DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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PRACTICAL: 1
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS

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1. INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS

Object: To study various Surveying Instruments
a) Instruments Used for Linear Measurements
Chain or Tape
Arrows
Pegs
Ranging Rods
Offset Rods
Plumb Bob
Optical Square
Line Ranger
b) Instruments Used in Angular Measurements
Prismatic Compass
Surveyors Compass
c) Instruments Used in Vertical Measurements
Leveling Staff
Dumpy Level
Theodolite
d) Instruments Used for Measurement of area.
Planimeter

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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:
Q1) Enlist uses of above mentioned Surveying Instruments:

GRADE:
SIGNATURE:

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PRACTICAL: 2
CHAINING AND OFFSET TAKING

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CHAINAGE DIAGRAM

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2. CHAINING AND OFFSET TAKING

OBJECT: To measure horizontal distance between two points by chaining and to
take perpendicular offsets
INSTRUMENTS: Metric Chain, Tape, Ranging rods, Arrows, Cross Staff, Line
ranger, Optical Square.
PROCEDURE:
Two chain men are required in this process. The chain men are called as
Leader and follower. The chain man at the forward end of the chain is called
leader and chain man at the zero or rear end of the chain is called as
follower.
Fix station A and B at some distance by fixing wooden peg to determine
horizontal distance between them.
Position of station A, and B is fixed by measuring their position from at least
three permanent objects and location sketch of station A and b are drawn.
The follower holds one handle of the chain in contact with peg at station A.
The leader takes the other handle of the chain, arrows and ranging rod &
walks in the forward direction dragging chain with him.
After the chain is stretched completely along the line the follower steps on
one side of the line with the ranging rod touching the handle.
The follower directs the leader to stand exactly in the line. The leader puts a
scratch at the position & inserts an arrow. He then moves forward with the
chain handle with the remaining arrows and ranging rod till the follower
reaches the next arrow point.

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STATION A
LOCATION SKETCH

STATION B
LOCATION SKETCH

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During this procedure details which are along the side of the chain line are
located by lateral measurement with the help of offset and tape. The points
located are known as perpendicular offsets.
All the perpendicular offsets are measured till station B is reached.
All the measurements recorded in the field book.

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:
Q1).Explain various sources and nature of errors in chain surveying.

GRADE:
SIGNATURE:

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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PRACTICAL: 3
COMPASS SURVEY

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3. COMPASS SURVEY
OBJECT: Study of Prismatic Compass & to determine
fore and back bearing of survey line AB, BC, CA
Included Angles.
INSTRUMENTS: Tripod, Prismatic Compass, Ranging rods, Measuring Tapes,
Wooden Pegs, Hammer.
THEORY:
Fore Bearing: The bearing of a line measured in the direction of progress of
survey is called fore bearing.
Back Bearing: The bearing of a line measured in the opposite direction of
progress of survey is called fore bearing.
PROCEDURE:
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF A PRISMATIC COMPASS
The Prismatic Compass is set up at a point say station A.
The following temporary adjustments are needed to be carried out at each set
Up of Instrument
Centering: Centering is the process of keeping the instrument exactly over
the station. It is carried out by dropping a piece of stone so that it falls on the
top of the pegs fixed at station point.
Leveling: Prismatic compass is leveled by means of ball and socket
arrangement so that the graduated ring may swing freely.

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Focusing the prism: The reflecting prism is adjusted to the eye sight of the
observer by rising or lowering then stud until the graduations are seen sharp
and clear.
CALCULATION OF FORE AND BACK BEARING
Suppose the bearing of line AB, BC, CA of a triangle is to be observed. Set
up the instrument at station A and carry out all the temporary adjustments.
Fix the ranging rod at B.
Turn the prismatic compass until the ranging rod at station B is bisected by
the horse hair when seen through the vertical slit above the prism.
When the needle comes to rest bisect ranging rod at B exactly and note the
reading. The reading observed is the Fore bearing of line AB i.e. Angle
measured with respect to north.
Now shift the prismatic compass at station B perform all temporary
adjustments and from station B bisect station A towards backward, the
reading observed in prismatic compass is the Back Bearing of line AB.
Now from the same setup of the instrument Bisect station C and note down
the reading of prismatic compass as fore bearing of line BC. Transfer the
instrument to station C to obtain back bearing of line BC. Similarly observe
Fore Bearing and back bearing of line CA.
Check the Difference of Fore bearing and back bearing of each line it should
be equal to 1800

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N

N
FB

BB

A
C

OBSERVATION TABLE

STATION

LINE

LENGTH

F.B

B.B

DIFFERENCE

ANGLE

CORRECTION

CORRECTED
ANGLE

CALCULATION:

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TO FIND INCLUDED ANGLES

Included Angles of a triangle are calculated from observed FB and BB of
line AB,BC,CA
Included angle is determined by following formula
= Back Bearing of Previous Line- Fore Bearing of next line
i.e. for triangle ABC
A= BB of CA FB of AB
B=BB of AB FB of BC
C=BB of BC FB of CA
Check: Sum of all included angles Should be Equal to (2n-4) x 900

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:
Q1).What is local attraction? How it is detected?

GRADE:
SIGNATURE:

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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PRACTICAL: 4
SIMPLE LEVELLING

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OBSERVATION TABLE
STATION

B.S

I.S

B.S. - F.S. =

F.S

RISE

FALL

RISE- FALL=

R.L.

REMARK

LAST
R.L.
FIRST R.L.=

Check: - B.S. - F.S. = Rise- fall= Last R.L. First R.L.

CALCULATION:

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4. SIMPLE LEVELLING
OBJECT: To find reduced level of various points by simple leveling.
INSTRUMENT: Dumpy level, Tripod, leveling staff, pegs, Hammer
PROCEDURE:
Simple leveling: - It is the simplest method of leveling used, when it is required
to find the difference in elevation between 2 points.
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENT OF DUMPY LEVEL:
The Dumpy Level is fixed on the tripod at station say O.
Setting up the level
The tripod legs are adjusted at a convenient height. Any two legs of
the tripod are fixed on the ground by pressing the tripod into the
ground. The movement of the third leg is made in such a way that the
bubble remains in the center.
Leveling
The actual leveling is then done by moving foot screw on the leveling
head. Instrument s telescope is kept Parallel to two foot screws and
both the foot screws are either moved inward or outward till the
longitudinal bubbles is in the centre of its run.
The telescope is then turned through 900 so that the telescope is now
parallel to third foot screw. Now move third screw inward or outward
till bubble is in center. Then the telescope is brought in its original
position.
The procedure is carried out till the bubble remains in the center in
both the position.

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OBSERVATION TABLE
STATION

B.S

I.S

F.S

B.S. - F.S=

H.I

R.L.

REMARK

LAST R.L. FIRST R.L=

CHECK: - B.S. - F.S. = RISE- FALL= LAST R.L. FIRST R.L.

CALCULATION:

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Removal of parallax
Focusing the eye piece
To focus so that the cross hairs for distinct vision hold a sheet of
white paper in front of objective glass, and move the eye piece till the
image of cross hair are seen distinct and sharp.
Focusing of objective glass
The telescope is then directed towards the staff held vertically at
bench mark (B.M.) say station A and by turning the focusing screw.
Parallax is removed by moving focusing screw till the image of staff
is seen distinct and clear.
HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD
In this method the height of instrument is calculated for each setting
by adding Back sight to the elevation of bench mark i.e. = Reduced
Level (R.L.) of B.M. + B.S.
The R.L. of Intermediate points is calculated by subtracting the HI- IS
(Intermediate sight).
The process is continued till the R.L. of last point is obtained by
subtracting the staff reading from height of last setting of instrument.
i.e. HI FS

Apply the arithmetic check to verify the calculation by height of

Instrument

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RISE & FALL METHOD

In rise & fall method, the height of Instrument is not at all calculated but the
difference of level between consecutive points is found by comparing the staff
readings on the two points for the same setting of the instrument. Rise and fall
is calculated using following formula.
BS-IS or BS-FS if +ve then Rise and if BS-IS or BS-FS is ve then fall i.e.
If the reading is positive then it is rise and if the reading is negative then the
reading is called fall. The figure for rise & fall worked out thus for all the points
give the vertical distance of each point above or below the preceding one, and if
the level of any one point is known then the level of the next will be obtained
by adding its rise or subtracting its fall, as the case may be.

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:
Q1) .What are the different types of leveling?

GRADE:
SIGNATURE:

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PRACTICAL: 5
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING

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5. DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING
OBJECT: To find difference of elevation between two points (too far away) by
differential leveling.
INSTRUMENTS: Dumpy Level, tripod, Leveling staff, pegs, etc.
PROCEDURE:
The Operation of leveling to determine the elevation of points at some
distance apart is called differential leveling. When two points are at such a
distance from each other that they cannot both be within range of the level at
the same time, the difference in elevation is not found by single setting but
the distance between the points is divided in stages by change points on
which the staff is held and the difference of elevation of each of succeeding
pair of such change points is found by separate setting up of the level.
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENT OF DUMPY LEVEL:
The Dumpy Level is fixed on the tripod at station say O.
Setting up the level
The tripod legs are adjusted at a convenient height. Any two legs of the
tripod are fixed on the ground by pressing the tripod into the ground. The
movement of the third leg is made in such a way that the bubble remains in
the center.

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OBSERVATION TABLE
STATION

B.S

I.S

F.S

B.S. - F.S=

H.I

R.L.

REMARK

LAST R.L. FIRST R.L=

CHECK: - B.S. - F.S. = RISE- FALL= LAST R.L. FIRST R.L.

CALCULATION:

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Leveling
The actual leveling is then done by moving foot screw on the leveling head.
Instrument s telescope is kept Parallel to two foot screws and both the foot
screws are either moved inward or outward till the longitudinal bubbles is in
the centre of its run.
The telescope is then turned through 90 0 so that the telescope is now parallel
to third foot screw. Now move third screw inward or outward till bubble is
in center. Then the telescope is brought in its original position.
The procedure is carried out till the bubble remains in the center in both the
position.
HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD:
In this method the height of instrument is calculated for each setting by
adding Back sight to the elevation of bench mark i.e. = Reduced Level (R.L.)
of B.M. + B.S.
The R.L. of Intermediate points is calculated by subtracting the HI- IS
(Intermediate sight).
The elevation of change points (CP) is calculated by subtracting the HI- FS
(Fore sight).
For next setting of the instrument, the H.I. is obtained by adding the B.S and
R.L. of change point i.e. BS + RL (CP)
The process is continued till the R.L. of last point is obtained by subtracting
the staff reading from height of last setting of instrument. i.e. HI FS
Apply the arithmetic check to verify the calculation by height of Instrument

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OBSERVATION TABLE
STATION

B.S

I.S

B.S. - F.S. =

F.S

RISE

FALL

RISE- FALL=

R.L.

REMARK

LAST
R.L.
FIRST R.L.=

CHECK: - B.S. - F.S. = RISE- FALL= LAST R.L. FIRST R.L.

CALCULATION:

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RISE & FALL METHOD:

In rise & fall method, the height of Instrument is not at all calculated but the
difference of level between consecutive points is found by comparing the
staff readings on the two points for the same setting of the instrument. Rise
and fall is calculated using following formula.
BS-IS or BS-FS if +ve then Rise and if BS-IS or BS-FS is ve then fall i.e.
If the reading is positive then it is rise and if the reading is negative then the
reading is called fall. Rise & fall worked out thus for all the points give the
vertical distance of each point above or below the preceding one, and if the
level of any one point is known then the level of the next will be obtained by
adding its rise or subtracting its fall, as the case may be.
CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:
Q1) Explain Reciprocal Leveling?

GRADE:
SIGNATURE:

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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PRACTICAL: 6
STUDY OF THEODOLITE

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6. STUDY OF THEODOLITE
OBJECT: To Study different components of Theodolite
INSTRUMENT: Theodolite
THEORY: The theodolite is an instrument designed for the measurement of
horizontal and vertical angles. Theodolite is the most precise instrument; it is also
used for laying off horizontal angles, locating points on the line, prolonging the
survey lines, establishing grades, determination of difference of elevation setting
out curves, observation of bearings etc.
TYPES OF THEODOLITE
The theodolites may be primarily of two types:
Transit Theodolite
Non Transit Theodolite
In a transit theodolite the telescope can be revolved through a complete
revolution about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane.
In non transit theodolite, the telescope is mounted in such a manner that the
line of sight cannot be reversed by revolving the telescope.

COMPONENTS PARTS OF A THEODOLITE:

Leveling head: It supports the main working parts of the instrument and screw
on the tripod. The head comprises of two parts:
Leveling base or tribrach fitted with leveling foot screws for leveling the
instrument.

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Movable head or centering arrangement for centering the vertical axis

accurately over the station.
Lower circular horizontal metal plate: It carries a circular graduated arc. It is
silvered and graduated from 00 to 3600 in a clock wise direction.
Upper circular horizontal metal plate: The upper plate carries an index and
vernier to Read fine reading on the graduated horizontal circle.
Telescope: Fitted to a horizontal axis, it consists of eye piece and diaphragm at
one end and objective glass at the other end. The telescope has focusing screw
by which any Object can be bisected.
Circular graduated arc on a vertical circle: It is attached to the horizontal axis
of the telescope. It is usually divided into 4 quadrants, but in some instruments
it is graduated from 00 to 3600 the sub divisions of the vertical circle are similar
to those of horizontal circle.
Vernier frame: carrying an index and verniers to measure vertical angles.
Lower clamp and lower tangent screw: A lower clamp, clamps the lower plate
and the lower tangent screw enables finely controlled circular motion of lower
plate.
Upper clamp and upper tangent screw: An upper clamp, clamps the upper
plate to lower one, and the upper tangent screw enables finely controlled
circular motion about vertical axis
Vertical circle clamp and tangent screw: A vertical circle clamp, clamps the
vertical circle and its tangent screw enables a finely controlled circular
movement to be given to the combined telescope and vertical circle about the
horizontal axis.
Circular level: It is located on the top of tribrach
Plate level: It consist of plate bubble, which keeps the instrument parallel to
horizontal axis.

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Compass: A circular or trough compass may be mounted on the vernier plate

between the standards for observing bearings.
Tripod: Theodolite is mounted and fixed on the tripod for each set up. As tripod
has adjustable legs, theodolite can roughly leveled with the adjusting the legs of
tripod

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:
Q1).What is the difference between transit and non-transit Theodolite?

GRADE:
SIGNATURE:

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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PRACTICAL: 7
STUDY OF PLANIMETER

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PLANIMETER

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7. STUDY OF PLANIMETER
OBJECT: To Study Planimeter and to find constants of the Planimeter.
THEORY: A Planimeter is used by engineers for measuring area of any figure which
has been plotted to scale particularly when the boundaries are irregular or
curved. Planimeter is largely used for finding the area of contours in
determining the capacity of storage reservoirs.

CONSTRUCTION OF PLANIMETER:
The Planimeter consists of two arms, the tracing arm and anchor arm. The
tracing arm is of adjustable length and has a tracing point which is moved
round the periphery of the area to be measured.
The amount by which tracing arm is moved is known on the wheel or roller
which has its axis parallel to the tracing arm. The wheel has a roller divided
into 100 equal parts and 1/100th of drum division is read from the vernier
having graduations from 0 to 9. The complete revolution of the wheel is
recorded from 0 to 9. While taking the reading on the planimeter, the reading
will be in 4 digits. Let the reading be 4.375
The 1st digit (4) is read on the disc.
The second digit (3) is read on the rolling wheel (main scale).
The third digit (7) is read on the rolling wheel (main scale).
And the last digit (5) is read on the vernier scale besides the main scale of
rolling wheel.
Setting of tracing arm: The setting arm has calibrations on it and which
facilitates the setting of tracing arm to given scale of the plan or map.

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The adjustment which is to be made on the tracing arm as per scale of figure
is given by the manufacturer. The multiplying and additive constants are
also provided by manufacturer.
While rotating the tracing arm round the periphery of the plan, the anchor
point may be kept inside or outside the plan depending on the size of the
figure. For large area the anchor arm is kept inside the figure for small area
the anchor arm is placed outside the area.
PROCEDURE:
Make the adjustments of the tracing arm as per scale of the plan.
The anchor is placed inside or outside of figure such that the tracing point
can be conveniently moved on the periphery of the plan.
Any point on the periphery of the plan can be taken as the starting point and
from where the tracing point moves along the periphery and closes back.
Before the start of tracing work the initial reading (I.R) is recorded and the
final reading (F.R) at the end of tracing is noted down.
While moving the tracing point around the periphery it is necessary to note
down the number of times the zero of the counting disc has passed the fixed
index mark in clock wise (+ve) and anticlockwise (-ve) directions
Compute the area by using the formula:
A=M (F.R I.R 10 N +C)

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Where,
A= Area of the plan to be computed.
M=Multiplying constant.
F.R= Final reading on the disc.
I.R=Initial reading on the disc.
N= No of times the zero mark of the dial or disc crosses the
fixed index mark .Positive sign should be used if in
clockwise and negative sign if it crosses in anticlockwise
direction.
C= Constant to be added if the anchor point is inside the plan of
figure.
C=0, if the anchor point is outside the figure.

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OBSERVATION TABLE

WHEN ANCHOR POINT IS OUTSIDE

THE FIGURE
SNO.

I.R

F.R

WHEN ANCHOR POINT IS INSIDE

THE FIGURE
SNO.

I.R

F.R

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
M=
C=

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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:
Q1) what is meant by zero circle? Describe various methods of determining it area.

GRADE:
SIGNATURE:

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PRACTICAL: 8
PAVEMENT MATERIALS & TRAFFIC CONTROL
DEVICES

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RIGID PAVEMENT

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

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8. PAVEMENT MATERIALS & TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

OBJECT: Study of Pavement Materials & Traffic Control Devices
THEORY: Pavement: A Road pavement is a structure consisting of one or more
layers of material which may be in natural form or it may be processed. The
main function of the pavement is to distribute the loads coming on to it.
Road pavements are generally of more than one layer and each layer is made
up of suitable material, each layer is properly treated, compacted and placed
one above the other.
FUNCTION OF VARIOUS PAVEMENT LAYERS ARE AS FOLLOWS
Wearing surface: This is the topmost layer; it comes in direct contact with
the traffic. The function of wearing surface is to resist wear and tear and to
avoid skidding of vehicles.
Base: Base gives support to wearing surface. It distributes the concentrated
loads from the upper layer to lower layers.
Sub base: This is the intermediate layer acting as a cushion between the
pavements.
Sub grade: It is the bottom most layer forming the foundation for the road
pavement. It is made of natural soil and carries the entire load of the traffic.
TYPES OF ROAD PAVEMENT:
Flexible Pavement: The earthen, gravel, water bound macadam and
bituminous roads are known as flexible pavements because the top surface
takes the shape of the sub surface soil.
Rigid pavements: Cement Concrete roads are known as rigid pavements
because of their stiffness and their capacity to bridge over loose soil pockets
in the sub grade. Due to stiffness and thickness, there are no undulations on
concrete roads.
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TRAFFIC MARKINGS

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PAVEMENT MATERIALS:
Soil
Stone aggregate
Bituminous material
Cement
Soil: The soil is generally divided into 4 parts based on the particle size
Larger than 2 mm Gravel
Between 2 mm 0.06 mm - sand
Between 0.06 0.002 mm silt
Smaller than 0.002 clay
Soil is very essential pavement material as behavior of pavement depends to
a greater extent on the sub grade soil.
Stone aggregate: Aggregates are the prime material used in pavement
construction and they form the major portion of pavement structure.
Aggregate are classified as per size as
Fine aggregate
Course aggregate
Bituminous material: Bituminous
construction works as binder

material are used in pavement

Various bituminous materials used in highway construction may be

classified as:
Bitumen

Tar

Asphalt

Cutback

Emulsion
Cement: Cement is used as a binding material in rigid pavements

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TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES: The various aids and devices used to control,
regulate and guide traffic is called traffic control devices.
The most common traffic control devices are
Traffic signs
Traffic signals
Markings
Islands

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TRAFFIC MARKINGS

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MANDATORY SIGNS

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CAUTIONARY SIGNS

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INFORMATORY SIGNS

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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:
Q1) .What are the different modes of transportation?

GRADE:
SIGNATURE:

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PRACTICAL: 9
BUILDING COMPONENTS

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9. BUILDING COMPONENTS
OBJECT: to draw different building components (In a Separate Sheet)
WALLS:
Stone masonry wall
Brick masonry wall
R.C.C LINTEL WITH CHHAJJA
WALL FOUNDATION
COLUMN FOUNDATION
DOORS
Fully paneled door
Fully Glazed door
DRAW THE SYMBOLS OF COMMON BUILDING MATERIAL
Brick
Concrete
Stone
Wood
Earth
Glass
Metal
Plaster

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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:
Q1) Explain Substructure and Superstructure of a building?

GRADE:
SIGNATURE:

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PRACTICAL: 10
DESIGNING A SIMPLE RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING.

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10. DESIGNING A SIMPLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING.

OBJECT: To Design a 2BHK residential building based on the various aspects of
planning.

Bed room

Kitchen

Bath
Drawing room
WC
Bed room

Verandah

INSTRUCTIONS:
All external walls are 30 cm thick
All internal walls are 20 cm thick
Walls of bath and W.C are 10 cm thick
Locate doors and windows as per the requirement
Draw plan, section, elevation, and schedule of doors and windows for the
given line plan.
Assume suitable dimensions (Draw in a separate sheet)

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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:
Q1).Explain various Principles of planning?

GRADE:
SIGNATURE:

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PRACTICAL: 11
SITE VISIT

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11. SITE VISIT

OBJECT: Construction site visit to study various building materials.
LOCATION:
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Cement

Type:
Manufacturer:
Average Daily consumption:
Rate:

Storage:
Steel

Type:
Manufacturer:
Average Daily consumption:
Rate:
Storage:
Treatment for protection:

Type:
Size:
Quality Testing:
Name of test carried out at site:
Rate:
Average daily consumption:
Storage:

Bricks

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Aggregates
Coarse aggregate

Source:
Dealer:
Type:
Size:
Rate:

Fine aggregate

Source:
Dealer:
Type:
Size:
Rate:

Concrete information:

Grade:
Cement Content:
Method of Mixing:
Workability:
Production Capacity:
Method of transportation:
Compaction:
Method of curing:

Instruments used at site:

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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:
Q1).What is D.S.R? Where it can be procured?

GRADE:
SIGNATURE:

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