin
\headheight
\textheight
\marginparsep
\footskip
\paperwidth
\voffset
\topmargin
\headsep
\textwidth
\marginparwidth
\marginparpush
\paperheight
Cc di trong LATEX c th d dng thay i. V d ta c th gn mt

di bt k cho mt bin di bng lnh
\setlength{\length_cmd}{length_spec}
trong length_spec l mt di bt k nh 20mm hay mt di khc
nh \textwidth, khi , bin di length_cmd c gi tr l di cho bi
length_spec.
Ta cng c th tng thm gi tr ca mt bin di vi lnh:
\addtolength{\length_cmd} {length_spec}
m n s thm vo gi tr ca length_cmd di length_spec. Ch rng
length_spec c th m.
Thm na, bn c th nhp vo di dng 3\baselineskip cho gi
tr ca length_spec vi ngha n gin l di length_spec l gi tr ca
\baselineskip nhn 3.
Cui cng, vi gi calc, ta c th dng cc php ton n gin trong
vic xc nh cc gi tr di ging nh hiu sau: \headsep-\topskip.
Bn c th dng lnh \settowidth{\length_cmd}{text} xc lp di
ca length_cmd cho chiu rng t nhin ca text.
Cui cng, bn cng c th nh ngha mt di mi bng lnh
\newlength{\new_length_cmd}
di mi ny c gn gi tr l 0 nhng ta c th dng cc lnh ni trn
thay i n khi cn dng.
87
6.1.3 nh ngha lnh mi

Chng ta c th nh ngha lnh mi bng lnh \newcommand v nh ngha
li lnh c bng lnh \renewcommand. Bn hy xem cc v d trong cc
mc sau.
Lnh khng c tham s
Loi ny c li khi trong ti liu bn phi thng nhp mt on ngn,
thut ng, hay mt t c nh dng phc tp. V d, bn phi thng
xuyn nhp vo cng thc tch phn sau:
Z b
a
f ( x, t) dx.
Tht l di dng v mt mi khi phi nhp vo tch phn trn rt nhiu

ln. Do , ta c th to ra lnh mi t u ti liu c tn l intf bng
cch sau:
\newcommand{\intf}{\ensuremath{\int_a^b f(x,t)\,dx}}
Rb
v sau ta ch cn nhp vo \intf s thu c tch phn a f ( x, t) dx.
Bn bit rng LATEX kt thc mt lnh khi gp k t u tin khng
phi l ch ci v b qua mi khong trng ngay pha sau tn lnh, do
, nu ta nhp vo tch phn \intf bng, v ta s c tch phn
Rb
a f ( x, t) dxbng. Lnh \intf kt thc bi khong trng trc ch bng
v khong trng b b qua. khc phc n, ta phi nhp vo tch
phn \intf{} bng hoc tch phn \intf\ bng s c tch phn
Rb
a f ( x, t) dx bng. Vy lnh \ensuremath c tc dng g? N cho php
LATEX t tham s ca lnh \ensuremath trong ch ton khi cn v
khng nu khng cn. Do c hai lnh $\intf$ v \intf u lm vic
tt.
Lnh c tham s
Cc lnh c tham s rt c ch khi bn phi thng xuyn lp li mt cu
trc no nhiu ln. V d, bn cn son du tch phn trn nhng c
th thay i hai cn, khi ta c th nh ngha lnh sau:
\newcommand{\intfl}[2]{\ensuremath{\int_{#1}^{#2} f(x,t)\,dx}}
88
Ti u cho ngi s dng
v ta c th t 3 v 3 vo hai cn ca tch phn

\intfl{-3\xi}{3\xi}
ta c:
Z 3
f ( x, t) dx.
Ch rng ti c mt t thay i tn lnh khi nh ngha lnh \intfl.

Ti sao? Nguyn nhn l trn ti nh ngha lnh \intf trong ti liu
v LATEX khng chp nhn bn nh ngha li n ln na. Tt nhin, trong
trng hp ny ta c th dng lnh \renewcommand bo LATEX b i nh
ngha c v thay bng nh ngha mi
\renewcommand{\intf}[2]{\ensuremath{\int_{#1}^{#2}f(x,t)\,dx}}
Mt s lnh sau c th c ch cho cc bn:
\newcommand{\pfrac}[2]{\genfrac{(}{)}{}{}{#1}{#2}}
\newcommand{\bfrac}[2]{\genfrac{[}{]}{}{}{#1}{#2}}
\newcommand{\vfrac}[2]{\genfrac{|}{|}{}{}{#1}{#2}}
\newcommand{\fig}[1]{Hnh~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\figtwo}[2]{Hnh~\ref{#1} v~\ref{#2}}
\newcommand{\tab}[1]{Bng~\ref{#1}}
Ch : mt lnh c th c nhiu nht 9 tham s v ngoi hai lnh trn ta
c th dng lnh \def nh ngha lnh mi.
6.1.4 Vi ch c bn
S dng lnh \input
Khi to ra cc ti liu ln, bn nn chia n ra thnh nhiu phn v lu tr
trn nhng file ring, v d nh layout.tex, chapter1.tex, chapter2.tex . . . v
file chnh ta c th dng lnh \input a ni dung cc chng vo
ti liu:
\documentclass{12pt}{book}
\input{layout}
\begin{document}
89
\input{chapter1}
\input{chapter2}
...............
\end{document}
Mc ch ca vic nh ngha lnh mi
y l vi nguyn tc gip to ra cc lnh hay mi trng mi.
Cc lnh hay mi trng gi chung l cu trc c nh ngha u
ti liu th c tc dng trong sut ti liu .
Cc cu trc c nh ngha trong mt mi trng th ch c tc
dng trong mi trng . iu ny cho php chng ta to ra cc
lnh ch c hiu lc mt ni no .
Cc cu trc c nh ngha u ti liu c th c thay i
sau vi lnh \renewcommand hay \renewenvironment. Nu chng
c nh ngha trong mt mi trng th ch c tc dng trong
mi trng . Khi thot khi mi trng, cu trc s dng li
nh ngha u ti liu.
Chng 7
Danh sch ti liu tham kho
7.1 Ti liu tham kho & BIBTEX
7.1.1 To danh sch ti liu tham kho n gin
LATEX cung cp mt mi trng n gin to ra danh sch ti liu tham
kho, l mi trng thebibliography. Trong mi trng ny, danh sch
ti liu tham kho c sp thnh nhiu mc, mi mc xc nh mt ti
liu. Mi lnh \bibitem (bibliography item) cho php to mt ti liu tham
kho v c LATEX t ng nh s. hiu cch s dng mi trng ny
bn hy xem v d sau:
\begin{thebibliography}{xxx}
\bibitem{AndiaEtAl:mrs:2000:1}
P.~C. Andia, F. Costanzo, G.~L. Gray, and T.~J. Yurick (2000)
Calculation of Intrinsic Stresses and Elastic Moduli in
Nonhomogeneous Thin Films, In: L. Kubin, J.~L. Bassani,
K. Cho, H. Gao, and R.~L.~B. Selinger (eds.): \emph{Multiscale
Modeling of Materials--2000}, Vol.~653 of \emph{Materials
Research Society Symposium Proceedings}, Pittsburgh, PA:
Materials Research Society. In print and currently available
on the web via the Materials Research Society web site at
http://www.mrs.org.
\bibitem{GrayCostanzo:ijee:1999:1}
G.~L. Gray and F.~Costanzo (1999), The Interactive Classroom
and its Integration into the Mechanics Curriculum, \emph{
91
International Journal of Engineering Education}, \textbf{15}

(1), pp.~41--50.
\bibitem{GrayCostanzo:ijee:2000:1}
F.~Costanzo and G.~L.~Gray (2000), On the Implementation of
Interactive Dynamics, \emph{International Journal of
Engineering Education}, \textbf{16} (5), pp.~385--393.
\end{thebibliography}
V y l vi ch cho bn:
1. xxx c thay bng s ti liu tham kho m bn khai bo, y l
thnh phn bt buc ca mi trng thebibliography.
2. Phn ch theo sau lnh \bibitem bt buc phi c, nhng ch l
nhn cho ti liu v n c dng tham chiu n ti liu
bng lnh \cite nh sau \cite{GrayCostanzo:ijee:1999:1}. Lnh
\cite gn ging vi lnh \ref hay \pageref, . . .
3. Khi dng mi trng thebibliography, phong cch th hin cc ti liu
tham kho l do ta t nh dng, do , khi mun thay i ta phi
sa li th cng hon ton.
4. Trong lp ti liu article, tn ca danh sch ti liu tham kho l
References i vi ting Anh, cn khi kch hot gi vietnam th
i thnh Ti liu, v n c nh dng nh l tn mt mc ln
(section). Trong lp ti liu book v report, tn ca danh sch ti liu
tham kho l Bibliography hay Ti liu tham kho v c nh
dng nh tn mt chng. Ta cng c th thay i tn danh sch ti
liu tham kho bng lnh
\renewcommand{\refname{YourBibName}
i vi lp ti liu article, v lnh
\renewcommand{\bibname}{YourBibName}
cho lp ti liu report hay book.
5. Lnh \bibitem cho php ta t vo mt tham s, l,
92

\bibitem[label]{refkey}
khi ti liu ny khng c nh s th t t ng m s s
c thay th bng label m bn cung cp.
7.1.2 To danh sch ti liu tham kho vi BIBTEX

BIBTEX cung cp mt cch khc to v tham chiu n mt danh sch
ti liu tham kho ln bng cch s dng c s d liu cc ti liu tham kho.
Vi cc file c s d liu to ra trc v cc nh ngha cch th hin
danh sch ti liu tham kho (bibliography style definition) c sn, LATEX c th
t ng to ra danh sch ti liu tham kho ph hp vi ti liu ca bn.
iu ny c ch trong v nhng l do sau:
Bn c th to ra v lu gi mt c s d liu gm tt c cc ti liu
tham kho thng s dng, v vi BIBTEX bn c th dng mt s
trong chng nu cn; c bit c ch khi bn dng chung mt danh
sch ti liu tham kho vi nhiu ti liu khc nhau;
BIBTEX c th lm vic vi mt hoc nhiu c s d liu v ta c th
nh ngha li cch in ra danh sch ti liu tham kho theo mnh
bng cch nh ngha li cc file .bst.
bo LATEX v BIBTEX lm vic vi cc file c s d liu mun s
dng, ta ch cn thm vo ti liu lnh:
\bibliography{database1,database2,. . . }
ti ni m ta mun danh sch ti liu tham kho xut hin. Tt nhin, ta
vn c th dng lnh \cite{key} tham kho n mt ti liu no
trong c s d liu. Nhng file c s d liu: database1, database2, . . . l
nhng file text thng thng nhng lu li vi phn m rng l .bib . V
d bn to ra mt file c s d liu l Complex Analysis.bib lu danh
sch ti liu tham kho v mn Gii tch phc th khi mun dng n ta s
dng lnh
\bibliography{Complex Analysis}
Nh gii thiu trn, ta c th chn phong cch th hin danh sch ti
liu tham kho nh lnh:
93
\bibliographystyle{style}
trong style l cch th hin m bn chn, v theo ti tt nht l bn
nn t lnh ny ngay trc lnh \bibliography. Tham s style l tn ca
file .bst c trong h thng TEX ca bn v khng c phn m rng. C rt
nhiu cc file style .bst trong h thng TEX ca bn v trn Internet. V d,
kt hp vi lnh trn ta c th to danh sch ti liu tham kho bng hai
lnh sau:
\bibliographystyle{plain} % phi chc rng h thng TeX
% ca bn c file plain.bst
\bibliography{Complex Analysis}
Sau khi bin dch vi BIBTEX s c file .bbl v vi MikTeX 2.3 th file ny
s c t ng thm vo ti liu. Nu m file ra xem th ta s thy
trong l mt mi trng thebibliography vi cc ti liu tham kho m
bn c tham chiu n trong phn thn ti liu chnh ca bn.
Ch rng trong c s d liu c rt nhiu ti liu tham kho nhng
ch c nhng ti liu no c tham chiu n phn thn ti liu chnh
th mi c in ra trong danh sch.
File c s d liu ca BIBTEX
File c s d liu ca BIBTEX l file text thng thng nhng c phn m
rng l .bib. Mi ti liu tham kho c lu trong file theo mu sau
@article{label,
author = {<tn cc tc gi>},
title = {<tn sch>},
journal = {<phin bn>},
year = {<nm in sch>},
volumn = {<tp ? ca b sch>},
number = {<s pht hnh>},
page = {<cc trang trch dn>}
}
trong label l nhn ca sch v c th dng vi lnh \cite{label}.
Ch rng khng nht thit phi c cc mc trong phn khai bo
trn. Ngoi loi ti liu l article, cn c th c cc loi khc nh: book,
incollection, techreport, misc,. . . ty thuc vo loi ti liu tham kho ca
bn. V d:
94

@article{MillerGray:jgcd:2001:1,
author = {Andrew J. Miller and Gary L. Gray
and Andre P. Mazzoleni},
title = {Nonlinear Spacecraft Dynamics with a
Flexible Appendage, Damping, and
Moving Internal Submasses},
journal = {Journal of Guidance, Control,
and Dynamics},
year = {2001},
volume = {24},
number = {3},
pages = {605--615}
@article{ AbrahamGao:prl:2000:1,
Author = {Abraham, F. F. and Gao, H. J.},
Title = {How Fast can Cracks Propagate?},
Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
Volume = {84},
Number = {14},
Pages = {3113-3116},
Abstract = {We have performed atomic simulations of
crack propagation along a weak interface
joining two harmonic crystals. The simulations
show that a mode II shear dominated crack
can accelerate to the Rayleigh wave speed
and then nucleate an intersonic daughter
that travels at the longitudinal wave speed.
This contradicts the general belief that a
crack can travel no faster than the
Rayleigh speed.},
Keywords = {fracture mechanics dynamics},
Year = {2000} }
}
.......................................
C nhiu cch to file .bib cho BIBTEX s dng, bn c th xem trong

ph lc B.2 ca Sch [4].
Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nguyn Hu in, Nguyn Minh Tun LaTeX tra cu v son tho,
HQG H Ni, 2001.
[2] Nguyn Tn Khoa, Mt ti liu ngn gii thiu v LaTeX, Phin bn ting
Vit, 2003.
[3] Tobias Oetiker, The Not So Short Introduction to LATEX2, 2003.
[4] Kopka and P. W. Daly, A Guide to LATEX: Document Preparation for
Beginners and Advanced Users, 1999

Gary L Gray A Course of Latex

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Gary L Gray A Course of Latex

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SON TI LIU

Bin son: Gary L. Gray

gi d liu thng qua cc chng trnh FTP a ch ftp://www.ctan.org

Gii thiu v LATEX

Font ch, cc mi trng lit k

3 Son tho Ton trong LATEX

Hnh nh v cc i tng c bit

Ti u cho ngi s dng

7 Danh sch ti liu tham kho

Ti liu tham kho

1.1.2 Ti sao ta dng LATEX ?

ti liu to ra bi LATEX l kiu mu c s dng bi cc nh xut bn ni ting

Gii thiu v LATEX

1.1.3 Cc ngun cung cp phn mm v ti liu v LATEX

1.2.2 Cc lnh ca LATEX.

1.2.3 Mi trng (Environment)

Gii thiu v LATEX

y cng l mt cu trc quan trng ca LATEX m ta s dng rt nhiu.

1.2.5 K t (character), t (word), on vn (paragraph)

1.2.7 Quotes, Hyphens, & Dashes

ngi s dng Microsoft Word dng nh ch bit mt loi trong chng.

Gii thiu v LATEX

1.2.8 Kiu ti liu

1.2.9 Cc gi thm vo (Package)

1.3 Tng hp nhng g bit

1.2.10 Bin giy, phn u v chn trang

1.3 Tng hp nhng g bit

Gii thiu v LATEX

2.1.2 Font trong LATEX

Font ch, cc mi trng lit k

2.2 Thay i font cho k t

Cc c ch trong cc lnh trn ph thuc vo font ch chn u ti liu.

2.2.3 H Font, sc nt, m nht.

2.3 Canh gia v tht u hng

Ch rng h font san serif thng dng mc nh trong trnh din v

2.3 Canh gia v tht u hng

Font ch, cc mi trng lit k

2.4 Cc mi trng lit l

trng quote khng c tht u hng (noindent) u mi on nhng khong

2.4 Cc mi trng lit l

Sau ta c mt gch u hng.

Mt gch u hng na.

C bn loi mi trng lit k v ta c th dng xen k hay lng vo nhau

2.4.2 Danh sch nh s

Font ch, cc mi trng lit k

2.4.3 Danh sch m t

trong x0 = a < x1 < < xn1 < xn = b v k chn ty trong

2.4 Cc mi trng lit l

2.4.4 Thay i nhn cho mi trng lit k.

Font ch, cc mi trng lit k

thay i ton b cc nhn thnh mt nhn mi, ta c th dng lnh

2.4.5 Mi trng lit k tng qut

2.4 Cc mi trng lit l

Ph.D., Engineering Mechanics, 1993

Some jobs here and some jobs there.

2.4.6 Mi trng tabbing

409C Earth-Engineering Sciences Bldg.

Dr. Francesco Costanzo 409D Earth-Engineering Sciences Bldg.

Font ch, cc mi trng lit k

X canh ngay cc ct v bn tri.

2.5 Hp trong LATEX

2.5 Hp trong LATEX

Mt on c th a vo mt ci hp ln bng cch s dng lnh