7

7.1
.
. ,
"0" "1". ,
. , , ,
, .
()
x1, x2, ... , xn, (). , . 0 1, ,
. . , f(x1, x2, ... , xn). . , .
.
() . . . , .
"0",
145

 "1".
.
() .

, . , .
.
7.1.
x

x1 x2

x1
(x1, x2 ,..., xn)
x2
...
xn

x1
x2
x1
x2

V
V

x1
x2

x1
x2

x1
x2

x1
x2

x1 x2 = x1 +x2

x1
x2

x1 x2 = x1 +x2

x1 x2 = x1 x2

x1
x2

x1 x2 = x1 x2

x1

x1
x2

x2

x1 / x2
x1 x2

x1

x2

x1
x2

x1 / x2

x1
x2

x1 x2

7.1

. :
1) .
( ) .
.
0 0 0,4 V, 1 146

 2,4 5,0 V. . , .
2) . .
3) . ,
,
. , .
4) . , .
5) .
.
.
6) . .
, .
. .
7) . .
8) .
. 0 - 70 C,
-25 +125 C.

7.2

n m v0 v1 v0 v1.
{v0, v1}n { v0, v1}m.
{0, 1} {v0, v1}, , .
.
147


,
,
( ) (.
Switching Theory) (. Logic Design).
{v0, v1,..., vm-1}n {v0, v1,..., vm-1}m, {v0, v1,..., vm-1}.
. (. Multivalued
Logic).
, , :
1)
,
,
2) () .
:
) ,
) 0 1,
) ,
) , (
)
, .


.
() . ,
.
, .
148

 .
i- i-
i . , i- i-1

. ,
. i-
i .

7.3
. (
) , .
. ,
. , . . .
:
1)
,
2)
,
,
3) .

149

. . 7.2 . :

x1
x3

x 1 x 2 x3

g1

g2

x1
x2

f(x1,x2 ,x3 )

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

f(x1,x2,x3 )
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0

7. 2

g1 = x1x2; g2 = x1/x3; f = g1 g2 = (x1x2) (x1/x3) = ( x1 x2) ( x1 x3 ).

: f = x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2x3
x1 x2 x3 , F(1) = {0,1,2,3,4}.

7.4
:
fi(x1,x2,...,xn), (i = 1, 2,..., m), , , .

, . , ( ).
, .
.
.

. ,
150

 , .
,
, , .
:
1. ,
2.
.
,
3. .

() .
. , :
1. ( ),
2.
,
3. .
-- (. 7.3).
, () -,
,
(. 7.3).

151

x3

x1
x2

a)

f1

f2

V
V

x2
x4

x1
x3
x1
x2
x3

x1x2
x1x2x3
x1x2x3

x1

f1 = x1x3
f2 = x1x2

x2x3x 4

f = x1 x2

b)

7.3

.
x1
x2

x3
{ , , }

x1 x2 x3

x1
x2

x1 x2 x3 x4

x3
x4

7.4 ,

, ,
. 7.4.
. , .

7.5
.
152

 . .
. , , . , . , . ( ),
( ) . , , . ,
.

,
, . .
, ,
. .

n-
1
. 0-
. m- m-
2n-m, m{0,1,...,m-1} 0-. 1 , 2- , 3-
, . m- n-m ,
.

n- , 1. .
153

 :

. 0 1 .

1. ,

.
. 7.5 1- (),
7.5 7.5 .
x3

x1

x2x3

x1 x2
x1 x2

x2 x3

x3

x3
x1

x2 x3

x1

x2

x3

x1 x2

x2 x3

x1 x2

x3

x3

*
x2

x2

x3
x1
x1

x1

) f = x2

x1 x3

*
) f = x2

x1

x1 x3

7.5

( ) r 2r
n-r . r=0
, r = n
. r . , ,
7.6, , . r=1 4 , r=2 4 , r=3
8 .
5 , 7.6,
i- (i=1,2,3,4) 000 100,
001 101, 011 111, i- (i=0,1,...,7)
00 10.
154


. 5
. 7.6.

1. .
* 1 * . , .

. 0 1 .
.
. 7.6 4 5 .
f(x1,x2,...,xn) g(x1,x2,...,xn) . g
f g(x1,x2,...,xn)
f(x1,x2,...,xn) 0 f
0, 1 f 1.
g f 1. .
.
.

g f
1 f,
0 f 0.
.
pk pj pk pj
. . pj pj

155

= xipk, pj 1 1 pk, pj pk.

x1x2

x1x2x 3

00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1

x3 x4
)

000001 011 010 110 111 101 100

1
00
* 1

x4x5 01 1

01
11 1 1 1 1
10
1

f = x3 x4

x1 x2x 4

11 *
10

x 1x 3x 4
x2x 3

*
1
1

f = x1 x2 x3 x5

x 2 x3x 5 x 2x 3x5

x2x 3

00 01 11 10
00 01 11 10
1
00 * 1
00
01 1
01 1
*
x4x 5
11 *
11 *
1
10
10
1
*

x1 = 0
f = x1 x2 x3 x5

x1 = 1
x 2 x3x 5 x 2x 3x5

7.6

1
.
. p
f p f f. ,
1 .

() .

, .
: (Quine) - (McCluskey).

156

 :
1) (): pxi p xi = p,
2) : p pxi = p,
: x = x x ... x .

. . x = x x ... x
.
:

. .

.
"" ( ). , .
.

.

.

"" .
. 7.1
F(1) = {3,4,5,7,9,11,12,13}.
:
,
"*". "*" 157

 . "*" ""
( "*"
).

7.1

i
x1 x 2 x3 x4
3,7
x1 x3 x4
4,5,12,13
x2 x 3
3,7
x1 x3 x4

x1 x2 x3 x4

3,11

x2 x3 x4

3,11

x2 x3 x4

x1 x2 x3 x4

4,5

x1 x2 x3

5,7

x1 x2x4

x1 x 2 x3 x4

4,12

x2 x3 x4

9,11

x1 x2x4

x1 x2 x3 x4

5,7

x1 x2 x4

9,13

x1 x 3 x4

11 x1 x2 x3 x4

5,13

x2 x3 x4

4,5,12,13

x2 x3

12 x1 x2 x3 x4

9,11

x1 x2 x4

13 x1x2 x3 x4

9,13

x1 x3 x4

12,13 x1x2 x3

- , . , - .
. ,
. .
,
, .
{0,1,x} () 0 1.
"",
. .
( ) .
158


1 , 0 , "" .
. 7.2
- F(1) = {2,4,5,6,7,9,13}.
7.2 -
i

2,6

0x10

x1 x3 x 4

2 0010

2,6 0x10

4 0100

4,5 010x

5,13

x101

x2 x3 x4

-------------

4,6 01x0

9,13

1x01

x1 x3 x4

5 0101

--------------

4,5,6,7 01xx

6 0110

5,7

9 1001

5,13 x101

-------------

6,7

0111

4,5,6,7 01xx

x1 x2

01x1
011x

9,13 1x01

13 1101

:
1,
"*".
"*" .
* ( * ).
. 7.3 -
F(1) = {0,5,8,12,15} F(*) = {1,2,3,10,13,14}.

159


,
. .

.
, .
. .
7.3
-
i

0 0000

0,1 000x

0,1,2,3

00xx

1,5 0x01

x1 x3 x4

---------------

0,2 00x0

0,2,8,10

x0x0

5,13 x101

x2 x3 x4

1 *0001

0,8 x000

8,10,12,14

1xx0

0,1,2,3

00xx

x1 x2

2 *0010

---------------

12,13,14,15 11xx

0,2,8,10 x0x0

x2 x4

8 1000

1,3 *00x1

8,10,12,14

1xx0

x1 x 4

--------------

1,5 0x01

12,13,14,15 11xx

x1 x2

3 *0011

2,3

5 0101

2,10 *x010

10 *1010

8,10 10x0

12 1100

8,12 1x00

--------------

---------------

13 *1101

5,13 x101

001x

14 *1110

10,14 *1x10

---------------

12,13 110x

15 1111

12,14 11x0
----------------13,15 11x1
14,15 111x

1
. i j
i- j- , .
"*". .
160


, . .
:
1. , . ,
, .

1
.
.

*
.
2. ,
. *
, . .
*
*.
3. (
. ), * ( ). 2.
4. 2 3 .
.

3 , , .
(Patrick), :
f(x1,x2,...,xn) a,b,c,... ,
161

 1
.
fp(a,b,c,...)
1 f(x1,x2,...,xn).
*.
fp
. , fp
f(x1,x2,...,xn). .
.
7.3 7.4.
7.4

0000

0101

11xx

00xx

1xx0

x0x0

0x01

x101

1000

1100

1111

*
*
*

fp = (b v d)(e v f)(c v d)(a v c)a = abce v abcf v acde v acdf v abde v abdf v acde v ade v
adf v abcde v abcdf = abce v abcf v ade v adf.
:

f = x1 x2 x2 x 4 x1 x3 x4;

f = x1 x2 x2 x4 x2 x3 x4.

()
, ,
. 162

 . , , .
F = {f1,f2,...,fm} .
F' F, F'.
F' F .
F' ,
F . ,
.
-
.
- , :
1) - m , . . fi, (i = 1,2,...,m), i- * .
2)
* ( ).
3) *
.
4) "" .
5)
.
.
fi
*.
,
.
163

 , *
*, . ,
, . , ,
.
. 7.5
, 7.6 :
7.5

f1 f2 f3
i

f1 f2 f3
i

f1 f2 f3
001x * * *
2,3,6,7
0x1x
* *
0010 * * * 2,3
0x10
* *
0100
* * 2,6
2,3,10,11
x01x
*
----------------------2,10
x010
*
4,5,6,7
01xx
* *
010x
* *
3 0011 * * * 4,5
4,5,12,13
x10x
*
01x0
* *
5 0101
* * 4,6
4,6,12,14
x1x0
*
x100
* *
-------------------------------6 0110
* * 4,12
-----------------------5,7,13,15
x1x1
*
9 1001 *
*
0x11
* *
10 1010
* 3,7
6,7,14,15
x11x
*
12 1100 * * *
3,11
x011 *
*
9,11,13,15 1xx1 *
---------------------5,7
01x1
* * 12,13,14,15 11xx * *
x101
*
7 0111
* * 5,13

011x
* *
11 1101 *
* 6,7
:
x110
*
13 1101 * *
6,14

2,3,10,11 6,7,14,15
10x1 *
*
14 1110 * *
9,11
----------------------9,13
1x01 *

*
15 1111 * *
<--- 10,11 101x
12,13 110x * *

12,14 x111 * *

:
: 10 i 14
---------------------2,10 6,14; 3,7 11,15;
7,15
x111
*

3,11
7,15; 10,11 14,15
11,15 1x11 *

i
2
4

13,15
14,15

164

11x1
111x

*
*

*
*

i
4,5,6,7,12,13,14,15

B
f1 f2 f3
x1xx
*

F1(1) = {2, 3, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15};

F2(1) = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15} ;
F3(1) = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12} .
( 7.6) , :
- f1: x1x2 x1 x2 x3,
- f3: x1 x2, x2 x3 x1 x2 x4 .

7.6
f1
f2
f3
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
2 3 9 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 0 1 2
1100
*
*
*
001x * *
* *
* *
x100
*
*
*
*
x011
*
*
*
*
*
10x1
* *
*
*
0x1x
* *
* *
* *
* *
x01x
* *
* *
01xx
* * * *
* * * *
1xx1
* *
*
*
11xx
* * * *
* * * *
x1xx
* * * * * * * *

x2 x3 x4 f3
12. :
f1(x1,x2,x3,x4) = x1x2 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x4,
f2(x1,x2,x3,x4) = x1x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x3,
165

f3(x1,x2,x3,x4) = x1 x2 x2 x3 x1 x2 x4 x2 x3 x4 .
:
f1(x1,x2,x3,x4) = x1 x2 x1 x2 x3 x1 x4,
f2(x1,x2,x3,x4) = x2 x1 x3,
f3(x1,x2,x3,x4) = x1 x2 x2 x3 x2 x3 x4 x1 x2 x4.
. 7.7 , .
-
,
. ,
15 9 , 20
11 .

x1
x2
x3

f2

x1
x2
x1
x2
x2
x3

f3

x1
x2
x4
x2
x3
x4

x1
x2
x3

f1

x1
x2

x1
x2

x1
x2
x4

x1
x4

x1
x2
x3

x1
x2

x1
x2

x2

f1

f2

f3

7.7

166

7.7

.
, 0. 1 0
. . 7.8 .
x1x2

x3

00 01 11 10
00

x2

x3 x4
x1

)
f = (x1 x 2)

(x1 x2 x3)

01 0
11 0 0

10 0 0

f = (x1 x3)

(x2 x3 x4)

7.8

. ,
f
f.

0. x x = 0 :
0
1 .
. . 7.9
.

167

x1x2

x3

00 01 11 10
1 1
00

x1x 2

11

x1
f = x3

x3x4 01

x2

10

f = x1x3

x2 x4

x1 x2 x3

7.9

7.8
n

.
, . . . . :

f(x1,x2,,xn) : f(0,0,...,0) = 0. , 00...0, 2n-1

{0,1}, 2 2

f(x1,x2,,xn) : f(1,1,...,1) = 1.
, 11...1, 2n-1
{0,1}, 2 2
168

f(x1,x2,,xn) fd(x1,x2,,xn)
: fd(x1,x2,,xn) = f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) .
, . :
f(x1,x2,,xn) = f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) .
.
() .
, . , , . : . n . ,
2n-1, , 2 2

n 1

{0,1}n.
A=(a1,a2, ...,an) B=(b1,b2,..., bn) A B i bi i=1,2,...,n. A B
. A B .

:
A B f(A) f(B).

169

:
f(x1,x2,,xn) = a0 a1x1 a2x2 anxn, aj {0,1}, j = 1,2,,n .
j,
n+1, n 2n+1.

.

7.8

.
: ,
.


. f1, f2, ..., fm


.
.
. ,
. , ,
. , , 1.
. () . , , ,
170

 , . .
. .

.
1)
(E. Post):
.
, , , .
6.5 K0, K1, S, M L

.
:
: .
. f1, f2, ..., fm
. f* , f*(0,0...,0) = 1. :
) f*(1,1,...,1) = 1 f* ,
) f*(1,1,...,1) = 0 f*
1. f* , ,

.
. .
0 1. 0 1 ,
171

, :
.
: ,
. ,
.
.

2) .
f1, f2, ..., fm . g1, g2, ..., gk.
g1, g2, ..., gk
f1, f2, ..., fm , . :
f1 = F1(g1,g2,...,gk)
f2 = F2(g1,g2,...,gk)
..............
fm = Fm(g1,g2,...,gk)

.
x =x/x;

x =xx;

x1 x2 = (x1/x2)/(x1/x2) ;

x1 x2 = (x1 x2) (x1 x2) ,

, . .

172