You are on page 1of 108

 :

*+" ( &" # $%
: 
,
 -   4# 
, ( 4# 7 38
" 4# 3 - " /0 1(,<
 - 
, >  
,
  3
>: ,#
G+ > ,# "/D/, C & "AB , 

, :
(,< , -,I > -H#, ,I - < /- ,I -
L+( ,I ( K - G &/- (L (- ,M + -
 O 8 4 ,I N  ,I










 
   www.gulfids.com







   : 













 
   www.gulfids.com





: 
 
    :
 54* 3  1   - *   " 
 1  6-5* B .  @ A3  < ;*5 :3-
A B  F E  5 ICDI GI G5 B @
 ICD L" . "  1E R C *  G O N MB-
 ;   E5 :E  M C5 *B5  N  * @5T5
 N @ :3@  V .   5G :3G*B .MN 3C5WGB
T@ .G5
  @B-
- "EB [  -3  ; Y 4*    @ ] -
B @ ] -  "   DN .*D4 F-  _- * 
@ T 5- - - 6B   B5   6 "
 c5  .Ob @- d_53 -5< " T B 5- "
 :B     .
  
"  - @- c ; Y 4* @    O    E 5
 F   - G_- 5G " <YEb OB  E @5*
4*@  f-L 5G 6 c5 :3b OB @ TEY 4*
@ 6cN@    g @ 1    
.@ c5
"     g :
( (   - : @ MB5YB -   N   M
 N  @- I  B-  @5 G * @
 5 @55Y  G  - B4  -5  E535
-  V " A :3 B- .
((    :B @-   B  B 5 MBY c



 
   www.gulfids.com

B  DC Y.


((    :@ B5   M 5 @ B5 "  N  B.
 AD bT- 5B "  N n @  E  G- .G
3C5 M 5 @ B5T  : "  R "   B "  B
 B" g  @5  G p @ B5   
-   . q
( (   B@ :5  * Y 3    B
 D O  Ob5  A3  O 65-B    B5E b  
* O 65  c-B   . B5E b   D B N cC
    s--  r  N *   -
<- M-4  "  1  G   . G[Y
"  B  -   c5 :
( (   T-@ :G  u CY F4c *  T G 
 4  @E-5  O ; c* @B O  "EB  @ B5 N
c_B " *  "  65 O 6 . G5
((    :@ IG  F 5* O E 45   M- B
 - " A 6 5 5  @GB5;  .@ I 
p  MB-B 4*   I-5 @ [  @  M- F5"EB
TEY -  ;-5 MBb "  . 6 *@ .M-
((   5 :   5 @    -5 O @
B  N  bT- B- . B -5- "EB [  
 B BgB5 ."  @ :3  -5 @  -B
5  T   N  G n @5 .
 B MD dcI @B -55    -_  . "EB  I
MBY @ B O B@  5G @5 GB  r wB5B   
 5E * r  B @B -5 @- B @  x5:3
B  . wB5B   I*  B  ICY
3 bT- r  B5  B5 @ MB5Y @ B M:3
*B . G5
 *
B <5C  @  * G5 B  . B   1B
 5 B5G @  *  BB 5 I @5 "  
 z 1 " G . "     g   Eg F
* @  I  @ O  E G . ss @



 
   www.gulfids.com

 MB5- M uCY  G  "  I  F* g


IB  @     *C5 @  3 * TBg
5 c 4   E .
TBg :  - c
"    @5_B G   * FBTB g  - c Tg
4* @  c @- c @ 5-B F-3 * { T T1G5g
@ sB @ B    -   ;-B *  M
<I Wright, 1960 w TB g  - c F " :
 B*  BTB g5B F @5 G E  
 " -* F-5  MG    I  G F _"  BB M
g *  s 65* @5 "  T 6  1@ *  Bw
TB g B A F @5* G F-  F5   " -@5
   T| 0 F5
 TB g5B :
  : "  B MBYc  GB   ICY  
* M   *  3  0 F3 c * M -B " M
 "  N    G  <   MI E 
c "  5 -B   B "  V b[  uM * F
3 -B @   @  T  IIb b " ;cB
 " 5  "  -  @  D M  <b  "  ) uB
 (  ICY 5B b3 c  T dI5  *C5  
I  -B p M1 B  N  OI5b
 @ B5   -5  GB   @I f-5 3  "
N  @ G    @ 5 *  , "  1-B
 Gc5 @5    ;c5 T O  ICD ,   *5
3 BT [   V G  <5C  Nc @5  " G L 0
 M b " -   * M    N  @5 G5L "
  TN B- "  G5  @5 " w5 f-b-
 " B*  3   @55 " * G  F " V 3 c
G   -BI -B  <  "  B G
 u3  :
5-13 c " ; I u   -B g  V  "; B r  F; c O3@ 5 - b -B  @5*G
 bT  " E    5    3  w-b



 
   www.gulfids.com

0
2-B  @5 G  MI3G c " " E  b 1 bB D   w  N @5  F0 5C BG M
35 W @5* " GIC5  3 wB G G53G c b* F @I-5  B-5 I  b  g- F 0
4s 5 g    n b @  N @5c G *5 @5*0 GIC5
<  M  F1B @ :3 c   * MG r M I
 M @ F " - wb  -b  R F M *5 M-3  O
 " 13" *C5 3 c  F -5 E5   @ 5B3
IC5  R I5     sG  M *5* @-B"EB
 MI F M *5 6 b B ME 3 c @ TBg
5B 1 b  " gc *   EYB
 @  c <   -- F MI  1 x B5
5 M *5  M * ;c  T1  MB M -  8 @ 
 I @ 5 425 @ <n C 0
 TB g B :
 B5-3 c  F 5    5 f-; * G *5 z
r Oc 3   5 TB gI 5 M5 @5  c *
   @ ; IC  @ *E;  b_ z M- g;
 ;*E  * O c5 5C* G f-   B-C5 r  
 @5 G  MI3G c 0  B  s- C5 N
  II @5 G  MIc  * 0
 * : F3 c E  F * M "  - B*
@  M I " GB [ * M I I @5 "
 "  BN "  MbB   - "  B
5  b* M -     _ @ * -@ b
T|  _  N YB " @ -   Mc" 
- ," *  B5 FG   wG -    ;c5
 ME 3E 5 3  F wb M Ocs  EY wb
  F T|   " @ wb T1B   B5G
* -@ 3 I " 5 T 5  60 G ;-  b
  T| G M M ME5 BC b  G M5 b 
 "sTB uICB, g* M  MI "  B Mc "EB  @B5F
* -@ 0



 
   www.gulfids.com

b*   MG N [  F M *5 @ICY DB *C5   "


 E5 * G3 T g  @ 3 I   5 @5
 "B_5  "  F E  *  O "  A E
 F* -@  Mc[ :
 B  1  T b    -  FT4 0
    ) F- b B 1 T b -   (  F5[Y
BV @ - G G  " _  T| R 
* * M *B   T5  TB0 g
  @ :wb3 c 5 sB5  B  B "  -
* @ 5   -TB GIIC g 5  Gb6cB
 *@ 3 c 4* * @ B5  * 5 
*  "  "s  F3 EBI  F<  3G d * E
   d g @ Oc5 MEY - "s <5C5   s@5
5C 1 3G x 5 "  TB  b g f- * F
b 6     f-N N F O BN ; E
B TB @s g - cC -  T 3 5 *M
   *  OB5 "  1 A 5C  I
@ G R @ I  " @  N  F -  @ 
f-;   3 BB  5   1B * -@ b
 T g -  N T b 6 Y-N " F  M
"   O  I5T  0
" s 3 c dB* GB DB " B "  wb
3   TB g "s3 * bx5 0
 *:
@ 3 c T|  T 5     -  "  -*
     wb F- A T 5 g s  *
 " T 5g 5E 5  V*   * @  @
wbc   F  x 5 B  bI "  @  x 5
T1B  g  Mc  ;- FY  [  F O"  B
R M -D @ M r * @ M3    A 5  
 B <5C  " Mb "  Tc 5 *5 [ T1
5 G * M    F   @  x " " c " " 5
"   McN @ A*BB N F  ;- G  3
  Mc G c-1@ 3   G @ d3E E  F @ M



 
   www.gulfids.com

 * M  *  F @  x G 5  Mc F 5


" 5 @G5 TB g   u *  G- B  @5
  G ;c5 A @ G I Oc 0
 6 -  F TB g:  - c
" TEY  TB g  - c TB| b5   5BG_
  B @ M M *5 @5  G< g 6 b  G5* F
  *5 A3  1 "  TB  g 5- G _ wB "  1E
  G @ bN  " "B_5   b  G
   @ b3 I   N cY - @5* 1 
TB gE 3 N- cY   3G * 0
 "B_5 EYB*  _bB  @ TBr g  T "E 5g
  * f[ T  BG  " Oc   @ M5*B
<N wB G  ;- 3  @ T 5g" Y @5
;  @  65 6TBD g 1    TB" g
;c5 A  TB g  N @  *  O " 1
T|   F E * B " 5 " G_-, f-  5B "
TBr " g  b G "   B M5*B*  EF E
TB g b1   w5 WTB g, AD O Oc 3
1 s @  TB g B  @  TB g5B 0
5  TB g  - c F5;  F B  ; 5
 B*     _ GD GD  - @ "  1
 E  VN  b G  V Oc "  FTB g  5
TB|    FTB g  " 5  < 3@
, fB F3G E  B @ V   @B- F"  1
Y    5; TB Mb " g @    B  F5I
@ bTB g F  D ME  ) G*   % 90 " M
(0
" TEYB N @  TB g  - c  f T|
[  V " B " n @  Gn  F5 5  @  - c
 ;- MB-  V " AB <b OTB g b w3G  1
 F ;x53  EYB" s A   M- x dB* @5
c Gs   " ;  )  @ - ; 3  
 ( u F3   "EB u E   <bBT| 
 uCY 55   G_ C5 R I5   * B



 
   www.gulfids.com

R  M *5* @-BY  @ O"     5 GB "


 @ O"    F G E @ Mg5 G  *  " Mb "s
C5 G F5-5  F B " b[ f-F ;x5 " 1
3  EYB F4  OB " @  Gc Mb @- c4 @-
  dI s "   N   B53 c *FB
TB gYB 0
 Oc B wTBp @ g  _  -B
 T  B  F F f DN b G5-
b 1   1B  B-5
;c5T Ng  b{   I "  <5CB N G M
-B @Y @  " <b  F5 d  A 5C5
TY M B  B @ G   - 20 "E5  30
  40
  40   50    B * *  O - @ 5-
_ F -E O @Y M M F3  EB T| *M
 M I5G  F f Mc ;-EB @YC0 5-
T
 T  
r Oc I5 * B@ 5 4 N * Fc-
EB   b-   T @ 5 g  ;  @ McF f
 DN (  T1 C5 3  q   N ( O  c-B "
T N "  <5CB N   <   @ B F
 - DN 0
 r TB g G  - c MI u -55 ; B <b 
  - c @5 b G EN B <b  B-B 3    @
c B   Ob @   F F B5- @5
<  * N* b @ F @- c5-B  b @5  F
  F B5-  * @ 5  6c F n55  E5
@ 3 * 0
c 5  :
c 5   5  @ @B-   -BY N @G5 GF
 " <YE  g - MnB G3  -3 c c
 *  @  -   - c5 - 4*  " b  A
- B C5 A5 Gc @  G0 5CB
6 F MN T1    N @B-: F n5 GE5
0 E  Fb ;Vc N  Fb  F  5N  Ac
 @G5  V  G  Fb F 0 E5



 
   www.gulfids.com

  x5B M5*B  x5B5: O


  x5B:M5*B
  M-3 Gg @5C Gg -  x5 5   x x5B
3  E5  -  Gg  C s @ I
5 5 5bTg T|  V  s " s "  x5B
  1B   x5 15 0
  x5B5:O
  s " s "  5   x5 5   B E5
   x5B5 O    *  M 3G   x5B BE5  5
@   x5B M5*BN A     x5B5 O @   B  5
   x5B0 M5*B
  B5    B_:c
  B5  @   B @5-5    x5B M5*B B
_ c@   B @5 p     B5   -5
  x5B0 M5*B
r  G  T1  b "    F  B5  " r  B
5  @ 3  "EB E "  "  B N   MB- M
"  @  G "  B  dI x5B 5 @ - B
5  5  N @ B N  @5 0 G
E5   B_ "  B " c N    p   B
5  MB- M "  s-B "  BB G @5-5 G
   B5   A3-5   M13   x5B  BM5*B
 dI x5B 5 -_ @ 5    B_ c 50 G
  BI55@ :   BI55@ @ - -  F c5 @5
 F MB5Y 5  N  ; 4   -B5  
* M  O D4  F N NI F3 M  @ O550 W
  - : " 5 B
    x5B M5*BB  z 5 5   B5  - -G
  x5B M5*B z 5B 5   B_ c-5  @5  x5B
 M5*B A 5  A5 N @  x5B 5 - *; 
 " c 5B 4I  3G r    I  r  A
 F   x5B M5*B   "E  r  A  F-   x5B
0 M5*B



 
   www.gulfids.com

  B  @   x5B M5*B  - 


5   - ) - ( 2 -2"2
_   c ) -" ) 2
" d_5 * 6  s 2  F  5  -   x5B5O
@   B5    s F " 2  5  -   x5B5@ O
  B_0 c
  @ - : " 5 B
  x5B 5 @ - " 5 B5  _ Mb c 5 -
G5 G - Mb   B5    x5B M5*B- - G 
 *;  0
  B  @   x5B M5*B  - 
5  ) - ( 1 - ) - ( 2=-21
_ c ) -  (" 1 ) - ( " 2=-" 2"1
  s F 1  5  @   x5B5 @ O  B5  
 s F " 1  5  @   x5B5 @ O  B_ c
 s F 2  5  -   x5B5 @ O  B5  
 s F " 2  5    B_ c  s  F  
@ "   -   x5B5 @ O  B5    s" F
   @ "   -  @  x5B  B_0 c
 F - A  "  25*  " 2  F
  x5B F M5*B  x5B50 O
  @ -   B :
"   @ -  F dI  B  z@   B5 
 M M  M  B_ c  dI * 5 B_c
5 5 @ 5  x5B5- Mb O   x5B M5*B  5 5-
 @ A  x5B5 O- -   x5B, M5*B*;  "  5" 5
 F    x5B0 M5*B
  B  @   x5B M5*B  - 
5  ) - ( 1 - ) - ) 2= -21
 F " V  WGB5@  b B @ W5 bT- * 
 @5  * F r -  f-TEYB  @5 B GIC@ :
1-  B "B @ bn @   -5



 
   www.gulfids.com

5    - c s B @5 TB gDB  r A 5W


5 " I  F   0  -b
2  )  (  B-B _B B @5   G 5 @ _  x  c " B Ob5B " *E  F <5C
@  <b    -3G ;   M55 W  MB-B F B 5
D F B BcC  @  M 0 A 
 F ;x53   BI EYB   B  - " "EB M-<bB
5@ {  -  1 T1 [  5 @ 5- <b  w
B  B N b*E  F  -  1 b  B-
 B "  "  V uCD;   - Y ; n F
D 5  G B "EB  <bB5@  F O 65
  N [ -  5 3 E5  F G G "
-N xN  "   F G  @ 5 B "EB 
    @     - c F M-  M-B "  -Y [G
 O 3  N  OB " s TB g  - c_ zN1
@ E <bB5@ 0
35 OY-@ B "  B F  -B @ G_- 5    <bB5@    FB O MB-
   B; *5  G F- A  5@   O M-5
   F G Y [Y  M13 TEYB    GG@ G
  5N G  M13  *   f-B " bG
 5 W 0
4NsG N B C5* @5 @  <bB5@  Mn b MB-B B  F 5 [   * F A   V "
 T1 A  ;c|  O B F-B    - @ 
   0
-b5 B n b @ 5 W5  , 3 5-Y @   [ b[  " Ib  V  G FY    @53  M-
3 *  1   @ 65 @5 -   B*  1  G
@ 65  @5 @ w   M- M3 *   TF g
f- " 13" -Y _ 6 6 "   65 G3 [c
] @ -  G   @B-   f- " 1s
" Gg -  _b  M I F [cC  N Y
B   F ;x53  EYB5 B  W C5 
 5 c " B- "  F " I F3   -I
 B  -Y G -G5 5 0



 
   www.gulfids.com

 " V3 TEYB WGB F 5@ 5B bs @ FBg- [ G
bT- *;  @  5  * N*0 F
c 4  :  E
* @B :3c    q @ *C5 f-  ;  
4   FTB g5  - c M "  B F  -B "
 . "EB  @ MI :3-B 5  "  B  N *
.(T b* " -5 B 
< _ b F A  f-5 )   1
R @  . @ M ATBg   ICY.
 B f-  :3c  OB   *  B w b  
" 3  G-  "  1EB  G-B @5*; 4B5 *
3 s B5    B B-5 I @5 @ O B N .   b
E    E5 . <b :3 "  BBB- s5 g 
 WGB @ .@B-  " B  b b  -    MI5n5
* "  6   q " T 4B5 Y 4   E
 @  4c *  .
* O c54   " @E 65;    b "  @5
 G 5 :35 @  :3G u CY .   @ z cC
T- *@  .:3G  d 5 b @ B   ICY E5
  @  x5B n @5 @ * 3 T . g d_5   
1@ 3  4  @ETB|   W- 5 @ s
TB g 4  @EYB T bT @ zY  b_@ @ 
 1  f- 5"  - * Nc  . B 1  w_CB
TBg 4   "  E    EB-  @ GsG-
 O @ 6 5 <b 1. b
  
 ;c5   *@   - <b  @  1 M "  
 I 4B5 @  N FB 5 4 3G  <bB@ 
 .GG [B 3G 4   " E  <5C5 4 1
. G " - zB T
"  
" C5 4 -B   :3Gc   @ :54 B  
 @ w  5 " -5  I  [cC   BE5 @
   < I "EB  MI  O  @ B
  .   D :3G -c @ C5 55 4 @
    *B B @  b  -  *[   -4T5 "



 
   www.gulfids.com

* " @   -5 "EB C5  5 G  ME OB  


I G  "EB -. G-B
O Y C5  45  B5  F * O . w-
5 *    3 -5 4   -C  B  ICY
*5 E @  .  - :345    *  @
 n5[B    - 5 ;c5    . G5 B5
*C5 :3c _  @   * E  bT- 4  B5@ B
  4 *  . <YE3  N "  @ B5 dI
   x3  N b dI* *B5  -B .
c 45  * N- G @  N  1 <b
5  @ 3G  @-B  * 3  MB5 I : .
45  I5 wb " <YEB    B  @  .
 V 5 @ M <bB45 " Mb  _ z @5*GC5
n b F "  5  @ *  B " b  5c  B-5 W 5
@  *n  5EB :  " - 45  MEY 5
B "   -   V G-"  13 [5  "EB Gg " *[
M"  "  N @ *   "   @ G5p-Y   .
 s B*  :
"EB g@ * 5 r : E" @  @5T "EB GgG  b
3 @ MB5Y C     R  4 x
[  .
 MB5Y C  @ -  d5 M1 3b E  s;
B -5 5 G 5 [*B M*  * @   F 
TB g :3NB *  g  V . @ g -  *O c5
T gb ; . I -B  V . :3 5 "EB G5-G  b
 b @  " V  g- 4 x  T "EB @ G5g D
" Tr A  * -5
  * O c5 T| R - - . _
:C "   Y E  B "EB  g G  -5 -5  
 r @5 :3 -5 @ I  "   YBE N.
b BG O*  s5 B b @ ) )  s B*  )(
  -g  @5 G* . G*  @_5 :s BT g
@ I . 6 b
 s B* :
 "B_5 x5 @5 Gb b5 "  *5 *   "B_5 B



 
   www.gulfids.com

" < - N d p  . - A M B u C FB  


 1  5C NE  B Gn @ "  1N  I F
 " .
3  s B5 " - N  TB) g- * ( 5 ICB
)*  * ( " B N  G @5  A  @   
B " - "  " @ M "  :  L
( 1- (  * O5B5*.
((  *x5 @ * M M* 5  " O BT @ <I
B Y b.6
( 2- ( 5-   .
(( _ O @ : ; . c-
( 3- (  5  . Oc
((  _ " xI "   T * M "   .
d - ) -1 ( ( 2 ( ) 3 (     . -
* u C @ MB5Y B *   " . "   ) ( *O5B5
  - -b  r " - * .W553 55 4 * 5  F : :-B
 B @ C   -   E* O c5 T| @  D
:3 4 . -  M*T O c5 5g[5   gB C  A5
T T|    -- ) -1(   M1B* O c5
 1 O c5*
T| @   D 5 [    E* O c5 * W553  E5
5 4 "   . d ) -3 ( E*      *
* -  Oc -@  1 "EB I @    1 . 
5 3  Fb O  r  -  *- O c5 .
< * :
* O c5L  s B " - *   V*  * O c5   -5
*  *  IC5 GB F    . -B5" @L
;c5  *  N T B @ g    .<bB   @
   ]b f-5 G Mb  3G . MB-
 5  *  g T :g* O c5 C5 *5  " 5C 
 M I54B .  B 5G M *5* * r * @   F_
 F5*B * @ .    g FB : 5
( 1- ( A*B-c _ @ -  - _B. O5
(( [3V M : [ M.
( 2- ( @ - 6 B M _- { c w 1 OI .



 
   www.gulfids.com

((   . -
( 3- (  5D*    I  b . s
(( @  @  1T . MI
O B 1N @5 @ ) (  "B_5*  b *5  uCY* 6@
" Tr A cY
 cY w*  - 6 5 G .MB- _
N   I  - TB Gg  b| .
M1 cY[V M : @  5-  1 x *  GE 
 "  b  xI  G-  c5B 5 TB gA  @5
 .G @  M1B   * -@  @ 3 B5 <I1
5@  @ : : @5 O : @Bb MED @ Gr . :3
 M  V I   @-BIB b <5C *  3 * s@
 A _ * C5* @5 @ - "EB *C5 @  .<c-3
1B n @ :E  B@   * O c5 s B- *  5CB
@     B5-- *  3  .
" s B5  @5   G* A  s B5 " < 
3 * B   A   @ :
B1* "  . f-[  @ 5D @ _ @ zx 5E .
2 Y @ * "  - Gp - E N b -B Mb C5E D .
 " - " < c  @5* " B G( < * "
( BG *   3 )B * " ( 1B N 
<Ic 1B 1@  *   *E " <YE  .  5
N *  "   B< c  @5 G3 * @ 
 .MI @x  ;5 *5  5* @5 Fg 5  " g
 . ICY A *  *  5-   b M-   *5  d
 - Mc b- N  .s 5  cB   . g5B
cB * M*  B :   G <  M-  Mc .
 @x * [  <    * n b  Ff-
55 4  AE  * A @ GIb<   MB- N:
r A  @G5 F5 M M * F  . @ _ MN
r <   * s I  " * @ .b
| < * 5*   b @5 " :
@ 1- M "    @ * : 45 .



 
   www.gulfids.com

@ 2 :5D c :   5 B @  .M T@ 4 dB b  - " 5bB<I
  F * b@ b
 " 5_Bx b5     F* : O D- : @B 
 F 5b ;54 .
< N   -b  [  .MD  @ s< *
;5  *5 G A3<  ; . E< b N   d <
b @  ]x " M .: "E< 1@ s    f-
 *5 . M13 <  s B3 R " Mc b  * N
3    5< N .
B@ < * R M  " M @ 54 .
*" @ G*5 _  @  -B @5 5 b " :-
; I *B "  :N*  b 5  * O c5 
b  "  M [*B "3 b g F  M b  : 
   [*B @ -   ;5 @ M b 5 b
 " -BED ".
 ]V @ " M*" "   G @ * BT 4 5 E
5 M- F " B b< cB N    *
   :3  @ O 5   5 M_ .z d 
" 5C  B b BG MB @ 3  N   E -  BM
 ) 5C BG M   ]x bT -B @ " ME
*"( 0
" sB B G M*@  s   @   MB-3 <
. b5 " MT  BB B   " N  3 T5- F 
s  GE  Y B  1E  1     -  M B@ B
B5 4 @ 3 * 5 * V  @ Idiographic
 OcBN " 3  dcIB idio  @-B EB   @ICD
VN s B5 4   5 u CY F  
I GI  5 F< 4 @   N B(  
 -  normative).  "E   s B5 
T5 cc BG  B -5 w  O G5  " - Mb @5
 ;Ec 6* .
TG TMB GE
5 N *  :3GI  @55 B w*  G
  5 M F *  @  * B    .3 
" 5E s " @ T g* - {  "  [B *.



 
   www.gulfids.com

 A f-5 G  * @5 @ < * :


1 @ s  Mc3 T g @  <bB3   * Mb O B *@   V .Mc  R M  O Mc3
" Tr A "   B <I
T|  M * A - 3  .M 5 _
B <b Ob5 @5   1  M  @ .Mc1B " R B5 @ MB
 B @ @ * -   -B   b 3 T5
  @   @x  @ ;*5E5 " _ <I
 @ <bB " V R B  [5 3G    " .
3E [ @ M* w5  B- Mc B-L B Ob5 E
 [  @  . Mc
2<   Mc  @ 5*   A3"  5 . - 5 D M  b uCY 5c [  A  6
B N N5 cY x5 r .    M 5  A -  <I 5
@  <  " MB   G -5 M O <I .: <
M- .A bE "  M 5*B  O BNB *   @5 GMc
<I bc  @5 Bx G @ Mc A  NA3
3G *5 _ " M * @ D MT4    N
 - Bc   V      M - Mc @  5
z _  1E .6  E *   [  D - @ :3 
 * M< 3 I @ . G  -5
M 3 D M B- .Mc B  . EB A O B *  14B5 .* -  "EB E *  .
4< b O*  @ ** .G @x  M-*T   I5*B5 . 5   r MB5E  V <b[5 MB- w A 
 . O @E :  F  <I : Bs  Mb : 5 :-
)   "E F  : B  - -: @x *  M| ). b
5 ;5 * c   "B M_ N  ;5E 3 B5 " "  ;5E  3 B5 O   
n B I  fC
 " n B .
6   ;5E " - I " 1@  @ B    <I w   s B5 55 : Ib ) - g c (7 b@x
@   5  @ GBg-<  I- M*@ <  :
 <bB3   s " .  D A
M 7 "s3   *  T ;5Eg @   .-cI



 
   www.gulfids.com

* * _ O @  M1B    M-[@ :


6 9.12 @ MB; * .
 6 9.13s @ MB-; * .
M_ N  @ ;5E :@5
T E @ b
9.12<  6  -BB M" @ * b 1E
B -5 @ . I
9.15 @ Bb 6  O     . 6V  ; O:
  C -B   -B  B wBB; 3 <  @
 6 @G; * @ T b 6 :3 @ * -B "s" B
 * . M * "E  -cI "s .  *-
 8 *  *  E cB  <  .z C5 x G  .g  cB <  "E  : *5 @ As "
 @ " I5 3 . 5E
B5 < *
 TB| : .. 6C
 McG5*B : . "B
 <bB3  wTB :g Ix  @  <IN  4 b
 ]bB ;  x  . I
< :
;5 -B; @ * :   I c   - 6Bx 
 @ GC .c - "B  F <C " I  O
" MB-3 ;  MB5 3 N MB-     C .z - w5
 T @ : <I @  C .c b   B wb 6b
 <b  "  . -* MB- -4G5 "  C c 5 F
 :  3 B  @  .B   -5 6I  O    -
 MB-3  . @   wb  @_B  <b F {Tb  
. BbN 1- E  5  .:  _ _ [c @
 . O . *5b  AB [  .-B@   - "
 :-  : ..3  *   :- F z AT B"
 ;  " -B <IG {G5 "  C. c
 s5  B 6CB -5 "   :
1 <  @ s- *   @5 @ w <bB3 T. g  G M  @ <I1B   " ;- @ cYB   "EB
" 5T  3 .MI



 
   www.gulfids.com

2 M b- *  @ 55 O M**53 . w3 M b- *    Gc  .4  M   @ M g- @ B . "E3 < " -5 :3B -5 @ @ :  5
1 @x * M "s3  w :3b O*  . d    bI c x5 wb 6* 3G  3 B5 "E " NcY
N  x I @55b  ;c5  "s  :  M
 Ib .
2   : O3   sB "EB @ <  dI    @ .1B  b TB| 3  3 B5 @  C .cb
E "   B -  B  M3  MB- 3 <
5 @ E5 "  3 B5R .54  F M " 1 :3-b
 -  d3 5 _ 3 4E5 .
T3
3 "      " * M :35 4   1 . 3 B5 . "B " I  O "   C c b _z
_   - 3  O 3 B5 : b | TB|  M   b
 . "B F   AB [. -B x
4L [@  F c . s " 3 < @_B  F " -TB gDB  * "B_5 Mb "  ICDTB| . 1 :A3
" MB5 3 N MB MB-     C .z :3TB g *5 @x
-5 " < * :3TB g@ TB| " -D .Mc
[T ; B A-Y  c @5 [5   Gs4 B
* OB " .<I cCTB|   "   ."B
 3 B @-    @- M :3 BE  5   F
T @  <I cB   b O*    .z@ 5
;5  *5 @ s   @ D| .
B5" 1 :
 A-L *5E -5 < @ .3  " 5E "EB E G.
  b @B @ A5  @ s *  @- c5 F
 *5 .  A T|  N N *x5 Bb 6 
 <bB3  3 * .
 "
T Mg    I TB g" * O c5   
* @ 5 -T M*  d I .Ag ;5< * -G5 5
TBD g[ . "  b"  .; 5  5 :3*B  *  3



 
   www.gulfids.com

@ 3 5 M -5 b @5 *  @ 5 *B .;5


< *@ @  x I 6 @5 5 @ :
 TB| : M*B
 McG5*B :
 <bB3  wTB: g
 TB: g
< :
B" :
b TBg
GB 3   B5" :
3 B5"  d 5B  YbB b N @ T gb* O 
I u    @ G3 B :
B cB :G * M* MG B @  M C5p 
  .
B -5 :D Tc  A b 5C @ GTB g GG
TB " g " ;c5 A A M "  Tc  T @ MI
    E B - Y B . b " Tc   c
* N   V  GT  Tg N cY-
g TB*  @5 B .G c  G - f-
T "  N.Gg
 B   A  T  MI  Tc T :3 @ 
 A  @-  @ G-5 Ib  * - *  T " AEBT g
 <Ig     @5B G @ A d 5  wb 5 @
  F M*B *T A-B  ..<I O @  b @_B :3
  M " n " *B T " 61 B B Ag  "  BBbO
 Tg "  D ( .* O c5  c 63 -5n
Tc *  B *B Mb B 55 @ O N
( .  A * M -n M  . @x 5  Nb O D
   "EB G w15c   .
B@ f- 1N @5 d3  " :  N
  c  @5 B  " *  @  ; T E
  Y 3  w  "  BTc   G 
"  T   MI w  M   s
  *   @5 @ T   MI * <b M  E



 
   www.gulfids.com

 A  ;5  N @ 5* @5  - "B_5 "  " M bM


  - -D M [ 
--  F   B* M*B *n N Mb *OB5
Tc   .   I; " Tc 5E  G* @
 . G-B  .d I  @ M*  4  I
 4 . C
:YbB
 * d5 @ 5 Tc B  YbBB  :  L
( (  Tg Tc.
(( IGD  b GY @  _.
((  O c  O BTBg  A5   -B
 @5*G5 . G-B
( (  E 4   I4 Tc C  
B r Tc 5  b N   @x    B
    @5 Mb G-BY @ TB. g
c *
*   " -B   @ :3 T " 3 B   "  V  ."E
*n 3  @x c   @-  : @  *B3 B :
* B f-    *B  G * -B "  x5 * 
 @5 @x  @ 65 <IB @ . @  M1B  -  3 B5
 @ M . 5   - 3 B5    x ."
 Ob5B *C5  -B 1c    @  63   x5*@ .  M
 F A r   B c O* - .G* O c5 -B c
 x5 @   :3 TC5 r  ; s-5 s- .
G -  :3G  -5 @ B c5   N O*
 G  A d 5  G c5 C5 @ G  - <b @E @
 g s-5s
 M EY*   G "   -  B
reinforcement theory  s :3   B -5[ E   "
s-5 s   A d 5   f- c5  :3GE N.
  " 5 4 : G
  -B5   3 B5 M M F< @ @   R
@   YB 5   <p " MI  5 b F p
@    ; c5  B  f  B5 T @



 
   www.gulfids.com

 @Y5*B     - g @ G q @E uCD @x


 w5 F 5 B  .
 Bx @ 5    1 s B5   GB g ;-I" 
r  "    0 G  B s B5 " 5 4 G
5; * 6n   F MI5  5TB g5 4 @ :
 5 "  5 4 r   1    "  br @5   M FL" -  b b  N A   
 @ MB5Y   5 "EB 655     
 " 5 s B .
@  M1B  N @ B  1 FNI@ *@ NB G
 _c   - @ "  1  s NI@ *@ [" 1
3 . b @_BNI@ *@ B5 @  [cC5  B :3GI
_c   -      O* 5 N [ -B 5B  
 @ :34 @   Mc   3 @E :5B
5 4 @ . B5 - "    GB  4c 4@-
 @ MB5Y    5C 1   O B :3- @
  " - M @x E   zB4c 4  @- "EB
E   *5 "  M@ R  *C5 4c 4 @-  Y
 F  "  BB- *   OT5  .
  uC c @   N3 Br   "  GB
5 4 s B5B @      - @5_ "B  B     b "
 " -B M EY5 r 3 B5 b 3 B  @ @   - <IN C
 3 B dI @  <I* r @- 3   Mc "5  " GB
 @5  @  <I .C @E E5 x b  Mc< -
@      * O c5  M5 F< @ . -I   N@5
 @ GG  @ @ -*E . 3  u IC5  MB-
T-@ . .  s @ ;5 A " _ O @ wb; @ 3 B5
G   6  G "EB  @b Mc F5*B @ ; B
  .
< * :
< <I* 3 T g 5  @ B  1 "EB C5G
<  N @ G* . "EB <I*  [ @V " @ "E
:3BE   MB FL" - "  bn  N @ @51
   .3 C5 4 B x  " <5C  Mc[ _c
.  -



 
   www.gulfids.com

T _ M *C5 B  1  


b  6 B  
 "  3
M *  "   @x *  
 "  [   Tb  B  .
 "  B  
C5  B - c  sN :  z   @-N 4@
 -BN  z @  <b 1    V  dcIB* 3
 1 .b3  s B5 Gg "  " @  * .B
@ B5-  *5TB @ICY| @ BE" -B B  3 
1 3 [5 [    *5TB|  B N B  M1
 M* * 3 - G@   [5 [    TB|
sB   5bnB b*[  " M   ." 5 6 *;
 *@  " 5 * 5 _ "B E  4  b "  GgV
@  .A-5 TB g[5 @5  s 5  @ICY "  *5
3@ " Mb  B @ M5*BI4  C5  b  r
5B * O5T  F  . @ 3 r  E F C
 @_5 5 N  @5* @ GC5TB " g *5  ICY
 "  AB   N  B :3N  1
NE 3  . *C5 
T " N  *5 .
3 B   @x   Y    1  - C5 r
B B-5 3   TB GI C Gg 5  F  b  ; " 1
" TB ." g- cx :3  . *  3G 4 - "
TBg 3    *5N : B B-5 E b T _V Ggfb5
 G  @ MB5Y G    1   *51@ :   1
5*  :3   E F N  s@ TB g E- GEb
b  B5* 5 @ 5 *5 3  5YB.
5 d c*   b @x AG   x  1 M
" - G  - IB A @ @  B 45  " <5C
G G5 @  B  4 " <5CG .G5 @  B 1
" <5CG G5 @  B   - " <5CG G5   @xB
-  5C @ M c  A " L" b " 4 BMI5
 *5 3@ 1  AE "  5C wL" 3" E*B5 [ -5
* -N .
 IB -B 5 4 :
  g 5 4  w x5 r  B  A*  @  b
@ 5 "  .     "    BGN
N  I         5  : N1@ O B



 
   www.gulfids.com

:3-    5 E5.


  O B- *   " <5C GE  B5 G
 G ME B5B  g  I*   ME r 
f--  E5  "  f-L G_- 1@ B5
 "  f-L @  M1B Mp @ g - @ <I
 @ E B5   3 B5 F -B @ " B5  s -3
. :
 BG  " D " "E* O c5  B- @ 3  @ <bBB<b
N @  M  "  B  uCD CD r
" _ 5  F3  uCYN A 3 *      @
T4  Y  "  B *B      *B 
) |   5 " - 5 4 r 5GE5 ).
 IB -B 5 4
  1    w5 cb F   "  I *  N AG
 c    -B    E w5 G  V G- w
     As I .  @ 6c5 4
-B s @- @ * @ 5 4 -B Ib fCB @
* . Gg @ AB <b @5*D G B V G  ..EYq
@ T :3B.<b
" @ :3   @ M   x -
 @5 5-* s Ib <  "EB A
"     -  -     5*B TB* B
 g ." -4 @ B5 b 5    @ : f- * 
 1    cb  " " -*E R @5* c " -
" *E  . "EB 5 -   -    :55- V 
G*n 3  @x c   :
< _@ f-g @ 3 B  d*B-f
   " -*   uCY @ - B z " CD
@  5 @5 .G ] - - E 5 5 [  5  "  c
N G* c @ 5 W3 *  I ME@  5G
uCD CD @   . :35n W @ - B5  
   . -3E r  5 W* 5 4 -  6 x5
VB  E * IB ) (target behavior :3
1 @ B5Ns 0  5



 
   www.gulfids.com

 @ cC   N @5 @x -  x5 G-5 *


" L 5  s G @  M EY*  -  x T
c   @ -5 W M* @ :
M 15 <bB * 3 . : x @x2 5 Wn @5  F B5 * @  |  .3Y5 5 W @5 G5- "EB-  x @5 * . ;c5cC N@   zC  -B   E5 b O
 Mp @ " -g      [B Mb   x 53G W *  
T| 3  zC    - @5 @ g  ." -G " 
-B      c  @5* O c5  @  G " 5
.T
 " - @ M*  A - @ - W -
5 d A uCD :  u *  @5 @ .G :3
   3 - . b*[ "   "  G  "" 
 "" 5  . :3  V  b N @ E -  5  " 20
 " -    "  N@  .@ N b3 3 uCY
G OB5 " "     B T  . M1 "E3 * 
 @  b   N  p b @ [c-B :  .3 u
@ 5  G bE  . 5BG  c1E      <b3  " uCY
Tb W " 5 " .
"    b 3 uCDrI .6 b 5  zC  T
5 " T   Fr B  - -B 5 6 b  . 5
 z 5B  35 @  r  GI 20 F  @ T A5 @
- W M  G. G5 B
< 5 M F5 Wn @5  F B5 * @  | 
 BT|  zC  *  " -  *  @   @x
IC  "c Fb OI @5; * 5 @5 M F5 W@5
n @ B5 .: :3cC MB @ ;- f-N . :35b W
E _V  NI " 61 b G -b5  V d  @x
T @ 6b g   "  c .
 " 5 5 Wn @5  F B5 *  VVB  O_C
TB G @ g3 n V F * 3 T g-  
*  . B* @ G :3 EYB T|  <bB " g
 @ICY   dT "   D   B M-V  5  r G b



 
   www.gulfids.com

3-5   G     uCD  " - R .3 n  F


B  @ T. g
B@  f-  N   @5  ;  G @5* O c5 
TB g   6G 3  I :
1@ 5  " c B  I  3 * 2@ 5 @ :3 3@ g * @   uCY  b wb3G *4 <  x :3g - *G " :3  N  " * " 4 E5  G -b
*    @   G  .
 IB -B5W
* O c5L -  F cN   <Y5E  -5 x @E W
- * .    - b Oc n - F- M
* VB   s @ -- M * VB   
 u3 *s5   x5 W   c  C5 r s-5 s4@
*@ .*n G  3   c  .
 B O c5    @E ABL B-   I 4
 " B uCY3 Tg
 @  bT- "  - * s-5 s4@
T - g zC  * IB  b :E     3
-B  E  A*   -5 -B   .s-5 s4@
 3 n  F B5   *   . @  M1B
b N  ICD    - M 5r    " I
 A @ uCY . M5*B   M 5* " " ICDs-  
 B BG_b @ BGB .  - wb
 @5*C5 s-5 s4@
 p   5CE C5 s-5 s4@ T G  B 
 3 s-5 @ s <b M   x5  - *
w5 c @  A .<bB  *  @  <bBN
 "  *5r :    TB* g "B_ @5

B5 3 -B VB bn 3  F ."  1 A3 B5
3 *35   @ I @E  .z 5 AE g B



 
   www.gulfids.com

@ 3 5*B ."  dI A *@   dg  @5;5


 G* @5_ "B B5 * 3G  5 5 r d 3  <b
 V .
  B  ;c5 C5 s-5 s4@ @ " E " VB
 - * B M1 @ . :3B <b5  s- s@ 
    E*;   .M :G
 [  .: "E3 [5    -
s-B 3 *C5  @ g* B B5  b :E 1
s-B    * 3G  .uCY R M  s-5  s5
5  B n  F @ g B*  -  fC M-: 1
 E s-5 s B . @ E
u C "EB O B :3 T1 @ b  5* w*  -
   E*  uCY   @ Bx* 5  .   M
* "B MB5B [  uCY F3 * . M
 <bB 13 ;c5 C5 s-5 s4@   A3 " dI
VB  Y   @  I uCYE -B  
* G5*B @ :3  . @   "  Y  r
g5  * @ EDG@ Mb *C5 s-5N n MB s
 B :3- *    @5 wb"    ; MB
@ 5 4 [  uCY   3G * . " -B
< c z O*   <bB3 c
c O* @  N  s- 5 s5 4 5 @5 " 5 4
VB .G O :35  B-  ;cBn @5  FI @
s-5 s @5 5  F* G5*B @ G .
 N T-@ 3 * 5  M EY* c - 5 4  *w
   . 5    3 B5 "  1s * G5*B E
 G @  . 5 I G " c O*    g
EB  5CB @ G-*   ; B @  M1B Mb  g-
 LN E  r  G  @ E  *  B@5
 Gc55E  G  B  -5 c O* * 3G  <bB@ *
 b O*    G** @ G ; B  G <n 5E @
L .E MEY @5* :3Gc r   | @ B5@_ O :
 "s cs-5 s4@.
 @ - s-5s



 
   www.gulfids.com

  B @ G*   -N@ N  *C5 1s-B   


*  3 B5  Bb  " Mr z cC5 "EB* c @ 3
 <bB <b5* M F ArY5 s-B  -* 3G 3 B5
"EBI @ - " :3s-B *n  .G uCY @ R
 B1   "EB  G  MITB g 3 B5-5 @
s-B n @5 rg5 @ 3 B - 3 4 r 5  "
s-5. s
   ; 5s-5 @Gs
   bs-B  -* r " - 3 B5  @x @ G-g " -
"   M _5N . d  "EB E G5B b " G
:g @  M1B M N @ " *    G  -B
  *  5  ;-    @55 " s-B " 
r G5B b    [1    bT| @_B "s  Ib @
5 4  M- A O F  OY b uCYs-B C5*B .  3
r O Y5 "  ; B C5 s-B  " @5  @ g B  _ N
- 5 4 VB .G   "EB C5 G@ s
s-B T1 N O " _B 5; . :3Gc 6 " MB5
 O Y5 " :3s-B .
M4 * "  E " E ""-cI
" 45 Y - @5 C5 4 4 *  @    G
 E  E  -   V 6 3     @ : f- "B"EBB
 B <b*   -cI   V p 3  V  V
  @x c   N @  b O  1 @ Y @I
"EB C5 Gs-B  G5 @ G c  ;   *C5
:3 1B @ @  G5  | @ B5 f- *
" T A;5 @E
* O c5 Y G- * *  . _
4c r    @  O IN I " [D :3B 
 s-  ; TEY 4 .  c*5
< "EB- f *  c4c
@    - -     - ;   V MEY  
"EB C5- fC G :3NB *  s "  O*5 G
s-5 s4@ 3  |   @ B5 * - :3 B-
4c 6 b  s-5 s4@  4Y * .n -5:



 
   www.gulfids.com

 F  * E : I s-5 s4@   B


 uCY M5 4  @5I r -5 :n  F 5 4 .
  n M @ 5   s @5* Gbx54c  G
s-5 s4@ 3  : @ uCY .   b uCY | @ zB
@  " *r 4c  z N * q  b .
A3 Bx @ uCY :35 4 5  " r "s " MB5B
  s- 6s  @ G M  B 4c  5 "  s-5s
 *x5  f- s B  wb " " 5 :B 4c 5 
s-5. s
3G r  C5 4c    "B_  - O Bs-B
* EBB  " " - @ <bB * 6   @ :3 B-
s  uCY5 4   T 4c r *  *5 B5 .
 IB -
  R *C5 - fC *  - .-   1
*C5 ;  *  @ BE C5 -  @ "BE " uCY
* @ B5 5 4  3   VVB    5 
  5B" ED - .- B  IGE   .-IG
     5 q @g @x 35   D  " -  5 "
 [  @ :*  - "EB<  1B - b-B    .N A BG
<5  T . 1B uCY- "EB 5 r 1 :    b- OB 
.   -
 1  *C5 - @  AB <b @5 " dI_ G 5 4
@   O :3  B-  "  B4c .
B cG     w5 G " *C5    OB* @ 5 
s-5 s s- Ms   @   wb3  - 3 n
 FT  MVB @  *@ 3  xY w5 4
.b-B
4c f-b O*   V B  B 5- "EB o
1-
2-
3-
4-
 f-b O*   ;c5 @5 C5 -



 
   www.gulfids.com

1-
2-
3-
4-
 @E MBE; C@ " :3 " _ - 
  " cIB C -5 M* .
 s-B 4@ Apositive Reinforcer
  Yb3 GB " Mbs-B 4@  "  55 W* n F
 B5 E. :
 s-5 s*@ Negative Reinforcement
5    15   5 " _ s  E
5 4  @5 -5   1B @E .B s-5 s*@ b ."
 1s-5 s*@ <b :  ) Mc (  -5 " ) Mc(N
N   r    1    - s "  E5
5 "    1Br B   - 5 s-5   .
 s-B @Y A conditioned Reinforcer
s-B   1 @Y  ;*5EI us-B " T  B5b .
 4c : Extinction
 E ub  B 5  ; O Bs-B  A5 EBB5 4 .
 - Punishment
-   1*C5 ;  *  Bn  FE @ u. :
 IB c5 O* Shaping
c O*   EY s- s5 4 5 @5 " 5 4 G 
VB.
 IB  zC  Baseline
  Yb3 "  Mb B-  x c5 * " c.
 zC  -B       " -E5 Mp @ " -
p    Mb   x 5* W .



 
   www.gulfids.com

 IB Y s-5 s Reinforcement contingency


 Y cB   @E s-5 s - @  M1B
b M @5 s-5 .- z5 s1 Y    " -
5 .;-
L  M55 F 6 c5B5" : @B-
C :
G  *@  :3GC   ;cg D @ -  -5
-5 @  x5 .G ;c5 :3C E @E  B  -b    "
   " B- . 3 T " E* O c5 A  *C5
5    5C O A F c O*   EY ;c5 E
 @ ;c s* c  *B "    x R uCD 
* O c5 @c-3  ; ME 6"  r  * O c5 5 @ ;c
-  F  B   N  @   x "  "  .
 E* O c5 *C5    "  1 g   -5  c5
  3  N   .M 1B5
   ;c* O c5 B  M EY* @  <b   r b[
  <b FI u <bB @ M1B ObN A * [
  ;c* O c5  M EY5* @      "   B
 @ A   M1 @ -cI :3  ;- 3 T5   -
1B :3N . 5 A<  3 T5 I GI5 @ ;c
  M EY n  " 3 T5< 5EB  .G  A <I
 I @ B  ) ( 5 "  @ 3 B3  MI* B  A
_ O 5    M EY5* 3G dI .3 B5
 @ E  :3B 
 :3    -5 " " b-B 3 T53 T u CY  b _ d G
@ Ib  @  I5*B GB @  N   N 5E
  .B  :3G  B -5GB 5  @   x 
 N cY *  . wI b :3B _ d 3 T5   G3"
 :3GB  .
 65 :3GB    * O c5   ;5E @5 G
 * O c5 .- @_b b@ " %60 M  I c %40



 
   www.gulfids.com

  c     "  ;E " 5c    5 "


 c  F c  E-  Y Mb .6 d -
5 @ 5   5E  )  @x  M "
 T1 B  N cY *   -5  :3GB).
b wBBB B @  GB   N  I 3 B5
5 * c x -B "EB T| :35 4 s- .
 *C5 Ocb x "  s-B sN 1  O Y
 -B B5  w T 5s-B @ B@ .  5M
 @ -B O BNb  *5 OB5 . G [5   . G-5
 C:
@  ;c  B N :  L
1< M EY  B*  @5 * @E GC535  " N cY *   F GB .   N
2< M EY  B*  @5 *s GC5 - 5  BGB .   N
3< M EY  B*  @5 *35  GC5  "  " GB   N F   @5  @ :s. MB-
4< cC n @5  F 5 I dI  -B 5Os-B . Y
5 -  " @G5B N * 6 " O  5   " - 5  { cY 5CB @ G-  @ .
  6  ME C :
1 5 *    M EY5  c " M5  -N cY *   F GB   Nb @ G- .B  s-B
 @5 * GC5b C5. G
2 5 _ 4  @ - 5 4 B  B -5b @ G- .B  s-B  @5 * GC5b C5. G
3 5  @5 s- 35 @E  "  " GB   N F  b @ G- .B  s-B C5*B
C5* @5 .
4 s-B   Y @5  GY cC  G-5 @5G- @ b. B
5-* 6 " c M O*  6 @5 @ ) (4) (3) (2) (1 sG



 
   www.gulfids.com

f-  5 4   @ G-_5   @.


6 sG  5E  { - . 6 B 4 3 2 1 @ wB @57 O5  :3 ................................................... ......



 -   4# 
, ( 4# 7 38
" 4# 3 - " /0 1(,<
 - 
, >  
,
  3



 
   www.gulfids.com

: -5
)(1  -   4# 
, ( 4# 7 38
" .. 4# 3: " /0 1
[     -5E MEY    @ G *  B5M
 B- Mc . 5CB s - " M b- N  *E-B uB O
  E   "  "  B 4 . :3- N c
  * .*5E w  "E  Mc -5 1 "  
* *  zB;   :B M -5 . 5 x-  B
4 GB   -  .5CB -5 M" A
 b T  .  z -5 DN   I VB
G b E -5_ - *   @5 _ G .OB5B M  M B-5
E _   -5 " Mc B ;   b 5C-Y
G Mc @5B * @ f-N  B " -5 5" b
B"  @ -   M -5 " @5  g5 s@ B  .
b 5B  1 " - *B 4   @ E  A
g 4  B5 c B f- N GB- @    "  1EI  V
VB .
 B MB5Y  A3 -5_ @ M- " d -5f-
4 4- 4   B- F-B GB .
" uC3  @   -5Is B5 u  -B * 
 @  M EY  E" 5 ICD N3 E-  B 
-
 - -5b @ B *B  .
g  :3GN  BE  @ -5  B @   
     B -5    B  .  G FY5 
  .-5 3  B w*  -5  B-* c @5 "EBb
@   -5CB* @ G5 <b M -5 E  5



 
   www.gulfids.com

 G5I- " C  6 @5 D  - " G G


 ... q
   BG "BE  E   M3 *  -BF
 : *  @5  B  *  @*5 -5Y5   b  .
 @E :3G BGB " T    B-B 5 f- x5B
  -B5; @ @ G_-L  5    x5 @5
c @ *  O  .rI5   @ :3 
  B-B     B  - - <b B @      
  .MB-B " 3   - -5   N @ " M
s "  B G -GB  .-5 @  G3   p @ 
 "  -   MB  B E  B  F   N B
B WG M -3    *  zb*5B 5 :  -  *B@5
 G z fx B g  3 *  * uCD b   
  .
 AD :3    B- " T_ -5 BgB G A*B *@
  *5[Y * E" r  ICYn G    c @ "  1
 B"    c5  @ .G 5   4B5  Mb "  G " -
   B-5 @   B- @5 @ *  Y-B  B
GB  G G1B-B    . AD  G " B :3
  B-5 -5  5-n  F O G;  CB4 
. G <C5 b @5
@     I "EB5 4 "   @ -5 5; @GB
B- *G G  MB-  * B f  MB- "
 -5 GB . B "EB5 4 "   -5C [  s
@ - N @ 5b O  " - M*  .
 @   4c *   "EB  I-5 4 " g -5
  * @ B[Y  "  1E4c - *  T  .
 @5n 3  G    *B  6T-@ @   u CY5
bN  F b_ @ *    "  1E4c *  .3 "
  "    r  1 "  ; T- *@  gF
4c *  @  G  G*5 @ p Mp  -
"  r   x :3-  C ;  N*  T   T



 
   www.gulfids.com

-   I ;  N5    " GT  ; T- *@


B5- B5   @  b " . -5

)(2(,< : 
,
@  " V    B "  @1 -5 -< r  - B
  b   B G- " :  @ - @x _ @ "B" -5
p  * .  -5 @E< @ :3g *  :3-5 .
-  ) (Hilgard, 1977 -5[ "  B- @5_5B  [Y
N cY "  x5T 5 4  <bB GY   OI u3
  x5 Fc M  M_ W @   -5 G
E" @  M1 ;-5   b- B ..".q
 I u -5   3G -5< @  x MED @ Gg*
[Y     "E " .Mb @ 1N A 1 @  <b-5
- T  *5   x|  Ib " -Y
 1B .5CB
g G [Y   " *   "E   .-5B ED
 " * GB-5  3 D   -5  @-G
4 4  B5  DN  N N  B  M1B -
GB  @ B_5B M 54 .@ B5 G_   " * 3
B-5 E     M1- *  CB B  .:3
EDN G Gg @ -5   x   @   N *5 
 G Y B  @ 1NN  6 @5 D  G
) -  x   ).
 C  1   @G -5  " T 5 4  " - <bB
5  <bB -5B B 3  <bB   D "B_5  ICD    -
 B M1B  "  53 *  ; 5D w -5B   - .-5
 <b "B_5 -5B  N CDN B  MI N
R uCD  ;*5E f-IC   ICY -    E5b
  uCY <b5- G C DN   @ g  " - ;
3 *E 3  g T  ; 5 B    *E  -



 
   www.gulfids.com

    I-   *5 <-5 L" .


 w 1N*  G  d  -5  @  x* r 3
 @- MBY M  x5 c @5 @ *G .   "
 " *  Gg
 x5 - @B5 @5c M   -  ED
f-E   c MEY  M1 .G -5 M 5  uB O
  Mc O   c GDY N     . _ -D
 M1- N  *E-B  - c 4* " M b Y " - @ 
 A*  @ N @ zC . O3  f- :3EDN * 
c [5 b   -5 @5 B GE" .
" p   x5N C @5 " G  -5 x5  @5O
Tc   xI @  c  MI F
 F M_ 1B W
 "  -_ W Mc @ TE   f-N    5
_  B WI N T_-  " *B GB . M:3
 x5  G -5 M O3 G  "  x5  O FM 5
3 5 "  -5_ d I .  Mc @ TE   _W
T   :3GB  @ <b5  -54*5 5 @5  B
. -
 x B  "EB c @ *  GE O F5bn M
  M1   -  b -5 G  ;-5 4 B
 M1 ." - :3 x5   @ M . -5
" 6  M  d_5  s B -5  x c *@ 5
*  5 r  <bB .G  C "  G -5
 x5  " D M_ c   "  ;-5
B    b-. q



 
   www.gulfids.com

)(3 >  : 
,
  3
g N   g < E5  x5B " -  I u*
4*@ .g  " -5 B  B x 5B  BD g- FB <b@
 g-B *) -|   g- @ B5- A "  I T M
 "   @   A 6  5B- M   z "   B5B
T
B-  @ B5-L( ;c  - N   -5c -5 1B .
  f-  ; *5  N GB   b f-
5   -5r5   - 5 B    -*B- F-
-N    F5 M F 5; B  - 1 6  b  b
  <5C @ Y*B B   .
@ B  1 g " -5  " ) <5C4B5 GB
  " c <5C @   c  BB( GB5G  B--5
@  G*- @ Y5  Gb  G :3 "  -   N W
- @ 5; 5  *5 C .
 1 @   -5   @ -5* z @  5 4
r   @  V 6c -5 M <b. -5
b w3G  @  Y5   -5b  " W53  "
4 g  @5  * w .-5 g- :34 g MBE
G_-N f-  B f-  -5*  @5  g 
g N *  .
 - B@ T1  g   *5 -5@ :
1 @B*@ 5 @c3  @ *  4 " G  5 .G -
2 @B: @ -B3 @c-  B5   B-  M1  -BGI5 4  *  . -5
@3- -54: @ B53 *  " -5T B@ @ B5 " T



 
   www.gulfids.com

B  " -5T  3 " 5T  @  "  


C@ .
1 @B*@ :(( g 4  @Y: @E TE
 M   *    @ ) @ (1849-1936G  Y O 5
5 W @ Y5 z @5- w "  rY5 z @E TE Yz
  Y z5 4   b  BB  ;  O 3F
 s- I _ @ O O c    " -B
5  b @ 5 MB-  ;E M @ :3 5 Gr
x -     -  ;E - " :3x  FN 
@ OB5 5  "  B "EB " 65 - ;E
 b  - O  B3 -.
 MEY)1) b
 O;      M  x-  O B5  "
-  : :3x .
 M * 5 cb - @ c  .
 B YB  " ;ET  dB* :R @  : ) "
B ). z
 -c  " ;ET  " E - A  @5 ;E w 5Y
Y  V-c 3    R  B -5 .  ;E
Mb @  Y5 z @x   f-45 B@[ . @x
  M1    " -  C  * @  B I
 w5 ;E  3 I  * - M r .  @  
* f-  3  b 5  r  ;E- M * 3 .-
B  " :3 @ bT- MEY) 1 ) b
 ) 1 ( 5 ) )
 ( - 2 ( 5 )- )
I *  15 5 54  :  *  15- B M--c .
") "1 5I(   z5 r - @ " ) " 2 " 5-c(
 3  z5 r - . - A ;  *@ @  Y5z
 : @E TE I -s " 1   -c  ;E - E5
sB " " I  -c  " B 5 " 20 10
r   I   15* 5 4 -  .
I 3   5b F 15 5 4 -  EB - :3sB



 
   www.gulfids.com

 " -c * 153G _ @  MEY* 6 Oc5 z " I


5 4 -  @E " -5 z 3 E ) g EY(2) b
: @5
 )( 1 5 )5 )
 ) - ( 1 5 )- )
 3 dcI 6c 5 @  D  V5 4 -  -cN G
 Mb   Y5 z @ @D  V  dcI 6c-c .
@ " 6c   5 @ @Y :3 @ I 3  z 
 D 6c  5 4  @  Y5 4 -   @5* 15  5
) @YI ).
6c  B @ s M "  5 @Y  V 5 @Y
B  " -5  <bBB 5  .  - " M
 -c   @G55 3"  ." G 5 6c   4*5
Y5 z @ @E TE5  @5) G -5 (;EE" @ 5 z
"  5 @Y5 4 . Y
 @B @ 6c   V B @Y3 ;- B @Y  M
 5 @Y F 15 5 4   Y  " " 0
  B   "  1E 4  @ @Y* 6
  C5 G   1  VTE B  1 "
5 _ @ 4* b   5  D  - 1 "
 - .
3 " :35 B  4 B B@ :
@       - c 4  @Y @E TE4
 cBN* " -B N* "  @ MB-5* @ E5
* E . *C5  @ T @ * .En   s "
N* "  F *   D - IN* " @ E I
  @ . @ 5  - f _  G @  wb
 G   " N* " . MB " M_  GB "
GB . D " N* " 3  E I M1B V B
 @Y -  I;  B @Y  V B  @Y
N* " B @ ) 3   [  *  (  b| 
wY - GB  " dB  Y@     I @5G
 GN* " . * O c5    I w 5  B-5  
 :3G5 0
@ :35 T| 5 4  "E   Y 5  G  b "EB



 
   www.gulfids.com

* G B  * - @ 5 * . "E5 4 M1B5 w


@ - zB5 4 *     _-@ E @5  
N* " .
bD 5  @  B-BY5 z @ @E TE " M4*
   -5   3G  " Y5 z @c-5 W _  M
 B @Y    V B @Y5     <I   
:35   s " <I r  -5 dI <-5 W
r  5   s "   " GB3  w f-
15 4  -  @ B5- @5 " M0 " GB
TE c  @
 Ob  1 "  E5 :3GcC .  1
 Mc .O E I @  D   M1I Y
*  * "  6Y5 z -5 McC "  D 
 1    1 "E "  @ .Mb    N @E*
Watson  G F[ Mc _  <C  Mc B:
 B  G @   g  @5 G Mc : [ b B -cb
"   D  W s Mc  @ :  - " [.
E5  A  B-  -  McC " [  "EMb Mc
 5 C  . "E4 3  "  [ C 3
 :I Y B @ @ [      "E " Mb
@  @  C M1B :3c -5 Mc 1 " C
C 1 E  @5  f-     G ;*5E B:3G
c ."  1 AC "  @ N"  -B "  "
 @ N"  xB " f-  . N @ 3  N _ 
  * "EB -Y "   Y- 4  B* .5C  cB
   B [    b  I "  " T1 -Y "EBB  1
 -   r :3C @  <b . "E
I5; :3C  x5B E G    [  zEB
uCD   [  r " - @- :3 @ B   I 
 ;*5E@ N B  -C  B   15 
T x5B EB C @   .
5 4 4  - cB
B Y5 - z: @E TE
 M   " :3 T G  Y "  B FB -
b wb :3B [-   g Y5 z @E TE B@  d



 
   www.gulfids.com

 :3GB .
1E5 : E IB "  B @Y  V B @Yn  F
4 "  B @D5 4 E5  Y IB " 
 -c  4 "    - ." V
 BE5 @ Y5r z "  O "EBB3  Y5 " z 
  Mc z5   F45 "  ;G -BY   @E-5
4-5 "  .
2BC 5@:  <b5  5   B) @D( I  V z  V B
) @Y-c( r 5 4 _5  Y    @5C @B b 
:3g BC 5@ .
b     G wY  d * E"  M- E-B@Y
[ MED 3 ) (S  - E"  M- E-B @Y @   c
   E  5 @  DT4 @  5  T|
- :3 s  c  - - @ ub   5 4
.  Y
" d_53 5 4  g5 Mg   Y GB5 r M@ 
_ <-s  O5I5; "  B ) @Y(  V B
) @Y-c(5  -c   @ MB-5 4   Yc -c
n  F G- B ."  BC  M   F  B  0
3  s-5:sB ;*5E E   5  D
B  @5C5 4    YE5 5   V B@Y
 @ 3" *n "  B  5  F g  
 "  s-5 "s @- f-N "EB   M 5
  Y V :3N -  V   _ <- .M B3E r  
 @x @  B5-  V 50 @Y
   E5" 5 4  . Y -c @    
 . B b_ " w :35  B  @  BE -5" @ "EB
-5 5  wB :35 4 @   .
4- 5 : BC  n @  Ob F 5 4   YG 5 ;- "
  GC5 E   B-  5) @Y-c(- 5 4  Y
) T -( Gg B Gp  B .@Y3  * @B-
5  .  b "EB b 5 4   Y b 4  @Y B



 
   www.gulfids.com

C5 r  "  BDnB 5  3 B@ :


( ( -5 4 M1 :  B-  @5  ;E @  B@Y
 M1    _-. q
(( B 5 4 :@    5 4   Y @  B
 @Y @  wb3 _@ "   B @Y 5 4
.  Y
((* B5  5 4  : Y@ * B B @5
 G Gg5 4  . Y" -B 5 4 I   Y
_ @  M  G B @YE5 @5  c.  Y
( (  4c 5@ :4c  Y  [ b @ ub 5 4
)  B-( @  Mp .  5
((  B T   c M1 : Y   5
T Mb 5 4   Y @  B @Y. :
5: B-5 <YE    @5 " p  @   B-5@ 5 @  M
5 4   YI @5 @  I " - _  @ G
 B r - I  "  " - "EB  _ 
@   R "  <5C  z- C  " - M
[r f-  N  G Y[  M1 zcTE  1 b
 Mc B  Y "  B  B @Y w5 4  Y
 B b .* @B :3g .  B-5 @     B-5 * "EB
"  1 5 B <b @  5  @5*5 " Mb
B <b Y. G
6:s B5 gp F  @  B-5 M1B G   - @  -5 @Y 
5 4 I  Y @  " - @D "EB I @
G    * w_ B5  O  B BN . @ 3 r
5  b B  D "EB I _  @  @.
"    GB GB R   s B5 @-" s B5  B- @5"EB
-5E" " GT I 5 4   Y @  B @Y:
  N  R" b d  6  "EB " A 6 C5
 _5  @5 @ "EB   G   V B) @Y ( 5 - B
 z @Y    -GB N  .5CB N3 - "EB-
5   - -5E"  s B5 " GB I 5 4   Y
@  B. z @Y
7-bT-   s " GB   Y  V:  Y



 
   www.gulfids.com

 Y5 z   B Mb @Y  V B @Y5  


 Ib  ) @  1 ( r  w5   s  . <-Y5z
  @5  5   s "  " " GB  " - O5 3
Y5 . z b w  b @   5 4 Mp @  Y
 x5  @5 @ M bT-  s " GB   Y  V  Yb
 w :35 [ED  5   Y3  GB " : " L
15 4   Y[5B  :    B @ @YGg Mb V B @Y5 5 " s " 1  B * B53  B F
  B1@ . @ Mp3  5 4  @  YGg ;   B
D @Y .
25 4   YB[ :    B Mb @Y  V B@Y5 5 " B  b 6* B5@  N  @ V
"  Gp 5 4  Mb  Y  V Br @YGp ;- G  B
 @Y5   ; 5 5 "  w BE " GB5 "
[ " GB Gp 5 4 .  Y
Y5 1 z: @E TE
"EB  Y5 z @ @E TE <b B "  ) " 5C 
R "( [ "  5D @Y 5 " 14 @5
 @ wC5 *5 z 5B N  E5 4 " *E-B
 " - @ M1B5 @5TV  ) " -@ 5 ( D  V-  Af
" B  I- ) .(@D  V  5*C5   < - 5
@ @D :35 s 5 Gp _  IG  
E - :3sB  " B dI_ b : @ 
6V. " -
b C5 Y z"  " -  O " MTE  @  "
T - . wc Y5Y5 z O G MB "  
R "  .
 b 5  *5 *  " @Y 6 *  5 4
 @  YB 55B. -
(( 4  @Y- )N@  @)
 g g   @ 4  @Y @E TE   B-5
  z "  B @Y5 4 GB . Y  B  @ 15
5 4    B f-   5   ."E
5   B--  w   "  1EED * I " E"
@ E  c B  A Oc@ ; * 3



 
   www.gulfids.com

I " E     cGB  " . g "  1E *
5@ Y-@ 3 I " E"   5 -  . B
 1 " * 4 Mp @ B- 5 O E .  -
b  @c N B.F. Skinner  E @E  B5  3G  "
Y5 z3   6  Y5 z- 4@ . "E " -5
 s B "  E :B* ) M-B
 6Y5 z- 5
5 4@ ( * - 0
*  M-B 5 D I @  B  @
5 4  V  YY5 z :@E TE" T G51 - 5 r
5 -c   b " -5 r b   . G
 * -3G I " E"  5 r GB    M
I    G  FI @  E 5 "  - W  1 A
 T " g 5 "EB  G; 5 @  B  :
 @  b5 5Y G B z5  G 3  I 
" :35 4 @ G   - "E 5  G   0
 g- * 4 3 I " E" @   -.
"   - GB  z @5 B * * " B z
"   * M TB| .5  @ 15E :A c
 Dn b 5 -D  3  F*B  G 5
b TB g  "E@ GB  O  @5 F3 *  Ob 
 4 @ 3 *n  - r  G   -
:35 4  .GT 1 B " N  GB  MB5B
  5 4  @  p  Gp @ w5 4 z  GE
  D N G @  V :3GB @  <b "EB I
* .
( (  :  E
   E *  C5G :E5-  r  E 
ED " 3 I ; 5   MB-B O c .E5 G "
  5-I O 5 "  @ M -@  zx
[ *  z  x " -c @  6 . x3 3 M
G * M  _ @ zx3 MB-  @ - d
_ .zx A35 G @  g5E@  g [ EB ( -c ( *;
 W * @B  . 5 6I I   x "
.:T b 5 5 W " -5T s @ -  * - "
E" @ .



 
   www.gulfids.com

 5  [ O  @ OI T|  5 [


MI 5   Y  5 . zx_ 5
 C @  I3 -B@  * MG - _ @ zx3
3 T 5   ) 5C   "E5  Mb (T1  .-53 
-B N@ B _ @ zx3 Mb Y5. z
 - 3 -B N@ _ @ zx3 MbY5 z 5 M
sC -c I  3n zx[ @ 3 -B@  Fs
 B x " -c @ [ 6c G[    _ @ zx3 
  z*5  " -c A3   5 _ @ zx -
   B _ zx B O. @ N @B
"EB  sC MI -c " I  @E  3  b
"    5  3   _ @ zx3 -B@ [@ 3
 ub5   F  @5C  c -  5   B  5 B
 @ 4  @Y 5.
B "EB @ :3 -[  .s B5 A[   -c 
_ @ zx3 -B@ @   I   5 -c 
@ zx3  I  . B5- MB-I s B B)(1
 @ E55 4 .
" 3 B 5@ @-  d_5*  @Y- E E"
@ Mp3  " Y5 z  cY  3   @E@ MI
[ E "  G  MI  I   .3G * @B3  " Y5z
4  @Y- . @  4  @Yr @E TE E" E
   g5   V B @E @YI 5 4 0  Y
  3G  YY5 z-  F B5  5 4  c
 5 4 -  5   E  @  53  " 5 @ MED
"EB OY  -  ) M1-c D4 O B D4 O
 @ .([Bg     [ 3  5 :3I . B
(( b *5 5 4   YN  :
    -4  @YN@ *  dB  O3  B
[  @  -5 @Y * <YE5I .  BYE5 4 I
"    MEY@ _ @ zx3 . bGp 5 W
B 5 N@  @5 w @  5 -B N@   "E
   . - A -B  - - d 5 4  -



 
   www.gulfids.com

x "      @ @54*5 :     z


 r " - 3 " [D   3 * .
@ 3     5E5 ) B5" )  -   "
_ @ zx3 3  E5 b Y 3  s " - _zx
 "E E5 @ M1B5 c    5 E5 .
((  b b 5 4 :  Y
@ 3 B " 5 C5* @5 G3 -B  I  E
*C5 f-EB   b 4  @YN@ )b 5 4  Y
N (  M  @ G1B - A  5 4  )  Y 
_ @ zx3  - [ EB( BE -  5 4 5  
  3 Dn @ b 4  @YN@ .
((    :
  6 G C5   " I  4  @Y@E TE
 D @ I;    V B5 @Y   .@Y @
4  @Y-   .  Y Fb   M b -c Y
  I 5 4 VB .-  n   @ Y5 z@E TE
 F 15 5 4 @ "   @ Y5 z- O5 5 4.
@  " VT5   @ r " 5   5 @ 5BM1B5 BG M
@  -  5 4 VB . @5 EB -   @ :
) (1 "EB @ MB- B5  5 4 .
((    ) Oc5Bs@( @  M  : B5*B
 g @ Y5 z @E TE 5   V B ; @Y B@Y
Mg  BN T 5 4*5 ."  r "EB [   @
:3   * .B5  E  Y F @  <b     -
  " [D E d 5"    @5 B5*  B*5B .
 5B V  G  @ g M  G* B
 3 r Gg *  * 5 V4 :3*b )
I @ s .(d M-5 @ T @ MI  . 
s5B   Ob5B ME d . 3 G B  -  b*x5 @ B
   [ 5 4 "  "  "  O3 B5* O B @
. G
@ 3    Oc5B @- B B ;  "  B
5 4   55B ;  5    . b@  ExYB



 
   www.gulfids.com

 -   Oc5B  B5       .5CBw


      Oc5B @c-5 W _ B M c-   .B5*B 
n N  F @ -  5 4  -  Bn   
. B5*B

 E s  b " - "     Oc5B3 B@ :


1 *1 : 5   5   ; *  "  -5 4   T M 5 g5 MEY. w
 1
2 5 1 :5 :_5B   ; 5    5 Bg5    55 4 I @5  - T b T1 6 g5 MEY
5 4 I @5 Mb.   T A
3 *  :  x5B     -  " " -5 4  VB B3 -  V w M  x5  :" - z 5   <5C 5 4 @5
 "    "  Nr .   z 5BB I 5 4
 "r "5     - 5 " 5 - O 5  O -
5  6 - 5  3 - 5   E  Gc 5 "
". 5
4 5  x5B : @ 3   5   5 -    @ <5C M "     . "E :35   z 5
 .
b  w5  @5 @ w    * @c-
- 5   c- B 5  . s A3_ d 
 -c5B _ " M B5*B . b w5 W_  @  *
 x5B  @c- _ M50 W
((   4@   *@:
  4@  c E" [ E  B  * VB [  
-c  @ MI  ; O Y * VB .  
*@  G "  GB  BnB -5   M1BE" F
T   I 3
 * 3 <b - B 1B . nB
 [  5 G@  @c-  r  I "  
<b -5I N M B E5 B . - @ 3 r   5 4
"EB 65 5   4@  c  5*@ r
GB . BnB



 
   www.gulfids.com

  @x 3    @  -5 " <5C -   w5W


5  @5 @ w3 I @ -   E [ Mb  "
[ EB N n  F5  wbn w  VVB  n  FG -
M B <b5-   - 5 4 Gg b-B ME
. Gb
B  w5 W_ 5 4  b-B "EB - Gg B  -
 O  O  @ ;x5 @EIC uB - .< F
3 - Y  5  O "EB    @ E-
 . @ E  V
"BE Bs B   - @  E" @ 5C 5 
   M B w FE5 . O3 r 5 W M B G F -N
*  M3 "EB b  V  ;5 n5 M B  * B
@ ;5[ EB "  .
(( f- x5B n @5 @ :  5
5 f-* E "   [   "  x5 * @  5  .-5b
 "   )  5 B @ M1B5  [ EB(   B @ .-5
 s    -5 B     5 @ A .  -A3
 w5 W5 @ 3 I . [ M[D "  5 _" <-
5 4  .B-5B"  M_ N " B  -5N ;   5
 [ EB - ;  5 4 D .
A3 w5 W5  @   "     -
Y5 .zR @-B s - 5 4  O  Y 5  .
3     " -c  g  "   s@5
n @ - . -5
( ) M EY* :
 @ gY5 z Mb " @E TE  B) @Y_ @   (
 V B T*) @Y ( :3 dB*   B- [
dI
 @ M* @-B MB5Y @ -5 5   . B @
Y5 z- E G " A   n   @ B*  .
B EB *C5    " T 5 4 "  5 Y- 
@ B "  @5 @ :4VB .
@  M1B   I   - TE _ @ zx [ r
B "EB  5 -c  ;E @  B M 5 G;E
c " 1 @5 @ MIG  B [ .- 3
 N @   5 4  @5  zB    M EY5
   .



 
   www.gulfids.com

 b  E M F3  N " T   I Y5 z- @


    "  E4 C5 3  N @ ;    
[ " *  -B3   O c5* "E  " .Mb b "  E
6  "EB3  " -5T  :BB 5;   55B    5
 5 I "   5 @ " GED5 4 VB
5 W "EB MI   - F5 4 VB .
"  1*  -B3   B - "EB  c  M EY
* b :   ** - "  _ @ zx M
 z*5    x  GB[  c G L " I
* @ Gc   - AE F    @  MI-c .
 AD   - "EB3 *   -B - M B - "EB:
  " T  B 5;  . 55B  5  [ " -c
  @ ; [ @  -c " sC  T  " B 5
 G Bx    - B * G--c " sCB @  .A3 - 6-
 - 5[  z "  Bx  II @ -c " EB
 A3 uICB  M EY* @c-5  Bx  I @c-[ -c
 -  B3 -B@ 53 @   -   " B
Y-  I @5 " [ . - -5[ _ zxrg5 @ 3 
 B   x  @  - A -c  @ zB  @5 G B[
5 4   55B  z5   _    -** A
  B B    ;1 G-  3 MB5E5; .
((  c 4  @Y- @ 4* :
 w @ T "  B  -  "ETc B-
    .G  b B   "   YbB @5
  On Tc .  B B @   * A 3   
  - cC  BB    F MB- I @5 " Tc
TBE "@
[ 3   @ICY[    z-  @5  1
" "5  @"  D  .A   B @ M1B5 @ M1
:3- " M1 6 -5 @ A" "   @ A- 63" "  ."A3
 "
@ s R " 5  OB  4 {   ICY
  5 " A 6  T   6 -5 -  ;c . @ICY
 b|    @ICY   p 5  @5
 g  B  G @c-  w_b B :3- @  4 .
3 B * 6 c5 z  4  @Y- @  M EY  N .
C5 B- *   4  @Y- [  -5 M



 
   www.gulfids.com

 N @   @ . 5   c T- *@ *C5 


4  @Y   5    B-5 s B54c @ - M
B@ 5 *  @ b :3 c5  F5 W  @ -M
 n B@ .
C5* B _   4  @Y- @  M EY " C5B
b  B @ GB5 4 @  ."    M @ C5*B A 
5;  @55B  5  - 5c   " C5B  [ B -  "*5
 G  . Mb " G
@  E    -5 "E " 1 * 5 "  4 @Y
- @  g   -5 WB C5   E :B   -5 
  ;c  R  -B B  GB-  5C  G B-
  O Y5  ; B ;    . MI5 :3L  
5E   g -B  < I 5  ;c*  G  g
[ EB   ;c4 .  I
@    I 6 c 5 Y5 z- @ c  s-
B-   n  A F O  " - 45 *  .
2 @B: @ -B B " 6   -5 4*  @ : * "EB  @
 4  G . Yn [  -5BE5   * @B
 @ @ -B3 g5 -B C N   5B @5 @
 <b -5 |5 G - . -5 5 -5B  r B-
5 GB(  45 (  -5 r @ Gc 3  @E@c-
5 4 TB. B  3  -5B @ B5-  @ -B3
*5 " -3 *  3 545 r @5 5 4 @5
I B  <5CrT5  <b -45  { *.
5-gB  -B 3   *5 6c_  @ Y5 z@ @E TE
  . 5   s5C @  N  @5 @ w-b5
 5 : 5 5 3   @ -B5 5    c
-B   @55. G
 s -B   @ :35  -5  - c  R
 B @Y B -5 < " "Ob5-c 3  Ob5 3 *;
 -    " .  B5 "  1* E "  -5@ -B



 
   www.gulfids.com

 -53 I 15  GI5 4 E" I   "


B   .B-5B n B-  B Gestalt .wcY
(  -5I5 4 :
 B5 B    wcY B-  @  -B 5 s 
TEY 4   c5 5  F  "  B V "
C   g54@ .  G B5   b -5 6 c5
b " 4 @ *   G .-5  -5   @ G
bT-  *  .
 I5 4     * @ GB -5 M M1B GG
g @  . -5
I5 4 @-* bT-  *   @5 G  <b5  EY M
 - 5 EYB @ c x  O Gc M 
"  cBTEYB  @5-5  GE" @  <b -53  s B5 zB
  F  M dTB*-Y5 E"  r    .M  -Y
 -5 :3B <b B 5I   ;I-D A B [
 d G   M- "E Mb " BG "B_5 I5 E" 
 <bB @Ec   G "B_5bT-   cB bT- "
  Mx .3  " zB -5 <I5[  1 *  M
* G M FB <b .
(  I5 4 :
  -BN@  Cohler " 5 @  I5 4 @5
 B w " - GD  .-5 C5 @ Cohler :35 b
BYs .    TEY G  @  - wb3  -  G
f-B B E @ "E 5 "  - .G "EBI @ :3
B1   w-  ;    @ Mb " B. G
@  :35  O "  BB   u  E  - "
5   * O c5 MI FB C5 r  Ib I  w
M .u "E    I u   * O c5
GE*B   "E EB3 GC5 r  I-N  xI . bw-
 I- E @   :B   E    .u -
 wY  @ I @ B   C5 r  I- xI
| B5  " <bB   g  FB  z B M
 u [ * A I- xI   @ GC53
 I- E  :  3  I- E @  @ GC5I
@  .G " 5  3  BYs @  bT- "  I- E
"  G c5  G D  M. EYB



 
   www.gulfids.com

@   O OBYs I  M u B -


N E B w @   @ u " BYs B
B b BYs   FB C5 r " MI-" @ 
  "E "E BG M*  dB G .5 -  "
B 5 G5C @5 g5 [  ;-I-" @  V *A
BYs I-"  @ " - O     I- - M
@   I-* E B gBYs  F " MI-" g FB
B   O  I-  @ -  I-* E B I b
C5 r @ G @ I @ B .
" d_5 " 5 " 5 I5 4 @ B5-    ; 
 EYB B* MG    g54@E ." MI FI5 4  g
M- B @ B <b @ G5 G O c G_-.f-
b :3TEYB   M MEY@  z M_    V w5 - "
 wb G "EBYs   EBG B  B    
 B    - g bT- "  @ MY  EYB
I @ B c   [B   @ E EYB [ .M
:3TBg cI O 65    g54@  . d EB M
 BYs   I-[  .;- M - M @ G F
 M @  6*5  FB . @  wb3   "EBYs 
Y    B w  B-   @  " wEB wB5M
 .
 Ob   EYB  GB*  @  I5 4
TEYB  @5  Cohler GBYs @ "  3 "EBE"
  M :T  M  .
 Ob Cohler C5   " C r  I (  E(wcY
@ *   I5 4 r A3 b " Y5  TV4 @ 4
* _     I5 4.
@3 -54:@ B5-E w - M*   EY cY5 zN@ 0  E Gb @5
TC " " " 5G .g G g G1B  E :  G1B
 g  -54 .@ B5TC "  " 5G  * @ IBG M
"-5  @ -B B-   -B @ - M* M B  E



 
   www.gulfids.com

 @ F G g-5  @5  gB C   5  G@5


 5  G-5 M  ..M EY5 <  5 C@  5  @-
 B " : 1 B ) Ob M1Bs " .(q   r 
g  -54  @ B5E  -5 DB @  z "  5
 GEc-  B5 {  c -  B5  < E
 uCY ") -5BT  B  M1B5@ {(  B " -B* F
"  I dI T A3 5 .  g
 c @   N3 TC 5 B @   4B5  *
 -5BTB M g *   -5B   ) M D( @  -
 B- )  -B ( -  @5  5-B  @  -.
@ 3 r g  -54 @ B5 - M*   @  E
 GB 5 4 B 5_ Y  5  B-  -B
4  Ob5 M1B5 s V   E-3 Y @ 
5 4 . -B
 3G r g  -54 5- @ B5 b   "  -5 5-
0 " T   R  M-  .;b--  " T
Y R uCD n 5 4 B B   G  
 G GB-5 "  @    :35 4 B D @5 "
T  uCYB  :3Gc YB "EB -5 @_B
 wb "EB n 5  ) G c  (O*Y  6 G@5
   G   B  G  " . Mb
(T
"  d    " GB 4*  ) 6cB    1
"EB*5 G  GB- 3  -5GY )  -5YB( .. Y
* GB  -  b M1 *   @55  GB- FG
C  @5 GB- 5 c5; 55B O M1  B :3GB
E B  G[    n c b 0YB B ..<b M1B:3
B)  - <b G G1B GB5b4 ..G).q
   g  -54 @ B5   - L  r -5GY
    M   N @5 " ;*5ET B  "  -
*  B  G -s5* @5  B  M15b4 - )
5 4 YB ).
T M
 Ob   @5 @ w g  -54 @ B5 - d
p  -5 " W5 @5C  DB "EB  @  " -
" T Y  uCD @ ;53 * @ 3 N "EB



 
   www.gulfids.com

T ;*EB 5 4 -B - MB Y 


1 uCD
" GB CD b M1B 35 .
r A3 5 4   "EB  Y G " zY 6
T
 M- @5  GL C  BnB ** . C  1 ; G5
"EB BC-  " AT Y  5  : D  1
C  5 Bn) W  @ ;5 ( C A nB )
 ).
r A3 ED  <E "EB  -5YB * CDN ;b-B R".
 GB p 5 4 - "  5  B w  B <I
cIB "   G[@ :
15b4 .20 M53 @))5B   ).  -4 -5GY.5  * 540@ B56*) q *V @ W (07 -5- . ;-809- )5 ED * " L uCD ).Ns   5 @ s -5GY  @ :-g  -54.@ B5
 -5GY :
" * wY ;5E  YB "   D " -5GY " -
 " -5T YB @ p M  -5 B @ I I @5
  @  I M EY "  [B* Y5 zN@ . b w 
 E5 @ N  w_ @  x5B nB @ 3 -5
GY ." B 5   @5  " <YE :3 x5B 
*C5 " @ M G_( B(  Y )   ICD B
( n *    . - 5 - A5 D w Mc 
_  @E 5  F   d L @   uCY
3 D .:@  A   -3  Mc B - R" )1B
  B (c 55 G-Y  uCY B
s -B " * [  R  VYB .
"   x5B nB @  <b -5GY ) M1 G <YE @5:3



 
   www.gulfids.com

   x5B n    ( 5C[@ :


( ( I u:
1I u [  @  -5B @  uCY  M1*" ) / -(@1B s EB M1 . :3 x5B [ <5C  *@ rT5
 uCY BE ..-5B  uCY " EB  -B* -5B
 B    : .
 @ T
R T "   MI 
Y2 G   :-5BE   B@  ICD ..  @   . @ 3 wY  " B
 M B -B ) ( " E  ICD   ..  MB B
- YB " G CDN   " .
( ) * 5B ) nB  c ):
@ 3 wY  B[@ :
1  B  -GB cB  GB- wb B   . GB N- 1   Mb  -5B * 5YB E -
 " ; BB .
2 5 4 -  ) * -@(     ) T E ).T
xB  1
3  -5B @5-B  N)  bT  C(  @55  Y " GT A3 EB z  G5c[  ; Y5 G .
(( 5 W @ 5B*  :
 <5C   5rT5   5 @ 5B*  <5C   E
*  ) s- (:s ) ;b ;b-   ( .. @ 5) M 
   (;b-   * I "  uCY  w
E w b  V " 1 N E  B .  5
( ( B -5  Mb -5B B Y  :
 E :3B -5  B_5    - n5 _C @ :5B
*  . b| @ 3  [@ :
1   -  - "EB 1 "  6  -5B[  [ EB O ; 5B 3 * O c5  "   .
2 B -5  1B   -B  M b G W5   "  -5  w* B -5 wbnB  " -5-@ c ".
3 B -5  1B   -   "EB   -5B - n  Mb5  M1 -5B3 N *   @ -5B |  ) (s B
"  * .
T_ IB
3  x5B I @  <b -5GY   D



 
   www.gulfids.com

 z  d 4B5  @ B ..<bBB - " fED


* "EB - w  x :3Y "  6 " T 
uB b. -5B
.................................................. ..................



G+ > ,#
 "/D/, C
& "AB , 



 
   www.gulfids.com

 :
 -  "  - 1     B  @
5*B g  "B .@ c5 ;-II5 - " TEYB * E 
4B5  OE" @  @5   @ @  N  :B
 .
 sE   5@ C  B-  -535  B- 4 
 g-;  4*   @    MI5B   -
@   * x z  @  * Gb @ _ G M*  *
E" @ @5 n5 "EB  @ c0 M5*B
  O* s G4* *  " : xCDNN A 5 -
[* s  1    O 5CB @5  - F  [
* -5B @  B <bg . B  5 - OO  @5
L"  F  *b - G" @  G G* . :
*    O @ A3 n5* 4*@ @ r .M5*B
  r  uCD O * O c5 [5* @ p  . - B*O c5
*C5  5 - OCDN @  z  G FG  -
[ G f-B <bC [D " @5 G  G  1 s  - O F
  B N  @5  G " G-B   f-B N N @5
   G Gg A3 .  B   <5C @ O B"  B-
   c5 B 5    IT- *@  V0
b 4B5 B  3  -  B@ M @
 :3 GD - @ wb  c     W
 A " <5CC5* @5   . O A  B5  f-TEYB @5
G  6c  "TEY 0 " -
 -  <I1@ "  Y-"  c4Tc    @ 



 
   www.gulfids.com

3 B  "   VB   b G   W


 ;   .T 3 c5 5 @CGB @B-   - 
Y  N @5* wB4 " G_-  f-L @  F
s " 5 5 4.
"  :3   N@ :
1IB GB   -   I I- :   5bT -*    " " : VB  * E  N   I
2   O M@    [YB  B5  " 51[  @  E    4*
3 M ;  "EB " O  G5 B M "EB I5  5 W@5 @ ;5A M "EB   x5 5
4  -G D   5   "EB n G MD M O"  O  @ ;5 G D
5 <  b "EB     b  -   b -  6 bT- "   O 5CB < @7 MG5 O G_- B- 8 M "EB  * @ G 95*B " M1N  -T *   * 4 @  
10 <5C M G DrT5 N-B5B  1 11 Ng *B G   @  MI@ 4 " f- :3  NI 
"  BT 5 * E@ 5B @ 3 I .
) (1(,< >: ,#
 Y  F G  " : V M1 1  -B  * E  N
4 35  -51B E"  F*5  "  E" @.
 @5*C5 G  5  -  :* . D4   F AE
@  M @ <5CB - :*  0
  *   5 @ G   "  - E" @ : B
-E *  B B  F 1B 5- D * B5I
 p @55   B  <   . b
-I  B 5 E" @ GB  5    @-A
     *  F . G -



 
   www.gulfids.com

@ 3 4 - wb    --  @ G_- @5


 "E_ M  " d G  O G   - -TB
"  dTB*   N  B -5 B  G M b -  w  -
@ GB N . B 1  @5 C5 N  " GB   D I.
  -  O "  15  @   1*  -6  F
 " 0 " -
n "; )" (D.O. Hebb, 1949 -5< * Y 6  F
  B "  - 5_5B  Y E" @  B g G F
 ".
 " )" (J. Drever, 1971   O " "  M @- @-MB-
@   E" @  6  F ". " -
 "*E )" (J. Atkinson, 1976  @-  - -5 E" @ 3
@Ib G " 6  M . " -
-5 u *  V  " - G dTB* G
 B  @5 "EB @  : @5
-1 bc  z Y5 0 @- @- A -5 4 4 *  z " G g  ."  1 A -5  "  BCDN 
 @ -  " -c  bTR O  B5" ... q
 g2*  G@   - . E" @  F - bc  z Y5 @- 5*  F B 3 OY . 5 @
1N*  CDN * "  6  M 5 s G
 @  -c -I  -5 @  "  BCDN
b0 G- b
b ; 53  O1B  O  bc  uCY .3 B5 -B   M d E D4 -c 5  A R uCY 
-c    3 .
B5*4 bc[-B  6 5G @5 MIE" @  .5  *  x5 GE ." @ * @ B53  " G6  M  : f zB  " - O  *   )  (]c-
E  )4 * c( . @ 3 4 *  x EB G -D
c 63 *  E  F  A*   R .  *6  Oc5
 [ " :3cr I   0
3G E b @ b dTBGB   N   - *  B @
s B " G   - " : VB  N   I .



 
   www.gulfids.com

)(2 T, -  R 
/ G- >:  ,#
1:- " @ )" (G. Murphy, 1947 [" G-Y  " - D u
   6D4 ".
 ]  (D. Krech & R. Crutchfield, 1948)  Y5 
"  " G  5*@ ".
G -] ] ) (H. English & A. English , 1958[-D" G
E" @ 5 4  ."" - YE b :3 *     )M1
 -c B G( E  M1)  B5 B5
* c 4).
 @ :3-5 "EB [  @  c 4  -E"
@  5b s @5 @ - :43  6. G D
- 2 :s
- "" "  s[ E" @ *C5 D  F B-  -
   ;I @5 f--B C " - Bn  @5@ 
* .
G1B "  E -" @  @E Y  6   x  ".
  Y F f- " 1 "  @G O @ s 
BG T " -  5 --Y  5 E" @  "E . -

 Ob G  sG "  B Mb  O   GB . 5  O


*C5 D  @5 F O-_ ( " 5*   * E  ( 55
" O )* @  ([YB O4 )* E@  ([YB  Y B
 s F O*    z [YB    -B  YM1 -
 s  |  .]c-R @-B - " s Y  @-
 cBDr  *   .z [YB
3  :  Y   F G  @-B @   C  3 *@-
E" @  b s  F  G .-c @  O B @



 
   www.gulfids.com

 O ]c- GY @  O4 .q


4 bT- "  O-:  bT- "  @G O-   . O A @ z
C5 G @  g   EY  *5  V*  EYA3 .
_ M s B5 " 3"  " GB. "  N
-  Y b F  B *  0 @55 @ Gc5 
 B-  . 5 G -  @ sE4  *  0
   O @ s B  -  bcc @5  G- .@5
 " -     B-5    .
"EB 5  O  -
 1 * z "EB  d3  s B5 "  @G O- . 5
[   - @ _ @ zx @   @E " -@ MI
-c . @- A  w M  <bB5@ r [ B
n @   cx3  B @ OI "E . 5 
CDN b -[ 5 3  Ib Mb 5 @ . :3 
[  " OYBn  @ _ @ zx3  E [ f-
ED * Y-   V5 4 cB ) _ @ zx3 ).
 @E< @   @  [ @  " B  " 55 F
5 [ b*@   _ @ zx3  .GB-  6 @5"E
* O c5* *   @ 5 4 @ B 1   FC  . -
N  @ z B5-E  N(  (O "E B5-_  @  z Y5
 :3G @-E4  -  B- . bc  z Y- @  G  . O
:3 "  b5    B-  @  -* 3  6D4 
T "  g-CDN B
@  5 . MI" @ *  -5BE 
 O@  O  @5c 3 5" N G 353 @    -n
 F[Y x5 @ *  Y5 <b0 G



 
   www.gulfids.com

)(3 < / >#: H


< I "EB O @cx @5 MED * 4*@ [ " 1 .5C
V  " :3 I5  * w   I G- B . *-
 Mb A3 - {  :3G - I5  < I53  @ :5
 O  f-5 4 g  @5 * B @ G 
 I5  5CB .O
:35 4 @ :
1 MED <5C "  -5 O4*  "   N "    N M  1 " L uCD M  1 . [Y:3
 N - "  O B- 5C  5    @5 BG
CDN . @ M 5 "  -5 " OT * . -5B
2 "EB "  -5 f- OY5B " GT ED  " 5C*.  OE   " - uCY "EB   -5- *B@  ) (T1
4* " EB 3  [ R MED " * .
3 "EB "  -5 f- O " 5CBT ED Y5 " G*.  B " ICDs   s :wN  O -  :3 @ -Y
s :3G 1@  _ O  :3  s f :3G 5G .
Gg4 f- O   @ ED *55 . Gg @C  " - O: R  - f- .CDN *b *      O  "E O45
0 "G
n  b5  O_  F G  FD   @5 .@  z c c*  @ G   uCY  B" -
-I 0
6 B - ED * "  O - . B5@ @ B-E     "     B  4  V
@ GY ... q
@  5 4 *  1 I5   D @ s B @5



 
   www.gulfids.com

"  * O   [YB E   [YB*  @B ON@


   ON   @B* B 1   O1 . @-3 < I5
 ON  1 "  B O1  "E @-  ON  G
 D4  B .M b -"  1 ON  O O
 ]c- O 5 O ."  1 O* E    O
  OB5  F  B c * O .
 R < I s B " O    TG5  0 O @
 3 n D F  F R O . R @-B : 5 pN  @
 6D R O .  OTG5 4@ 5 p N  @ D4 @-
 O .  @  N TG5 4 B  @ TG5 4 @- c
-c Y.
 G g 1 " "EB < I GT IB   O . @ 3
4 "EB " T   :ON@ : O* * :3
@   gp< *   .- 3  " zB  g55 3@ 0
 1  :@  OC r 3 " T  <5C B- .  -
@  n 5* F  3 3 5  uCY* @  .: 
 @G :11 O4  B5C bT- " CDN  @ 
.  ICY
3  < I5N   O @ 65  O - < I5NO
 * z  < I5N    O4 .5*  @  B5 @
 A  < I O3 5 @  : @5
( (  O*   .
((  O* E .
1 O   .2 OC  4.  B5  - 5  B@ :
( (  O*  
6c  " O*  "  @  *    " 
 *  B E" @   x @  _-  B E@[Y5
"  A "  O  5E" @  F   f-N cYn @5 F
D   *  F 5* " 5 5 4 .
 <I5 O*    f-IC u -@ :
1-  G O BE   Y    "  - B -Y:3G



 
   www.gulfids.com

 O B G _     .
2n G  p    @  @ g B E" @ B5 .
3 G c  * @G .*5E w   3 Mc E  @ Mc  N@   -5Dr  _ " - 
  " IC_T s @ *. B
4 G 4  5T5 5 _-  B E@ *r M53"5 3@" *;  c _ u  B@ @ *
Gp @  f- B- *  B-5_   @5  3 u
  4c   5 3@r .  @ < T1 f-
* * wbT   _ 5 :3N* .  *
   " - - " ;I5*  fC  . @
*  E @ *    " uC5 5 :3B _ .
 *  B w45  5 3@ I  A @ z B-
*   5   @5 M*  B bT  g5E" @
  @ 5 B- . @ 3 5 4 r I5 E" @ M B  BF
45   " 5  g53@ r .  c @ 3   g5[Y
  - O  E" @ @   4 3 4c.
- O :
* AG5 O BE    b @  G5 sC F  G
- IB  " G M B5 :3  A3 .n   bcF
Gp   F-c n @5  Gp F    - E"
@ I F  bc-B ) G-c ).
R @-B  Y :5 W  -  @5 @ w3 I @ u
B 3x  @    M-Gg @  N  -c  @5 O
 M B  .B 3x  @      I @
 -B s Y - @ * -Y4*  O V
@  -c .
 cB *  "  B- *    6* @54*  z
  B -c : BB bDB *  -c * B V b
DB  B-c 3 OY *  .< 3" E B " s
 ; _ z @ B-5B -c * @ N @   -I * .
D4   I-   -c   <b5 @ GB 55@
 0 qB5 [@ "  @ s  0 z 5B b  B w-Y  O
 *; @ 5  I F _T -B -Y [ -B



 
   www.gulfids.com

 " V-c  f-  1Gp :3G  * w.5


  I  _T -B   - -c -B 1
" -B *5 6 0
 @- A " M 5 u  B -B @ -Y   "E@-
   M- @  N D4  <5C " @[ @5ED Bb
 *  - 1*-Y  B  - " C 
@ * E )  B   ( " 1- M @  B-Y
   M-B C :3G  F s3x5 @ GB
55@ .3 n  : F   @ E" @ ) u-B( 
 -c 0
        *  . I5 -B
 f-  OcbI4  @I-Bs )GB 55@ 5(
  @ f O . _  " ;  V O ; O
 wI -   V ;E O B  @   . @
 " E- A " ;  O ;  V wI O - ;E
. O
 Ob    O  *;  M  O   "
 B C  f- -c  V b Mc . " O5B M_C
 C  E G5 1B . b " O5B M " " -
_C  E @ M M  . O f- :3 B 3x  C
 F -5-  O G_-N  F  @ *  " [Yu
f--  . -B b w f-   @5 @ w f-N
   F       "  --c :3 B
 <5CrT5  * .@ 5 W :35 * " "BE
 G F 5 B-N @55  . G
   " n @  5 B-N @55  G* .M-
N  B 5 .[cC -54*     "  -
-c b w  D   F* B5 _-  B E@
 G A3 B M B -@  5 .  M-1@     3
"g 3x 3 5  * E *" 3 "  bN N "
-c  A3_ 4*   @ . : V Bn 3  N 
 w-cb B I   3  f-  * O c5 5C 
-c 3 5  . _     "  M 5 " 3"  " -
n   3 @  BB  [cC GG  G   F 5



 
   www.gulfids.com

B-N B0
 x5 ;- B    @  D  -c G
*" 5*B 4 @ B5I5b4  @ 1@ *5  .. -5B q
bE R G  @  @ I "  1N  . :3N @
*0 B
- O: ]c-
-   61B  B-  @ ]c- @ MbN5*B
-Y B1  z O  I -B .3G -Y  
 B  N 1B 43 3 :5E" @   @ u  BB
* -  B AD F B * 3  .u B  @ MO B
 B-   @ *  B M- b    @  M c- B- N
  5 @ Gg A3 .  FB   b  .
 - D B   * "  B "  OsG B b IB:B
_ zxN@ @   * @ M* . M1B f-T GB
55@ _   MB b5*B   N _ zxN@ 0
"  "EBB <C-D " uCY : ]c- b  B MB
O_B 4 - . "E O  ]c-s G   I * @
  BET  " B . b w G w- "  BB @ -
; D "  6  I5 G   B  [ @D5 
B @    .6b b B  ; ;ED AY 
-D @ BG T  ;E]c-
   B  @    -
   E M- B1 @  N N* I5 -B  4*
 -c - .  5 * O  B  ;E 15 - b
" OB @  -@     B  F* *  BY
 "   D ;EB B  @ O b ]c- " OD 6 B
 F* * .
[5 O ]c-_   O  -5- M4" [Y5  B5
  A  Y   "  -* M1 MY G @  5
IB f- YB  @  E 1 N  0 5CB
- O G :
 -c B I" r bc N* "   I-_
45 :3 @ bc*    T  .  FN* "
 B  x N TC 5  F s N* "  @5 G



 
   www.gulfids.com

[* M  @ qB .1B "EB )  B  Mg 5 (;c  Ib 


@ Mp uG @ x . N* " B  b "EB n F
 _ @  qB ;-IY  .G B f-  <C5@-
 u  5 N* "  FN* 5      B
 .
 z G g   B O B5@ *  E @ " 5
    u  @ N* " . "  3 f- u
N* " (  E M1 *  B @ uCYr n (G  F G B
n  b  N  F M1) A   B uCYx( .
 F (5N* "( n  F b O Mp @ @5g -  5
  ; 0
- O: ;-5
n -D E" @  ;-5 F b  . M1B5 x5 *  
  N z @5 @ ;-5 " fB F "A . @  " V
" -B " f "A5 I5  5  V " "E  _-
-B    E @5  x5 G  A5*B  @I-* @ .
5" R  ;-5Y @ *    - cGB cB  E .
f-GB * [5 c [  T5 Mp @ @5 N  MI @5F
    .I5 GB N - 1 "   [5 G Y @ Mp
5  I " N.
 f-CDN  " -5  .wb @  M1 :3  - ;-5
 G*B@ N ME B  N 4  -@  " *B.A
 @5 " dI ;-I @ ;x5  ;-5 :3 N 5 "
B T  N     @ 1B5B4c 4.  -
- O :
g N  O*@  z- "  x5B 4  B5N  bTE
 " *
@ D- "  1   E  r - * @5
  " 5" @ * " 1N*   -N *   .[YB
 O*@ E @  O*   N   z DB5 r
 E   . z   D 4*  x5B   G-5
C  @5 B GCDN  *5E "  b  Y5
4. B5
T  : ED  O @5 5  M1B  G M O
*  G .  M  I M1B  - M  @ G  -



 
   www.gulfids.com

1B   I )2) N   -B  F" uC5


_T *  .q  "EB [ " MED 5" Y
c "5 3@" p< *  M1B M E -" @  4
:35  F   - c M.5
((  O* E :
*C5 G  O* E    < I5_ "    - @5
D bT Gc  ME5 @ E" @ . :3G @5  O M
 O @5  @ Gs *) 6 O*  ( @ 5
 N*    G *B Mb  . 5B *   w*  G
 BG 5B * E  .
    " N cY  - @5 "EB  G  6c @B*B-f
 O* E   @5 " 5 @ GI " 5: B
1 O   -2 OC  4 B5
  - 5  @  : @5
1 O   :@  O @- @ M1B5 @5E" @   uCY 3 " - Y @G .
1B  O  63  uCY   zp 3   6
T 5  .5CB3  "  O< 4 s B5B
4  Y @  E* . :3  O@ :
- O_ ); Tc5 4):
-4B5 _ M- @- *  @   .IB  M
E" @ @ 5V YE5  -  * E  b @ G
. _x
wB b  _       B1  4*  . B
   B-  @ w 5  F  n   x B
 F  - :3E   B  .. w c   5 "
5    " 5 wb BG M  x5 5 " G 5 { - .
 5 w F G 5 @ " B @ MED( T5 4 N@( wG
- D  F G * )5 4 1 (  E- .E- @- A
 *GB ; 5  x5B @  _   x5 G 5. G
B "E  O_   B 5 IC " B " L ".
 " @5N xI _  g@ f-EDN -B 
EDN * . c " AT  Dn5  w 15  sI @ M
. G



 
   www.gulfids.com

- OE :
 zE      B- C  O_  <5Cp<
4   "EB @5E" @ "  6 _ M B Tx5  "
 Mc5 G    @5 .G ] - OE @- C5 E"
@  p 4    [ _. "EB MED M
@  g-1   G E @   M ;-s B @5
  "E  E  -   @ I5xIE .    G
b  -  6 5N -T @  O    @5*C5 G3
* " M  F  .
*C5 G E @ f-N   @-B "EB MBY f- O
  N . 5  < I   E :3 O   " T
" TN cYC  "
GB p< 4    _
-B O  E" @      6  F f- .
O4:
4   N  "  O   . @ T @-
_ E  @ I5E   Y . B    
 1E B 1 N*  @-_ E .IB    -
 G  E @ g B   *; b @ MN cY @5B G
 @5 6- G  5 @ b  E   :3GN c cY
 0 MY
   @ "  4 " ME _ . E  -
  Y F;   BGB 4      -  B  Y4 F
  - 15 B5*     A M1 z @5N
N  B* . GB "- " @  M1B "EB 5 @ :  
"  E  -  "E  B B1   <b @ 5  @ N -
@  E r 5 @ :3  F   -  O 5 A
T     - A
 OL" @  <b  4     B5
@   z- M* E  0  ICY
2 OC  4: B5@  O [Y @5 bT-  5E" @ CDN L" "   O
   [ -   -  " c B I @   6O
 -  3  "  O M5 B 4E5 . :3
 :O4B5 * c T5 4 . - N )4B5 * c )5Y
BGE    wY  O4*   B OT5 4   * 
 B M O4 @   O   .- 5 M@ A
 :@5



 
   www.gulfids.com

- O4B5:
 I M "  E   _- M1BG f-  .-
R @-B -Y  M " E     F5 5 @
 N .@ B M  @ 1B 3  F :CDN L"
  "  . 5        M@ 
  *5CDN .A    G   " - 1B 
 --B  @5 GG  T4  B5 5bT-5B " _-
 .f- - " GY  @55 * G @  " B 1
"  @5 G1B uCY* .
bD   @5 @ wx   F  3 "EB
 5 *) @B B sb  - @  xI ( @  5 4
4  - .
-  FCDN L"     4 @- B <b @ N
 "  fD  B 6 -T "EB G5g* @ G "  1<b
 M 54 .@ B5@  TEYB  G @5 w " Gg 
* E  . 1EB
 - " :3 - 1NE   Y 1 dTB   
 <5CBED D4  @5  G  .-  F4B5   B@5
[ MED 3bT- 4*   B Bc B  " ED    GF
CDN L" -  b @  . B Y5  M1 :3 O*
I  @  N G BN Y    0
- O  5* c ) I @ sB 4  B5B).
 - @ V* c  3 "  OY - 4*   @
* . Gg O* c  BY : "   <5C-B5B "
  DN . * 5 B  @ G wB   . Mc
_  5 @ T . * G  c  M5 E G I
 . s  5E _  @  M @  MGY @ B;
  -T 5 4 @ I  @  .OB5B @ :3 5 O* c
 B " :B  " A. Adler O  G  BV 1 
N "" @  : * @ B5-B     5*  0
* O c5 Y g * c "   _  OB5 @ . N@
 M1B O_C c *  BB  MN 3  @ @ G
x .Y  A_  @ -B5  BYs  zN 
  c @5Y @  @  cg 6 b< b .
5  [ c   @ G*5  N  r .G-  w N
 O Mc  B F O  5  x@ 5  G  ;b- wMY



 
   www.gulfids.com

_ <- OY 4I5 5 r   Ob5*5  N  O


* c  3 :3G  5 " ;  N Y54.  B5
B  f-C [  ICY    BG_  @ *5 O* cr .
   Mc F  5* c   @ D  -Nr
@ M B M5*B F  M1B :3 ;  N @5 w5 @ GB@ 
 w  ;   5* c  f-N TY  F-
 _r n N  B @  M5*B F " @C5  ;
* c . b*5E B_C     @ D G- 6
 .G @ "  1N  5-_C     6 5N 0
- OT5 4 " L" :
-  T5  O @ " V uCY MB- 5GB cB 
 " ."  d  3   O  Mc  xI3  @   5
 F  .M5*B B  @ : M5*B B- @ ED  "
* .
"  d  O FT5 4 I5 O  V f- O4 B5
N . O FT5 4   uCY F "  -5 "  O_B
B5  F B B  @ uCY  - " M I5
) @   4  *B L" ).
3 @  -B5*E MEY *5T5 4 " 14 @ 
   AT  B Y54.  B5 @5E 3  Ob  3.
 M 5 "  O*   * E :
  6 B<  @5 O*    O* E  M
@   "E @  M  Ob  "  "  " 5 " " 55CB .O
N    " O@ bs  1 "  5b [ " D
 @  E- .E- @5 V A  BE b @ B  
 z Y5 .O A3 MB5   B d 5E  E5  1  -   O
E  " 5    C    - G  Mb "EB @ r E-
 :3E b  GB C    . A E -
" -c @E  b 4 O -   u G-B
) T@(  -c ) @ ).
b
"EB  Oc  G  5    * @ A
 c 5 3@ p<  B- *  Bn  uCYF
   M-   -5 5 3@ ." I   O DN



 
   www.gulfids.com

g B @   C  . f- DN  G  uCY s


  * w  ) c( E  ) *5E .(-5 @ V 
* B @   B 4  B5T5 @ 5 3@ _z
"    T;  4 uCY 3 5 .b
N  @5 - ;c5
 W5    " O E N @    . - M :3N "  1B
 M 5c - *;  <bB @5b .3G 5 M -5  M
 D EY O E     B- 6 B D- . M 5
T
 @  z Y b " - O @ MY A*; E" @  - Bx
@  R O 1 Y  f- 5 O  V @   D4
D uCY   -5 4 R O  M14  M I5
OD O 0
T  :   T  " M   O *  
* E  .   @x -  @5 "EB  G O _. "EB G M



 
   www.gulfids.com

)(4 (L (-


>:  ,#
D @  @     -I . 5  5 B 
 @ - M-55*B g  .@-b b wB :3EB  @5G5
  @  -  g G g -5 g G MF
 "  -  A3 .5C w  B <b5 :3 Ng  @E" 5
 GB-. -
@ :3B  -  f-g  { 1BBg E @
 B- V . g *B   - @ G I "EB
: @5
1g  0 s2g 3 03g 15 4   04g 0  -B5g 4*  0  -  B@ :
1g  : s* @B :3 " g   g   s  . @-A
  @     .s E" @ @  1 @5
 s - @51B  M 1B5* E@  G :3 s@ - @5
Y @5 "EB5E" @ "   F G   
 fC @ sG -D  .
1B Y O  Br .  B_ -c  M1B53x@   1
  F-c   :3   1 s 3 -Y E"
@ @5-c MI ) (  @5 fC s5 -c .
  G s s B5 6 B D N A   B
" -c  BE  @  - MNb . B   s "EB @ fC
f-N   OY 1B @  A  B [ E  O



 
   www.gulfids.com

B E   3V .
 -g " "MB   :3G " g -  GrI5 B@ :
g "C. Hull ". M
 T " " M M- E" @ * ) I (   O
 sY  zB .G3  _- 5B M GY @  : @5
( G15 4 = b -  s  -  ).
"  Y G15 4" @  ME" @  F 5   -5 
3  M B " T   5 4 G5- BC G5 .
 "B_5 -B @ ; N*  @ G  b"  Y5 . - -"
@   -E" @ 5 4   -"  b z - - B
 @5 GE" @ 5  @  B  G B @_ G
 @E s 5   5. ; B
"  Y "s F  5 @5 -Y GE" @  5T5" 5
3@ ". BE . 3 4T5  s B  s w5 4
  1 BC.
"  Y  - "  F [ EB E B" @  @  *B G
 5 4 .
 "EB E3  @-B I E" @     V @   - s
R @-B : E     " s .s "B_5"   5"M
_  @   s R @-B  E" @ @  5 .-
 f s   x   " "M  T " 1 " 
" MillerDollard 0
2g 3 : :3 " g @  5 "  "EBBb @ *
 B -5 4 GB  s bc -B @ < @G @5M
g  s @5 0 G
R @-B : f- " 1 " M 5  B 3  - @ s
 M EY  - L 5 @5 G   @ . 5 -"  r
G C@  3 3   * w      A36c
@ :3 " g  g 3 @ GB G  0  -
G " T  .s
@- A :3 " g G wC5 - 
  B* OB  C@r   . 5 @ :3  5  F s
@  d5 " _"  "  -B @  .N A - d5
 B B  - : @  @5 * E B g
   MBY :3- G 5   M  @ 1B I -B
" TG 5 C  M  @ 1B   5 x .
_



 
   www.gulfids.com

R @-B :  -c5 GB  @5 5  @ dI


5    F  6c .s MED * E E
GB .
g T  s
 O :3g  G - "EB 5 
3"  _ G5-  "   DN @  B s B5 "  -zY) bc
*(  * "E  @  A @ f- "EB  "
 " " 5 pT   B  @    CDN 
 @ G .n :3 5b - 5 FI " -  @ 
 .wb3 @  " VI  "  @ " 5 p  < 1E M1
Y  Mp @ -5B Y 0
 -g EB   :3G " g -  GrI5 D
@  : @5
g" " Skinner :E
"E " 5  C   G* B TBG   
E" @ "  5   C  IB   -  5T
   s B5  5   -  f3 4B5   -
 :Y5 zN@ 0 u C "EBg @ E3 I @ -B
:  L
(E * =  *   +3 * - " B)
c :3-B @  x I @5 "EB 4 G  -E" @ M1B5
:3 @ x I " cC 3 @  : @5
-  * VB  M*  VVB . B
M  - wb M "  5 V  . GB
- C5    54@ * VB      5 x5B 0
 - *5 5 4 C  ME C5   M EY* I
@ 5  .
@D - C5 -    O  F  0 " -
3g 15 4   : :3 " g @  5 ED *  @5 5E"
@  F  G@   6 @5D4 I M1B  *  B
ED *  @5 @G G5  s @5 I M1B 6*  "
 -4-  * BG  B @ I MbN     .
:3G " g  b @5g  n : 5B 4dT M1B  -
 *  B . @ A   Gg* nB G @
 <5C  O  M-4- 4@ )*(  Gg



 
   www.gulfids.com

 ;5  M-4 @-*@ _ 0 6


 g  @ wb 3 I5 g  Gg " B "
) (M. Seligman, 1975g " T " (D. Mcclelland, 1953).
g N  @  -  GTBrI5 @  : @5

g T T:


-  T  @ O g 15 4   [  b  -
 s B5 5   -b5 @   f-G *
* _ .63G r  Ob* _ 63  @   
@ B@  *B "  *  B 0
:3g 5   O  cb  -  @ 
5 4 -b   O M-5   - @ A   *r .
Ob5 @  * @  O M-5G   6* 
 5  5b4 -D Ob5 _ 6 5 N .;5
"  M1B M B F5b4  ;5  *5E O @  
* G O M-5   0
4g :  -Bn g  @  -B   G ObN " T 4   E5
 B1 E  @  4B5 @  5 @ D  B b* 
[ " @   E b @ -5 @ f-ED Y5 "
B@  ."  E b @  Ob5B  "  .
   :3Gg   -B g5*  B G " T :3-B
 @5 @  B@ @ 5bTg   B MBY A-b5
C 0 M5*B
 ED  " g   -B @5 wB5 " G  -g
*5 Bc g  Ob (2) Bg   50 @ -B
g N  @  -  GrI5 @  : @5
g   5Festinger ":5*" @ -B
 :3g "5*"   CDN *-  6  F*4 M
* 5- G 6*N " * 5- G  .G O A
" " M* 5-  g-n CDN B   " f-
 * -5- G . G
 5B  5 F D  M1B  B* {   [Y G " 5



 
   www.gulfids.com

 4  "5* " G  6c  5 @ -B :3  -Y


 -  G F fC   5 * :-5G  6*N ." 
-  5I @ -B  5n @  CDN.
@ 3 4 5 :3g   ME  - "B_5  -
3 )    E   ED ) B   -  M
c  @5*  G " -r .     " I :3- O
@ T
R I   _@    c B x L [ 1 5-
 5 " @  wb3 " Y   53   @B
 .  uC5
  " 1  "EB G f 5 " W  5 @ -B-
 F *N[ .  x 5 4" * " [  " O5 " 
  . [  F  1_ "B O GT3" 5 4" 5
  1 I   -n  1 :  - " CDN 3" 
Y    G  0
5g 4*  : "BE3 g 4*  @  @  -*  n @5 @
4  *  " - N :T  B4 5 . :34 5
B  3  w*  @B45 B @   5 f-
gB" L"  "B g M1 ) G g  (  -BM
@  5 ;-I n5. G
_@ gB 4*   B @ C   ICY   
 uCY B Gs @  B* E@  uCY < p5ME
E4 .5 * Y @  :3g " T   @
 6  M  n53G * E   B 6cB4  .
 g  Mp @ wb3 4 g  Gg " R.Laing W
"g " C. Rogers" sg "  " A. MaslowN  @ 
- 5  @ G : @5
g  :
<    OY @  g 5 MED @ GBg@ 5 .b
5 :3g @  " B*B 3   G@ :
 g1 4* @ MED@ 5   *    "N  4B5    3    63 
  G0 -B
3 5   4 " MD4 @-B  @ @[ @5



 
   www.gulfids.com

I @ 5* @5 @ :5 . Mb @5  N @


3 5 .
2 Oc5 I B @  D  5C"    OY B .  OY   wC G5 B  @5  . :3B5*  B-
  @G5 G  G M- @  B B5* - " . bc
<b53 - " G D O* 5    3[5    . OY
54 M B  B G w    @5C   r    OY s  0
b " "  *   [ A G ME @5   M1 F
-c Y G     . - :3 "  @
I5 @5 b B  @ 5CB  @G5B G D M1 3
-Y D  E     *   f-ICu
5YB 3  G: G
( ( * 5*  " G_- f-L .
((  z[s  "  - O* .
(( G- M-5E" @ @ 5 5 . -Y Mg @5
( ( * G -5E" @ c  .
    "N[ @ M1B5 G V @ B "  cCG5
 [ b @5 M  @ 31B MED  @ V " [5I5b4
)  (  V @  -   g "EB n5[ .
:3  F "N -  OY*   *   .
B  ; 4B5 @ V @ 4B5 4  N
L"  " ; bN . Gg :3 @ I " "
- 65D4  *    "N*@ G  " 5
B  @G .
   3 - @ A @ V 3  L" .G
n D :3   F-Y  B5b4 n  G D
 F-Y   4c 0
    63 @ V @  b 6E .E
" "  "-3  6 5 @-B3  " E   * O c5
E ".
6  B5-3 _  @  G   -B   Er 3 
 T . -   "EB  Mb - -  Mb -
-  -E  . :3 Bb M1B VB 0 @G
< I "EB * w @5E5  GB  @G   



 
   www.gulfids.com

@ T  _ F   -4  B50  ICY

)(5, >: H#
5  g  O G 6 B  " dI_  GB g
 " N- cC   Mb45   - F  ; @ G  bs @5
 .A3 -  O  @ :
1  B5 4 : -5   s  " O 1N-   @  "B .G  *B5
f- 5 O    Ib      .@G51 -D A ;c
[ @   F EY 5 @ :   D  ."   
* B5* B5 f- 5 O    .1 B A N uCY
-I* I5b4 4 " @ B5T  @ YB  5
T
N 4.  B5 :3 N  "  -Y G O    _
" B5 5    . "  "  " 5 " " c5B  Ib) O
B  @s B  (@s   G@ " B  O5 @5"
  G @s :3 O@ N.  D 1
2c O :IB G OE    B :   Y  FD
 O D4  f 5    .
 - :3C    " OIC uB  .E 3 E5 
1  @  O  [YB* @ @ ME .E    G
5 -c I  Bg5  b @ B5* @5  N* *
Y  .. q " dI* MG  G*; @  {  -M
Y    E   .
3*E : I3G  - f- *5 b O*E I  5  
  - Gg [     dI Bg   .1 A
 uCY3  @ EB 4  B5 @5 O5B5 G Y  @5MB-
G B GgT f- E    E   * O c5 _z



 
   www.gulfids.com

--  dI @5g     ) G  -5 Y f-


-I   B   OB @ f-TEYB  O4 N  -
; "  N ).
@ :3 5  O-@  F bB  @ MB- 5 p
 ) (   " dI* @    d 5  
.  -
4B : I3G  -  5 O" I   @ B 3   - @
 N G5 BD "  ;-I B  @  " OT *
 B BB .: -4 Mc *  6 BD O )
-c(  z  * w D"  * . 5 B :3B
"EB  -4   " 6  F  - McN - f-GB
*   * w D"   .EB @5 _ B1 G  O
  uCY3   - - " _  *B0



 
   www.gulfids.com

) A(6 >:  ,#
_ M f-     :" 5 @  -   O*  
   O* E  @ M @   ;   C5*B
@ "  M " <5C " 5 G_- @ f- "E .G Ob 3
 MI  B  @ 5 f-B  "EB C5 G" I 
*5    -  " 5-_ " " 5 A3 .O_ M - 
B   @ C5*B  -  1N- @5  G Bd
 C5  M   OED  "  .O  ;   @5
"EB C5 G@  [@ :
1  *5 Y - )B  *   ):5   O n  F 6 .5  B   O
 6 5cB . :3B   55* F 15 4
  E" @ . " AT Dn    5-  ;
Y GE@  qB zx 0
 Oc*C5 3  N    O*    * .   @
 u I  z-    " -c 0
"  d 3  N T  C5   OL "   
 EYB*  @  M-4 _ < -3  w   " :3
N cY @ 5CB " V 5 4 3  E   b G- M-5
  D E- G  *5 15 4 @ D " : -  . O
2B  * E  B  : G " 1    G@ :
( (   @ ;x5- :
*C5 @ 3  N G  " -*" @BG  ."-E5 3 G "
 "  .B BGs  3  BBB M "  " EYG 
   . O  @   "  "  "
 *    @  O N B C Dr :3
   M   BBIB G@   D @5



 
   www.gulfids.com

 O N3 B5  @   BBGE@ *" .


"  b  GD @ <5C O   w  FB b " 
 F-c N  b "  *  0
((  : M I5
 3  N @  5 E" @ 1  " 1 @ O
 wb*  @5     w D  r z " -  A @-
 O M_B N 1 r 3 [   G c- C " -c
" -  Fx " 5  54 5 @   Y @5 F  s"
b 0
((  - - N : B-5B
 3  N @ 5  bT  " 5 4  B-5B
 -E" @ . @5 s N @  b b 5 4  B-5BB
 @ M1B5*  n @5 GBC G5 G5-B) G5  s
 @_ @5 "   5 5 4( ... q
V ;  NB  *  [5 G C * E"
@ 3  .  6c B . fC G @5; C5 G3 
 B @ GcL " .
T3 g*   :[ 3  N T F gc  @5* A GCDN @  <b
@  G . -   c5B G5G  G  O  1 @5GB5
 B G M*   "E .G  "  -I 3G  B-  N
 YB @5 "EB   " 13" *C5 0
4  5 3@ :@ OB  Y5  G. MED " 1 G MED   6c
" C5  ." ICY G " ;cCDN 4 " f-  N@5
E- G_-  - uCY - f-L  @ s  O .
C5  GD @ 3  B     - -3   G@ :
( ( C5   - " -c  . ICY
( ) C5 "  Lynn .  -
    -5
@ 3" C5 4" 5C B    -
_B   .
(( C5 T I5   ICY Edwards
@ 3 C5 4 3 16 M1B "  " " Murray5C
B   "  " G M " -   - 5C
-  " - @5 1  *  .



 
   www.gulfids.com

 B f-C5 4    @5  O 3   G@ @


" G- Bc    :  ICY
( ( C5    -.
(( C5  T5   -.
(( C5 * c .
 -C5 4 " *  ;    -  G B  G
; -Y  z @5* O c5CDN  G  -5 E Gb
  -b  B *s O c5 <   . G
5B  :   4 " ;c @ uCY3  " B  * @ fV B ; 5 
5   uCY*   n @ c  @5 G 1B
 _x  * z @ - :3 1B .5 B   " GB
E 5* @ - -D  -DN   V Mg B
  <YE 5 :"  1 :3B   @ :
( ( 5 D  O.
(( 5  GB .
@ 5  GB M  @ 1B " ;cB  5E Ib
 f-EDN  @  Bbc . 5 *5    uCY
B   @5 @ I . b w   C5 r 3
 B z1 G "    - " : V x5B N.
 "E- @ :3B  C  G* 5E "  T- 1
E I . G C5*B
.................................................. ............



 
   www.gulfids.com

)(1
)(2
)(3
)(4
)(5
)(6
)(7

(,< ,
,I >H#
, ,I
< /- ,I
L+( ,I ( K G &/-
(L (- ,I
+  O 8 4 ,I N  ,I



 
   www.gulfids.com

- :
  @_B  4* @    @ zB B@  
C 5   5B <5C G - @54-   .
4* -Y;   fx :E   R . -YC 6
  "N[Bc    . -Y f- wbs E
@ f-N  .3E   4* @ ; * B5  x .3 
AD_@ @   s    B b " G B  .-5 " G :3
   4-  dI 5CB    .G -5  BdI
G D  B 3    -Y M-
)(1(,< , :
V G 4- " B  Y @ -   T 
-<  5- O B @ " IIC5B   G B 
  P. T. Young W  B @ M1B5   -  F  
"    Fs "  <5CG  @ (Young, 1961) g5E
 f- BB- 1  Wundt w Mcdougall M V 
 g F4-  -D s TEYB   N  bT- "
4- -Y "  - * . B  TD A B5 B 
gB B  - ; . s BB "  <bB3  14-
"  M-N . 4  -*g G     @ *
0
*C5  " f-* E " G 4- @  " B  E-



 
   www.gulfids.com

5   - ) M1 ;_xC   MI5 .(qB s I-


@  c GT .*C5  f-L  GB MEY OA
@ :c  E <b " D@ @ GgC -Y
@ * " T  x5 @ _ N Y  0
4-  Y  F-5  E" @ "  W G 15  B @5c
 "  x *    5 "   Y    " @ V
  * <C5 " :315 4   I 15 4 4 -
    G 6 I E" 0
-  "  ) (Marx, 19764- [ "c  MBY
  n @   -Y p *     [Y
@ NI " M *@" . c  N s B5 D " 5
 W G5- N  4-  <b5 O B Y N  @5 G
 dI Y  Y  <bB3  . _V B n @ O B
     -Y p< *     B
- B .- [Y4- @ NI " M *@ N   5
f-nB C    .
6*5- O A<  P.T. Young W- [ "   *5
4c Y   @ MB5YT g   @ :*
C -Y  B- *    " 0
I "EB 4- @ "B_5 G ":
N   YB3 
1@ :5 4 B  .
; N :  YB3  :   5- 4 M1  - ;_x*
   -Y G . G5 - "EB " T 5   g@5
<I N " GT. G-
; 1@ :5 4 B  :g N  - @ I @
   g  b<   Y N :_ M  5 4 B .
 A " T Y  GgB  dTBC  * " T
* M5 4   ) M1 zx  ;  5  qB
GE@ )... q
4-  : O
 1  zC1 " 3"   ." GB 5  @E4-
[ " MED " ED * Gg -    0 "O



 
   www.gulfids.com

 g f- " 1 F OGp @ 5  5 4-   O


4- 4*@  F  5 r    C . -  T1 O McF
 G .C " 54  O 3 B5 F3 s " @ G
35 . ;_x O  F- 4 .B-  . -
B _  f- O "EB Gp G  ;5 -  . - O
  T1E I     E . O*@ E I  
   0
*n L  :  " 4-  O
@   Ob  Ob s B  " 4-  .O   N@5
" "EB GT s B5  B M1B5 BG[@ :
( ( *15 4-   G c   @ . " *15   V O
 G c   .
((  5 " 4- 5 s B5 C 3   
IB * @ . "  5 "   - s B5 @
Y B  G 0
s  b * *@  * H. Bergson " 4-   -
@   *5 4- * @ : BG M
5*B N : M1B4-  @5 5G B G5   w3  4
   "  :   *  [5  I @  " -
3 4- I " W @ )  ( - EYB -- .
3  " 4-  3 5  E  B "   
  . -3  " 4- @ " N M- _ w-
[5  -   4r  -  G. G
 5*B 1@5* :  : -
 6c*  "- " @B M- " @-3 5 B
*; M @- A3* @ 6s @ I5  6 @-*; @
  5  "   (  *B5 B  { (V
I5  . - :3I5  r  "E 3  " 4-
) (  -b3  "EB 3 "   6 " G  5B
_.
 * 3  " 4- )  (  -b 3 "EB n F
E   0
B s B5* 4 @ @- * N : @L
( ( * 4 @- _c . g  V



 
   www.gulfids.com

((  <b @ [Y*@.
(( I  x *      cG  @I-T.
( ( s B5* 4 @-     _ [ D 1 
@0
)(2, ,I:
 w1BG B  @  5N M N-  @5 "EB<
4- @  @ GN- N O:  5
1 c O@02Y 03 4- .4  -5 5 ;0- B@  ME " - :3N- N: -
1 c O@ : -c O@   Y @ M1B5B   ) M1*-E )" 
IC u s B5 @5 G4- . @  " V E" 3  F 
* " 4-   " -5   V* r   " *MG
 B s B b Ob MEY " 3"  "  @  15 4
4  -0 5-B
2Y :D Gg 4- b @   bc3B @  B- T1
EB - ) :-Y C -Y  @ * Id
5 4 *  ( . *5 bT- " :3- T1 [.*5  V G
  @ <5C GD @ Gb4-  . " <5C B- L.
3 4- : <5C5 4 4 @  -5   s5 4 .Gbx5* @5 { "
*5  M  @ " -1B E b * c  5b  R G  B
E b  0 G
   T. Young W I "EB 4- [  B-  
@   *5  " <5C   5 :  s
5*B N :     YB*  * ) c4 -* ( MB5Y
@  " : * E.
5*B 1@ :  YB *5 @5B5 4  " 5*B *. 6
5*B  :14- :  Y F B-   c_B " [Y @5
I *@ . GI  x @ * E" . G ;_xY MC



 
   www.gulfids.com

s  .
5*B  :O sB :
 Y@  4  - MbNc  " 4- D Mb   G1
B5  " 4- "EB . *- B5     O
  x5 uCYsB - "  cB @ - - ) M145 6
B( 4-   " 4c . sB G . s
5*B  :C :
*C5 3 GB @ " M ;c*@   4  @E 
45 Y  6G -Y Y 0
5*B * -<:
@  "   Y @  C -B B  . "B_53
5*B  6 "  D V  .G  A@ MB-
 ) " - @ B "  ..-Y). q
5*B * -O4B5 B:
MB5Y3 5*B @ 4B5 N cY @5 G *x5 @
.T B @ MB5YB @ N cY  @5 G
B G5  5b
  G D4-5  G B. "E
5*B  "1sB *:B
 5 " 3 5*B  I   cB  s  - " B
B  *5  ICY   " 5 4 1 . @ Gg- "
 I    .
T " 4- f-B  N  Y
@  " V  
 d 4-  B : " s B5  -; N [ G  "
4c @ x5* @5 5    Ib 0
4  -5 5 ; : *54- [  bT  B  A3 .G ;-I MI T .G
T1 EB   b    "  BC  z . z z_x
r A3   < I4- @ cC N@  * Gcb @
M  G g : x5 IB  .3  5 @ 
:  5
)(3 < /- ,I :
 - B*B   g- B -  "   V -  4 GT
- .5  {  BB  *  - @  : " 5
N@ : u5C [YB M4- .



 
   www.gulfids.com

1  : u5CB 4- .


C5 r 3  AB[   < I5 EB s B " I" * "
- : BB <bE   )  L "(  MBf-
 I5     B  4-  @5 @ @  M .
14- :  bB*15 3  " 4- "  6L *  DB GB
 c   - B I u .<bB Gg N *@ -
 @  -Y  B .NY 4G 3 n @  *
 @ Ns *   c    uC54-5  @ "
5 Nn @5  F) ;_xG( C )G ( @ B5-
 - <bB @  . G
24- N  :*15  g-4-  c  @5 GE"  <5CB<b
GB .* 5 4 4  -N  @ -B   @ :*-
@ NC .;_x
-  @ G : @L
( ( *- :
5 * *- @ 5 W . O B  b O    B
*   1 @ f-*  . Gg3  " 4-
@ ED ) 5C Y Y ).
(( N: F
@ G  MI5B@ *   * Br- .@ N3 " W5
    V . b MI3  " 4-  F
 I  c5 45.
(( C :
.G T
 OC _  @ G  MI5B@ * *- .   E
-C 5   @ <b5 B-5 *5 "  - .
n - C  p    G . O  FG " cC
3  @  -|   V .  1  5 C :3 p
 B 4   dI _    .- C  -  ;*5E
 w5 b @5 G* @  Mc   xIE C  "
N Y B  G .C Tg  -1 "  zc
TE  V "  DN  b @5 G CE . -5 B Mc -C "



 
   www.gulfids.com

 D  1  "E0 Mb " G C


5 C  1 " L uCD " _ N .T| *15
5@   "       -  E"  Bn  G
 5 * B b -*;  5b  B nB4*
  uCY[ -YC .3 @ [ C 5  .B-5<b5
@ C B  .-D B  McC " L B G z
N .Ob A   Mc -5 @YB-5 *c  .Bn3E B
   : .Obs O _ W Mc -5  M O M-5:3
G5 @5CC .C [  4- "B_5 " 
 5 O  @5C<  FG "  <bB3 @ 15 C @5
s  5s 4- 0
I; - C f- x5 *      M1 ;
4* G @ -B  Y ; I- F 0
( ( : ;_x
 -  ;_x   G s " Y @ - f-N 
 F   f-B N 4  -  5- "  .6 "E 1  5Y
-  ;_x @ ;-I uCYn E5  F f-5 W_
*  . Gg3  " 4-   5 Mp   G
[ .OB  ;_V  1N  -D  6  " s-VG
.GV B ;_V  1N -Y  " ; " 0 BGc
6 B d_5 " T- C  ;_x [Y  5  f- O
E   N" @C .  5 wE" @ f-- w
 "  6 . Vn 4- @ " M @5C  ;_x F
Y 3 "EB C5 @  <b cC  CB @  - - @5
 "   F. V
 z_ W uCY @  @ E5-  ;_x3  : @
*"  G0<bB
34- 4:  B5*  " 5 F *: " 5
N@ : u5C3 B)  - C MC-Y 3;)
1  : 6-5 O M 5L" ) ; E  ).
     " 5 M " 4- 4  B54-
 . bB B5-3  @ MI uCY CDN @ B <b " -B" 1
B5 @ : @ <bB  .N *  B- G  FY  *5
   5   @ w3 I -.@*- MI G A3



 
   www.gulfids.com

* 4- 4  B5: " 5 F


( ( -  3:
 b -  @    " 1; Bs @  * E@
  B 3 @  B  x5B   ICY4  B5- " :3
 x5B :5*B N @B N @bT @ 1I5b4 4
_ .n @   B  3 " M-Y 3; sC 
0
 YsC  F  " _C 3 . -Y 3;  YF
5   - 1  rG5 -B    N . bT  G
1  5 -Y 3; . <5C :3 4 "  - 
N.
(( 4- C bT- " CDN :
5B MI5B@ " @Ib   YB4   F @Ib
  YB*  .;   @ z - I53"  :" c; -E .
;    -  ;5sB " I4  O M 5 N L".
; I @ :   :5CB; *@ ; " ...q
 E  @G   - G  ;5  " -L" . 
 " ME 5C; E  . z B5  BG_
 V   N -  " ME " @  : @L
; :
 "B_5  Y s @ uCD ." - D B n @  Y
 5 " 3  uCY  I @ 3  .Y B- ; "
L B T * O c5 Mc @ O N s B " * " -
 z B A3 . O B N@ E s   G -Y3
" 4*   5CBI "  .  B " "EB5 s B5 " * "
 - z B 5  CDN  DN N @ 3  G - 5
@  @  NI G  : 5 . B 5 - MBY  AT
" N 4     N . B 6-5  f- DN B );-
TB  V).A
*  ;   x; 3   @ ; @  g-Nb  "E 5
@ f-N  Y ;  b  x 5D F    @_  N
[* G[  sEB @  M  x IB .- B bY E-
"   A f- N N " 3"  MN  C*. z G
B " 3"  " c5B "  g- O 3" *- c5   G
  xN G* G;   @  4* G *  @ B



 
   www.gulfids.com

5 ICDB    -  - .4*  "N[Bc  0


 E  M1 G1B;  b  B  -  . @ GgB <b 1 @5
 :    Y N  DN N" . @ @  N- E 
"B_5  c @ V YEB .: A  " <5C  @ V
  " Y    D f @-_  E . I5 @
:3 @  . E  "B_55 B c @ V4-5  0 B
4- @ 5 -@ :
  @ 5 -@ s B   " N  " 5CB4- B
_  s B "  M  @ G . d_5 B A[@ :
( (  s B5 "  4- :
B s B  x " * *  E  B  O 3 @
  . bE    B O 3   @I ub*  V
 B A -5n  * @B A . f* s -
s E B  @x E *     " TB
 f  .x b 5x4* _ 5  V " B E   
A3  B      @B : V  s * B
    .
BB s B  x "  G @ x  G  @ E EB :T5
B    "  .D @ x @- x f;  -E b
 b  Ob E 5 B @B bs 3 c  @5
3;  . B
  " s E @ M1B5 E @  s  @  .
"        ss .    "E @ 5 0
( ) s B5 "  4- :
s B M VT "   " 4- 5B "  1  A[@ :
*  :3 4G5  15 4  4s5) . @  s5
- B -" -(  4  4Y)  b N @-Bw
  D 3  (  6Y    ) :@- b " c;
 "( . B  D  s b "  (:  @ ]BN
 ).
; :  :G   : bT-@ ; T ; .  :<E D
;
  :6Y-   " M_ BB 3 B; .
  :<-Y  ; ; 3 O 
 : <xY  ; xD ; .
  : G "



 
   www.gulfids.com

  : 5 * :-5;.
  : M5 * BG
  : 5   " M-G.
  G : 3; @ x GG  .
s :
1 :BEs  *c5 _.:2 : Ds .3E : x3 [ 3 .4 : @  .5 @ N :<Gs @  Y .6 :s * wE .7 :< Ns . ;_V O8E :  4*E  Os .95 :  .- :
 fx @  Y   <Y  wB  _x Dfx
[  G fxB G fx M  .  V
:;_x
 : uCY T .
 L g   E O ;_x O .
  B@  O ;_V 5 .
  | x ;_V" - " s. @Y5
  )  d5 * (G E 5x 4* 5 3 pVG
.
  6C D  5V4  O .
 4T5  D. ;_x
*  B4- :
@  " V - @  * B 4-  s B5 6 b  G
   @ ;x5 5C A @ GI C "EBT @ .
1  *[  "  BC 5b4  B*B TBN B " 5C4-.
2- b ) B G- MD I " 4-(  "  BBCDN



 
   www.gulfids.com

)- "( . G5 B* G ;c


3N 3 " BN 1@ * *4 @ 0BG)L+(4( ,I ( K : G &/-
 * "EB x5 IB -  F " * " .
1 x5 *     .2 -5 *  BC  .-  @ BG : @5
1 x5 *   :I;  4  -   x *   _ zx   5
5 *  ." -[5 B - T_- Y -B -N . q
( ( zx :  4-  x @ zx  @ -s
*  .5  @ " M   b .;_x 3 45 N
N   B5 s5 "  B b dc .
(( 5  :  I; 4-   x G  "EB[5 G
"  6 Mcb G   F ) @  I5 (" E 5
 M *55 4 ) (1    - 5  GE  1B Dn
 x5 4.  -
((  :5-  x5  3 5"  6 GY  s*;  4:  -
 Oc "  @ "s  .YE   -c5  AY E- .
 " <YE3E M  @ -1B 5* M * 5  5 zx
4 " Gp4  -   W G54  @- uCYE .
( (  ; : B  x5_  -  ;   4  -
|   s b f  4- " 72 150 F_ @  . bB
 w f-5  @5 @ w "  c b    "
; Mb54 s 5" @    b -54 .
((  - T_- :  5-T_- "  N IB
-   ]-  4- Y . " " T  T_-
GE@ Y GE@ s5  -  .
( (  -B -N "   :   ;_xI .G5  YVN
  -B  O @  _ GT *   .G f
@  45 M5*  f <E-B "  .
" "  BT C5 -DN*    -B -N [5 4-
Y .n b L 4  - F G 4.



 
   www.gulfids.com

( ( 4- 5 E :  x5 Bp<   E* B TN @ *  -


  x5 4 @ . -  W G5C Y @  M1B s *
5 .
(( 4- x BI-  x5 :  x BI G 
zY Tx B "  @ " 5 E  ;_xC "
4- 1B .
 c     N " 3 n  E F Y
 s  B* E3  : @ E .n   B* E- F
 b B G 4- s5 R *  .
(( 4-   GE@ : MED <5C  GE@  rT5
  "   F  grT5 *" .n 4-  Fc 
 Gp  "  c  .5Y @5  @ f-N
  - @  N x *"0
2 -5 *  BC  : 5- -5 *  B   C  "   M @5*5 " @ GT
-   Y N @  " V  f- -5 4  -"EB
   f-L ;-I- : b  @ uCY @ E5G:
 @I-*5B .b B5-  @ uCY - @ E5  V@  g
  5*  * " "   . BT  3  : " MB
R " Ekman, et al. -5 4B  -@  "  ." - n
B@  - @  BE Mb  G -5 GBE @ G G .G
b 5 *  3G   6B*  B G Mb_  _ V " z.
 - Y " G E *5  " G f- 6B MbN c
0  BE
5 B@ "  -5 C  - - @ A : @5
( (  dT :
-  4 c  - .  g  V V  -  B5-
@  c  4*  MEY5 G    1  .5CBC5* Bb
 -  @   N@  "    - @ ] - @5 B .
-54* <  - @ E5 G < " -* " T
 - . G V * O c5 " 5; N uCY  @-
 - G @5 I@  G  I  .  Ib V
   "   5   @5 w- Ms @5 " bE5
* c @  -5   G wC5 V  DB z 
-  -  -5  -   G1B4  I I    f-



 
   www.gulfids.com

:3  ) (e.g. Davitz, 1964 "E @ _ @ - Ms @5
" b @ E -5 4  - B " G -T   B@
D z@ -   -5   - +I I . :
 " " 5 W :3   *5 "  @ b-5 @ 4- z
- I +I .   -5   G @ G I
. :
B wY f-    T5 " 4- "  b-5 @
.G M" :3    b @5 G w   " M (Levitt & 5
) .1964  Davitz @5 w  "  -5C " T I.
"  B   :   M "  -5  .;_x B " M +
I   -T -Y B[ _ " M @  - M 0
b_ " dT  M 54I@ -B5   O  -5 4 -
@ :
*- B[ C s  ;_x ) sBD4(
4B5 .
 ;  T " . Osgood, et al. :B "  I
@    5 0 "E M  - :35 TC5 N- T1
:  5
( )  @ E M.
((  4- @  M @ E54-.
(( 4B5 @  M 4B5 .
((   -5g : " -
 w5 W  5  D  - "EB  " --
 N  G L"CDN . g    " F
_    G-s B 4    g O 1 G_-f-
B 1 M-3 . s B3 [ G Mbg  B5 4 "  _ .
 ;- *  " -   @  D4  " - FL"3G .
 *   -T s  ."G5 "  B* *  " -
3    G  T B . A3* *  " -
4    G 3 " D"
)(5 (L (- ,I:
-  @ G : @L



 
   www.gulfids.com

1g *   :( ( g  BJames Lange W


 Y* @ B@ "  (1834 C.G. Lange " W
) 1950 1885g @ 54- @ M1B5 4-   5
-Y  uCY @  x5N   0
T
   (1900-1842) B *   N b @E 5* M
@ g Y G Y @ 18905 (   ( g@ 5
4- @  -* G  .W w  bg B -  rg )
 B @ (W4-.
  "Eg D W *4 n w   x @ zN   @
" 5  B ME  x5 Y 0 BG5 @
4- E -D  5  uCY x5 @ N  NY  .
4* Y * @B* 64* 4 T1B ) @-"    C   D
 ]- -YC( . @  " E-E Y -- -35b3 @5; F
4-  ;5*    B *  3  4-
B_ uC g  " : C N  ".
3 B "  *5E"  3 @c :3g "  D
.  -B
 F " V  B :3g r  f-5    @5 @ M
Gg b  .E w  OI  ;_x T[ -Y
 .;_x "  B -Y 4  @-  x NY c
 4 .c *   Y  * w  " *B-Y
4- .
:3G  545  @5 wG@ g  B  * @ W4-
  * @ N" @E 5 W.B. Canon" (1871-1945).
g 5 @5-  @ G : @L
(( g   T1 GB :
@ g  Gb @5   *54- ._B G   YB4 -
@   5T1 GB .  -5 *  - " @Gp<
 GT G 0 qB
5 :3g 4*   " 5CB*  MI F " MY
  CB GT " T * 4*  I .  I   "
*   : I-Y B -Y qB 4- 1@  GT
u5C* 4 @-g. :  Y :3g  F -Y 4@-
* 4 @-I @   wb  B  "g   @



 
   www.gulfids.com

N .
n @ 3 :3g  G 5     @B   "
-Y 4- I " GB GB  C  -Y *  N  .
2g :  -B 5g *    Gg F " g C 44 . -*
*-  [ " I " - D C - " 3  Y 
 :3G " Gr g 4- -  5 M 5 " 15 4  
 B- 0 -B
  b * 5   @ 1 x1 @ g
*   *B -  -5 .4 @- "EB  @  V  Y
  -   M dn ."    *  B @ 
C -B  @5   "  4-   B- 
 <bBC@ @   - @ n  -  B @ 4- .
1BT   F " qB  C   F_ N   * .A "  6G  @I-*5B.
2  <bB3   " T sC -B 5B    AG *  3 . <bB
3 M 53   *5 4  @ " M- M  -BG 5C   O- M*   5  4 GED @  -G@ 0
b b D Schachter 5  G  G@   4  -
M 5  5 " - M  -B15 4 *  5 .   "
 CDN -  " -  5 -3G -r E  wG zx
 : Y*  B b O @  54 :  5
 c  n @  4T1  -  B " B " .
N@ :   " L *    N  @ 5B3
-.
1   :C   N . -b5B
 :11  -B  " -.
B    B " - N  c  )  B
15  ( - " 5 W :35  [@ :
1    BBN@( 3"  - nB  -B "  I-(    BB) -_ (c3" 3   B
 [5  G54  -* .M1BB
2    BB1  ) 3"  - nB  C  [-  (    BB ) 113"   -B  "
-( [  G54  -* nB .  <YE :35 "



 
   www.gulfids.com

-B -B @   x 4  - .


3g *  : [Y4- " G g f-gB" * "  5I 15*B
E" @ .3 n   5 r .*5  V B*  f-L
4- @  c * .n @ 3 :3g B  "
  - @  -5 4   @-B  bI
5 r :   - 0
M- b* O J.B. Waston4- @ zB@ " 5 4
 x "B_5 * @  B* E" ME @ N BgY x.
W b* 4-  c  M- @5 O G5 4  V
  Y @5 GB 6*5 MEY  . -T| *  5GM 5
* @ -  G .@I-
 B O M-5 E.C. Tolman4- @ 5 ." - 5
4-   "EB : cGB  z 5 4  z @ "E
 bT-  .BG bB 5   @ -54-    
N D"  @ M-  B.F. Skinner  E  O4-
@ w*  G    " 5 4  GE "   "EB G5
_ GgB  0s
  x  -   E- - A  5  5  M1B
-5 n G  M- 5 4 ." - MEY 4-  " "
" Y 15 4 I x G @ NY T_- .
  * R. Millenson3 5- gB" * " B " 
B  @ 4- n ::  x5 4  - " T  BY5z
 G @E TE :
(( f-4-  " z <5C  Y .
(( G_- 5-   G_-L 5-   . G5
  *  T - < O B4-  " <5C 
Y :
 -N : "B_5s  6 ; G53 n   *  F *
N@ 0
 -1@ :*-   * N@.
 - :1 ;_x * f- * N@  n  F
B5  G   5 C5; .



 
   www.gulfids.com

4g  M 5*@ : B5-B *  - @ f-B   M1 6-@-


 " V  b S. Freud @ 55  6 B- -DT 
MB4- 5  B 5 " 1915   @ .-DT ;5
 :  [ 4-  M "B-Y  F @  M A
f- " B* " BB " T-  b " ; -DT ;_x
-DT . q
 uC   D. Rapaport G g M 5*@  @
: @L
1  B-DT  B "  B3   4- " x5 *  cC   x5 Y   .
2   x5T C@ -Y 45 B @- 51 "  I s. bc -B
3 M4-   - z5C 5 @ G  -5 " I  .6 4- : * 4 @-[  *@  B@ r  B  . BMc
   W G5- @  s B5[ 3 5 r .5C   @  E
 .    G @ GY T1 N@ " 5 B Gg :B " :  YB
N@ :B *  C  54* 3 .
1  : @ N_ @ 6  " D  .  -
@ @  GY* s B5- _ 6 FT -  5C@:
C  ;_xsBD4.
B - GY*  - * _  @  Gg .s B5- 
Bs ; . BB5 s;  F;  E ;  xI .
 Y3 B5 s3 c @  W G5-  Mc FY    <5C
rT5 0 -
 "4  ccC" K.M.B. Bridges s 4- @  : @L
 Mc  z15 r s B  V   V T GY T1 N@
" 5 :B :315 4 g F   g   . 53 B5s
5  sB "  @ G * 1  "  .B- @ " V
b zcCB3 5b4 1 4-  G @ 5b 
TBg YB   @  @ . M1B5 @ 5 B b
I5 B@ N@ sB "   B .- @5  bT
 "  B-b : @   g. -



 
   www.gulfids.com

- MnB @  4-:


n " M_ W @ -5 4- Bs   -  .G
 V  B4- @ * 6    4 @  GY
N@ "  G@ [ _ W  M- @  NnB @ :35 EB
"  .B- B  @ Mc B-   -5 1 .
_ :W I  B3   [   .-5 -  5 M 
 . Gg _ W  @   G  @_-x  @I-T
Gg f-4- N .   B*5  _E @ GY"
N " N    _- @5 " "EB GT  W_  A3. -
 :-5 Gg :  @ *5 N - "  -5 4 -
 "  -5-  ;_x N @ M1B5I 4 " -c x
sB M :3- N GB-5n N "    @5Y - .G-
@ T R M EY @ -5
T5  -5 4L OB5 "  - 
5 4 4 f- 0  --B5B " - Y O; d5."  -
 B -  I  " T1 Yr * .G5 (Edwards,
)1968  -5 4 Mc 4  - " 5T T  ; .
( ( B :    @ *5 N  5 4  - Mc
@  L" @ @ " * G ." 55  B "   @5
 ) G ] -   b   ).
(( Y5 : z [ Ec" "    R  6 15
5   - . "  B C 3 B-5 "   " - 5BF
" : VGB Y5 @5 . -  @ A  0  B-5
( ) : G @- B <b @5 MB5   1 5   -  .
C " C @-  " -N BG "B_5 : "EB  "
 C .
) +(7  O 8 4 ,I N :  ,I
  dTB G- n @ * wb b *5  *5 5CB
3 [5  .
  *5N @ : g 4-  "  @ bc -5 Gc
n : 5 * IB -  I B  G GB<b
B  B G G .
  *51@ @ : g  z Y5-  z :3g " 5
* IB - " *5 Y 15 4   .  5-
*5 15 4 " - M " *B  @   N .



 
   www.gulfids.com

  *5 :1 @ G  - bc G GB E *5


15 4 0
b wY5 W  "  bT "  5 @_-T )W
" 15 4 *  ( " N *@ @ 0   " N
*@ @ s 5* @5 5- "  5 zG3 5*B -A
 .
5* - 15 4 5bT -53 :
 " 5*B  " @-15 4  z_ <-  45  IbB
b *" 45  MB 0
 5*B  " fCB15 4  z 45  IbB b
45  MB . "  B *5 15 4 @  *5  -5
N  zGB  . 5  d " D.E. Berlyne s @
*5 15 4  zB 5 4   B zI @ *5
15 4 - *@ 0
5* - 15 4 N 4 @ :
O 6*5  A  wY f-  IB  @5 w bT- "
4  5*@  . wY   @5 ". .*  "  bT
  " 4  5*@ . BE  5 4 .. "E F ." -
r  " 53  3  4  @ 4C 5 fCB
  _C -n Gp F 4 . :3  - A
"  @ 4 @5 5  - -  4  r 5
" 1 .A   w :3    " 5-B 5@
N 1  4 0
B w5 W " . "TB  5 z    
4  @  "  - c :3* B@  cB 5 .@c "EB
*  @ B  4   "E @5r . - c " 5
:3 c " 3  M1N A3 Mb  b- d 0
6 B d_5 4- @  G5 M1B 5-B  B  * 
6  @ : *5 "  1E . @  s D 4- rM1B G
c *  BE . -  G _  _ .3  5
 B. -
 <b5   bT- " *5 15 4 N @  : G M
( ) g   p O .
(( c  N C5*B @  b *5 15 4 )_ ;



 
   www.gulfids.com

  qB Y T_- ).q
  M1B5*B  z 5B 5-B " 15 4 4  - _M
5*B  @5E  @ GT T " B  g  5 [ B
Y d MEY5* bT @5 15 4 4  -    
N.
 - 4-:
 6  " 5-B4- - "  *    G[@ :
s1  Y  IB - "  MB  - F MB- 6 .
2- B b -5 .  B5 IB - 6 B   - B b  z "  N s " G_- GBG. f-
5-34- I " I* ME . 5  F G  -  @  . : E wb 5.MB
G44-  B " T  G  @I-T.((  _ 4-  GB[@ :
1n 4- @   E " -BB5 4 . B  @  ;_x  M-  E5   c B  @  s 45.
2 M4- " b  @ uCY  NE .  I3 Bn _  @ 3 B MI5N  5 @5 5 4- . @ 4  4- B5* MEY  ;5- "  x5B*   B n  F  x _ @ N*  @ [Y :3
 * @BN *  *  B * .  E b -B 
zx 0
*n 3 * 654   : < "EB ;x5* c @
4-  " M 5 .3  5 @  :  5
- @ E54- * c  : G
 f-  B 5B @ 3 I  @5 " "EB GTE5
* c @ 4-   G[@ :
1 "  -5 bc4 @  -B N  B .   4-  b @* *   @    f-B N  . -"  "EBB 5 
@    f-B N N  B  @E " uC5 :3. bc
2 -B -B " GB  1B - .  *  @ A D 4-  @5 @ ;x54c 3  { cYI5B
Mc .3 C "  T1 zc @  * "EB " uC5" A



 
   www.gulfids.com

s 6 : f--B  " M @5 :3  .


3  " 5 -5  O4-r . -D   uCD " YE   N    -  "     "EB  1
 3G  uCY  x . :
 4  s4 @ :5 DN B <b 1B -r .  * Oc5 @ E5 " - 6 " ; 4  * @ Y
I 4- EB  x " B53  Y F DN B  @5
*  @ :G  " uC5 - .
55 4 : 4-    " T_ @ 5 * @ M1 :3 *"   " Y5 4 - G5 4-  Ib .
 6 *  NE @ B  N  BGB 4-5 .4-  M1B "  5  A3 MY @  N GEY.d I
E @5  V E  0
3G E  b @ 3 -5 MI< 4- -  G
g *B  Gg < @ L B "  x5 . 
- " A15 4 4  - G5bTE N  _ 4-
< "EB E5* c  . G
.................................................. ................



 
   www.gulfids.com

:
1    B)  : ( 1986 M  * N* F 4  _G-  0
D2  B   B R )  : ( 1990 - , 3 V;  Y50 O
B1 3 @ )  : ( 1983 @     E w  0 F 4* : ( 1985 ) @B* N* @ F4  V 5E ; 0
) : 2003 ) 6 D B5N*   F  " OB5B 4 " F B5E 4  ;5EB @- 0
 FcI6< )  : ( 1983 N F B5 5E ,NIB 0



 
   www.gulfids.com

You might also like