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Commercial Airplane Design
Commercial Airplane Design
R=25Np
R (Range in miles)
9000
R=20Np
8000
R=15Np
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Np (Number of Passengers)
Commercial Airplane Design
aircraft (hundreds)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
American
US Air
Delta
Northwest
United
Continental
70
current $
constant $
Billions of $
60
(preliminary)
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
Year (200_)
25,000
Time period: 2008-2027
Total new airplane
deliveries=29,400
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Regional jets
Single aisle
Twin aisle
Ultra-large
1600
Time period:
2008-2027
Total market
value=$3.2 trillion
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Regional jets
Single aisle
Twin aisle
Ultra-large
25000
Total number of aircraft:
2007=19,000
2027=35,800
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Regional jets
Single aisle
Twin aisle
Ultra-large
8%
2%
North America
23%
Asia-Pacific
Europe & CIS
25%
Latin America
Middle East
38%
Africa
1,400,000
1,200,000
B747
1,000,000
B777
800,000
B787
600,000
B737
400,000
200,000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Number of Passengers Np
Commercial Airplane Design
10
Market Survey
Rigorously examine 3 or 4 existing aircraft which
closely satisfy the mission
Introduce mission specification, the competitor
aircraft, and special attributes of your aircraft
Present detailed quantitative data for the
competitor aircraft in tabular form, along with 3views, in an Appendix.
Photos of the competitor aircraft appear in
Chapter 1 along with airplane descriptions
Commercial Airplane Design
11
12
13
14
WE
=Empty Weight
WF
= WF,USED + WF,RES
= Weight of Fuel Used+ Weight of Fuel Reserve
= Total Fuel Weight
=WPL+WCREW = Weight of Payload +Weight of Crew
WPLC
15
WE
(1-MTFO-MFUEL)
increasing
Fuel fraction
needed for
mission,
including
reserves
WTO
16
Mission profile
WF = WTO WFINAL=WTO (Weight at End of Mission)
WF/WTO = MFUEL= 1 WFINAL/WTO = 1 MFINAL
Fuel Needed for Mission
Normal
5
Diversion
4
7
1 2
10
11
17
Mission profile
Segment weight fractions Wi / Wi -1
exp[-RCj/V(L/D)]
exp[-Cj/(L/D)]
5
0.98
exp[-230Cj/V(L/D)]
9
0.99
8
7
0.98
0.99
10
11
3
Commercial Airplane Design
18
MFINAL =(W11/W10)(W10/W9)(W9/W8).(W2/W1)(W1/W0)
M FINAL
WF ,USED
WTO
n
WFINAL W11
Wi
=
=
=
WTO
W0 i =1 Wi 1
WLAND , NOM
WTO
M F , RES =
Fraction Used
= M FINAL + M F , RES
WF , RES
WTO
9
5 Wi
Wi
=
1
i = 6 Wi 1
i =1 Wi 1
Commercial Airplane Design
Reserve
Fuel
Fraction
19
1-Mfinal
0.35
1-MFINAL =0.00316(R-800)1/2
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Range (mi)
This is the nominal value of the ratio WF,USED/WTO
Commercial Airplane Design
20
1 - Mfinal+Mres
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
1-MFINAL+MRES=0.0048R1/2
0.05
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Range (miles)
21
Mtfo
0.002
MTFO=0.227(MFUEL)2/3(WTO)-1/3
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
0
22
600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
23
We/Wto = 1.59/(Wto/1000)^.0906
0.200
0.100
0.000
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
24
WE=aWTO-WPLC
Historical
correlation
WE=0.504WTO
0
-WPLC
WTO
25
W5
V
L
of Cruise to Weight at
= exp R
W4
C j D Start of Cruise
14<L/D<18
26
23kft
Convair CV-880
L/D
ML/D
15
35kft
23kft
10
5
L/D, Landing
35kft
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Mach Number
Commercial Airplane Design
27
Wide-cut
gasoline
18,720 119,000
Btu/lb Btu/gal
18,610 125,800
Btu/lb Btu/gal
28
Historical Correlation,
WE=0.5WTO
WTO
-WPLC
Commercial Airplane Design
29
3. Fuselage Design
30
TC
LNC
LC
LTC
33
34
35
Passenger
aisle
Passenger seats
Passenger
compartment floor
Cargo
containers
36
Cabin cross-section
Overhead storage
bins
Pressure shell
Passenger aisle
a
Passenger seats
Passenger
compartment floor
Cargo
containers
37
38
10
L/d
= 0.9(LC /d) +/d+5)
5
L/d=0.9(L
c
5
(LTC
+L
5 0.1(LC / d) C/d)
(L
+L
NC)/d
TC
NC=)/d=5-0.1(L
8
LC /d
10
12
39
Tail
cones
LNC /d
LTC /d
1
Nose
cones
0
0
6
8
Commercial Airplane Design
LC /d
10
40
p
w
D
d
p
LNC
LC
LTC
Base drag
D = D p , NC + D f , NC + D p ,C + D f ,C + D p ,TC + D f ,TC
Commercial Airplane Design
41
Cp
1.0
42
D = D f , NC + D f ,C + D f ,TC + D p , BASE
S wetted D p.BASE
D
cD =
= c f ( Re, M )
+
qS
S
qS
cD , fuselage
1.5
7
= 4kcF ( Re, M ) F 1 + 3 / 2 + 3
F
F
43
Cd based on
frontal area
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
10
15
20
Fineness ratio
Commercial Airplane Design
44
45