Tap chi Bai hoc Tha Dau Mat, s6 3(5) - 2012 k KIEM CHUNG PHUONG PHAP NHAN DIEN TRONG AM TU TIENG ANH BANG NGU AM HOC THUC NGHIEM Tran Thi Thanh Diéu Truang Dai hoc Khoa hoc X@ hoi va Nhan van Dai hoc Quéc gia thanh phé Hé Chi Minh TOM TAT . thue nghi¢m ngit am hoe. 1. Dat van dé Theo kinh nghiém thuc té giang day va két luan tif cde cuge khao sat duge tién hanh gin day tai cdc trudng dai hoc Viét Nam va trén thé gidi, 135i vé ngit am la mot trong nhimg nguyén nhan rat co ban din dén hiéu. sai 1éch trong giao tiép bang tiéng Anh. Nhing sai pham nay xuat phat tir dic diém tiéng Anh 1a ngon nga khong hat am theo rap van ma theo mdt sé qui lat phat Am kha phite tap voi nhiéu ngoai nén din dén phat am sai hay khong in ra duge tir vung. Nguyén nhan din én mot sé kiéu 16i giao thoa nay 1a thiéu éng Anh, qui dinh boi mét hé théng cdc i ning x4c dinh trong Am tir uyén tic do tit loai va sé luong am tiét ng tir da qui dinh, trong sy khae biét lo gira mot ngén ngi don am tiét c6 thanh digu nhu tiéng Viét va hé ing ngén ngit bién hinh voi tir da am it nhu tiéng Anh. 77 logi ngit phap va sé lugng dm tiét trong tit, bai v. phuong phap nhan biét Gm tiét c6 trong Gm trong tit tiéng Anh, da duge kiém ching bang Can cit vao trong luong am tiét, su phan loai tte trén ca sé cdp dé hinh thai cia tit, thé tap trung vao nghién etiu nén tang ctia Tit khéa: trong dm, ngit dm hoc the nghiém, phuong phap, kiém ching Dé thuc hién duge mét dé tai cé tinh Ii thuyét cao va can duge kiém chimg cing nhu minh hoa bang thye nghiém ngi am, phuong phap str ding trong bai vitt chi yéu 1a phuong phép phan tich 4m vj hoc két hop voi phuong phép ng® am thye nghiém. Ngit ligu 1a mt bd cde tir da am tiét tiéng Anh, duge khio sat qua céc cng tac vién (CTV) la cae sinh vién chuyén ngit da hoc qua mén Ngi am, am vj hoc. Cac cir ligu phat 4m duge phan tich va miéu ta bang phan mém chuyén dung phan tich tiéng n6i Speech Analyzer (Copyright © 1996-2007 by SIL International) va Praat 5.05.12. (copyright @ 1992-2008 by Paul Boersma and David Weenink) 2. Co sé xde dinh i tri trong 4m duye kiem ching qua ng& 4m thye nghiém 2.1. Tir logi va sé lirong dm tidt trong tw Trén co sé ching logi ngit phap, c6 hai thé loai tit:Journal of Thu Dau Mot university, N°3(5) - 2012 — Tir chic nang (Funtional word/ grammatical word): mao tir, gidi tir thuong khéng bj anh huong cli trong 4m vi da sé la tir don 4m tiét va cing khong phai tir trong tAm trong ngi doan — Tir noi dung (content word/ lexical worrd) : danh tit, dong tit, tinh tit, duge qui dinh béi qui luat trong &m. Trén co sé sé lugng am tiét trong ti: 1, 2, 8, hoae 4.. Am tiét va duge phan biét gitta c6 hay khéng chia phu to. Nhu vay, nguyén tic trong am tir tieng Anh sé duge xdc dinh theo 3 cép do co ban [[138]], [[201]: Cap dé 1: Tit don véi su anh hung cia loai tir nhu danh ti, dng tir .. sé lugng am tiet tir 2 tro lén. Tir don (simple word): la tir don hoae da 4m tiét nhung khong chita phy t5 phai sinh. (Mono/ Multi-Syllabic Bang 1: Déi chiéu mo hinh nhip diéu Anh ~ Viet worrd without derivational affix(es). Vi dy: Lion — 2 am tiét nhung khéng chia phy té hoge lions — 2 am tiét voi phy té bién hinh, Cap dé 2: Tit phite voi sy anh hung cua cde loai phy té: tien t6 va hau té. Tir phite (complex word) chita mét can té va 1 hay nhiéu phy té trong dé bat bude phai 6 phy té phai sinh (e6 hay khéng cé phu té bién hinh). Vi dy: Free Base + Affix(es): Teachers (FB + C + D; Bound Base + Afix(es): Audience (BB + C) Cap dé 3: Ti ghép voi sy anh huong boi loai tir cia cée bé phan céu thanh. Th | ghép (compound word): duge tao béi tir 2 can té ty do (Free base + Free Base). Vi du: boyfriend (FB + FB) 2.2. Tinh nhip diéu MO HINH NHIP DIEU TIENG ANH TIENG VIET ngon ngit Kiéu Ngon ngit cé trong am cach quang déu nhau (stress-timed language) voi cée mdu nhip diéu dya trén sy lap lai kha thuding xuyén cita eae Am tiét Ngon ngit don am tiét cach quang déu nhau (syllable-timed language), a6 1a cdc am tiét 06 trong luc can bang. - 6 trong am. | Cong thie _| (F = [S WI) | ON = [Al} Y nghia cdc | F = foot = buée, chit viét tét_| S = stron, = manh, W = weak = yéu N = nhip A= am tiét Co sé cia cau tric nhip diéu tiéng Anh la sy tén tai 2 kiéu 4m tiét: Am tiét nhe va am tiét manh [[13]], [[20]], duge goi la Trochee: Trochaie foot, 1a loai bude: 1 am tiét dai - 1 4m tiét ngdn, cing chinh la 4m tiét manh = 4m tiét mang trong Am va 4m tiét nhe = 4m tiét khong 78 mang trong am. Am tiét manh la Am tiét cé mét bé van phtic tap, gsm phu am dau, phu 4m két va hat nhan la 1 nguyén am nga , ho&e mot nguyén am dai hoje nguyén am déi. Nguge lai, mét am tiét nhe chtta mét am vi nguyén 4m trong, phan van (rhyme), c6 hay khong ¢6Tap chi Dai hoc Thu Dau Mat, sé 3(5) - 2012 khdi (ONSET) nhung khong cé am két (CODA), nhu 1a am tiét dau tién trong cde tit report, about, vi cde Am khéi hoan toan khong lién quan véi viée tinh todn trong lugng am tiét. 2.3. Trong lugng am tiét Trong tiéng Anh, cé sy phan biét gitta 4m tiét nhe va 4m tiét nang [[13]]. Mot am tiét nhe chita mgt am vi nguyén 4m trong phin vin (rhyme) va khong c6 4m két, nhu am tiét diu trong tir potato, report, about. Cho di 2 tir dau cé Am khéi va tir thir 3 khéng c6 Am khoi va tat ca “ce 4m tiét dau trong cdc tir trén déu la "Am tiét nhe, béi vi céc ém khoi hoan toan khong c6 quan hé hay ndi cach khae 1a khong thich hop cho viée tinh toan trong luong Am tiét. Nguge lai, néu am tiét cd mét bé vin phic tap thi no sé la am tiét nang, cu thé c6 2 cach dé nhan dién 4m tiét nang = 4m tiét mang trong 4m nhu sau: Cach 1: 1 Am tiét nang c6 thé chtta 1 nguyén 4m ng&n nhung phai cé téi thiéu 1 phu Am két nhu cae tif bet, best. Cach 2: 1 Am tiét nang phai co hat nhan gém 1 nguyén am dai ho&e nguyén Am d0i va phai bé sung thém am két, nhu Am tiét thi 2 ca tit chorale [ko:'rail], duge Khao s4t qua ngit am thyc nghiém, véi két qua thé hién trong phd dé déi chiéu gitta CPAC va MKS, dé ching minh dac diém cia am tiét nang, cing chinh la 4m tiét mang trong 4m. CAO DBO VA CUGNG O DINH AM TIT THU 1 CUA CPAC ee SS Hinh 1: Déi chiéu cuong d6 va cao dé dinh am tiet 1 gitta CPAC va MKS Bang 2: Théng s6 cutng a6, cao dd dink im tiét 1 cha CPAC va MKS THONG SO TAI DINH AM TIET _CPAC MKS CUGNG BO (INTENSITY) | AM TIET 1 62.90dB | 66.51dB CAO BO (PITCH) AM TIBET 1 388.20Hz | 184 Hz 79Journal of Thu Dau Mot university, N°3(5) - 2012 Vi-trong am tir tiéng Anh la trong am luc nén viéc x4c dinh trong 4m theo pho dé chii yéu can ctf vao cung dd. Theo pho dé, duong nét lién mau xanh 14 chinh 1a dugng nét biéu hién cugng dg. Trong si déi chiéu cugng 6 dinh am tiét thi 1 cla CPAC = 62.90 dB va MKS = 66.51 dB, ching toi nhan thay CTV da khdi dau sy phat am tit chorale bing mét lye lén hon lue cia CPAC. Tuy con sé nay van ehua khang dinh duge vi tri trong 4m nhung néu nhin yao phé dé (hinh 1) ta c6 thé nhan ra ngay rang CPAC cé cuong 6 dat cuc dai 6 dinh Am tiét thir 2 vi duéng nét cutng do cia CPAC thé hign rd ret 2 dinh véi mee do nh&p nhd c6 thé nhan thay duge khi nin qua ma chua cén dén nhiing thong so ki thuat chinh xdc. Va nhu vay ta cling da co thé manh dan két luan CPAC dat trong am 6 am tiét thi 2, trén co sé cia su phan biét gita am tiet manh cing chinh 1a 4am tiét mang trong am va am tiét yéu 1a am tiét khong mang trong 4m. Nguoe lai, tuy cing can cir vao phé dd trén (hinh 1) nhung néu khéng ¢6 cde thong sé ki thuat cy thé thi ta khong thé nhan ra duge chinh xde CTV da dat trong fm 6 4m tiét nao vi dudng nét cuong do cia MKS la mot dutng gan nhu khong nhap nhé, tao hinh anh 2 dinh am tiét gan nhu ngang nhau. Diéu nay dong nghia voi vige CTV da phat ra lye gan Bang 3: Thong s0 cwsng ad, cao d6 dink dm tiét 2 etia CPAC vd MKS nhu bang nhau cho ca 2 4m tiét ca til chorale, Khong thé phi nhan day 1a cach phat am hoan toan khong chinh xée kht CTV da khong dap ting duge tinh nhip digu cdia trong am tif tiéng Anh. Nguyén nhan co ban cia hién tuong nay la st chuyén di tiéu cye do bi anh huéng bil tiéng me dé. Hién tugng nay ton tai kha phé bién trong da sé ngudi Viet khi phat am ti tiéng Anh theo xu huéng cin bang luc phat ra cho moi 4m tiét trong tit Céch phat am nay 1a theo mé hinh nbip digu tiéng Viét, ngon ngif don am tiét voi suf cn bang luc gitfa cae am tiét (syllable timed). Hién tugng nay 1a do sy chuyén di tiéu cyte tao ra 16i giao thoa trong phét sinh vién Viet Nam phai ren luyén céch phat am dap ting duse tinh nhip diéu, cy thé 1a ou theo mo hinh nhip diéu tiéng Anh: {F = [S_WIl. Ngoai ra, ta thay rd hinh anh duéng nét cao dé cia cd CPAC va MKS khé bang phang, ho&n toan khée duéng nét cusng dd v6i dang vé gon s6ng, nhap nho, biéu hién trong lye khac nhau 6 a vi tri co ban trong tif. Tuy nhién, 6 am tiét thi 1 cia CPAC cao do dat a dai véi thong s0 khé cao: 388.20 Ha, di am tiét 1 cia CPAC khéng phi la @ tiét mang trong 4m. Trong khi dé, co dutng nét thanh co ban FO do tai dinl am tiét 11a 184 Hz. { THONG SO TAI DINH AM TIET CPAC MKS cusNe DO(UINTENSITY) | AM TIBT 2 72.60 dB 67.06 dB CAO BO (PITCH) AM TIET 2 79.07 Hz 161.50 Hz 80Tap chi Dai hoc Th: Dau Mét, $6 3(5) - 2012 _CAO BO VA CUGNG DO DINH AM TIET THU” 2 CUA CPA Khi quan sat tiép phé 4 do dinh am tiét thi 2 cua CPAC va MKS (hinh 2), ta thay su chénh léch khé r6 cia cae thong 80 ki thuat chi cudng d6 ciia CPAC tai am tiét thir 2 = 72.60 dB va cudng do am tiét thir 2 cia MKS = 67.06 dB. Nhu vay CPAC a phét Am vdi lye hoan toan khéc nhau cho 2 am tiét cia tit chorale, véi su chénh léch = 72.60 dB — 62.90 dB = 9.79 4B > 5, di dé tao mo hinh nhip di trong am (Stress-Timed Rhythm) voi mau “nhip digu (rhythmic pattern): (F = [S W]| (voi F = Foot = 1 bude, S = strong = manh, W = weak = yéu). Trong khi dé, MKS cé théng sé luc phat am do duge tai dinh 2 am tiét cia tit chorale gin nh “bing nhau, véi sy cach chénh léch = 67.06 dB - 66.51 dB = 0.55 dB<1<65, hoan toan khong du dé tao mé hinh nhip u cé trong 4m. Nguge lai, thong sé euéng d6 nay 1a hinh anh cia m6 hinh co 81 Hinh 2: Doi chiéu cuéng d6 va cao dé dinh dm tiét 2 gtita CPAC va MKS nhip diéu c6 cde Am tiét cé trong luc can bang (Syllable-Timed Rhythm) cia tiéng Viét. Ngoai ra, ciing tir phd dé (hinh 2) ta cé thé thay rd cao dé tai dinh am tiét 2 cia CPAC la 79.07 Hz, cing la am tiét mang trong 4m nhung lai thap hon cao d6 dinh 4m tiét 1, am tiét khong mang trong 4m: 388.20 Hz. Trong khi do, MKS c6 dudng nét thanh co ban dat tai dinh Am tiét thi 2 = 161.50 Hz, va cing khong cach biét so vdi cao do 6 dinh am tiét 1 = 184 Hz. Nhu vay, da khéng dat dugc m6 hinh nhip diéu tiéng Anh S_W, nhung co ban CTV da phat ra lyc cho Am tiét 2 cao hon am tiét 1, duge tam chap nhén dat ding vi tri trong am cho tit. Va cing nhu théng s6 cao dé cia CPAC, cao dé 6 dinh am tiét 2, am tiét mang trong 4m cia MKS van thap hon cao d6 6 dinh am tiét 1, am tiét khong mang trong 4m cia MKS.| | Journal of Thu Dau Mot university, N°3(5) - 2012 ‘Tit quan sat trén, ta co thé dua dén nhan dinh rang, dung nét thanh co ban FO biéu dién cao do khong thé hién trong am ma chi Ja sy khée nhau vé dé tram béng cia giong ~ néi gitta nhiing cA thé khae nhau ma thoi. Cudi cing, tiéu chi thi 3 sé duge khao sdt la trugng dd, minh hoa theo phé dé hinh 8 nhv sau: RUGNG S03 Ant TET AC TTT TE ATIATEO Sa et me Hinh 3: Déi chiéu truéng dé va ti i Ie truang gitta CPAC va MKS dé 2 Gm tiét Bang 4: Thong sé truéng dé 2 am tiét cia CPAC va MKS THONG SO TRUONG DO cCPAC MKS AM TIBET 1 0.225263 0.271241 TRUONG BO (DURATION) | AM TIKT 2 0.414075 0.474672 TILE V2 0.54 0.57 Trudng dd va ti 16 trugng do 2 4m tiét cia CPAC va MKS déu_ trong khoang ¥%, co ban dap ting duge yéu cdu ti 1@ gitta 2 4m tiét mang va khong mang trong am. Nhu vay, néu c&n cit vao trudng d@ thi ta khong thé nhan ra han ché hay sai pham ciia CTV vi khi kéo dai da thai lugng cho ting 4m tiét thi chi dat duge trong 4m lugng, la dac diém cia trong 4m tir tiéng Viet. Trong 82 khi dac trung ctia trong am tiéng Aa la trong 4m lye trén co sé mau nhij diéu S_W. Do 46, cho di MKS dap dn, duge dic diém trudng dé nhung van | cach phét Am sai nhu da chting minh, Ti nhan dinh timg tiéu chi danh trong 4m tir tiéng Anh nhu trén, cdc ki qua khdo sdt duge hé théng theo ba thong sé ki thudt téng hop cudng dé, 49 va trutmg do (bang 5). 4Tap chi Dai hoc Thu Dau Mt, sé 3(5) - 2012 Bang 5: Thong s6 cao dé, cudmg dé va trusng dé cia CPAC va MKS THONG SO cCPAC MKS | ; ‘ AM TIBT 1 2.90 dB 66. CUGNG DO (INTENSITY) 7 - £2 prs : AM TIET 2 72.60 dB 67.06 dB ‘A AM TIET 20 H: 184 Hi; CAO DO (PITCH) wet 388.20 He . AM TIET 2 79.07 Hz 161.50 Hz | AM TIET 1 0.225263 0.271241 TRUONG BO (DURATION) AM TIET 2 0.414075 0.474672 © TILE v2 0.54 0.57 Tu phé dé va bang biéu tom tat cae thing sé do 4m thanh giong ni, ching — Cao dé khong thé hién duge vi tri trong 4m tir tiéng Anh ma chi thé hién chat giong cla cdc chi thé phat 4m ma thoi. — Ngoai ra, néu can ctf vao trusng do thi ta khong thé nhan ra han ché hay sai pham cia CTV vi khi kéo dai di thoi lugng cho ting 4m tiét thi chi dat duge trong 4m lugng, la dac diém cia trong 4m tir tiéng Viét. Trong khi dac trung cia trong Am tiéng Anh la trong am luc trén cg sé mau nhip' diéu S_W. Do dé, cho da MKS dap img duge dac diém trusng do nhung van khéng thé dung lam can cit dé danh gid cach phat am trong am tit tiéng Anh yéi dic diém diéu tinh. - Do do, dé xac dinh vi tri trong am cua ti tiéng Anh, ta nén can ctf vao dung nét cutng dé, mot nét die biét va bat bude trong ngén diéu tiéng Anh. Nhin chung, trong tiéng Viet, cutng d6 jiia céc am tiét khong khac nhau vi trong tit cia tiéng, Viet 1a trong am lugng nén é hien 6 trutng do am tiét. Nguge lai, ong am tiéng Anh la trong am luc nén tiéu {cd ban va chudn xdc nhat dé nhan dién trong am tif tiéng Anh la cung dé ([13]], bén canh cao dé va trutng do. Su khac biét nay da dan dén su chuyén di tidu cy tao ra 16i giao thoa trong ngon ngit, cha yéu do anh huéng ciia dae diém ngon ngit me dé (Vist ngit). Quan trong hon la néu khong ¥ thie duge nét dac trung nay thi sinh vién sé khong thé nhan dién vi tri trong am tir tiéng Anh trén co sé trong lugng am tidt thé hién qua cuéng do 2.4. Ranh gidi gitta cde dm tiét trong ngi b6 tit Van dé mau thuan giita trong lugng cia am tiét vé nguyén tie x4e dinh ranh gidi gitta cde am tiét ([13]:114] cing anh hudng dén viéc xc dinh vi tri trong am trong tir da am tiét tiéng Anh. Trugng hgp cac tit c6 nguyén am ctia Am tiét 1a nguyén Am c6 thé tao nén van cia 4m tiét mang trong am (khong phéi nguyén am ngan va nguyen 4m yéu) va déu c6 mt phu 4m cé thé lam chic nang 4m két cia 4m tiét thi nhat hay 4m khéi cia Am tiét thit hai. Vay van dé nay nén gidi quyét ra sao? ‘Truéc tién, ngudi Anh cé khuynh huéng dat sé lugng tdi da sd é vi tri khdi va téi thiéu 6 vi tri két cla am tiét; khi do sé bat bude dat am vi dau tién sau nguyén am, 83,Journal of Thu Dau Mot university, N°3(5) - 2012 nhu /p/ clia chit report, é vi tri khéi chia am tidt thir 2. Nhu vay, am tiét dau /re -/ cuia tit report sé tré thanh am tiét nhe, cing chinh la Am tiét khong mang trong am. Tiép theo, can cit vao nguyén tac toi da cia cde thanh tO cia 4m tiét: Cu thé mic dé tdi da vé sé lugng 4m vi 6 vi tri khdi cua Am tiét la 3 (Onset Maximalism) [13], tr. 111); nhu chir extra /ikstre/ thi hgp li nhat la dat ranh giéi (biéu hién bang dau cham(.)) gitta am vj /ly va /s/: /ik. stre/, vita dap img duge nguyén tac téi da 6 vi tri khdéi la 3 4m vj trong dé vi tri dau tién trong té hgp am khdi chi c6 thé la am vi /s/. Ngoai ra, cch giai quyét nay vin dap ting duge nguyén tac trong lugng cia am tiét mang trong 4m vi 4m tiét /i:k -/ van la am tiét néing vi cé nguyén am dai va am két. Nhung déi véi trugng hgp 4m tiét thir nhat cda tit chia nguyén am ng&n hay nguyén 4m yéu (tit bottle) thi sé nay sinh su mau thudn gitta cée céch két hop am tiét. Néu dat phy 4m ngay sau nguyén am dau tién cia tit & vi tri khéi cia Am tiét thir 2 (hu bo.tile véi déu cham biéu thi ranh gidi gitta cdc Am tiét) thi phi: hop ca su khai quat héa chudi do vang cha 4m thanh (Sonority Sequencing Generalisation) lan mic dé t6i da cia Am khdi. Tuy nhién, tai day, ta phdi déi mat véi van dé cia 4m tiét tha nhat ctia tir (bottle 1a /bo/) la nguyén 4m ngan khéng thé tao nén van cua Am tiét c6 trong am. Vi vay, am tiét thi nhat (cia tir bottle) ro rang cdn am két dé tré thanh am tiét nang, 1a am tiét nhan trong 4m. Nhung sé tén tai sy mau thudn khi dat ranh gidi cho cae loai tit nhu trén, nhu néu phan chia 1a bott.le thi 84 trong cing khong ding vi nhing nguoi ban ngit thutng kiém tra ranh gidi gitta cdc Am tiét bing cach doc lén méi 4m tiét trong tir hai lan, nhu 1a doc bot-bot- ue-tle, né cé thé khong tring khdp ring chting duge viét véi 2 phu am 6 vi tri gitta (double medial consonants) [[13], tr. 112]. Giai phép khé thi la phan tich 4m vi phy Am 6 gitfa 2 4m tiét trong nhitng trusng hgp nhu vay, nhu /t/ ctia bottle nhu la ranh giéi 4m tiét (ambisyllabic), c6 nghia la déng théi thudc vé 4m két cia Am tiét thi nhat va 4m khéi cia am tiét thi hai trong tit botile. Gidi phap nay 8@ khong mau thudn véi cd sy khai quat héa chudi thanh Sequencing Generalisation) va lai con phi d9vang cia am (Sonority hop véi tryc gide cia ngudi ban ngit (native speakers’ intuitions) va mau trong Am (stress patterns). 3. Phuong phap nhan dién trong am tw tiéng Anh 3.1, Hé théng cde nguyén tde trong dm tit tiéng Anh “ Tiéng Anh la mét ngon ngit duge thita huéng tit cdc qui luat trong am e@ dinh cla Dite (Germanic) [(13]], voi d&c diém la trong 4m luén duge dat vao am tiét thi 1 cia c&n t6, nhung lai bi anh huéng béi tiéng Latin, tiéng Phap va Y; nén tiéng Anh déi khi bi cém nhan nhu la ngon ngit khong c6 qui luat trong am tif nhu tiéng Nga. Tuy nhién, nhi vao cac yéu t6 nhit trong lugng am tiét, kiéu loai tir (Ja tit don da am tiét, tir phéi sinh va ti ghép) va sb lugng 4m tiét trong tif, céc nguyén tac phi tap vé trong 4m tit tiéng Anh sé duge hé thong nhu sau:Tap chi Dai hoc Thu Dau Mét, sé 3(5) - 2012 Bang 6: Bang hé thong cdc nguyén tde trong dm ti tiéng Anh 1. Nguyén tac trong 4m ti tiéng Anh trén c&p d6 hinh thai tir don Ti lagi - so Am . , Nguyen tée Vi dy tigt 41, Néu am tiét tha hai cla dong ty chia nguyén am dai (hoe nguyén &m déi| ‘apply’ [2'plai] no ogc két thic véi hon 1 phy am, AM TIET THU HAI sé NHAN TRONG AM. i [2 Néwam tt th hai cia dong tu chva nguyén am ngén hoge nguyen am enter ['enta] : d6i /ous va két thic vdi 1 ho&c khong phy am, AM TIET BAU sé NHAN | ‘follow’ [‘folou] 2 TRONG AM 3 Theo nguyén td cla dong th: ‘correct’ (ka'rekt] =] tinh |1. _ ‘Longvow/Dip + 2.3 cons ‘honest’ [‘onist] 1 ay 2. shortvowou + 1 cons ‘perfect’ ['pa:fikt] Ngoai if: ‘__shortVow/ou + 2 cons or ('pe:fekt] pany | 1” Néw Am tt thd hai cla danh wy chda nguyen Am agin thi AM TIET THU|'money’ ['mani} _ |NHAT sé NHAN TRONG AM __shortVow product’ ['prodekt] = |p Trudng hgp nguie Iai AM TIET THU HAI sé NHAN TRONG AM. ‘balloon’ [ba'lu:n} Tu chic | Gidi tic Theo nguyén the cia dong tis va tinh tir btween ['twi:n] nang 1. N€u Am tiét cubi cla dong tl chia 1 nguyén am ngdn va 1 hay khOng 6 |‘dtermine! phy am, AM TIET LIEN KE TRUGC NO sé NHAN TRONG AM [di'te:min] Dong |__'__shortvow +1 cons ti, |2..Néu am tiét cudi cia dong tis chia nauyén &m dai hoge nguyén Am di ‘entertain’ hhodc két thic vdi hon 1 phy 4m, AM TIET CUO sé NHAN TRONG AM Lente'tein] _—__ ‘LongVow/Dip +2,3 cons 1. Néu am cudi cia danh ti chia nguyén am ngdn hoc nguyén am ddi| ‘disaster’ a [ou] thi Am truée né (AM GIUA), c6 chia nguyén 4m dai hoge nguyén Am} [di'za:ste] 3 Oi hode Két thic bing hon mét phy am) sé NHAN TRONG AM = —‘LongVow/Dip + 2,3 cons shartVow/ [oul | 7 ann |2 Nl 8m tt cut cba danh ty cde mot nayén am ngdn va am tiét gita|‘quantity’ | chia mt nguyén am ngdn va két thic khéng qué mot phy 4m thi AM TIET|[’kwonteti} " Joku sé NHAN TRONG AM ‘__ shortvow + 1 cons shortVow/ [ou] 3, Nou Am tiét cudi chifa nguy&n 4m dai hoc nguyén 4m dOi hoge két thic | ‘intellect’ véi hn 1 phy Am (2 hodc 3 phy 4m),AM TIET DAU sé NHAN TRONG AM. |[intalekt] \___ LongVow/Dip +2,3 cons Tinh tit | Theo nguyén tée cla danh tr 85Journal of Thu Dau Mot university, N°3(5) - 2012 - 2. Nguyén tac va loai phu té tir phire Vi du ~ Khéng cé tién t6 cila tir da Am tiét mang trong am chinh 1. ‘abstract’ + Trong 4m clia tis c6 tién t6 bi chi phdi bai quy luat cla nhizng tir khéng cé tién t6 ['zebstraekt] (v) -like, -less, -ly, -ment. -ness, -ous, -fy, -y | = - Trung hgp de bigt: Cap tH cing hinh thc khéc thé foal {eeb'straekt) (adj) = Nguyén tdc: d6ng ti va danh tir / tinh ti c6 cling hinh thie: 2. ‘conduct’ ~ Déng tit: Am tiét 2 nhn trong am [kan'dakt] (v) | Danh ti/ Tinh ti.: Am tiét 1 nhan trong am Ukondakt] (n) | 1/, Ban than hdu t6 mang trong 4m: Trong 4m 6 am tiét dau cia hdu t6 ‘entertain’ -ain, -20, -eer, -ese, -ette, -esque, -ique Lente'tein] 2/. Nhidng hu t6 khéng anh huging dén vj tri trong am ‘comfort’ [‘kamfat] te | ~Able, -age, -al, -en, -fu, -ing, -ANCE, -ANT, -ARY ‘confortable" & | ish’ (By 18 quy lust cho tinh ti, 461 lap vél can 46 c6 nhiéu hon 1 Am tiét Won | ['kamfatabl] | nan trong &m & im t8t ngay tra ‘sh’ ‘replenish (ri‘plenif] 3/. Hau t6 anh hudng dén trong 4m cila cin té ‘photo’ * ‘photography’ -20us, -graphy, ~ial,-ic, -ion, ~ious, -ty ['foutou} [fa'tografi] 3. Nguyén tac va vi tri Am tiét nh4n trong Am tir ghép Vi du 1 dugc két hgp béi hai danh tu. typewriter t duc két hgp béi hai tinh ti, véi tinh tis thi hai két thie bang “ed” ‘pad-tembered dug két hop bdi thanh phan thif nhdt la sé dém hay sé thd ty, thanh phn thi hai three-wheeler thug la danb ti. second-class 66 chile nang la trang tt north-"East 6 chife-ndng la déng tis va c6 thanh phén thi” nhét la trang tit down-'gate 3.2, Dac diém chinh ctia cdc dm tiét mang va khéng mang trong am Vi trong lugng [[13]: 121 — 125] cia am tiét (syllable weight) sé la nhan to chinh dé xde dinh vi tri dat trong 4m trong tit: Mét am tiét nhe (= Am tiét khong nhan trong 4m) chita (mot 4m vi nguyén Am trong phan van ma khong cé 4m két} Mot am tiét nang (= Am tiét nhan trong 4m) 1A mét 4m tiét cé6 mot bd van phic tap, gdm 1 trong 2 trutng hgp sau: — (1 nguyén am ngan nhung phai 6 t6i thiéu 1 phu 4m két} — (Phai cé hat nhan gém co mot nguyén 4m dai hodc nguyén am doi va phai bé sung thém 4m két) Do do, trén cd sé phan biét gitta am tiét nhe va 4m tiét nang, tif loai (danh tit, dong tit, tinh tif, gidi tix...) cling véi sé luong am tiét trong tif, mot vai dac diém chinh cia cée am tiét mang va khong mang trong 4m duge hé théng nhu sau: 3.2.1, Tit don da dm tiét khong phuTap chi Dai hoc Thi Dau Mét, s6 3(5) - 2012 Bang 7: Dac diém chinh cuia dm tiét khéng nhan trong am trong ti don | Am tiét KHONG nhan trong am Bai cdnh Vite a trong ém 4 Am tiét cha nguyén am yéu {a io] Am tiét tha 2 cua danh ty 2 am tiét 2 ‘Am tit chia mot nguyén 4m yéu va két thc khong | Am tiét gida cia danh tir 3 am tiét qua_mét phy am - eo ‘Am tiét chia nguyén 4m ngdn hoge nguyén am yéu ‘Am tiét cudi clia danh ti 3 am tit | Am tiét du otc nguyén am d6i [ou] - 4 | Am tiét chia nguyén 4m yéu hoae nguyén am abi ‘Am tiét thd 2 cia déng tu tinh ti 2 fou] va két thic v6i 1 hoc 0 phy am am tit ‘Am tiét NHAN trong 4m _ Vi tri trong ti, 1 | Am tiét chia nguyén am dai hoje nguyén dm dOi hodc két Am tiét thi 2 cia d6ng ti / tinh ty 2 4m tiét |__| thie véi hon + phy am (2 hoe 3. phy am), ‘Am tiét cudi cia dong ti 3 &m tet NGOAI LE: Am tiét KHONG nhan trong am BOi cdnh Viti 7 trong am | 1 [Am tiét cha nguyén 4m dai hodc nguyén am d6i hoac két] Am tiét cudi trong danh tu / tinh ti 3 thic v6l hon 1 phy am (2 ho§e 3, .. phy 4m), am tit sl ee age 2 [Am tiét chéa nguyén am ngén hoae nguyén am doi [ou] | Am tiét this 2 cla dong ti 2 am tiét i va két thie véi 2 phy am 3. [Am tit két thuc voi han 1 phy am (2 hodc 3 , .. phy 4m), | Am tiét thi 2 cha tinh ti 2 am tiét 3.2.2. Tit phite (da Gm tiét c6 phy t6) Bang 8: Dac diém vé trong dm ciia tién t6 Dac diém vé trong am ciia tién 16 Cy thé 1] Khdng ¢6 tién 16 cla nhing tis mot hay hai 4m tiét lubn Tién 16 khong mang trong am mang tong 4m chinh 2 | Trong am cila ti c6 tién t6 bi chi phdi bdi qui luat cua Tién t6 khong anh hudng vi tri trong 4m. nhing tir khong c6 tién 16. 3 | Cap ti loai tin t6 + ‘cn to Bong ti ['eebstraekt] (v) Eepetract, “tien 15 + can 16 Tinh tu [aeb'straekt] (adj) Bang 9: Dac diém vé trong am cia hdu t6 Dac diém trong 4m cla hau te Hau 6 cy thé 1 Ban than hdu t6 mang trong 4m 2 Hau t6 khéng anh huting dén vi tri trong am. 3_| Trong am & am tiét ngay truéc hau t6 4 _| Hau t6 anh hutng dén trong 4m cla cin t6 3.2.3. Tie ghép (2 can 16) Bang 10: Dac diém dm tiét mang trong dm trong tit ghép Vi tri nhan trong am va qui tée Vi dy Phén ddu | TU ghép dugc két hyp bdi hai danh tu. ‘typewriter . Tu ghép duge két hop bai hai tinh ti, trong 6 tinh ti this hai két thac | Bad-tembered = bang “ed” 2 Phdn sau Ty ghep dupe kat hgp bai thanh phn thd nhat Bi sB dm hay sO tha ty, | Second-'class thinh phan thi hai thuting a danh ti. Tw ghép 06 chic nang [a trang tir North-East Tit ghép 06 chifc nang [a dong ti va c6 thanh phén thi 1 1a trang th. | Down-gate 87Journal of Thu Dau Mot university, N°3(5) - 2012 4. Két luan Nhin chung, that su khong thé phi nhén tinh phic tap trong viée x4c dinh trong am tif tiéng Anh tir sy anh hung cia nguyén tc phan loai tir trén cde co sé: cap do hinh thai cia tit, ching loai ngit phap va sd lugng am tiét trong tit. Tuy nhién, theo dac trung tiéng Anh 1a ngén ngit theo mo hinh nhip diéu c6 trong am (Stress-Timed Rhythm), tic 1a phai phat Am c6 tinh nhip dieu duge cu thé héa la phai theo mo hinh nhip diéu (rhythmic patterns): (F = [S W]} (vai F = Foot = 1 buée, S = strong = manh, W = weak = yéu), thi trong luong cia am tiét (Syllable weight) [[13]] sé la nhan to chinh dé xéc djnh vi tri dat trong am trong tif, can ctf trén sy phan biét gitta dm tiét nhe (chia {m6t am vi nguyén am trong phan van ma khong cé Am két}) va dm tiét nang (chita {l nguyén 4m ngtin nhung phai c6 tdi thiéu 1 phu am két) hoe {phai cé hat nhan gdm 6 mt nguyén Am dai ho&c nguyén am doi va phai bé sung thém am két)). Ti d6, mot hé thong cde nguyén tée trong 4m tit da duge dic két mt cach co ban. va kha don gian, déng thoi da duge kiém nghiém cing nhu minh hoa bing thuc nghiém ng Am hoe, tif eéip dé tir don-1 hay nhiéu am tiét véi su phn biét gitta cae loai tit danh tix, dong ti, tinh tis, v6i dic diém chung la nhitng dm tiét chita nguyen Gm yéu thi khéng nhén trong am, con lai nh am tiét chita nguyén dm ngdn nhung phdi két thie v6i it nhdt 1 phu Gm va dm tiét chita nguyen dm dai thi luén nhan trong dm; dén cap do tir phtte vai su anh hudng cita cde loai phu t6 nhu: tat ca cae tién td déu khing mang trong dm (ngoai trit tién t6 cua tinh tit trong cap tit loai: word class pair ) va vike xéc dinh trong 4m sé theo nguyén tac cp do tit don; cing vai cae loai hau t6 luén mang trong dm va khéng mang trong am ~ 6 vit khong c6 su nh hung lam thay déi vi tri trong dm cia tit, va cudi cing 1a cap do tir ghép vi 2 vi tri nhan trong 4m khéc nhau la 6 thanh té thit nhdt néu tit ghép cu thanh tit 2 danh tit va cde trudng hop con lai thi thanh t6 thit 2 sé nhan trong am. Nhu vay, tit quan diém vé nang cao kha nang nhan thite trong giao tiép, dac biét bing tiéng Anh, bai viét co ban da cung edp mét sd kién thtte va phuong phap rat cin thiét vé am vj hoc chiét doan, thong qua thye hanh mau nhip diéu trong ngon nhim nang cao kha nang xac dinh va phat Am cdc am tiét nhan trong am, co sé dé dodn ni dung cia lai néi trong giao tiép ngoai x4 hoi va quée té trong thoi ki toan cdu héa hién nay. VERIFYING A METHOD TO RECOGNIZE THE STRESSED SYLLABLE IN AN ENGLISH WORD BY EXPERIMENTAL PHONETICS Tran Thi Thanh Dieu University of Social Sciences and Humanities Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh city ABSTRACT Based on the syllable weight, the word classification on the foundation of Morphological level of a word, the Grammatical category and the Number of syllables 88Tap chi Dai hoc Thu Dau Mét, sé 3(5) - 2012 existing in a word, the research concentrates on the foundation for a rather simple method to recognize the stressed syllable in an English word, which was verified by Experimental Phonetics. Keywords: stress, experimental phonetics, method, verify TAI LIEU THAM KHAO (1] Anderson, John M. and Ewen, Colin J., Principles of dependency phonology, Cambridge University Press, 1987. : [2] Brentari, Diane, A prosodic model of sign language phonology, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988. [3] Cao Xun Hao, Tiéng Viét - mdy vdn dé ngit dm, ngit phap, ngit nghia, NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi, 2006. [4] Chomsky N and Halle M., The sound pattern of English, New York: Harper and Row, 1968. (5) Clements, George N. and Samuel J. Keyser, CV phonology: A generative theory of the syllable. Linguistic inquiry monographs (No. 9), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0- 262-53047-3 ISBN 0-262-03098-5, 1983. (6] De Lacy, Paul, The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-84879-2 (hbk), 2007. 7] Fry D. B., Duration and intensity as physical correlates of linguistic stress, J. Acoust, Soc. Am. 27, 765-768. doi: 10.1121/1.1908022, 1955. (8] Fry D. B., Experiments in the perception of stress, Lang Speech 1, 1958. [9] Goldsmith, John A., The aims of autosegmental phonology. In D. A. Dinnsen (Ed.), Current approaches to phonological theory, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979. {10] Jones D., The pronunciation of English, Cambridge University Press, 1909/2002. {11} Ladefoged, Peter, A course in phonetics (4th ed.), Boston: Heinle and Heinle, Thomson Learning, 2001. {12] Lé Quang Thiém, Nghién citu déi chiéu cde ngén ngit, NXB Dai hoc Quéc gia Ha Noi, 2004. [13] McMahon A., An introduction to English phonology, Edinburgh Univiersity Press, 1998. (14) Nguyén Cong Dic, Nguyén Hitu Chuong, Ti vung tiéng Viet, Trung Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa va Nhan van — Dai hoe Quée gia TP. Hé Chi Minh, 2004. {15] Nguyén Quang Hong, Am tiét va logi hinh ngén ngit, NXB Dai hoc Quéc gia Ha Noi, 2002, [16] Nguyén Tai Céin, Gido trinh lich sit ngit am tiéng Viet, NXB Gido duc, 1997. {17] Nguyén Thién Giap, Céc phuong phdp nghién cru ngon ngit, NXB Gido duc, 2009. [18] Dinh Lé Thu, Nguyén Van Hué, Co edu ngit dm tiéng Viet, NXB Gido duc, 1998. [19]Doan Thién Thuat, Ngiz dm tiéng Viet, NXB Dai hoc va Trung hoc chuyén nghiép, 1980. [20] Roach P., English Phonetics and Phonology. The Youth Press, Vietnam, 1998. [21] Spencer A., Morphological Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1991. 89