6

6.1
f: S L
S L . f(x), x ( )
S ( , , ), f(x) L ( , , ).

,
, .
S n Si, .
n

S = S1 S2 Sn = X Si .
i =1

n
n

f : X Si L ,
i =1

f(X), X = (x1,x2,...,xn), f(x1,x2,...,xn),

xi, (i = 1, 2,..., n), Si.

121

f : X Si Lm ,
i =1

m-
L. . .
Si L , :
n

f : X { 0 ,1,... , mi 1 } { 0 ,1,... , m 1 } ,
i =1

mi, (i = 1,2,...,n) n Si L, .
Si 0, 1,..., mi-1}, i = 1, 2,...,n , L 0, 1, 2,...,m-1}.
,
.

n

f : X { 0 ,1,... , mi 1 } { 0 ,1 } ,
i =1

.
Zm 0,1,...,m-1}. f: 0,1}n Zm.
.
f: 0,1}n R , R . ,
,

. .
,
Si L
(). ,

122

f : { 0 ,1,... , m 1 } n { 0 ,1,... , m 1 } ,

m E = 0,1,...,m-1}.
( ) E .
f : { 0 ,1 } n { 0 ,1 } ,

B = 0,1}.
, ,
, .
, .
(. Galois function)
L Si GF(pk). ,
f: GF(pk)}n GF(pk).
() (. fuzzy function) :
f: fn I ,

I {0,1}.

,
, .
,
: 0,1}n - . - .
, . ,
123

 ,

.

. .

6.2


.
,
.
,
.

()
.
"=" ( ): (, , "" "+"), (, ,
"" "",
) (, ,
).

124

a = a ();

a = b b = ();
a = b b = c a = c ().
,
:
1) x y = y x;

x y = y x ( ),

2) (x y) = x (y );

(x y) z = x (y z) ( ),

3) x (y ) = (x y) (x z); x (y ) = (x y) (x z) (
),
4) 0 1 :
0 x = x; 1 x = x ( ).
0 1
0 1. , , .
, .
5) :
x x = 1;

x x = 0 ( )

,
. . 2
,
. , . ,
.

, :
, . x = y x, x
y, .
125

 ( : , , ):
) x = x ( , );
) x x = x;

xx=x

( );

) 1 x = 1;

0x=0

( );

) x y x y = x; (x y) (x y ) = x

( );

) x x y = x;

x (x y) = x

( );

) x y = x y ;

xy = x y

( ).

.
,
0 1,
. . ,

. ,
.

B 0 1. , 6.1
.
.
.

126

 6.1 ,
x

xy

xy

n :
f: {0,1}n {0,1} ,

f: Bn B , B {0,1} .

f(x1,x2,...,xn) f(X), X =
(x1,x2,...,xn), xi B, (i = 1,2,...,n ) f(X) B.
x1, x2, ...,
xn, B.
n- K = (k1,k2,...,kn) (x1,x2,...,xn)
B .
k1k2...kn, k1, k2, ..., kn . , n
2n.
0, 1 x1,x2,...,xn , . :
1) 0, 1, x1, x2 ,..., xn ,
2) E1 E2

1 2, 1 2 , E1 , E2
,
3)
.
127

.
.
, , .

, 0 1 , . *.
, .

6.3
, , . .
.

2n () . ,
. ,
. 6.2 .

128

 6.2
x1x2 ... xn-1xn

f(x1, x2, ... , xn-1, xn)

x1

x2

x3

f(x1, x2, x3)

00...00

f(00...00)

00...01

f(00...01)

00...10

f(00...10)

...

...

...

...

...

...

11...10

f(11...10)

11...11

f(11...11)

. Fn n n

Fn = 2 2 .
. 2n .
n

Fn = 2 x 2 x ... x 2 (2n ) = 2 2 .


. .

.
6.3.
6.3
x

xy

x (x y)

129

x y

x (x y)


, k, () K = k1k2...kn
. k
.
:
n

k = k i 2 n i .
i =1

f F(1) 1 F(0) 0. . 6.2 1 F(1) = 1,2,5}.

, . ,
, .
,
.

()

n- 2n n- (), .
0 1 , .
0 1 , . . 6.1
.

130

1111

0111
x3
001

011

111

x2

101

0110

0010

110

010
000

x3

100 x1

1110
x2

0100
0000

0011

1010

1011
0101
1101
x
4

0001

1100

1001

1000 x1

6.1

() . 2n () . 6.2
. , . .
,
. 5 . ,
i-
(i=1,2,3,4) 001 101, 011 111.
x1x2

x3x4

00 01 11 10
00
1
1 1
01 1
11
10

x1x2x 3

00

000 001 011 010 110 111 101 100

1
1
1

x4x5 01
11
10

1
1

6.2

0 1 .

131

6.4
6.4 6.5
. ,
. . .
..
6.4
x

01

K0

f0

00

f1

01

f2

10

f3

11

K1

M
+

+
+

+
+

, .

, ,

, , :
x 1 = 1; x 0 = x; x x = 1; x x = x; x x ... x = x ;
x 1 = x; x 0 = 0; x x = 0; x x = x; x x ... x = x.
:
( x x ... x ) = x x ... x ,

132

( x x ... x ) = x x ... x .

,
, .
x1 x2 = x2 x1;
x1 (x2 x3) = (x1 x2) x3;
x1 (x2 x3) = x1 x2 x1 x3 .

6.5
x2

1100
1010

f0

0000

f1

0001

x1 x2

f2

0010

x1 x2

f3

0011

x1

f4

0100

x2 x1

f5

0101

x2

f6

0110

f7

0111

f8
f9

x1

K0

x1

x2

x1 x2

x1 x2

1000

x1 x2

()

1001

x1 x2

f10

1010

x2

f11

1011

x2 x1

f12

1100

x1

f13

1101

x1 x2

f14

1110

x1 / x2

f15

1111

+
+

+
+

x1

x2

()
0

, :
x x = 0; x x = 1;

133

K1

x 0 = x; x 1 = x .

. :
x x = 0;

x x =x;

1 x = x;

x 1 = 1.

0 x = 1; x 0 = x ;

,
x1 / x2 = x2 / x1;

x1 x2 = x2 x1;

x1 / (x2 / x3) (x1 / x2) / x3 ; x1 (x2 x3) (x1 x2) x3 .

:
x/x= x;

x/ x=1;

x/0=1; x/1=x;

xx= x ; x x =0; x0=x; x1=0.

. :

134

x1 x2 = x1 x2 ;

x1 x2 = x1 x2 ;

x1 x2 = x1 x2 x1x2 ;

x1 x2 = x1 x2 x1 x2 ;

x1 x2 = x1 x2 ;

x2 x1 = x1 x2 ;

x1 / x2 = x1 x2

x1 x2 = x1 x2 .

6.5
f(x1,...,xi ,...,xn) xi,
xi f(x1,...,xi ,...,xn) :

f(x1,...,0,...,xn) = f(x1,...,1,...,xn)
xi ,
f(x1,...,xi ,...,xn) xi.

f(x1,...,xi ,...,xn) .

f(x1,...,xi ,...,xn) f(x1,...,xi ,...,xn) = f(x1,..., xi ,...,xn).
, , . xi n-1
:

Di f(x1,...,xn) = f(x1,...,0,...xn) f(x1,...,1,...,xn).

f(x1,...,1,...,xn) Di f(x1,...,xn) = 0,
0.
,
, ,
.
Fn n , . n :

: An n
:
n
n

n
An 1
An 2 ... A1 A0 ,
An = 2 2
n 1
n 2
1

135

 0 , 0 1.
n
:
n
n n 1
An = ( 1 ) j 2 2 .
j =0
j

2
, 10 ,
218 . 6.4 6.5 .

6.6

,
, . ,
,
, .

K = k1k2...kn n k 6.3 (.101). pk

:
1, K = (k1 , k 2 ,...,k n ) ,
pk =
.
0 , K ( k1 , k 2 ,...,k n )

pk . n
1 , K
136

 k, 0 .
( )
:
x , k i =1
xi = i
.
pk = ~
x1 ~
x2 ...~
xn , ~
xi , k i = 0
x1 ~
x2 ...~
xn
, K ~

1 1.
0
pk 0. pk
: xi pk ki = 0, ki = 1.
sk :
0 , K = (k1 , k 2 ,...,k n ) ,
.
sk =
1, K ( k1 , k 2 ,...,k n )

sk . n 0 , K k, 1 . ( ) :
sk = ~
x1 ~
x2 ... ~
xn ,

xi , k i = 0
~
xi =
.
xi , k i =1

sk : xi sk ki = 1,
ki = 0.
2n
2n.

. 6.6
.

137

 6.6
x1

x2

x3

f(X)

p1

p4

p6

s0

s2

s3

s5

s7

p1 = x1 x2 x3 p4 = x1 x2 x3
s0 = x1 x2 x3

s2 = x1 x2 x3

s3 = x1 x2 x3

p6 = x1x2 x3
s5 = x1 x2 x3

s7 = x1 x2 x3

. , .

. n , 0, :
f(x1, x2, , xn) =

f ( K ) =1

pk ,

k , pk K
1, .
, ,
().

. 1 , ,
1,
1. 0 0,

138

0. . ( 6.7).

. n , 1, :
f(x1, x2, , xn) =

f ( K ) =0

sk ,

k , sk K
0, .
, ,
().
.
.

(. 112).

. n , 1, :
f(x1, x2, , xn) =

pk ,

f ( K ) =1

k , pk K
1, .
, ,
().

.

. n
:
f(x1,x2,..,xn) = c0 c1x1 cnxn c12x1x2 c1nx1xn cn-1,nxn-1xn
c123x1x2x3 c12nx1x2xn
c0, c1, ..., c12...n {0,1},
2n .
: xi = xi 1 ,
, x x = 0.
139

 ci1i2...im
( 6.7).
,
.
( 6.7).
, .
- (Reed-Muller).
, .
-,
. .

. 6.6 (. 107)
, , :
: f(x1,x2,x3) = x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1x2 x3 ,
: f(x1,x2,x3) = (x1 x2 x3) (x1 x2 x3) (x1 x2 x3 ) ( x1 x2
x3 ) ( x1 x2 x3 )

: f(x1,x2,x3) = x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1x2 x3 ,
: f(x1,x2,x3) = x1 x3 x2x3 x1x2x3

.
x i1 ~
xi 2 ...~
xim , 1 m n ,
. ~
~
~
~
, x x ... x , 1 m n ,
i1

i2

im

.
.
. m = 1
, m = n
. r = n - m
.

( ),
() .
140


(). .

, .
. .
, .
p xi p.
p = p (xi xi ) = pxi p xi -

xi.
, p, p.
p 1 xi xi = 1.
2r=2n-m .


: p = p(xi xi ) = pxi p xi , .
p.
sk = ~
x1 ~
x2 ... ~
xn , xi : s =
s xi xi = (s xi)(s xi )
.

() , . ,

,
.
, . .

141

, .
.

u1 u2 = u1 u2 u1u2 , u1 u2
.

u1 u2 = u1 u2 u1 u2 , u1 u2
.

x = x 1, .

,
.

()

()
:
1) ( , ),
2) ()
.
F(X) f1(X1), f2(X2),..., fm(Xm), Xj
X, (j = 1,2,...,m), (, , ) .

:
142

F(X) = f(fi1(Xi1),,Fim(Xim)), Xij X .

6.7
,
, . . ,
.

xi
n
n-1 xi ,
. .
n :
f(x1,...,xi,...xn) = xi f(x1,...,0,...xn) xi f(x1,...,1,...xn)
(C. Sannon),
. ,

xi, . xi =0 xi =1. xi =0 :

f(x1,...,xi,...xn) = 0 f(x1,...,0,...xn) 0 f(x1,...,1,...xn)

:

f(x1,...,0,...xn) = f(x1,...,0,...xn).

xi =1.
n ().
.
:
143

 :
f(x1,...,xi,...xn) = [xi f(x1,...,0,...xn)] [ xi f(x1,...,1,...xn)] .
.
n
() .

:
f(x1,...,xi,...xn) = xi f(x1,...,0,...xn) xi f(x1,...,1,...xn).
.
n ()
.

n :
f(x1,...,xi,...xn) = f(x1,...,0,...xn) xi [f(x1,...,0,...xn) f(x1,...,1,...xn)] .
. n
n .
:

f(x1,...,xi,...xn) = f(x1,...,0,...xn) xi Di f(x1,...xn) .

Dif(x1,...,xn) xi.

( ) (
6.6) :

ci1i2im = Di1i2im f(x1,...,xn),

Di1i2im f(x1,...,xn) f xi1,
xi2,...,xim. c0 = f(0,0,...,0).

144