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XII. yzyln sonlar ve XIII. yzyln balarnda Bizans merkez otoritesinin
kmesi sonucu Bat ve Kuzeybat Anadolu'da Alaehir, Menderes havzas, Sampson
ve Papllagonia gibi nemli merkezlerde Bizans ynetiminden bamsz bir idare
kurmak isteyen eitli yerel hkimler ortaya kmtr.
Bu yar bamsz idarecilerden en nemlileri arasnda Matuel Mavrozones,
Theodoros Makaphas
ve Sabbas Asedenos'u
sayabiliriz.. Hkim olduklar
blgelerde bamsz bir idare kurmak isteyen bu isyanclar, Seluklularn ve yerel
halkn destei ile Bizans ynetimini uzun sre ratrmlarclr. Nihayet iznik
imparatoru I. Theodoros Laskaris zorlu bir mcadelenin ardndan bu yerel
hkimleri itaat altna almay baarmtr.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bizans imparatorluu, I. Theodoros
Mavrozones, Theodoros Makaphas, Sabbas Asedenos.
Laskaris,
Manuel
Abstract
During the last period of the 12,h century and the first decade of the 13'h
century the various semi-independent
governors of important locations in the
wester and north-\vestern Anatolia sucl as Philadelphia, the Meandric platea,
* Aratrma Grevlisi Dr. Ege niversitesi, Edebiyat Fakltesi, Tarih Blm
Yusuf Ay
142
Mavrozones,
Giri
1
Myriokephalon savann nemi hakknda bkz., Ebru Altan. "Myriokcphalon (Karamkbeli)
Sava'nn Anadolu Trk Tarihindeki Yeri", Trkler, C.VI. Ankara 2002, s.630-634.
2
Nicetas Choiates, O City of Byzantium, Anuls of Niketas Choniates, Translated by Harry J.
Magoulias, Detroit 1984, s. 188 vd.; Trke ev.. In Demirkcnt, Niketas Khoniates'in
H ist oha 's (1180-1195), stanbul 2006, s.135 vd.; Sryani Kei Mikhail Vekayinmesi,
Trke ev., H. D. Andreasya (Trk Tarih Kurumu'nda Baslmam nsha), s.266-267;
ayrca bkz., Georg Ostrogorsky, Bizans Devleti Tarihi, Trke ev., Fikret Ilta, 3. bask,
Ankara 1991, s.370-371.
143
Yusuf Ay
Bu konu ile ilgili ayrntl bir deerlendirme iin bkz., Karsten Flcdelius, "Byzantium and
the West 1204-1996 a European Perspective", Byzantium, Iclentity, Inage, Itfluence, Majr
Papers, XIX International Congress of Byzattine Stulies University of Copenhagen, 18-24
August, 1996, Copenhagen 1996, s.373-389.
K
Sampsn'un yeri ile ilgili olarak bkz., G.de Jerphanion "Sampson et Amisos Une Ville a
Deplacer de Neuf Cents Kilometres", OCP, I (1935), s.257-267; Paul Orgels, "Sabas
Asidenos Dynaste de Sampson", Byzantion, X (1935), s 67 vd.; Bilge Umar, Trkiye'deki
Tarihsel Adlar, stanbul 1993, s.702.
9
Gergios Akropolites, Khronike Syngrafe, yay., Antnios D. Panagiotou, Atina 2003. s.3335; Niketas, s.219-220, 231, 331, 343, 350; Trke ev., Demirkent 2006, s.202 vd., 210;
Demirkent, Niketas Khoniates'in Historia's (1195-1206), stanbul 2004, s. 184, 210-211, 226;
ayrca bkz., Savvides, Vyzantina Stasiastika kai Aftonomistika Kinemata sta Dodekanesa kai
ste Mikra Asia 1189-1240, Atina 1987, s.173-190, 231-245. 246-251; ayn yazar. Byzantium
in the Near East: its relations with the Seljk sultaute of Rum in Asia Minr, le Armenians
ofCilicia aul the Mongols, A.D. c. 1192-1237, Selanik 1981, s.59 vd.; Orgels, a.g.m., s.6780; 1. Kordatos, Historia tes Vyz.alines Aftokratorias, (1204-1453), ( II. Atna 1960, s.40;
C.M. Brand, "Theodore Mankaphas", ODB, C.2, New York-Oxford 1991, s.1286-1287; ayn
yazar, "Asidenos, Sabbas", ODB, C.l, s.207; Alexander Kazhdan "Mavrozomes", ODB, C.2,
s.1319-1320.
10
Savvides, Kinemata, s.231.
" Ankara ilinin gneybat blmn; Eskiehir, Ktahya, Afyon illerinin tmn; Denizli
ilinin kuzey yarmn ve hatta Konya ilinin kuzey parasn kapsyordu. Bkz., Umar, a.g.e.,
s.663.
145
146
Yusuf Ayii
147
Nikelas, s.350; Trke ev., Demirkent 2004, s.226; ayrca bkz., Warrc Treadgold, .4
Hisory of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford, Califoria, 1997, s .714.
* Nikelas, s.350; Trke ev., Demirkent 2004, s.226; ayrca bkz.. Cahcn, Anadolu'da
Trkler, s.126; ayn yazar, "Kaykhusravv 1". El2, C.IV., Lcidcn 1978. s.816; Kazhdan,
"Mavrozones", s.1320; . Melikoff, "Denizli". El2, C.ll, Leiden-London 1965, s.204-205.
1223 ylnda bata Seyfeddin Ayaba olmak zere kendisine rakip olarak grd nemli
Seluklu beylerini ortadan kaldran Aleddin Keykubad, Ayaba'nm yerine Beylerbeylii
makamna Mavrozomes'i getirmiti. Yine Aleddin Keykubad, 1225 ylnda Ermeni Kral
Leon zerine Mbrizddin avl ve Manuel Mavrozones komutasnda bir ordu sevk etmiti.
bn Bibi, s. 266 vd., 305. 334 vd.; Trke ev., I, s.284 vd.. .320, 345 vd.; ayrca bkz.,
Mehmet Ersa, "I. Aleddin Keykubad'm ukurova Siyaseti", XIV CIEPO (14th. Symposim
of the Coe International d'Etudes Pre-Ottomanes et Ottomanes) Uluslar aras Trk
ncelemeleri Kongresi, zmir 18-22 Eyll 2000, Ankara 2004, s.166-168; ayn yazar,
"Seluklu Ermeni likileri", Trkler, C.VI. Ankara 2002, s.640; Emine Uyumaz, Sultan I.
Aleddin Keykubad Devri Tiirki\e Seluklu Devleti Siyas Tarihi (1220-1237), Ankara 2003,
s.32.
Nikctas, Theodoros Mankaphas Alaehir'de mparator'a kar ilk olarak ayaklandnda
(1188/1189) "balangta babasnn ehrindeki sradan halk onu destekledi" ifadesini
kullanmaktadr. Bu ifadeden Theodoros'un ailesinin Akehirli olduu ya da kendisinden nce
babasnn Alaehir'de idareci olduu anlalmaktadr. Bkz.. Niketas, s.219; Trke ev.,
Demirkent 2006, s.203.
148
Yusuf Ay
149
Yusuf Ay
150
39
Niketas, s.220; Trke ev.. Demirkent 2006, s.205-206; Kaya, a.g.e., s.23; Savvides 1.
Gyaseddin Keyhsrev'in Mankaphas' 1205 ylnda I. Theodoros Laskaris'e teslim ettiini
ifade etmektedir. Ancak Niketas bu olayn Sultann ilk saltanat dneminde olduunu aka
ifade etmektedir. (Savvides, Kinemata, s.174. 178-179).
40
Savvides, Kinemata, s.177-178; Brand.. "Mankaphas, Theodore", ODB, C.l, s. 1286.
41
Savvides, Kinemata. s.247.
42
Savvides, Kinemata, s.247-248; Brand, "Asidenos, Sabbas", ODB, C.l, s.207.
151
Kaynaka
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yay.
Yusuf Ay
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Tarihi,
C.VI, Ankara
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of Nicaea
in
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Ankara 1992.
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