IPv6 BY VNNIC PDF

M s : KT 02 SM 06
T R U N G T M IN T E R N E T V I T N A M (VNNIC)
B in so n : KS. N g u y n T h T h u T h y
H iu n h : T h.S . H o n g M in h C n g
N H X U T B N B U I N
T P . H C H M IN H - 2006
L I G I I T H I U
a ch ca cc m y tnh trn Internet hin na y ang c nh s
theo th h a ch phin bn 4 (IP v4) gm 32 bit. T rn l thuyt, kh ng
gian IPv4 bao gm h n 4 t a ch (th c t th t h n). T uy nhin ng
tr c s ph t trin m nh m v s l n g cc thit b trn m ng l i th
xy ra nguy c thiu ht khng gian a ch IP v4; cng v i nh ng hn
ch trong c ng ngh v nh ng nh c im ca IP v4 thc y s ra
i ca m t th h a ch Internet m i IP v6.
IP v6 c thit k v i h y vng khc phc nh ng hn ch vn c
ca a ch IP v4 nh b hn ch v khng gian a ch, cu trc nh
tuyn v bo m t, ng th i em li nh ng c tnh m i tha m n cc
nhu cu dch v ca th h m ng m i nh kh nng t ng cu hnh
m khng cn h tr ca m y ch D H C P , cu trc nh tuyn tt h n,
h tr tt h n m ulticast, h tr b o m t v cho di ng tt h n. H in
nay IP v6 c chun ha t ng b c, ch un b a vo ng dng
th c t trong t ng lai. T rung tm Internet V it N am (V N N IC ) bin son
cun sch G i i th iu v th h a ch In tern et m i IP v6 cho cc
bn c nhu cu tm hiu v IP v6.
C un sch g m 5 ch ng: C h ng 1 : G i i thiu v IP v4, IP v6 ;
C h ng 2 : C u trc a ch IP v6; C h ng 3: C c th tc v quy trnh
hat ng ca IP v6; C h ng 4: C c cng ngh chuyn i giao tip
gi a Ipv4 -IP v6; C h ng 5: T hit lp m t m ng thun IP v6 (tron g iu
kin IP v4 vn ang c ng dng) cung c p m t s dch v c b n
DNS, WEB, FTP.
C hng ti cm n N h xut bn B u in gp phn trong vic
hon thnh cun sch ny. T rn trng gi i thiu cng bn c v rt
m ong nhn c nh ng kin ng gp cun sch ngy cng hon
thin h n trong nh ng ln xut bn sau. M i kin xin g i v: Trung
tm In tern et V it N am , 115 T rn D u y H n g, C u G i y, H N i; in
th oi: 04.5564944; F ax: 04.5564955.
X in trn trng cm n.
T R U N G T M IN T E R N E T V I T N A M
M C L C
L I G I I T H I U .................................................................................... 6
G I I T H C H C C T H U T N G V T V I T T T ............................. 13
C H N G 1 : A C H IN T E R N E T P H I N B N 4 (IP V 4 ) V T H H
A C H IN T E R N E T M I (IP V 6 )......................................................... 19
I. A C H IN T E R N E T P H I N B N 4 (IP V 4 )...................................................... 20
I.1 . C c h s th p p h n , n h p h n , h exa d e cim al ..................................................... 20
I.2 . B i u d i n a ch In te rn e t p hi n b n 4 .................................................................. 21
I.3 . C h c n n g c a a ch IP v4 ................................................................................ 22
I.4 . C u tr c a ch IP v4 ........................................................................................... 23
I.5 . B i u d i n m t d i a ch IP v4 ............................................................................. 24
I.6 . K h n g g ia n a ch IP v4 ...................................................................................... 24
I.7 . Q u n l a ch In te rn e t....................................................................................... 25
II. H N C H C A T H H A C H IP V 4 V M C T I U P H T T R I N IP V 6 ... 26
II.1. S c n ki t a ch IP v4 ..................................................................................... 26
II.2. H n ch v c n g n g h v n h c im c a IP v4 ................................................ 28
II.3. M c ti u tro n g th it k IP v6 ................................................................................ 29
III. H I N T R N G T R I N K H A I IP v6 T O N C U ............................................... 30
III.1 . T i u ch u n h a IP v6 ......................................................................................... 30
III.2 . T n h hn h th n g h im , p h t tri n IP v6 ............................................................... 31
C H N G 2 : C U T R C A C H IP v6 .............................................. 37
I. CC H B I U D I N V C U T R C A C H IP V 6 ........................................... 38
I.2 . T n g q u a n v a ch IP v6 , kh c bi t so v i IP v 4 ................................................. 38
I.2 . B i u d i n a ch IP v6.......................................................................................... 39
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G i i th i u v th h a ch In te rn e t m i - IPv6
I.3 . C u tr c c a m t a ch IP v 6.............................................................................. 41
I.4 . n h d a n h gia o d i n tro n g a ch IP v 6 ................................................................ 42
II. C U T R C N H A C H V C C D N G A C H IP v6 ........................... 45
II.1 T n g q u a n v p h n lo i a ch IP v6 ................................................................... 45
II.2 N h n g d n g a ch th u c lo i U N IC A S T ............................................................ 46
II.3. N h n g d n g a ch th u c lo i M ultica st ............................................................. 53
II.4. L o i a ch A N Y C A S T ....................................................................................... 61
II.5. L a ch n a ch m c n h tro n g IP v6 ................................................................ 62
III. T M T T V A C H IP v6 .......................................................................... 63
III.1 . T h n g k v c c d n g a ch IP v6 .................................................................... 63
III.2 . N h n g d n g a ch m y tn h IP v 6 n g h e l u l n g v x l .............................. 64
III.3 . N h n g d n g a ch ro u te r IP v6 n g h e l u l n g v x l ................................... 65
IV . P H N M O U IP V 6 ................................................................................. 65
IV .1 . P h n m o u IP v4 .......................................................................................... 67
IV .2 . M o u c a IP v6 - N h n g th a y i, ci ti n so v i IP v 4 ................................... 68
V . C T N H C A A C H IP v6 ....................................................................... 75
V .1 . T n g q u t ch u n g................................................................................................ 75
V .2 . C h t l n g dch v Q o S tro n g th h a ch IP v6 .............................................. 78
V .3 . H tr t t h n v b o m t tro n g th h a ch IP v6 ........................................... 81
V I. T H C H N H K C H H O T IP V 6 T R N H I U H N H W IN D O W S ,
L IN U X . C U H N H K T N I B N G A C H IP V 6 ............................................ 82
VI.1 . H tr IP v6 tro n g h i u h n h W in d o w s 2 0 0 3 se rve r....................................... 82
V I.2 . H tr IP v6 tr n h i u h n h L in ux .................................................................. 86
V I.3 . M t s ti n ch kim tra k t n i v kim tra c u h n h ......................................... 88
V I.4 . T h c h n h ........................................................................................................ 89
C H N G 3 : C C T H T C V Q U Y T R N H
H O T N G C B N C A A C H IP V 6 ...................................... 101
I. T H T C IC M P V 6 ....................................................................................... 103
I.1 . T n g q u t v vai tr c a th t c IC M P v6 tro n g h o t n g c a IP v6 ................... 103
M c l c
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I.2 . P h n lo i th n g i p IC M P V 6 ........................................................................... 104
II. T H T C N D ............................................................................................... 108

II.1. T h n g i p IC M P v6 s d n g tro n g th t c N D ................................................. 110
II.2. T m h i u v g i tin N D ...................................................................................... 114
II.3. N h n g q u y trn h N D cu n g c p .......................................................................... 115
III. M T S Q U Y T R N H H O T N G C B N C A A C H IP v6 ............. 117

III.1 . Q u y trn h p h n gi i a ch l p 2 t a ch IP v 6 l p 3 ...................................... 117
III.2 . K im tra tr n g l p a ch tr n m t n g k t n i ............................................ 118
III.3 . K im tra kh n n g c th k t n i c t i n o d e ln c n . ................................. 119
III.4 . T m kim b n h tu y n tr n n g kt n i R D ............................................... 120
III.5 . T n g c u hn h a ch kh n g tr n g th i c a thit b IP v 6 ............................. 122
III.6 . n h s li th it b IP v6................................................................................... 126
III.7 . Q u y trn h tm kim g i tr P ath M T U p h c v ch o vi c p h n m n h g i tin IP v6 .. 126
IV . T H T C Q U N L Q U A N H T H N H V I N M U L T IC A S T - MLD ............ 128

IV .1 . T n g q u t v th t c M L D ............................................................................... 128
IV .2 . B a th n g i p IC M P v6 s d n g tro n g th t c M L D .......................................... 130
V . T H C H N H Q U A N S T G IA O T I P V H O T N G C A C C
NODE IPv6 ...................................................................................................... 131
V .1 . C u hn h IP v6 tr n b n h tu y n C isco ........................................................... 131
V .2 . T h c h n h ....................................................................................................... 134
C H N G 4:C N G N G H C H U Y N I
G IA O T I P IP V 6 IPV4.................................................................... 145
I. T N G Q U A N V C N G N G H C H U Y N I IP V 6 - IPV4 ......................... 146
I.1. Dual-stack......................................................................................................... 146
I.2 . C n g n g h n g h m ..................................................................................... 148
I.3 . C n g n g h ch u y n i...................................................................................... 150
II. M T S C N G N G H T O N G H M ................................................ 150

II.1. C u h n h b n g ta y n g h m ......................................................................... 150
II.2. Tunnel Broker .................................................................................................. 151
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II.3. C n g n g h n g h m 6 to 4 ............................................................................ 155
III. T H C H N H T H I T L P V S D N G N G H M ............................ 161
C H N G 5 : T H I T L P M N G T H N G H I M C H D N G A C H
IP V 6 C U N G C P M T S D C H V D N S , W E B , FTP ................... 169
I. G I I T H I U M T S P H N M M H T R IP V 6 ....................................... 169
I.1 . IP v6 v i d ch v D N S ........................................................................................ 169
I.2 . M t s p h n m m cu n g c p d ch v h tr IP v6 ................................................ 170
I.3 . M t s p h n m m clie n t d ch v h tr IP v6 ...................................................... 172
II. T H C H N H T H I T L P M N G ................................................................. 173

II.1. M c ti u th c h n h .......................................................................................... 173
II.2. C h u n b .......................................................................................................... 173
II.3. C c b c th c hi n ......................................................................................... 175
T I L I U T H A M K H O ..................................................................... 189
G I I T H C H C C T H U T N G V T V I T
TT
6Bone
M n g th n g h i m v IP v6 , b a o g m c c site IP v6 k t n i th n g c c n g
h m , s d n g c s h t n g m n g In te rn e t IP v4 . 6 B o n e c h u b v o
06/06/2006.
Anycast
C ch th c g i g i tin n m t ch b t k tro n g m t n h m c c m y.
APNIC
A sia P a cific N e tw o rk In fo rm a tio n C e n tre . T ch c q u n l a ch IP , s h i u
m n g c p v n g , p h tr ch kh u v c ch u T h i B n h D n g .
ARIN
American Registry for Internet Number - T ch c q u n l a ch IP , s h i u
m n g c p v n g , p h tr ch kh u v c B c M .
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol - T h t c p h n g i i a ch , s d n g tro n g IP v4
p h n g i i a ch IP v4 th n h a ch l p 2 t n g n g , v d a ch E th e rn e t
MAC.
Broadcast
M t g i tin c a ch ch b ro a d ca st s c tru y n t i t i v c x l b i
m i m y tro n g m t m n g .
DAD
D u p lica te A d d re ss D e te ctio n , m t q u trn h ch o p h p n o d e IP v6 m b o
c r n g m t a ch ch a c s d n g tr n n g k t n i tr c kh i n o d e
IP v6 q u y t n h s d n g a ch .
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - T h t c c u h n h a ch n g , c p a
ch t m th i ch o th i t b IP v4 . c s d n g ch o p h p m t th i t b IPv4 tm
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a ch IP v n h n g th n g tin kh c n h m y ch t n m i n n i b m kh n g
c n t i c u h n h th c n g v l u tr n h n g th n g tin n y tr n m y.
DHCPv6
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6 - T h t c c u h n h a ch
n g p h i n b n 6 .
Dual-stack
M t n o d e d u a l-sta ck l m t n o d e l m vi c v i c IP v4 v IP v6 .
n g kt n i
n g k t n i, (h a y n g lin k): K h i n i m s d n g y ch m t k t n i
Ethernet.
Gateway
M y tn h , h o c th i t b th c h i n va i tr n h m t c a a l u l n g t m t
my tnh ra m n g n g o i h o c sa n g m t m n g kh c.
Header
M o u - ph n ch a c c th n g tin p h c v ch o vi c x l th n g tin t i c c
l p tro n g m h n h h o t n g c a th t c T C P /IP .
Hop limit
M t tr n g c a M o u IP v6 , x c n h s n g k t n i t i a m g i tin c
th i q u a tr c kh i b h u b .
Host
K h i n i m d n g y ch m y tn h , h o c th i t b kh c, cu n g c p d ch v ,
kh n g th c h i n ch c n n g n h tu y n .
IANA
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority - T ch c q u n l t i n g u y n s ( a ch
IP , s p ro to co l, s p o rt...) q u c t
ICANN
In te rn e t C o rp o ra tio n fo r A ssig n e d N a m e s a n d N u m b e rs. T ch c p h i l i
n h u n , m n h i m va i tr q u n l v t i n g u y n s ( a ch IP , c c th n g s
th t c) v t n (h th n g t n m i n ), n g th i q u n l h th n g m y ch t n
m i n g c to n c u .
ICMP
G i i th ch c c th u t n g v t vi t t t
15
Internet Control Message Protocol - T h t c c a n h n g th n g i p i u kh i n ,

s d n g tra o i n h n g th n g i p b o l i g ia o ti p , th n g i p ch n o n
m n g tro n g h o t n g c a IP .
ICMPv4
Internet Control Message Protoco version 4 - T h t c IC M P p h i n b n 4 . K h i
n i m n y n g n h t v i kh i n i m IC M P .
ICMPv6
Internet Control Message Protoco version 6 - T h t c IC M P p h i n b n 6 , l
p h i n b n c s a i, n n g c p c a IC M P , p h c v ch o h o t n g c a
IPv6.
IETF
Internet Engineering Taskforce - T ch c ti u ch u n h o , vi t c c t i li u ti u
ch u n h o (R F C ) p h c v h o t n g In te rn e t to n c u .
IGMP
Internet Group Management Protocol - T h t c s d n g tro n g c n g n g h
m u ltica st IP v4 th i t l p q u a n h th n h vi n n h m m u ltica st tro n g m t
m n g . T h t c n y ch o p h p m t m y tn h th n g b o v i b n h tu y n tr n
m n g c a n r n g n m u n n h n l u l n g c a m t a ch m u ltica st n h t
n h .
IPSec
M t c n g n g h cu n g c p b o m t, x c th c v n h n g d ch v a n n in h kh c t i
t n g IP .
IPv4
Internet Protocol version 4 P h i n b n 4 c a th t c In te rn e t. H i n a n g
c s d n g p h b i n tro n g h o t n g m n g In te rn e t to n c u .
IPv6
Internet Protocol version 6 P h i n b n 6 c a th t c In te rn e t, c p h t tri n
n h m th a y th IP v4 , kh c p h c n h n g h n ch c a p h i n b n IP v4 v c i
th i n th m n h i u c tn h m i.
LACNIC
Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry - T ch c q u n l
a ch IP , s h i u m n g c p v n g , p h tr ch kh u v c M L a tin h v b i n
Caribe.
Loopback
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K n h g ia o ti p ch o p h p p h n m m kh ch (clie n t) c th g ia o ti p v i p h n
m m ch (se rve r) tr n c n g m t m y . N g i s d n g d n g m t a ch IP
th n g l 1 2 7 .0 .0 .1 tr v m y tn h n y. D i a ch s d n g ch o ch c
n n g lo o p b a ck l t 1 2 7 .0 .0 .0 n 1 2 7 .2 5 5 .2 5 5 .2 5 5 .
MLD
Multicast Listener Discovery L m t th t c, s d n g c c th n g i p
IC M P v6 , ch o p h p c c b n h tu y n kh m p h ra n h n g a ch IP v6
m u ltica st n o a n g c "n g h e " l u l n g tr n m t n g k t n i.
MTU
Maximum Transmission Unit K ch th c g i tin l n n h t c th tru y n t i
trn m t n g k t n i.
Multicast
C n g n g h ch o p h p g i m t g i tin IP n g th i t i m t n h m x c n h c c
th i t b m n g . C c th i t b m n g n y c th th u c n h i u t ch c v n h v
c c v tr a l kh c n h a u .
NAT
Network Address Translation - M t c n g n g h th a y th a ch tro n g g i tin IP
kh i g i tin i ra , h o c v o m t m n g , ch o p h p n h i u th i t b m n g n h a
ch ri n g (p riva te ) c th ch ia s c n g m t a ch to n c u (p u b lic) v k t n i
vo Internet.
ND
Neighbor Discovery - M t th t c m i, c p h t tri n tro n g h o t n g IP v6 .
N D s d n g c c th n g i p IC M P v6 m n h i m c c q u y trn h g ia o ti p
c n th i t g i a c c n o d e tr n m t n g k t n i n h q u y trn h p h n g i i a
ch (th c h i n b n g th t c A R P tro n g IP v4 ), q u y trn h tm ki m b n h
tu y n
Node
K h i n i m y d n g ch m t th i t b (b a o g m c m y tn h , b n h
tu y n , h o c th i t b kh c), l m t i m k t n i v o m n g .
PathMTU Discovery
Q u y trn h tm ki m g i tr M T U n h n h t tr n m t n g k t n i t n g u n t i
ch .
Prefix
G i i th ch c c th u t n g v t vi t t t
17
L m t kh i a ch IP v4 h o c IP v6 , c q u y t n h b n g vi c c n h m t
s b it u ti n c a a ch . V d 2 0 3 .1 1 9 .9 .0 /2 4 l t p h p c c a ch IP v4
t 2 0 3 .1 1 9 .9 .0 n 2 0 3 .1 1 9 .9 .2 5 5 . i v i IP v6 , 2 0 0 0 ::/3 l t p h p c c a
ch IP v6 c b a b it u ti n l 0 0 1 (ch c i h e xa u ti n tro n g a ch l 2
h o c 3 ).
QoS
Quality of Service - C h t l n g d ch v : K h i n i m tro n g tru y n t i l u l n g ,
m b o l u l n g m n g i n ch th e o m t ch t l n g n h t n h (m c
l i, th i g ia n tru y n t i l u l n g ...)
RFC
Request For Comments - N h n g t i li u ti u ch u n ch o In te rn e t, c so n
th o v xu t b n b i IE T F .
RIPE NCC
Rseaux IP Europens - T ch c q u n l a ch IP , s h i u m n g c p v n g ,
p h tr ch kh u v c C h u u .
RIR
Regional Internet Registry - T ch c q u n l v p h n b a ch IP c p v n g
ch o c c h o t n g In te rn e t. N h n g t ch c n y c n g c n h n g va i tr tro n g
vi c h tr q u n l c s h t n g In te rn e t v p h t tri n ch n h s ch q u n l t i
n g u y n a ch IP , s h i u m n g A S N .
Router
B n h tu y n - T h i t b m n g th c h i n ch c n n g ch u y n ti p l u l n g
g i a c c m n g .
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol - M t b c c g ia o th c g ia o
ti p , p h c v ch o vi c k t n i c c th i t b tr n In te rn e t.
Tunnel
n g h m - L m t c ch th c tru y n g i tin IP v6 t m t i m t i m t i m
kh c tr n m n g , s d n g c s h t n g m n g IP v4 b n g c ch b c g i tin
IP v6 tro n g g i tin IP v4 , d o v y ch n g c th i c tro n g c s h t n g
m n g IP v4 .
Unicast
C ch th c g i g i tin th n g th n g . T ro n g g i tin ch c g i n m t
ch d u y n h t. N h n g c ch th c g i g i tin kh c b a o g m a n yca st, b ro a d ca st
v multicast
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VPN
V irtu a l P riva te N e tw o rk. c n h c t i n h m t m n g tro n g c c c p h n
m n g c ch n h a u b i v tr a l c k t n i th n g q u a In te rn e t c n g c n g
so n g d li u tru y n q u a In te rn e t c m h o , d o v y to n b m n g c
xe m n h m t m n g ri n g o .
CHNG 1
A C H INTERNET P H I N B N 4 (IP V 4 ) V
T H H A C H INTERNET M I (IPV6)
T ro n g p h n u ti n cu n s ch, ch n g ti xin n h c li m t c ch t n g
q u a n v th h a ch In te rne t p hi n b n 4 hi n t i a n g c s d n g
(IP v4 ), n gu y n nh n ti sa o c n thi t p h t tri n p hi n b n m i c a a
ch Internet. T gi i thiu v i b n c v a ch Inte rn et p hin b n
6 - IPv6, p h i n b n n g d n g ti p th e o ca th t c Internet. y l
p h in b n c th i t k n h m kh c p h c n h n g h n ch c a g iao th c
Internet IPv4 v b su ng n h n g tn h n n g m i c n thi t tro n g h o t
n g v d ch v m n g th h sa u . C h n g t i c n g ch ia s v i c c b n
n h n g a ch, n g u n th n g tin b n c th s d n g tm h i u th m ,
c p n h t n h n g th ng tin m i n h t v c n g ng h IPv6.
C h n g 1 b a o g m n h n g m c ch n h sa u y:
N h c li v a ch Internet p hin b n 4 (IP v4 ).
H n ch c a th h a ch IPv4. M c ti u p h t tri n IPv6.
H i n tr n g tri n kh ai IPv6 to n c u .
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I. A C H INTERNET P H I N B N 4 (IPV4)
B n l m g kh i m u n g i i n th o i ch o m t n g i q u e n b n M , ch c
ch n l n h c i n th o i l n v q u a y s c a n g i , b a o g m c m
q u c g ia , m v n g th e o q u y n h . g i th t i n h m t n g i thn,
b n ch n h x c a ch tr n b th . N h v y, x c n h m t th c
th tro n g m t m n g n h t n h , th c th c n c n h d a n h th e o
m t c ch th c q u y n h s n v n h d a n h n y l d u y n h t tr n m n g .
C c th c th m u n g ia o ti p v i n h a u , c n th e o m t c ch th c ch u n g
q u y n h s n .
K h i n hi u m n g co n k t n i v i n h a u giao tip , trao i th n g tin ,
n g i ta g i l lin m n g (Internetwork). Internet l li n m n g ton
c u , k t n i c c thi t b m n g . M i thit b th am g ia m n g n y c n g c n
m t c ch th c n o n h da n h d u y n h t. n g th i p h i c c ch th c
ch u n g ch ng li n h , gia o ti p c v i n h a u . C ch th c c c
m y tn h n i ch u y n, gia o tip v i n ha u trn m n g to n c u c g i
l gia o th c. H i n na y, Internet to n c u s d n g t p h p g ia o th c
TCP/IP. G ia o th c IP (Internet P ro to col) x c n h c ch th c tru yn ti
c c g i tin i tr n li n m n g .
T hi t b tro n g m n g Internet nh d a n h d u y n h t b n g m t h th n g s ,
c g i l a ch Internet. H th n g s c th i t k t th i i m b a n
u c a Internet c g i l a ch Internet p h in b n 4 (IP v4). T hit
b m n g th a m g ia h o t n g Internet to n c u c g n c c a ch
tro n g h th n g s n y the o q u y n h ca gia o th c IP . H i n n a y, ch n g
ta v n a n g s d n g ph bin p hi n b n a ch n y tro n g h o t n g
c a m n g Internet to n c u .
I.1. C c h s th p p h n , n h p h n , h exa d ecim al

C h s ch n g ta s d n g tro ng cu c s n g th n g n h t c g i l s
th p p h n. P h p tn h th c h i n v i c c co n s th p p h n c g i l
c s 1 0 . M i ch s ch c th bi u di n c m i g i tr t 0 n 9 .
i v i co n n g i, n h n g co n s h s th p ph n v c ng q u en th u c.
H thp phn (c s 10)
2024 = 4x100 + 2x101 + 0x102 + 2x103 = 2024
T u y n hi n , tron g ln h v c k th u t, m y m c li s d n g p h b in h ai
h s kh c, n h co n n g i q ue n th u c v i h s th p p h n : l h
n h p h n (bin a ry c s 2 ) v h s h e xa d e cim a l (c s 1 6 ).
C h n g 1 : a ch In te rn e t p h i n b n 4 (IP v4 ) v IP v6
21
C c m y tn h l u tr v x l th n g tin b n g m t t p h p n h n g o n
th n g tin v i h ai tnh tr n g n g i n c v kh n g . H n h p h n ch
b a o g m h a i s 1 v 0 t n g n g tnh tr n g n y. C c gi tr b a o
g m d y c c ch s 0 v 1 . V i c s 2 , co n s n h p h n s c q u y
i ra gi tr th p p h n n h sa u :
H nh phn (c s 2)
1101 = 1x20 + 0x21 + 1x 22 + 1x23 = 13
C o n s 1 3 c a h s th p p h n t n g n g v i d y s 11 0 1 bi u din
tro n g h nh p h n . N u ch u y n i m t d y s 32 bit n h ph n
1 1 0 0 10 1 1 1 01 0 0 0 1 00 0 1 1 10 0 1 1 01 1 0 1 11 san g d n g s th p p h n
th e o qu y t c n h tr n , gi tr th p ph n n h n c s v c n g l n v
kh n h . D o v y, n g i ta th n g ha y s d n g c ch th c n h m c c
s n h p h n , c th th eo 4 s (o cte t) h a y 8 s (b yte). C h u i s 3 2 bit
tr n c th p h n ra n h sa u :
1100.1011.1010.0010.0011.1001.1011.0111
N u p h n t n g n h m 4 s n h p h n , m i n h m s c 1 6 g i tr th p
p h n t 0 n 1 5 . H o n to n c th x y d n g m t h s c 1 6 gi tr.
H s c g i l h s hexa decimal, c n g i t t l h e xa , c s 1 6 .
T u y n hi n , c m t v n v c c k t b i u d i n gi tr co n s h e xa :
chng ta ch c 9 ch s b i u di n m i g i tr t 0 n 9 . N h v y
t g i tr 1 0 n 15 , c n p h i d n g c c k t d n g ch biu di n .
C c k t c s d n g n h sa u : A b i u d i n g i tr 1 0 , B -11, C-12,
D-13, E-14 v F-15.
M t s h e xa t n g n g n h m 4 s n h p h n . C h n g ta c th q u y i
q u a li gi a c c h s n h ph n , th p p h n , he xa d e cim a l:
Hexa decimal (c s 16)
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
F= 15 (thp phn) = 1111 (nh phn)
CA82 = 2x160 + 8x161 + 10x162 + 12x163 = 51842
I.2. B iu d in a ch Internet p h in b n 4
T ro n g p hi n b n 4 , m t a ch Internet c th it k b a o g m 3 2 bit
n h ph n . N u vi t 3 2 co n s n h p h n biu d in m t a ch IPv4 th
v c n g b t ti n v kh nh . D o v y, n g o i h s n h ph n , n g i ta
c n s d n g c c h s th p p h n v h e xa d ecim a l b iu di n a ch
22
IPv4. T ro n g , c ch th c b i u di n a ch IPv4 d i d n g s th p
p h n l th n g d n g n h t.
ch u y n i 3 2 bit n h p h n IPv4 sa n g biu d i n d i d n g s th p
phn, 32 bit n h p h n n y c chia th nh cc nhm 8 bit phn cch
n h a u b i d u ch m v ch u y n i th n h gi tr th p p h n ch o d n h :
a ch IPv4
11001011101000100011100110110111 (32 bit)
11001011. 10100010 . 00111001. 10110111 (32 bit)
203. 162 . 57 . 183

N u 3 2 bit ny, thay v chia thnh cc nhm 8 bit n h tr n , c ch ia
thnh cc nhm 4 bit n h p h n v ch u y n i sa n g ch s h e xa . R i li
ti p t c n h m 4 ch s h e xa th n h m t n h m p h n c ch b i d u :,
kh i a ch IPv4 n y c bi u di n the o d n g s h e xa d e cim a l.
Biu din dng hexa decimal
1100101110100010001110011011-0111 (32 bit)
12111023911-7 (cm 4 bit sang thp phn)
CBA239B-7 (hexa decimal)
CBA2:39B7 (biu din dng hexa decimal)
I.3. C h c n n g c a a ch IPv4
C h c h n b n c s n i r n g : ch c n n g c a a ch IPv4 l n h
d a n h c c thi t b tr n m n g Internet ch sa o ? T u y n hi n , n h v y ch a
. a ch IPv4 c h ai ch c n n g c b n sa u y:
n h d an h cc g iao d in m n g
23
a ch IPv4 cu n g c p s n h d an h d u y nh t ch o n h n g g iao d in
(ca rd m n g ) th a m g ia v o m n g Internet. T x c n h m t node
(m y tn h , h o c thi t b m n g ) d u y nh t tr n m n g Internet.
H tr ch o n h tu yn
tru y n t i th n g tin t m t m n g sa n g m t m n g kh c trn Internet,

c n h n g th i t b th c h in ch c n n g l m c u n i, ch u yn ti th n g tin
g i a c c m n g g i l c c b n h tu y n (router). nh tu y n l q u y trn h
tr n c c thi t b n y dch ch u y n gi tin t m t m n g sa n g m n g
kh c tr n li n m n g . T h t n g c n hin khi n i a ch IPv4 h tr cho
q u y trn h n y. N h n g th t s , a ch IPv4 c q u y n h th e o m t c u
tr c h tr rou te r q u y t n h th c hi n n h ng g v i g i tin , d a tr n
g i tr c a a ch, t h tr q u y trn h n h tu y n .
I.4. C u tr c a ch IPv4
h tr ch o nh tu y n , a ch IPv4 c m t c u tr c n i b x c
n h c c m n g v x c n h c c thi t b (host) tro ng m t m n g . 3 2 bit
tro n g m t a ch IPv4 c chia th n h h ai p h n :
P h n xc n h m n g
M t s n h t nh c c bit, tn h t tri q u a tro ng a ch IPv4 d n g x c

n h m n g (Network ID). P h n n y cn c g i l ti n t m n g
(netwo rk p re fix) h a y g i t t l tin t (p re fix).
P h n xc n h m y tn h tro n g m n g
S c c bit c n li tro n g a ch s c s d n g x c n h c c my
tnh (Host ID) tro n g m t m n g n h t n h .
32 bit
Network ID
(n bit)
Host ID
(32 n bit)
H n h 1: C u tr c a ch IPv4
a ch IPv4 u ti n c a m t m n g , t c a ch v i p h n Host ID ton

g i tr 0 c s d ng x c n h m n g .
V d:
24
N u l y 8 bit lm Network ID v 24 bit cn l i l m H o st ID , th

kh n g gia n a ch IPv4 s ba o g m 2 8 = 2 5 6 m n g , m i m n g c
224 = 16777216 my.
a ch 20 3 .0 .0 .0 s x c n h m n g 2 0 3 tro n g s 2 5 6 m n g trn.
I.5. B iu d in m t d i a ch IPv4
M t m n g IPv4 n h tr n b a o g m m t d i c c a ch IPv4. N g i ta
s d n g a ch u ti n tro ng m n g k t h p v i d i c c bit tin t
bi u din m t d i a ch IPv4, c th nh sau:
a ch IPv4 u ti n c a m n g / d i c c bit ti n t
(Vi t t t l a ch /P re fix)
V d:
2 0 3 .1 6 2 .5 7 .0 /24 x c n h m t d i a ch t 2 0 3 .1 6 2 .5 7 .0 n
203.162.57.255.
2 0 3 .1 6 2 .0 .0 /1 6 x c n h m t d i a ch t 2 0 3 .1 6 2 .0 .0 n
203.162.255.255.
I.6. K h n g g ian a ch IPv4

V i 3 2 bit, a ch IPv4 c th t o n n 2 32 co n s n h d a n h thi t b. C
n g h a tr n l th u yt, kh n g gia n IPv4 b a o g m 4 .2 9 4 .9 6 7 .2 96 a ch
(h n 4 t). Con s c v t n g i l n . T u y n h in , the o ph n g th c
tru y n ti th n g tin th e o giao th c Internet, kh n g p h i to n b 2 32 s
n y c th c s d n g n h s thi t b m n g . H n n a , a ch
Internet c th i t k ti th i i m s l n g th i t b n i m n g t, v n
ti t ki m kh n g gia n a ch ch a c q u an t m . V d , ch v i m t
m c ch ch o ch c n n g lo op b a ck, th eo thi t k s d n g v n g a ch
127.0.0.0/8, lm m t i 1 /2 5 6 kh n g gia n a ch IPv4.
T h i gia n tri qu a , Internet p h t tri n v i m t t c ch n g m t, n y
sinh v n v thi u h t kh n g gia n a ch IPv4. T ch c q u n l a
ch Internet to n c u q u y n h tro n g kh n g g ia n a ch IPv4 m t s
v n g a ch d n h ri n g (a ch private), v i m c ch k t n i tro n g
p h m vi m n g n i b c a m t t ch c (site ) m kh n g n h tu y n ra
n g o i m n g to n c u . N h v y, c c v n g a ch n y c th c d n g
tr n g l p ti n hiu m n g m kh n g g y xu n g t n h tu y n to n c u .
25
H i n na y n h n g vn g a ch sa u c qu y n h l a ch private:
10.0.0.0/8.
172.16.0.0/12.
192.168.0.0/16.
V i c s d n g n h n g v n g a ch n y n y sin h n h u c u k t n i n h n g
m n g c a ch dnh ring vo Internet to n c u , tro n g kh i kh n g
c php n h tu y n to n c u n h n g v n g a ch . C n g n g h
b i n d ch a ch NAT (Network Address Translation) c a IPv4 c
th i t k , s d n g ch o m c ch n y, ch o p h p k t n i n h n g m n g
s d n g a ch dnh ring v o m n g Internet to n c u . T u y NAT
g i p ti t ki m kh n g g ia n a ch IPv4, n h n g n l i l m t n h c
i m c a IPv4.
N g u y c thi u h t kh ng gia n a ch IPv4, c n g v i n h n g h n ch
c a c n g n gh N A T l n h n g ng u y n nh n th c y s ra i ca th
h a ch Internet m i p hi n b n 6 IPv6.
I.7. Q u n l a ch Internet
K h n g g ian a ch Internet hin n a y a n g c q u n l b i h th n g
p h n c p c c t ch c q u n l a ch to n c u . T ro n g c p q u n l
ca o n h t l T ch c q u n l ti n g u yn s q u c t IA N A , ti p l c c
t ch c q u n l a ch kh u v c R IR :
K h u v c chu T h i B nh D n g : A P N IC , http://www.apnic.net
K h u v c chu u: RIPE NCC, http://www.ripe.net
K h u v c B c M : A R IN , http://www.arin.net
K h u v c M L a tin h v bi n C arib e : L A C N IC , http://www.lacnic.net
T ch c q u n l a ch Internet tro n g t n g khu v c c c u tr c q u n l

t i n g u yn t n g n g . A P N IC c a kh u v c chu T hi B n h D n g
p h n c p ch u y n gia o q u y n q u n l a ch Internet tro ng p h m vi m t
q u c g ia ch o m t s t ch c g i l T ch c q u n l a ch c p q u c
gia NIR (National Internet Registry). Trung tm Internet V i t N a m ,
V N N IC , h i n na y a ng th c hi n vai tr ca N IR t i V i t N a m .
26
II. H N C H C A T H H A C H IPV4 V M C T I U P H T
T R I N IPV6
T ro n g h n h ai th p k, ch n g ta ch n g ki n s p h t tri n m n h m
v tr n n v cn g th n g d n g c a Internet to n c u v i gia o th c
IPv4. K h i u t n h n g m n g n g hi n c u n h tr th n h m n g
Internet to n c u m n h m , to l n , k t n i p hi a l, p hi kh o n g c ch .
C n g v i s p h t tri n v b o c a m y tn h v c n g n g h th n g tin , k t
n i m n g tr n n nh a n h h n , m n h h n h n g n g n l n th i k b a n
u , c n g v i s a d n g c a c n g n g h tru y n d n , k t n i v d ch v
cu n g c p tr n m n g . K h i ni m m n g th h sa u N e xt G e n era tio n
N e tw o rk xu t h i n v i xu h n g h i n h p m n g vi n th n g v Internet
n g y c n g tr n n r n t, n h m cu n g c p m t n n t n g c s h t n g
d u y n h t v i dch v a d ng .
T ro n g b i c n h p h t tri n c a Internet, gia o th c IPv4 v i 3 2 bit a ch
v n ti p t c c s d n g , h in a n g p h c v t t ch o h o t n g m n g
to n c u . T u y n hi n , IPv4 b c l m t s h n ch , kh i n nh n g n h
n g h i n c u , n h n g t ch c ti u ch u n h a ch u trch n hi m v h o t
n g m n g to n cu n h n th y c n c s ph t trin l n m t t m ca o
h n c a gia o th c Internet.
II.1. S cn kit a ch IPv4

N h n g th p k v a q ua , do t c p h t trin m n h m c a Internet,
kh n g gia n a ch IPv4 c s d ng tr n 60 % . N h n g t ch c
q u n l a ch q u c t t m c ti u s d ng h i u q u l n h n g u .
N h n g c n g n g h g p ph n gi m n h u c u a ch IP nh N A T , D H C P
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) c p a ch t m th i c s
d n g rn g ri. T u y n hi n , hi n n a y, n h u cu a ch t n g r t l n:
Internet ph t tri n ti n h n g kh u v c d n c n g o n h T ru n g
Q u c, n
N h n g d n g d ch v m i i h i kh n g g ia n a ch IP c n h (t l
s d n g a ch/kh ch h n g l 1 :1) v k t ni d n g u cu i u
cu i: d ch v xDSL, cu n g c p dch v Internet q u a n g cp
truy n h n h , vi c p h t tri n c c m n g g i o d c, g a m e tr c tu y n ,
th it b d i ng tha m g ia v o m n g Internet, tru y n ti th oi, a udio ,
vid e o tr n m n g
PC
My
ch
27
Di
ng
IPv4
Dy
ng
PC
My
ch
Di
ng
Khng
dy
Khc
C m
b i n
TV
T h i t b
g ia n h
IPv6
Dy
ng
Khng
dy
Cp
quang
PLC
...
H n h 2: S b i n i c a In te rn e t
T h i i m kh n g gia n a ch IPv4 c n ki t h i n a ng l m t v n
ch a th n g n h t v g y nhi u tran h ci. c n h i u d n d b o th i
g ia n c n li c a a ch IPv4 c n c trn s li u ti u d n g a ch IPv4
tro n g q u kh . T u y nhi n , vi c gia t n g s d n g a ch IPv4 l m
ch o b iu s d n g a ch IPv4 to n c u n g y c n g d c. C n g s
d n g kho n g th i g ia n g n y l m c n c d b o ( d c ca o h n)
th kh o n g th i gian c n l i IPv4 c d b o c n g n g n li. Thng
0 7 /2 0 0 5 , t p ch IP J (Internet P ro to co l Jo urn a l) c a C isco n g b i
phn tch, c n hi u ki n n g tnh, d b o th i i m c c c c t
ch c q u n l kh n g cn a ch c p ch o h o t n g Internet to n c u l
kh o n g n m 2 0 1 0 . B i b o d a tr n s li u v c p p h t a ch c a c c
R IR , s li u ti u th a ch IPv4 to n c u v s l n g a ch IPv4 cn
li hi n n a y. T ro n g , c c R IR c p p h t i 2 2 kh i /8 tron g vn g 1 8
th n g g n n h t, v kh n g gia n a ch IPv4 c n li 8 4 kh i /8 (b a o g m
a ch c n li c a IANA v cc RIR). Tuy nhin, t c t ng v t v
kh n g gia n a ch c c R IR p h n b trong n h n g n m g n y, s xu t
h i n c c dch v m i n h d i n g , Internet qu a tru y n h n h c p , s
t c n g m n h n kh o n g th i gia n cn li c a a ch IPv4.
28
II.2. H n ch v c n g n g h v n h c im c a IPv4
C u tr c n h tu yn kh n g h iu q u
a ch IPv4 c c u tr c n h tu y n v a ph n c p , v a kh n g p h n
c p . M i b n h tu y n (ro u ter) ph i d u y tr b n g th n g tin nh tu y n
l n , i h i ro u te r ph i c d u n g l n g b n h l n . IPv4 c n g y u c u
ro u te r p h i ca n thi p x l n hiu i v i g i tin IPv4, v d th c hi n
p h n m n h , i u n y ti u t n C P U c a ro u ter v n h h n g n h i u
q u x l (g y tr , h n g g i tin ).
H n ch v tn h b o m t v kt n i u cu i u cu i
T ro n g c u tr c th i t k c a IPv4 kh n g c c ch th c b o m t n o i
km. IPv4 khng cung c p ph n g ti n h tr m h a d li u . K t qu
l hin n a y, b o m t m c n g d n g c s d n g p h bi n , kh n g
b o m t l u l n g tru y n ti gi a c c my. N u p d n g IPSec
(Internet Protocol Security) l m t p h n g th c b o m t p h b in ti
t n g IP , m h n h b o m t ch y u l b o m t l u l n g g i a c c
m n g , vi c b o m t l u l n g u cu i u cu i c s d n g r t
h n ch .
K x m n h p
IPv4 c n g c n g
IPv4 dng ring
PC
NAT
IPv4 dng ring
NAT
M y ch
H n h 3 : M h n h th c h i n N A T c a a ch IP v4
PC
29
g i m n h u c u ti u d n g a ch, h o t ng m n g IP v4 s d n g p h
b i n c n g n gh bi n d ch N A T . T ro n g , m y ch bi n dch a ch ca n
th ip v o g i tin tru y n ti v th a y th tr ng a ch c c m y tn h
g n a ch ri n g (p riva te ) c th k t n i v o m n g In te rn e t.
M hnh s d n g N A T ca a ch IP v4 c n hi u n h c i m :
K h th c h i n c k t n i i m i m v g y tr : L m kh kh n
v n h h n g t i n hi u d ng dch v (m n g ri n g o - V P N , dch
v th i gia n th c). i v i nhi u d n g dch v c n x c th c c n g
(p o rt) n g u n / ch , s d ng N A T l kh n g th c. T ro ng khi ,
c c n g d n g m i h in n a y, c bit c c n g d n g kh ch -ch n g y
c n g i h i k t n i tr c ti p u cu i u cu i.
V i c gi tin kh n g c g i n g u y n tn h tr n g t n g u n t i ch , c
n h n g i m tr n n g tru y n ti ti g i tin b can thi p , nh
v y t n ti nh n g l h ng v b o m t.
N g u y c thiu h t kh n g gia n a ch, c ng n h n g h n ch c a IP v4

th c y s u t n g hin c u m t g ia o th c In te rn e t m i, kh c p h c
n h n g h n ch c a gia o th c IP v4 v e m l i n h n g c tn h m i c n
th it ch o dch v v ch o h o t n g m n g th h ti p th e o . G ia o th c
In te rn e t m IE T F a ra , q u y t n h th c y th a y th ch o IP v4 l
IP v6 (In tern e t P ro to col V e rsio n 6 ), gia o th c In te rn e t p hin b n 6 , c n
c g i l gia o th c IP th h sa u (IP N e xt G e n era tio n IP n g). a
ch In te rne t p hin b n 6 c chiu d i g p 4 l n chi u d i a ch IP v4 ,
g m 1 2 8 b it.
II.3. M c tiu tro n g th it k IPv6

IP v6 c th i t k v i nh n g th a m v n g v m c ti u n h sa u :
K h n g gia n a ch l n h n v qu n l d d ng .
H tr kt ni u cui-u cui v loi b hon ton cng ngh N A T .
Q u n tr T C P /IP d d n g h n : D H C P c s d n g tro n g IPv4

n h m g i m c u h n h th c n g T C P /IP ch o th i t b . IPv6 c th it
k v i kh n ng t n g c u h nh m kh n g c n s d n g m y ch
D H C P , h tr h n n a tro ng vi c gi m c u h n h th cn g .
C u tr c n h tu y n t t h n : nh tu y n IPv6 c thi t k h o n
to n p h n c p .
H tr t t h n M u ltica st: Multicast l m t t y ch n c a a ch IPv4,

tu y n hi n kh n ng h tr v tn h p h d n g ch a ca o .
30
H tr b o m t t t h n : IPv4 c thi t k ti th i i m ch c c c
m n g n h , b i t r n h a u k t ni v i n h a u . D o v y b o m t ch a p h i
l m t v n c q u a n t m . S o n g h i n n a y, b o m t m n g
Internet tr th n h m t v n r t l n , l m i q u a n t m h n g u .
H tr t t h n ch o di n g : T h i i m IPv4 c th i t k, ch a t n
t i kh i ni m v th i t b IP d i n g . T ro n g th h m n g m i, d n g
th it b n y n g y c n g p h t tri n , i h i c u tr c g ia o th c Internet
c s h tr t t h n.
III. H I N T R N G T R I N K H A I IPv6 T O N C U
III.1. T iu ch u n h a IPv6
t n g v vi c p h t tri n gia o th c Internet m i c g i i thi u ti
cu c h p IE T F ngy 25/7/1994 trong RFC1752 (The Recommendation
for the IP Next Generation Protocol), gi i thiu g iao th c IP p h i n b n
m i.
Qu trnh ph t tri n , xe m x t, s a i, h o n thi n h a c c th t c
Internet p hin b n 6 c th c h i n b i n h m l m vi c v IPv6 c a
IE T F . S a u n hiu n m n g hi n c u , n h n g h o t n g c b n c a th h
a ch n y c nh n g ha v c n g b n m 1 9 9 8 tro n g m t ch u i
t i li u ti u ch u n t R F C 24 6 0 t i RFC2 46 7 . T ron g n i b t nh t l
ti u ch u n h a a ch IPv6 RFC 2460 (Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6) Specification) v hai th t c thi t y u tro n g ho t n g c a IPv6,
h tr ch o IPv6, l: RFC2461 (Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6
(IPv6)) m t m t th t c m i, p h tr ch giao ti p gi a c c n o d e IPv6
tro n g m t n g k t n i n i b v RFC2463 (Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Specification) m t IC M P v6 .
C n g tro ng n m 1 9 9 8 , IE T F c ng b h ai t i li u chi ti t h n v a ch
IPv6, RFC2373 (IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture), m t c u tr c
a ch IP p hi n b n 6 v RFC2374 (An IPv6 Aggregatable Global
Unicast Address Format), m t d n g a ch IPv6 n h danh to n c u .
Tri q u a th i gian d i i u chn h , c h ai ti li u n y c th a y th c p
n h t b i h ai R F C m i. l RFC3513 (Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6) Addressing Architecture), c u tr c n h a ch IP ph i n b n 6
v RFC3587 (IPv6 Global Unicast Address Format), m t d n g th c
a ch IPv6 n h da n h v n h tu y n to n c u .
31
n g th i, r t n hi u R F C kh c c c n g b , n h n g h a ti u ch u n
h a ch o n h n g ch c n ng c a IPv6, m t ph i n b n m i h tr IPv6
ch o c c dch v n h D N S , D H C P
T h i i m h in n a y, n h n g ti u ch u n c bn ch o h o t n g c a g ia o
th c Internet phi n b n 6 c h o n thi n. T u y n hi n , ch n g s ti p
t c c s a i n h m p n g y u c u th c t , song song v i vi c
p h t tri n y n h n g c tnh m i tro n g g ia o th c IPv6. N i d u ng
cu n s ch n y m t h o t n g c b n IPv6 th e o n h n g ti li u R F C
m i n h t hi n h nh . B n c th tm h iu th m th n g tin v tiu ch u n
ha IPv6 t i tran g w e b c a IETF (http://www.ietf.org), trong n h n g
n h m l m vi c li n qu a n n IPv6 c a IE T F .
III.2. T n h h n h th n gh im , p h t trin IPv6

T h n g hi m , n g h i n c u IPv6 l m i q u an tm v n l c c a r t n hi u
t ch c, m n g n g h i n c u to n c u . T ro n g n h iu n m q u a , c n hi u
d n n g hi n c u th n g hi m IPv6, x y d n g p h t tri n n hiu m n g
IPv6 l n k t n i n hi u q u c gia , k t n i gi a c c ch u l c. H i n n a y,
m n g l i kt n i IPv6 ngy c n g p h t trin . N g i s d n g ti b t c
u c n g c th c k t n i IPv6, v c th th n g hi m n h n g n g d n g
h tr IPv6 d o n h n g d n n g hin c u cu n g c p .
T i chu , s h n ch v a ch IPv4 t m t c n tr n h t n h i
v i s p h t tri n ca Internet ti nh n g kh u v c kin h t qu a n tr n g c a
ch u l c n y: T ru n g Q u c, N h t B n , i L o a n , H n Q u c. N h n g
q u c gia n y x c n h IPv6 l c ng n g h c a m n g th h sa u , y
ti m n n g . V i c p h t tri n IPv6 v v n l n v tr i u v c n g n gh
m n g th h sa u c n h h n g ch t ch t ch n h p h . T ru n g Q u c
t m c ti u n n m 2 0 1 0 s x y d n g m n g IPv6 l n n h t to n c u .
T i C h u u , n g d n g a ch IPv6 t i th i i m n y ch a c c s
n h h n g t ch n h p h , son g li c p h t tri n m n h m b i r t
n h iu d n n g h i n c u l n , x y d n g n h n g m n g IPv6 k t n i n hi u
q u c gia ch u u , k t ni chu u v cc ch u l c kh c.
M vn l n i kh i ngu n m ng Internet, cn g l q u c gia s h u ph n
l n kh ng gia n a ch IPv4. D o v y nh u cu a ch kh ng p h i l vn
cp b ch. T u y nhin d o nh ng c tnh u vit v b o m t ca IPv6, B
Q u c ph ng M q uyt n h n g dn g IPv6 tro ng m ng qu c p hn g.
T ro n g ph n n i d u n g n y, ch n g ti m o n g m u n e m l i ch o b n c
m t s th n g tin c b n c th h n h du n g v tnh hnh tri n khai a
32
ch IPv6 to n c u , cu n g c p th n g tin v a ch b n c c th t
m n h tru y c p , tm h i u , c p nh t th m n h i u th n g tin m i.
III.2.1. H tr IPv6 tro n g h th n g D N S to n cu

Thng 7/2004, T ch c ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers) c ng b h tr a ch IPv6 trn 4 trong s 13
m y ch tn m i n g c. C c t ch c qu n l t n m i n cp q u c gia nh
P h p , N h t B n , H n Q u c thit lp m y ch tn m in h tr truy vn
n g th i IPv4, IPv6. N g hin c u h tr IPv6 cho dch v tn m in an g
tip t c c c c t ch c qu n l t n m i n c p qu c gia th c hin .
III.2.2. D n n g h in c u v IPv6. M n g kt n i IPv6
B n c th tm h iu th n g tin v n g hin c u th n g hi m IPv6 t i n h n g
d n sa u :
D n K A M E : (www.kame.net)
D n K a m e n g h i n c u p h t tri n cc ng d n g IPv6 cho h i u
hnh B S D . y l d n c h n h th n h b i s u cn g ty N h t B n
n h m m c ch cu n g c p m i n p h ch c nn g IPv6 v IPSec (ch o c
IPv4 v IPv6) ch o B S D . D n n y p h t tri n n h iu p h n m m tro n g
m co d e c a K A M E c n h n g v o h tr th t c IPv6. D n n y
b t u t n m 1 9 9 8 , b a n u ch d n h ko d i tro ng h ai n m . S o n g
c gia h n th m , n th n g 0 3 /2 00 6 .
D n U S A G I: (http://www.linux-ipv6.org/)
D n U S A G I (UniverSAl playGround for IPv6) p h t tri n c c p h n
m m c n g n h n n g c p h iu h n h Linux h tr IPv6 n hi u v
t t h n .
D n T A H I: (www.tahi.org)
D n n y th n g h i m v p h n tch , n h gi m t c ch to n d i n m i
h o t ng c a c c th t c IPv6. B n c th tm th y t i y n hi u th n g
tin phn tch b ch .
D n W ID E : (www.wide.ad.jp).
IP v6 n m tro n g ln h v c n g h i n c u c a d n W id e - N h t B n . M y
ch g c M (M root server) thit l p b i d n W id e l m t tro n g n h n g
m y ch g c u ti n h tr IPv6.
D n C N G I:
33
C N G I l d n l n ng hi n c u v IPv6 ca T ru n g Q u c nh m x y
d n g m n g IPv6 l n n h t to n c u .
Koreav6: (http://hdtv.nm.gist.ac.kr/KOREAv6/)
D n c a H n Q u c th c y p h t tri n a ch IPv6. D n n y
x y d n g m n g l i IPv6 cu n g cp c c dch v Internet, P2P, VoD,
V o IP tr n n n c n g n gh IPv6.
M6BONE: (www.M6bone.net)
y l m n g n g hi n c u IPv6 m u ltica st, cho p h p k t n i ng hi n
c u , tra o i kin h n g hi m . T rn c n g cu n g c p nh n g c n g c p h c
v IPv6 multicast.
M n g 6B O N E : (http://www.6bone.net)
Trong khi Internet v n ho n to n l th g i i IPv4, 6Bone l m n g th
n g h i m IPv6 to n c u u tin , c x y d n g n h m m c ch cu n g
c p m t kh n g g ia n n gh i n c u b a n u v h o t n g c a c c th t c
IPv6, n h tu yn IPv6, p h t tri n c c dch v IPv6 cu n g c p k t
n i IPv6 to n cu , 6Bone l i d n g c s h t n g m n g IPv4. M i t
ch c tr n to n c u c th kt n i t i 6Bone b n g p h n g p h p to
n g h m (tunnel) k t n i trn c s h tn g s n c c a m n g IPv4
h o c s d n g k t ni th u n IPv6. N g i s d n g c th k t n i t i
m n g 6Bone b n g c ch tm n h n g t ch c cu n g c p n g gia o ti p
v thi t l p c c n g h m t i m n g c a t ch c .
C n g n g m n g 6Bone c IA N A c p m t v n g a ch IPv6
3FFE::/16 s d n g . V ng a ch n y c p h n chia nh h n , c p
li ch o n h n g t ch c th a m g ia 6Bone .
T ro n g su t th i k u p h t tri n IPv6, 6Bone r t th n h c n g , hon
th n h n hi m v t ra . H i n n a y, a ch IPv6 kh n g c n tro n g th i gia n
th n g hi m , ch u yn sa ng giai o n n g d n g th c ti n . IA N A th u
h i v n g a ch th n g hi m 3 F F E ::/1 6 cp ch o 6 B o n e , to n b vn g
a ch n y khng cn c s d n g n a v b l c n h tu y n to n cu .
C c t ch c th am gia 6Bone ch u y n sa n g s d n g a ch IPv6 chnh
th c, c p p h t b i c c t ch c q u n l a ch IP q u c t .
6NET: (www.6net.org)
6 N E T l m t d n c a chu u k o d i 3 n m (01/02 /2 0 0 2 n
3 1 /1 2 /2 00 4 ) c u t 3 2 tri u E u ro th i t l p m t m n g th u n
IPv6 k t n i 1 6 n c, n h m ch n g m in h cc y u c u p h t tri n c n g
n g h c th c th o m n v i IPv6 v m b o c c t ch c n g hi n
34
c u c n g n h n n cn g n g hi p chu u s n g vai tr i u tro ng
p h t trin c n g n g h m n g .
GEANT (European Research Network Backbone)
GEANT l m n g tr c kt n i c c m n g n g hin c u c p q u c gia C h u
u, hi n n a y h o n to n s d n g IPv6 v l m n g n g hi n c u IPv6
l n n h t tr n th gi i. GEANT cu n g cp k t n i ch o m t v n g a l
r n g l n , t Icelan d n C au ca su s. M n g G E A N T h i n na y kh n g
n g n g c n n g cao (1 8 5 G ), cun g cp kn h 1 4 .5 G k t n i t i B c
M v N h t B n , k t n i t i M L a tin h v a T ru n g H i a ng c
th it l p v c c n g n i li n l c a s h tr IPv6. H in n a y, 2 6
m n g n g h i n c u q u c gia t i chu u (National Research and
Education Networks N R E N ) a n g l i t c tro n g d n G E A N T .
III.2.3. C p n h t th n g tin v IPv6, tm kim n g d n g th n g h im v

kt n i IPv6
B n m u n c p n h t th n g tin v IPv6, c th tm n n h n g a ch
sa u y:
C c y b an th c y p h t trin IPv6 (IPv6 Task Force): H i n n a y
tr n to n c u, ti c c q u c gia , r t nhi u y b a n th c y p h t tri n
IPv6 c th n h l p n h m m c ch ch ia s th n g tin , thi t l p
q u a n h h p t c v p h t tri n n gh i n c u IPv6. N h n g th n g tin m i
n h t v c n g n gh n y c th tm th y t i w e b site c a n h n g y b a n
n y. B n h y tru y c p a ch http://www.ipv6tf.org/
W eb site ch ia s th n g tin : H i n c n hiu t ch c d u y tr kh o d li u
p h o n g p h chia s th n g tin v n g hin c u , n g d n g IPv6. B n c th
tru y c p w e b site http://ns.ipv6style.jp/en/index.shtml c a N h t B n .
T r n cun g c p n hi u ti li u , th ng tin , c n g th n g k n h n g n g
d n g h tr IPv6 trong c c h i u h n h v cu n g c p n h n g h n g
d n m b n c th s d n g x y d n g m n g IPv6 c a m n h .
T m kim kt n i IPv6
K h i thi t lp m n g th n g h i m IPv6, b n s c m o n g m u n c k t
n i, tra o i th n g tin v i m n g IPv6 khc. n g b a o gi ng h r n g r t
kh kh n c th tm ki m k t n i v i m t m n g IPv6 n o . D b n
ch c m t m y tn h IPv6, h a y thi t l p m n g th n gh i m IPv6, v
ch c n g tru y n Internet IPv4, b n u c th k t n i t i m n g
Internet IPv6. N u n h cu n g cp (ISP) c a b n kh n g h tr IPv6, b n
c th tm ki m n h n g t ch c khc cu n g c p ch o b n n g n i t i
Internet IPv6 d a tr n c s h t ng m n g IPv4 v i c ng n g h t o
35
n g h m k t n i IPv6 t i m n g c a t ch c n y. H in n a y, c
r t n hi u t ch c th c h in ch c n n g c u n i nh v y. C n g n gh
n g h m (tunnel) c m t tro n g ch ng 4 c a s ch .
36
H i p
1. T n g i c a gia o th c Internet m i c qu y t n h th c y s
d n g th a y th cho p hi n b n hin th i ca giao th c Internet l g?
T r l i:
G ia o th c Internet m i l th t c Internet p h in b n 6 (Internet
Protocol Version 6 - IPv6).
2. G ia o th c IPv6 c k v n g m a n g li n h n g c i m m i n o
ch o h o t n g Internet to n c u ?
T r l i:
T h h a ch IPv6 c a ra n h m m b o h o t n g ca
m n g Internet to n c u khi kh n g gia n a ch IPv4 c n g u y c c n
ki t. IPv6 c th i t k kh c p h c n h n g h n ch v n c c a a
ch IPv4 n h kh n g gian a ch h n ch (a ch IPv4 ch c d i
32 bit) d n t i vi c s d n g c n g n g h N A T , h n ch tro ng c u tr c
n h tu y n , b o m t u cu i u cu i t n g IP , n g th i e m li
n h n g c tn h m i th a m n c c n h u cu dch v c a th h
m n g m i n h kh n n g t n g cu h n h m kh n g c n h tr
c a m y ch D H C P , c u tr c n h tu y n t t h n , h tr t t h n cho
multicast, b o m t v d i n g .
CHNG 2
C U T R C A C H IPV6
C u tr c n h a ch l n i c th q u a n s t r t r n h n g kh c b it
g i a IPv4 v IPv6. a ch IPv6 c thi t k c chi u d i 1 2 8 bit, g p
4 ln chi u d i c a a ch IPv4. C u tr c cng n h m h n h a ch c
n h n g th a y i l n so v i ph i n b n IPv4. P h n n i d u n g n y xin gi i
th iu v i b n c v c c d n g a ch, c u tr c n h a ch IPv6. B n
c s tm h i u v p h n m o u (h ea d e r) c a IPv6. Q u a th y
c n h n g kh c bi t v th a y i tro n g a ch IPv6. m p h n g ch o
l th u y t, b n c s th c h i n m t b i th c h n h kch h o t th t c
IPv6 tr n h i u h n h Windows, Linux, th c h in m t s c u h n h c
b n qu a n s t v c c d n g a ch IPv6.
C h n g 2 b a o g m n h n g m c ch n h sa u y:
C ch th c b i u di n v c u tr c a ch IPv6.
C u tr c n h a ch. C c d n g a ch IPv6.
T m t t v a ch IPv6.
P h n m o u (H e a d e r) IPv6.
c tn h c a a ch IPv6.
T h c h n h kch h o t IPv6 trn h i u h nh Windows, Linux. C u

h n h k t ni b n g a ch IPv6.
38
I. CCH B I U D I N V C U T R C A C H IPV6
I.2. T n g q u an v a ch IPv6, kh c b it so v i IPv4
a ch IPv6 c chiu d i g p 4 l n chi u d i a ch IPv4, g m 1 2 8 bit.
T ro n g vi c nh s thi t b b ng a ch IPv6, so v i a ch IPv4 c hai
i m kh c b i t c b n sa u :
a ch IPv6 c n h iu lo i
K h n g g ia n a ch IPv6 p h n th nh n hi u lo i a ch kh c n h a u. M i
lo i a ch c ch c n n g n h t n h tro n g ph c v gia o tip . C lo i ch
s d n g tro n g gia o ti p ni b trn m t n g k t n i ( n g link,
Ethernet). C lo i s d n g tro ng gia o ti p to n c u t n g n g nh
a ch IPv4 c n g c n g (IP v4 p u blic) h in na y. C lo i khi thi t b s
d n g ch g ia o tip v i m t th it b kh c d u y nh t. C lo i khi thit b s
d n g s giao ti p n g th i v i n hiu thi t b khc.
K t q u l :
m t th i t b IPv6 h o t n g b n h th n g , n p h i c g n
n g th i n hi u lo i a ch kh c n h a u.
T ro n g cu tr c a ch IPv6 c n c m t c ch th c n o
nh n d ng c c lo i a ch IPv6.
a ch IPv6 c g n ch o g iao d in . M t g iao d in c th

n g th i g n n h iu a ch .
N u t c u h i: ch n g ta g n b a o n hi u a ch cho m t n o d e trn
m n g IPv4 Internet. C th n h n c c u tr l i n h sa u : m t m y
tnh IPv4 v i m t ca rd m n g ch c g n m t a ch IPv4 v x c n h
tr n m n g Internet b n g a ch n y. N h v y n g n g ha v i a ch
IPv4 c g n ch o c c n o d e . C h c b n h tu y n (router) IPv4 c
g n trn m i gia o di n (t ng n g m t ca rd m n g ) m t a ch IPv4
v ro u ter c tr ch n hi m l m c u n i lin l c gi a c c m n g kh c n h a u .
T h h a ch IPv6 c n h n g th a y i c b n v m h n h a ch. a
ch IPv6 c g n cho c c gia o di n (interface), kh n g p h i g n ch o
cc node. M t gia o di n c th g n n g th i nh i u a ch, c n g lo i
h o c kh c lo i. M i a ch khi c g n ch o m t g ia o din s c th i
g ia n s n g h p l t n g n g . N o d e IPv6 d ch c m t ca rd m n g c n g
s c n h iu g ia o di n . y c th l gia o din v t l, h o c l c c gia o
C h n g 2: C u tr c a ch IPv6
39
d i n o d n h ch o c n g ng h n g h m (tu n n el) c m t trong

ch ng 4 c a sch.
I.2. B iu d in a ch IPv6
N g i ta kh n g biu d i n a ch IPv6 d i d n g s th p p h n . a ch
IPv6 c vi t h o c th e o 1 2 8 bit n h p h n , ho c th n h m t d y ch s
hexa . T u y n hin , n u vi t m t d y s 1 2 8 bit nh p h n q u l kh n g
th u n ti n, v n h ch n g th kh n g th . D o v y, a ch IPv6 c
b i u di n d i d n g m t d y ch s h e xa .
b i u din 1 2 8 bit n h p h n IPv6 th n h d y ch s h e xa d e cim a l,
n g i ta chia 1 28 bit ny thnh cc nhm 4 bit, ch u y n i t n g nh m
4 bit th n h s h e xa t n g n g v n h m 4 s h e xa th n h m t n h m
p h n c ch b i d u :. K t q u , m t a ch IPv6 c b i u d i n th n h
m t d y s g m 8 n h m s h e xa c ch n h a u b n g d u :, m i n h m
g m 4 ch s h e xa .
a ch IPv6: 128 bit
0010 0000 00 1100 1011 1010 0010 0011 1001 1011 0111
32 cm 4 bit = 32 ch s hexa = 8 cm 4 ch s hexa

2000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:CBA2:39B7
I.2.1. R t g n cch vit a ch IPv6

D y 3 2 ch s h e xa c a m t a ch IPv6 c th c r t n hi u ch s 0
i lin n ha u . N u vi t to n b v y n h n g co n s n y th d y s
b i u d i n a ch IPv6 th n g r t di. D o v y, c th r t g n c ch vi t
a ch IPv6 th e o h ai q u y t c sa u y:
Q u y t c 1 : T ro n g m t n h m 4 s h e xa , c th b b t n h n g s 0 b n
tri. V d c m s 0 0 0 0 c th vi t th nh 0 , c m s 0 9 C 0 c th
vi t th n h 9 C 0
Q u y t c 2 : T ro n g c a ch IPv6, m t s n h m li n n h a u ch a to n s
0 c th kh n g vi t v ch vi t th n h ::. T u y n h in , ch c th a y th
m t l n n h v y tro n g to n b m t a ch IPv6. i u n y rt d hi u .
40
N u ch n g ta th c hi n th a y th h ai h a y n hiu ln c c n h m s 0 b n g
::, ch n g ta s kh n g th bit c s c c s 0 tro n g m t c m ::
t kh i p h c li ch n h x c a ch IPv6 ba n u .
V d v bi u di n v r t g n a ch IPv6:
T ro n g v d tr n, a ch 2 03 1 :0 00 0 :1 3 0F :0 000 :0 0 0 0 :09 C 0 :8 7 6 A :13 0 B

p d n g q u y t c th u g n th n h t c th vi t li th n h
2 0 3 1 :0:1 3 0F :0 :0 :9 C 0 :8 7 6 A :1 30 B . p d n g q u y t c r t g n th h a i c
th vi t li th n h 2 0 3 1 :0:1 3 0F ::9 C 0 :87 6 A :1 3 0B .
a ch IPv6 c n c bi u din th eo c ch th c li n h v i a ch
IPv4. 32 bit cu i c a a ch IPv6 t n g n g a ch IPv4 c bi t
th e o c ch vit th ng th n g ca a ch IPv4, n h tro n g v d tr n .
I.2.2. B iu d in m t d i a ch IPv6
T n g t n h IPv4, m t d i a ch IPv6 c vit d i d n g m t a
ch IPv6 i k m v i s bit x c n h s bit ph n m n g (bit ti n t), n h
sau: a ch IPv6/s bit mng
V d:
V n g a ch F F ::/8 t n g n g v i d i a ch b t u t
F F 0 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 n
FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF.
41
V n g a ch 2 0 0 1 :D C 8 :0:0::/64 t n g n g v i d i a ch b t u
t 2 0 0 1 :0 D C 8 :0 :0:0 :0 :0 :0 n
2001:0DC8:0:0:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
I.3. C u tr c c a m t a ch IPv6
C u tr c ch u n g c a m t a ch IPv6 th n g th y n h sa u (m t s
d n g a ch IPv6 kh n g tu n th e o c u tr c n y):
128 bit
64 bit
T i n t
(n bit)
(64 n) bit
n h d a n h g ia o d i n
(Interface ID)
H n h 4: C u tr c th n g th y c a m t a ch IPv6.
Trong 128 bit a ch IPv6, c m t s bit th c h i n ch c n n g x c n h :
Bit xc n h lo i a ch IPv6 (bit tin t - prefix)
N h c p , a ch IPv6 c n hi u lo i kh c n h a u . M i lo i a ch c
ch c n n g n h t n h tro n g p h c v gia o ti p . p h n lo i a ch, m t
s bit u tro n g a ch IPv6 c d nh ri ng x c n h d n g a ch,
c g i l c c bit tin t (p re fix). C c bit tin t n y s q u y t nh a
ch th u c lo i n o v s l n g a ch tro ng kh n g gian ch u ng IPv6.
V d : 8 bit ti n t 1111 1111 t c FF x c n h d n g a ch
multicast, l d n g a ch s d n g kh i m t n o d e m u n g ia o ti p n g
th i v i n hiu n o d e kh c. a ch m u ltica st ch i m 1 /2 5 6 kh n g g ia n a
ch IPv6. Ba bit ti n t 001 x c n h d ng a ch u nica st (d n g a ch
ch o g ia o ti p m t - m t) n h d a n h to n c u, t n g n g n h a ch
IPv4 c n g c n g ch n g ta v n th n g s d n g h in n a y.
Cc bit n h d an h g iao d in (Interface ID)
N g o i tr d n g a ch m u ltica st v m t s d n g a ch dnh ch o m c
ch c bi t, a ch IPv6 s d n g tro n g giao ti p to n c u, c n g n h
a ch d n g tro n g gia o ti p gi a c c node IPv6 tr n m t n g k t n i
(link-local), a ch c thi t k ch o gia o tip tro n g p h m vi m t m n g
(site-local) u c 6 4 bit cu i c ng c s d n g x c n h m t g ia o
d i n d u y n h t (tham kh o ch n g 2 v cc dn g a ch IPv6).
42
I.4. n h d an h g iao d in tro n g a ch IPv6

n h d an h gia o di n (Interface ID) l 64 bit cu i cn g tro ng m t a ch
IPv6. S nh d a n h n y s x c n h m t g iao d i n tron g p h m vi m t
m n g co n (su b n e t). nh d a n h gia o di n ph i l s d u y n h t tro n g
p h m vi m t su b n e t. 6 4 bit n h d an h n y c th c c u th n h t
n g th eo m t tro n g n h n g c ch th c sa u y:
nh x t d n g th c a ch E U I-6 4 ca gia o d i n.
T n g to m t c ch n g u n hi n .
G n gia o din b ng th t c g n a ch D H C P v6 (DHCP version 6).
I.4.1. T n g to 64 bit n h d an h g iao d in t a ch M A C c a card

m n g
H i n n a y, card m n g c n h d a n h d u y n h t to n c u th eo c ch
th c n h d a n h E U I-48 v EUI-6 4 . a ch nh th e o c ch th c n y x c
n h d u y n h t m t ca rd m n g tr n to n c u , c g i l a ch M A C .
D n g th c EUI-48
D n g th c n h a ch E U I-48 dng 48 bit. T ro n g , 2 4 bit u s
d n g n h d an h n h s n xu t thi t b v 2 4 bit sa u l ph n m r n g ,
n h d a nh card m n g . V i c k t h p m t s nh d an h 24 bit duy
n h t c a m t n h s n xu t ca rd m n g v m t s nh d a n h 2 4 bit duy
n h t c a ca rd n h sn xu t cun g c p ra th tr n g , s t o n n m t
co n s 4 8 bit, x c n h m t ca rd m n g d u y n h t tr n to n c u , c
g i l a ch M A C (h a y c n g i a ch v t l, a ch E th ern e t), vi t
d i d n g h e xa d e cim a l.
D n g th c E U I-64
N h m t o n n m t kh n g g ia n n h d a n h thi t b l n h n ch o c c n h
s n xu t, IE E E a ra m t p h n g th c n h s m i ch o c c giao
d i n m n g g i l E U I-6 4 , tro ng gi n g u y n 2 4 bit n h d a nh n h s n
xu t th i t b v p h n m r n g t n g l n th n h 4 0 bit. N u gia o din
m n g c n h d a n h the o d n g th c n y, a ch p h n c n g c a n
s g m 6 4 b it.
43
n h d a n h n h s n xu t
n h d a n h ca rd m n g
24 bit
EUI - 48
EUI - 64
24 bit
ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc
ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc
24 bit
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
11111111 11111110
0xFF
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
0xFE
24 bit
64 bit
H n h 5: n h x t E U I-4 8 t i E U I-64
n h x t E U I-48 sang EUI-64

D n g th c nh d an h E U I-4 8 c n h x th n h E U I-64 b n g c ch
th m 1 6 b it c gi tr 11111111 11111110 (vi t d i d n g h e xa s l
FFFE) v o ch nh gi a 4 8 bit c a E U I-48 .
C u th n h 64 b it n h d an h g iao d in IP v6 t a ch M A C
6 4 bit nh dan h gia o di n tron g a ch IP v6 c t ng to n n t 64
bit n h da nh d ng E U I-64 ca gia o din m n g th eo qu y t c nh sau:
T ro n g s 24 bit x c n h n h cu n g c p thi t b , c m t b it c qu y
n h l bit U (xxxx xxU x xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx). T h n g th ng bit n y c
g i tr 0 . N g i ta ti n h n h o bit U n y (t 0 th n h 1 v t 1 th n h
0 ), v l y 6 4 b it sa u khi th c hi n n h v y l m 6 4 b it nh d a n h gia o
d i n tro ng a ch IP v6 .
V d : T o 6 4 b it n h da n h giao di n ca a ch IP v6 t a ch M A C
00-90-27-17-FC-0F:
T ch a ch M A C 4 8 bit E U I-48 (00-90-27-17-FC-0F ) l m 2 p h n ,

th m v o 1 6 b it F F F E tr th n h d n g th c E U I-64 (00-90-27FF-FE-17-FC-0F).
T i n h nh o bit U c a d n g th c E U I-6 4 tr n , s thu c 6 4 b it

n h d a n h gia o din : 0 2 -90-27-FF-FE-17-FC-0F.
44
Ethernet MAC
(48 bit)
00
00
00
90
90
27
90
0000 00U0
n h d an h g iao d in
(64 bit)
02
90
27
27
17
FF
FE
FF
FE
FC
0F
17
FC
0F
17
FC
0F
o b it U (th u t to n b ): 0 tr th n h 1
27
FF
FE
17
FC
0F
H n h 6: T n g c u h n h 6 4 b it n h d a n h g ia o d i n t a ch M A C
I.4.2. T n g to 64 bit n h d an h g iao d in m t cch n g u n h in

K h i s d n g p h n g th c q u a y s (dialup) k t n i v o Internet qua
m n g c a m t n h cu n g c p dch v , m i l n k t n i, n g i s d n g s
n h n c m t a ch IPv4 kh c n h a u . N u c n c v o a ch IP , vi c
tm ki m l u l n g ca m t n g i s d n g dia lu p th n g kh kh n .
T ro n g a ch IP v6 , 6 4 bit n h da n h giao di n c th t n g t o n n t
a ch ca rd m n g . N u 6 4 b it n h d a n h giao d i n lu n lu n c t o
n n t a ch card m n g , h o n to n c th tru y c u c l u l ng
c a m t n o d e n h t n h , t x c n h c n g i s d n g v vi c
s d n g In te rne t. m b o v n v q uy n ri ng t , IE T F a ra
m t c ch th c kh c (m t tro n g R F C 3 0 41 (Privacy Extensions for
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6)) t o 6 4 bit n h d a n h
g ia o di n , tr n n g u y n t c s d ng th u t to n g n m t s n g u n hi n
l m 6 4 b it n h d a n h giao di n . n h da n h l t m th i v s th a y i
th e o th i g ia n .
45
II. C U T R C N H A C H V C C D N G A C H
IPv6
II.1 T n g q u an v p h n lo i a ch IP v6
N h c li v c ch th c p h n loi a ch ca IP v4. T h eo c ch th c g i tin
c g i t i ch , tro ng a ch IP v4, tn ti khi ni m ba loi a ch:
Broadcast: a ch b ro a d ca st (a ch q u ng b ) c n o d e IP v4 s
d n g g i m t g i tin t i n g th i to n b c c n od e IP v4 tro ng
c n g m t m n g . T ro n g vn g a ch c a m t m n g , a ch v i c c
b it x c nh m y (H o st ID ) to n 1 s c s d n g l m a ch
q u n g b (bro a d ca st). V d tro n g m n g 2 0 3 .1 1 9 .9.0 /2 7 , a ch
b ro a d ca st s l 2 03 .1 1 9 .9 .3 1
Unicast: a ch u n ica st IP v4 ch n h l d n g a ch ch n g ta g n
ch o thi t b m n g k t n i vo m n g In te rn e t. a ch n y x c
n h d u y n h t m t node IPv4 tr n m n g In te rn e t to n cu . G i tin
g i n a ch ch u nica st s ch n d u y n h t m t n o d e IP v4 .
Multicast: K h i th i t k IP v4 , IE T F d n h ri ng v n g a ch l p D (t
2 2 4 .0 .0 .0 n 2 3 9 .2 55 .2 5 5 .2 5 5 ) s d n g ch o m t c n g n g h
tru y n ti g i tin c t n g i m u ltica st. C ng n gh m u ltica st ch o p h p
g i m t g i tin IP n g th i t i m t n h m x c n h c c thi t b
m n g . C c th i t b m n g n y c th th u c n h i u t ch c v n h v
c c v tr a l kh c nh a u .
a ch IP v6 khng c n du y tr khi ni m b ro a d ca st. T h eo c ch th c g i

tin c g i n ch , IP v6 b a o g m 3 lo i a ch sa u :
Unicast: a ch u nica st x c n h m t g ia o di n d u y n h t. T ron g m

h n h n h tu y n , c c g i tin c a ch ch l a ch un ica st ch
c g i t i m t g ia o d i n d u y n h t. a ch u n ica st c s d n g
tro n g giao ti p m t m t
Multicast: a ch m u ltica st nh d a n h m t n h m n h i u g iao di n .

G i tin c a ch ch l a ch m u ltica st s c g i t i t t c c c
g ia o di n tro n g n h m c g n a ch . a ch m u ltica st c
s d n g tro ng gia o ti p m t n h iu .
T ro n g a ch IP v6 kh n g c n t n ti kh i ni m a ch b roa d ca st
( a ch q u n g b ). M i ch c n ng c a a ch b ro a d ca st tro ng IP v4
c m n h i m th a y th b i a ch IP v6 m u ltica st. V d ch c
n n g q u n g b tro n g m t m n g c a a ch IP v4 c m n h i m
46
b n g m t loi a ch m u ltica st IP v6 c t n g i a ch m u ltica st m i
n o d e p h m vi m t n g k t n i (F F 02 ::1 )
Anycast: A n yca st l kh i n i m m i tro n g a ch IP v6 . a ch

a n yca st c n g x c n h t p h p n hi u giao di n . T u y nh i n , trong
m h n h n h tu y n , g i tin c a ch ch anyca st ch c g i t i
m t g ia o din d u y n h t tro n g t p h p . G ia o di n l gia o di n
g n n h t th e o kh i ni m c a th t c n h tu y n .
N h trn h b y, kh n g gia n IP v6 c p h n chia th nh r t nhi u

d n g a ch. M i d ng a ch c ch c n n g n h t n h tro n g ph c v
g ia o ti p . C d n g ch s d n g tro n g gia o tip n i b tr n m t n g
k t n i, c d n g s d n g tro n g k t n i to n c u . D o v y, m t lo i a
ch IP v6 ( c p h n bit th e o c ch th c g i tin c g i t i ch, m
t p h a tr n) li ba o g m n h i u d n g a ch kh c n h a u. C c d n g a
ch n y c p h m vi h o t ng n h t n h .
II.2 N h n g d n g a ch th u c lo i U N IC A S T
a ch unica st b ao g m 5 d n g sa u y:
1. a ch c b i t.
2. a ch p h c v ch o g ia o ti p tr n m t n g k t n i ( a ch
Link-local).
3. a ch p h c v ch o g ia o ti p p h m vi m t m n g ( a ch S ite local).
4. a ch n h d a n h to n c u ( a ch G lo b a l U n ica st).
5. a ch t n g th ch ( a ch C o m p a tib ility).
II.2.1 a ch c b it
IPv6 s d n g h ai a ch c bit sa u y trong g ia o ti p :
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 h a y c n c vi t "::" l lo i a ch kh n g
n h d a nh c node IPv6 s d n g th h i n r n g hi n ti n
kh n g c a ch . a ch :: c s d n g l m a ch n gu n ch o
cc gi tin trong q u y trn h h o t n g c a m t node IP v6 khi ti n
h n h ki m tra xe m c m t n o d e n o kh c trn c n g n g k t n i
s d n g a ch IP v6 m n a n g d n h d n g h a y ch a . a
ch n y kh n g b a o g i c g n ch o m t g iao d in h o c c s
d n g l m a ch ch .
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 hay "::1" c s dn g l m a ch x c nh

giao din loopback, cho ph p m t node g i gi tin cho chnh n,
47
t n g n g v i a ch 127.0 .0.1 c a IP v4. C c gi tin c a ch

ch ::1 kh ng bao gi c g i trn ng kt n i hay chu yn tip
i b i b nh tu yn. P h m vi ca d ng a ch ny l ph m vi nod e .
II.2.2. a ch p h c v ch o g iao tip trn m t n g kt n i ( a ch
Link-local)
K h i n i m n o d e l n c n tro ng h o t n g c a a ch IPv6
Trong IPv6, c c n od e tr n cn g m t n g k t n i (m t Ethernet) coi
nhau l c c n o d e l n c n (n eigh b o r). T ron g m h n h h o t n g c a
IPv6, g ia o ti p gi a c c n o d e l n c n tr n m t n g k t n i l v
c n g q u a n tr ng . IPv6 p h t trin m t th t c m i, t n g i N eig h b or
D isco very (N D ) l m t th t c thit y u , p h c v gia o ti p gi a c c
n o d e tr n cn g m t n g k t n i. a ch Link-local s d n g tro n g cc
q u y trn h m th t c N D p h tr ch .
a ch Link-local
Link-local l lo i a ch p h c v ch o gia o ti p n i b , gi a c c node
IPv6 tr n c n g m t Ethernet. IPv6 c th it k v i tn h n n g plu g and-pla y, t c kh n n g cho php thi t b IPv6 t ng c u h n h a ch
v c c tha m s p h c v cho giao ti p b t u t trn g thi ch a c
th n g tin c u h n h n o . T n h n n g c c l n h node IPv6 lun
c kh n n g t ng c u h nh n n m t d n g a ch s d ng cho giao
ti p n i b . ch n h l a ch Link-local.
a ch Link-local lu n c n o d e IPv6 cu h n h m t cch t
n g , kh i b t u h o t n g , n g ay c kh i kh n g c s t n ti c a
m i d n g a ch u n icast kh c . a ch n y c p h m vi tr n m t
n g k t n i (m t Ethernet), p h c v ch o gia o ti p gi a c c n od e l n
c n . S d m t node IPv6 c th t n g c u h n h a ch Link-local l
do node IPv6 c kh n n g t n g c u h n h 64 bit n h d a n h gia o di n .
a ch Link-local c t o n n t 6 4 bit n h d a n h g iao d i n (Interface
ID) v m t ti n t (pre fix) q u y n h s n ch o a ch Link-local l
FE80::/10.
C u tr c a ch Link-local
K h i kh n g c ro u te r (b n h tu y n ), c c no d e IP v6 tr n m t n g k t
n i s s d n g a ch Lin k-lo cal g ia o tip v i nh a u . P h m vi c a
d n g a ch n y l tr n m t n g k t n i.
C u tr c ca a ch Lin k-lo cal nh tro n g h n h 7 .
48
10 bit
54 bit
64 bit
1111 1110 10
000 000
(Interface ID)
H n h 7: C u tr c a ch L in k-local
a ch Link-local b t u b i 1 0 bit ti n t F E 8 0 ::/1 0 , th e o sa u b i 5 4

bit 0. 64 bit c n li l n h d an h gia o di n (Interface ID).
II.2.3. a ch p h c v cho g iao tip p hm vi m t m ng ( a ch site-local)
T ro n g th i k b an u c a IPv6, dn g a ch IPv6 Site-lo ca l c thi t
k v i m c ch s d n g tro n g p h m vi m t m n g , t n g n g v i
a ch d n g ri n g (priva te ) c a IPv4. Tn h du y n h t c a d n g a ch
ny c m b o tro n g p h m vi m t m n g d n g ri n g (v d m t
m n g v n p h n g , m t t h p m n g v n p h n g c a m t t ch c...). C c
router bin IPv6 khng ch u yn ti p g i tin c a ch site -lo cal ra kh i
p h m vi m n g ri ng c a t ch c. D o v y, m t v n g a ch site -local c
th c d n g tr n g l p b i n hi u t ch c m kh n g g y xu n g t nh
tu y n IPv6 to n c u . a ch site -lo cal trong m t m n g d n g rin g
kh n g th c tru y c p t i t m t m n g khc.
a ch S ite -lo cal c tin t F E C 0 ::/1 0 v c c u tr c nh trong hnh 8
10 bit
1111 1110 11
38 bit
16 bit
64 bit
000 000
n h d a n h m n g co n
(Subnet ID)
(Interface ID)
H n h 8: C u tr c a ch S ite -local
a ch site -lo cal b t u b n g 1 0 bit ti n t F E C 0 ::/1 0 . T i p th e o l 38

bit 0 v 16 bit m t ch c c th ph n ch ia m n g co n (su b n e t), nh
tu y n tro n g p h m vi m n g c a m n h . 6 4 bit cu i l 64 bit n h da n h
g ia o di n c th tro n g m t m n g co n .
a ch S ite -lo ca l c n h n g h a tron g th i k u p h t tri n IPv6.
T ro n g q u trn h s d n g IPv6, n g i ta n h n th y n hu c u s d n g a
ch d ng site -lo cal tro n g t n g lai p h t tri n c a th h a ch IPv6 l
kh n g th c t v kh n g cn thi t. D o vy, IE T F s a i R F C 3513,
lo i b i d n g a ch site-local.
T i y, ch n g ta c p n a ch S ite -lo ca l v i m c ch tm h i u ,
b i t c tro ng q u trn h p h t tri n IPv6, t n g c d n g a ch n y.
49
II.2.4. a ch n h d an h to n cu ( a ch Global Unicast)

y l d ng a ch t n g n g v i a ch IPv4 c n g c ng hi n a ng
s d n g ch o m n g Internet to n c u . T n h du y n h t ca d n g a ch
n y c m b o tro n g p h m vi to n c u . C h n g c nh tu y n v
c th li n k t t i tr n ph m vi to n b m n g Internet. V i c p h n b v
c p p h t d n g a ch n y d o h th n g c c t ch c q u n l a ch q u c
t m n h i m .
a ch n h d a nh to n c u c ti n t b a o g m b a bit 001::/3. M t a
ch nh d a nh to n c u l du y n h t trn to n b m n g Internet IPv6.
N h ch n g ta b i t, n od e IPv6 n g a y t lc kh i t o c kh n ng
g ia o ti p , d o lu n c kh n n g t ng t o n n d n g a ch Link-local.
T u y n hi n v i a ch n y, n od e ch c th th c h i n giao tip tro n g
p h m vi m t LAN. c g iao ti p to n c u , node IPv6 c n c g n t
n h t m t a ch nh d a nh to n c u . a ch n y c th c c u h n h
b n g ta y ch o no d e nh h i n n a y v n a n g th c h i n v i IP v4 . Tuy
n h in , gia o th c IPv6 c th i t k v i c tn h h tr node IPv6 kh
n n g tm ki m v t n g g n a ch n h da n h to n cu , qu a nh n g
g ia o ti p n i b s d n g a ch Link-local.
K h n g n h a ch IPv4, v i c u tr c n h tu y n v a p h n c p , v a
kh n g p h n c p , a ch Internet IPv6 c c i ti n tro ng thi t k
m b o c m t c u tr c n h tu y n v n h a ch p h n c p r r ng .
N u b a m c ti u q u an tr n g nh t tro n g q u n l a ch IPv4 l s d n g
h i u q u , ti t ki m , tn h t h p v tn h c n g k th i v i a ch
IPv6, m c ti u u ti n c t l n h n g u l tn h t h p. i u
n y r t d hi u . V i chi u d i 1 28 b it, kh n g g ia n a ch v cn g r n g
l n . N u a ch IPv6 kh ng c t h p th t t t, c c u tr c nh
tu y n p h n cp r rn g hi u q u th kh n g th x l c m t kh i
l n g th n g tin kh n g l t l n b n g th n g tin n h tu yn to n c u .
C u tr c a ch n h d a n h to n c u
48 bit
45 bit
001
T i n t n h tu y n to n c u
(Global routing prefix)
16 bit
64 bit
(Subnet ID)
(Interface ID)
H n h 9 : C u tr c a ch n h d a n h to n c u
50
a ch n h d a nh to n c u c b t u v i 3 bit ti n t 001.
T h e o c ch th c bi u di n d n g s h e xa , h in n a y h o t n g li n k t
m n g IPv6 to n c u a n g s d n g a ch th u c v n g 2 0 0 0 ::/3 (b t u
t
2 0 0 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0
n
3FFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF), do h th n g t ch c
q u n l a ch IP q u c t c p p h t, p h n b l i ch o h o t n g Internet
to n c u . N u m t a ch IPv6 c b t u b i ba bit ti n t 0 0 1 ,
ch n g ta b i t l v n g a ch n h tu y n to n c u .
T ro n g th i gia n u tin s d n g a ch IPv6, IA N A c p p h t tro n g
v n g 2 0 0 1 ::/1 6 . T i th i i m h i n n a y, n h u c u s d n g IPv6 gia t n g ,
c c v n g a ch kh c b t u c c p p h t, n h 2 4 0 0 ::/1 6 , v nhi u
d i a ch kh c n a .
P h n c p n h tu y n a ch n h d a n h to n c u
Theo RFC3587 (IPv6 Global Unicast Address Format) m t d n g th c
a ch IP v6 n h d an h to n c u . a ch IP v6 n h da n h to n c u c
p h n c p n h tu y n n h sa u :
P h n c n h : 3 bit u ti n 0 0 1 x c n h d n g a ch n h da n h
to n c u .
P h n n h tu y n to n c u : 4 5 bit ti p th eo . C c t ch c q u n l s
p h n c p qu n l v n g a ch n y, chu y n gia o li ch o c c t ch c
kh c. K ch th c vn g a ch n h n h t q u ng b ra n g o i p h m vi
m t m n g c a m t t ch c th n g th n g th eo c u tr c n y l /48 .
001
n h tu y n to n c u
n h tu y n tro n g m n g
48 bit
16 bit
64 bit
(Subnet ID)
(Interface ID)
T i n t n h tu y n to n c u
(Global routing prefix)
H n h 10: P h n c p n h tu y n a ch n h d a n h to n c u
T h e o ch nh s ch q u n l a ch h i n ti, kch th c v n g a ch
n h n h t c p h n b ch o m t IS P l /3 2 v kch th c v n g a
ch th ng th n g c p ch o m n g c a n g i s d n g cu i c n g l
/4 8 . T u y n hi n y kh n g p h i n h n g con s c n h . C h n h s ch
q u n l a ch to n c u lu n c th a y i v xe m x t p h h p
n h t v i n hu c u v h o t n g m n g .
51
V n g n h tu y n tron g m n g (site): 16 bit tip th e o l kh n g gia n

a ch m t ch c c th t m n h q u n l, ph n b , c p ph t v t
ch c n h tu y n b n tro n g m n g c a m n h . V i m t v n g a ch
/4 8 , t ch c c th t o n n 6 5 .536 m n g co n c /6 4 h o c n hi u
c p n h tu y n p h n c p h i u q u s d n g tron g m n g c a mnh.
II.2.5. a ch t n g th ch ( a ch Compatibility)
a ch IPv6 pht trin khi m ng Internet l m t th gi i k t ni IPv4. C n
c nh ng cng ngh p hc v ch o vic chuy n i t a ch IPv4 sang
a ch IPv6, cng n h nh ng c ch th c cho php l i dng c s h
tng m ng Internet IPv4 k t ni cc m n g , hoc cc my tnh IPv6
ring l . a ch IPv6 t ng th ch c nh ngha s d ng tron g
nh n g c ng ng h chuyn i t a ch IPv4 sa ng a ch IPv6, ba o g m :
S d n g tro n g cn g n g h bi n dch gi a a ch IPv4 IPv6 (cho

p h p m n g IPv4 g iao ti p c m n g IPv6)
S d n g ch o m t h n h th c ch u y n i c g i l n g h m
tu n n el, tro ng l i d ng c s h t n g s n c c a m n g IPv4
k t n i c c m n g IPv6 b n g c ch b c g i tin IPv6 vo trong gi tin
n h a ch IPv4 tru y n i tr n m n g c s h t n g IPv4, s
d n g c u tr c nh tu y n IPv4.
D o p h c v ch o cn g n gh ch uy n i gi a gia o ti p IPv4 v IPv6, a

ch IPv6 t n g th ch c c u h n h n n t a ch IPv4 v c n hi u
d n g tu thu c th eo c c c n g n g h chu y n i kh c n h a u . M t s d n g
h i n n a y kh ng c n c s d n g n a . C h n g ta s tm h i u b a
tro n g s n h n g d n g a ch t n g th ch . l a ch IPv4compatib le , a ch IPv4-m a p p e d , a ch 6 to 4 .
a ch IPv4-compatible
a ch IPv4-co m p a tible c t o t 3 2 bit a ch IPv4 th e o c ch th c
g n c c bit ton 0 vo tr c 32 bit a ch IPv4 v c vi t n h sa u:
0:0:0:0:0:0:w.x.y.z hoc ::w.x.y.z
T ro n g w.x.y.z l a ch IPv4 vi t th e o c ch th n g th ng .
80 bit
16 bit
32 bit
0000 .0000
0000
a ch IP v4
H n h 11: a ch IP v4 -Compatible
52
D n g a ch IPv4-co m p a tible c s d n g tro n g m t c n g n g h t o
n g h m c t n gi tu nn el t n g . K hi m t g i tin IPv6 c a ch
n g u n v ch d ng IPv4-compatible, gi tin IPv6 s c t n g
b c tro n g g i tin c p h n m o u (header) IPv4 v g i t i ch s
d n g c s h tn g m n g IPv4.
H in n ay, n h u cu v d n g kt n i tu n n el t n g n y kh n g c n
n a. D o vy, d n g a ch n y c n g c lo i b kh n g c n s
d n g tro n g g iai o n p h t trin tip th eo c a a ch IPv6.
a ch IPv4-mapped
80 bit
16 bit
32 bit
0000 .0000
FFFF
a ch IP v4
H n h 12: a ch IP v4 -mapped
a ch IP v4 -m a p p e d c t o n n t 3 2 bit a ch IP v4 theo cch

th c g n 80 bit 0 u tin , tip th eo l 1 6 b it c gi tr h e xa F F F F v i
3 2 bit a ch IP v4 . a ch IP v4 -m a p p e d c vi t n h sa u :
0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:w.x.y.z h o c ::F F F F :w.x.y.z
T ro n g : w.x.y.z l a ch IP v4 vit th e o c ch th n g th n g .
a ch IPv4-m a p p e d c s d n g bi u d i n m t n o d e th u n IPv4
th n h m t n o d e IPv6 p h c v tro ng c n g ng h bi n dch a ch IPv4
a ch IPv6 (v d c n g ng h N A T -P T , p h c v g ia o ti p gi a m n g
th u n IPv4 v m n g th u n IPv6). a ch IPv4-mapped khng b ao gi
c d n g l m a ch ng u n ha y a ch ch c a m t g i tin IPv6.
a ch 6 to 4
Trong vng a ch n h da n h to n c u (x c n h b n g 3 bit u 0 0 1 ),
IA N A d n h ri n g m t d i a ch, t t n l a ch 6 to 4 , lm m t d n g
a ch t ng th ch ph c v ch o m t c n g n gh t o n g h m c tn
g i cn g n g h tu n n el 6 to 4 . a ch 6 to4 c s d n g tro n g giao ti p
g i a h ai no d e ch y n g th i c h ai th t c IPv4 v IPv6 tr n m n g c
s h t ng n h tu y n c a IPv4.
a ch 6to 4 c h n h th n h nh sau:
Trong vng a ch n h d a n h to n cu , IA N A c p p h t m t d i
a ch d n h ri n g 2 0 0 2 ::/1 6 t o n n a ch 6 to 4 .
53
a ch 6 to 4 c t o n n b ng c ch g n 16 bit ti n t 20 0 2 ni
tr n v i 3 2 bit a ch IPv4 vi t d i d ng h exa , t t o n n m t
v n g a ch IPv6 kch th c /4 8 . V ng a ch n y s c s
d n g t o n n m n g IPv6 6to4. C c m n g n y s k t n i v i
n h a u tr n c s h tn g m n g Internet IPv4.
C c cng ngh ch uyn i IPv4 IPv6 ni chung, v cn g ng h to

n g h m 6to4 ni ring c cp chi tit trong ch ng 4 ca s ch .
II.3. N h n g d n g a ch th u c lo i Multicast
a ch m u ltica st, l m t p h n ph c t p so ng r t c th c a a ch
IPv6. T ro n g h o t n g c a a ch IPv6, kh ng t n t i kh i ni m a ch
broadcast. Ch c n n g ca a ch bro a d ca st IPv4 c m n h i m b i
m t tro n g s c c d n g a ch IPv6 m u lticast. a ch IPv6 multicast
th a y th cho c a ch b roa d ca st v m u ltica st IPv4.
IP v6 c r t nh i u d n g a ch m u ltica st. M i d n g c p h m vi ho t
n g t n g n g . M t node IPv6 n h t n h s "n g h e" l u l n g ca
m t s lo i a ch IPv6 multicast. Node IPv6 c th n gh e l u l n g
c a n hi u lo i a ch m u ltica st ti c n g th i i m . N o d e c n g c th
g ia n h p ho c r i b m t n h m m u ltica st ti b t c th i i m n o .
T ro n g p h m vi m t n g k t n i, c n h ng h o t n g m u ltica st m
khng c n c u h n h g cho node IPv6. Cc node IPv6 m c n h th a m
gia m t s n h m m u ltica st c n thi t ch o c c q u y trn h h o t ng c a
IPv6 trn n g k t n i, v d n h m x c n h m i n o d e tr n n g kt
n i, h a y n h m x c n h m i b n h tu y n tr n n g k t n i. Tuy
n h in n u l u l n g m u ltica st i v t q u a b n h tu y n , ra ngoi
p h m vi m t n g k t n i (m t E th e rn e t), kh i c n c n h n g c u
h n h th c hi n n h tu yn m u ltica st.
II.3.1. Multicast v broadcast trong IPv4
Broadcast
N h ch n g ta b i t, tron g IPv4, a ch q u n g b (broadcast) c
s d n g tro n g th t c p h n gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol), th t c c u h n h a ch n g DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol) v c c th t c kh c th c h in ch c n n g tm
ki m (d isco ve ry), p h c v ch o n h n g quy trnh h o t n g c t yu c a
IPv4. T ro n g m t m n g , a ch IPv4 c g i tr c c bit tron g p h n Host ID
to n 1 c s d n g l m a ch q u n g b (broadcast) tro n g m n g .
G i tin g i t i a ch ch IPv4 b roa d ca st s c ch u y n t i v x l
54
t i to n b c c n o d e tr n m n g . T i l p 2, a ch E th e rne t
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF l a ch bro a d ca st m c E th e rn e t.
B n h
tu y n
M y ch
Broadcast
B n h
tu y n
M y ch
Multicast
H n h 13: M u ltica st v B ro a d ca st tro n g a ch IP v4
Multicast
T ron g IP v4, m u ltica st l m t cng ng h c thi t k c ng cho ph p g i
m t g i tin n g th i t i n hiu ch. T uy nhi n m u ltica st kh c bro ad ca st
i m , g i tin kh ng ph i c g i t i m i n o de tro ng ph m vi m t
m n g m c g i t i n h m c c n od e xc n h, c c nod e n y c v tr
a l kh c nha u, v c th th u c nhiu t ch c kh c nh au . K hi th c hin
m u ltica st, b nh tu y n (ro uter) trn c c m ng c nod e tha m gia nh m
m u ltica st ph i h tr th t c n h tuyn m ultica st. N o de c th l a ch n
55
c tha m g ia vo m t n h m m u lticast no ha y kh ng . Tron g khi v i

b roa dcast, m i nod e trong ph m vi m t m ng con (su bn et) l th nh vi n
ca n h m broad ca st b t k n c m u n ha y kh ng .
V i c qu n l q ua n h n h m m u ltica st tron g IP v4 c th c hin b n g
th t c q u n l n h m IG M P (Internet Group Management Protocol). Khi
th it k IP v4 , to n b a ch l p D (t 2 2 4 .0.0 .0 n 2 3 9 .2 5 5 .25 5 .2 5 5)
c d n h rin g s d n g ch o cn g n gh M u ltica st. T u y c nh
g i hi u q u v c c ti u ch u n k th u t c thi t k h o n thi n ,
so n g c n g n g h m u ltica st kh n g c p d n g r n g ri tro n g h o t
n g c a In te rn e t IP v4 d o n hi u n g u y n n h n v i h i cu h n h.
II.3.2. C u tr c a ch IPv6 Multicast
a ch M u ltica st IPv6 c thit k th c h in c ch c n n g
b ro a d ca st v m u ltica st. D o v y c n hiu d n g a ch m u ltica st IPv6.
C n h n g d n g a ch IPv6 multicast m b t k node IPv6 n o c ng
p h i nh n l u l n g . N h n g a ch IP v6 m u ltica st n y p h c v ch o
n h n g q u y trn h h o t n g thi t y u ca IPv6. Nh n g d n g a ch
multicast IPv6 khc s d n g tro n g c n g ng h tru y n g i tin t i n hi u
ch c n g l c, n h c n g n g h m u ltica st ca IPv4.
M i d n g a ch multicast IPv6 c ph m vi h o t ng n h t n h . L u
l n g c a a ch IPv6 m u ltica st s c ch uy n t i to n b c c n o de
tro n g m t p h m vi n o h a y ch c ch u y n t i n h m c c n o d e
tro n g ph m vi l t y th u c v o d n g a ch m u ltica st.
V n g a ch c ti n t F F ::/8 (8 bit u l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1), ch i m 1 /2 5 6
kh n g gia n a ch IPv6 c d n h ri n g lm a ch IPv6 multicast.
C u tr c ca a ch IPv6 m u ltica st nh trong hnh 14.
8 bit
4 bit
4 bit
80 bit
32 bit
1111 1111
C
(Flags)
P h m vi
(Scope)
000 ...000
n h d a n h n h m
(Group ID)
H n h 14: C u tr c a ch IP v6 m u ltica st
a ch IPv6 multicast lu n c b t u b i 8 bit ti n t 1111 1111 v

r t d p h n bi t. a ch m u ltica st kh n g b ao g i c s d n g l m a
ch ng u n ca m t g i tin IPv6 .
T ro n g c u tr c a ch IPv6 multicast c cc nhm bit th c h i n c c
ch c n n g sa u y:
56
C (F lag ) 4 bit: T r n g n y c b n bit "0T 0 0", tro ng 3 bit hi n ch a
s d n g c t gi tr 0 , bit T s x c n h y l d ng a ch IPv6
m u ltica st c IA N A g n vnh vi n , s d n g th n g n h t tro n g h o t
n g Internet IPv6 to n cu , hay l d n g a ch IPv6 multicast do
n g i s d n g t g n . K h i n i m n y c n g t n g t n h kh i n i m
well-kno w n p o rt tron g th t c T C P /IP .
N u bit T = 0 , y l a ch m ulticast IPv6 vnh vi n c IA N A qu y

n h. D a nh sch c c a ch n y c cung c p tro ng RFC2375
(IPv6 Multicast Address Assignments). Trong s c nh ng d ng
a ch p h c v ch o n h n g q uy trn h h o t ng ct yu c a IPv6, s
d n g cho n h n g giao tip khi m t nod e cn gia o ti p v i to n b
h o c v i nh m cc node x c nh trn m t ng kt ni (Ethernet).
V d : FF02::1 l a ch m u ltica st g i t i m i n o d e tr n m t
n g k t n i. F F 0 2 ::2 l a ch m u ltica st g i t i m i b n h
tu y n (ro u ter) tr n m t n g k t n i.
N u bit T = 1 , y l d n g a ch m u ltica st c g n b i n g i s
d n g tron g m t p h m vi n h t n h . a ch m u ltica st s kh n g c
n g h a n g o i p h m vi . M t c ch th c t o n n a ch n y l t
ch c s d n g ti n t (p re fix) c a v n g a ch n h d an h to n c u
c a m n h g n c n g v i 8 bit ti n t F F t o n n a ch m u ltica st.
P h m vi (S cope) 4 bit: T r n g n y g m 4 bit x c nh p h m vi c a

n h m a ch m u ltica st. H i n n a y a n g n h n gh a c c gi tr n h sa u :
1 : P h m vi tro n g m t th i t b (ph m vi N o d e ).
2 : P h m vi m t n g k t n i (ph m vi L in k).
5 : P h m vi m t m ng (ph m vi S ite ).
8: P h m vi t ch c (ph m vi O rg a n ization).
E : P h m vi to n c u (ph m vi G lo b a l).
C c g i tr kh c h i n n a y ch a g n .
G ii th ch m t c ch r r n g h n , n u ta th y 4 b it tr ng sco p e l
"0 0 0 1 " (t c g i tr S co p e l 1 ) khi p h m vi c a a ch m u ltica st n y
l p h m vi n o d e . G i tin m u ltica st s ch c g i tro ng p h m vi c c
g ia o di n tro n g m t th i t b m th i.
N u 4 b it n y l "0 0 1 0", gi tr tr n g S co pe l 2 , p h m vi c a a ch
m u ltica st l p h m vi lin k. G i tin m u ltica st c g i tr n p h m vi to n
b n g k t n i.
Global
57
Site
Link
Hnh 17
H n h 15: P h m vi c a a ch IP v6
R o u te r s d ng gi tr tr n g S cop e c a a ch m u ltica st q u y t
n h c chu y n ti p l u l n g m u ltica st ha y kh n g . V d a ch
m u ltica st F F 02 ::2 c p h m vi lin k, b n h tu y n s kh n g b a o g i
ch u y n ti p g i tin n y ra khi p h m vi n g k t n i.
n h d an h n hm (Group ID) 32 bit T h c h i n ch c n n g nh d a n h
c c n h m m u ltica st. T ro ng m t p h m vi, c n h i u nh m m u ltica st (v d
nhm multicast m i b n h tu y n , n h m m u ltica st m i n o d e , n h m
m u ltica st m i m y ch D H C P ). G i tr c c bit n h da n h n h m s xc
n h c c n h m m u ltica st. T ro n g m t p h m vi, s n h d a n h n y l d u y
n h t. L u l n g c a ch ch m u ltica st s c ch u y n t i c c m y
th u c n h m m u ltica st x c n h b i n h d anh n h m Group ID, trong
p h m vi x c n h b i g i tr tr n g Scope.
T ro n g a ch IPv6 multicast, 32 bit cu i c s d n g x c n h
nhm multicast. T h e o th i t k ba n u , n h d a n h n h m g m 1 1 2 bit.
V i 11 2 bit, c th xc n h 2112 n h m . T u y n h in , c th tru y n i
tr n m n g t i ch , d li u p h i ch a n g th i th ng tin a ch IP (l p
m n g ) v a ch l p 2 (a ch M A C tro ng tr n g h p k t n i E th e rn e t)
t n g n g . c c n h x 1 -1 t m t a ch IPv6 m u ltica st t i
m t a ch E th e rne t m u ltica st M A C d u y n h t, s l n g bit c a ph n
n h d a n h n h m c kh u y n n g h l 3 2 bit.
II.3.3. M t s a ch m u lticast IPv6 vn h vin
K h i thi t b c kch h o t h tr IPv6, c c nod e p h i th a m g ia v o m t
s n h m m u ltica st b t b u c. N o d e p hi th am g ia v o n h m m u ltica st
d n h ch o m i n o d e tro n g p h m vi n o d e v p h m vi link. R o u ter p h i
tham gia vo nhm multicast dn h ch o m i b n h tu y n p h m vi
n o d e , p h m vi link.
M u ltica st t i m i n o d e
N h m m u ltica st m i n o d e hin n a y c g n g i tr G ro u p ID 1 .
58
B n g 1: a ch m u ltica st m i n o d e
a ch
IPv6
multicast
T n g i
G i tr S co p e
G i tr G ro u p
ID
FF01::1
a ch m u ltica st 1 (X c n h
m i n o d e p h m vi p h m vi
node
node)
1 (X c n h
nhm multicast
m in o d e )
FF02::1
a ch m u ltica st
2 (X c n h
m i n o d e p h m vi
p h m vi lin k)
link
1 (X c n h
nhm multicast
m in o d e )
Ch thch
Xc n h m i
node IPv6 trong
p h m vi m t
n g k t n i
FF02::1
M y ch
M y ch g i g i tin t i a ch M u lticast m i n o d e p h m vi lin k
FF02::2
M y ch
M y ch g i g i tin t i a ch M u lticast m i b n h tu yn p h m vi lin k
H n h 16: M u ltica st tro n g p h m vi m t n g k t n i
59
M u ltica st t i m i ro u te r
N h m m u ltica st m i ro u ter hi n na y c g n g i tr G ro u p ID 2
B n g 2: a ch M u ltica st m i ro u te r
a ch IP v6
multicast
G i tr S co p e
G i tr G ro u p
ID
FF01::2
m i ro u te r p h m p h m vi tro n g
vi node
m t th i t b )
2 (X c n h
nhm
m u ltica st m i
router)
FF02::2
2 (X c n h
a ch m u ltica st
p h m vi m t
m i ro u te r p h m
n g k t
vi link
n i)
X c n h m i
2 (X c n h
router
IPv6
nhm
tro n g p h m vi
multica st m i
m t n g k t
router)
ni
FF05::2
m i ro u te r p h m p h m vi m t
vi site
m ng)
2 (X c n h
nhm
m u ltica st m i
router)
T n g i
Ch thch
X c n h m i
router
IPv6
tro n g p h m vi
m tm ng
N h n g gi tr IP v6 m u ltica st vn h vi n kh c, c th tm h i u tro n g
RFC2375 - IPv6 Multicast Address Assignments.
II.3.4. a ch m u lticast Solicited node
M t tro n g n h n g q u y trn h h o t n g c t y u c a IPv4 l th c h in
p h n g ii g i a a ch IPv4 32 bit thnh a ch l p 2 t n g n g (v d
a ch M A C Ethernet 48 bit). IPv4 th c hi n ch c n n g n y b ng th
t c A R P (Address Resolution Protocol). N g uy n l h o t n g c b n
c a th t c n y l giao ti p y u c u/ p ng tro n g m t n o d e khi
kh n g bi t a ch l p v t l c a m t n o d e kh c tr n n g k t n i s
g i g i tin A R P t i to n b n od e g n trn m t E th e rn e t (s d n g a
ch b roa d ca st). G i tin n y c ch a a ch IP c a n o d e m n m u n
g ia o ti p . C c no d e tr n E th ern e t u n h n v x l gi tin ny, node
c a ch IP tr n g kh p v i a ch IP ch a tro n g g i tin s g i th n g
tin p tr . T h t c A R P c a IPv4 c m t h n ch : do s d n g a ch
broadcast (q u ng b ) nn khi m t n o d e kh i th c h i n th t c p h n gi i
a ch, v n l q u y trn h di n ra th n g xu yn l m p h i n t i m i
n o d e tr n m n g L A N , l m g i m h i u q u c a m n g .
Trong IPv6, ch c n n g p h n gii a ch c m n h i m b n g m t
th t c m i, p h tr ch gia o ti p c a c c no de tr n m t n g k t n i,
60
c t n g i th t c N e igh b o r D isco very (xem thm ch n g 3 ), q u a vi c
tra o i c c th n g ip IC M P v6 (ICMP version 6). Trong qu trnh phn
g ii a ch (xe m th m ch n g 3 ), tr n h t c n g n to n b c c
n o d e tr n ng k t n i (v n l m t h n ch c a th t c A R P IPv4),
IPv6 kh n g s d n g a ch m u ltica st m i n o d e p h m vi lin k (FF02::1)
l d n g a ch th c hi n ch c n n g t n g t n h a ch q u n g b
tro n g m n g L A N c a IPv4 l m a ch ch c a g i tin tru y v n . T h a y v
, q u trn h ph n gi i a ch c a IPv6 s d n g m t d n g a ch IPv6
multica st c b i t, c t n g i a ch multicast solicited node.
a ch multicast solicited node c c u th n h t a ch unica st
gn cho node. M i m t a ch u nica st c g n ch o n o d e , s c m t
a ch m u ltica st solicite d n od e t n g n g .
C u th n h a ch S o licite d n o d e t a ch u n ica st
a ch solicited node c c u th nh t a ch u nica st b n g c ch g n
104 bit ti n t (prefix) F F 0 2 ::1 :F F /1 0 4 v i 2 4 bit cu i c n g ch n h l 2 4
bit cu i c a a ch u nica st.
c th g ia o ti p , n o d e c n p h n g i i c c c a ch IPv6 unicast
g n ch o n o d e th n h a ch l p 2 t n g n g , d o v y v i m i m t
a ch u n ica st c g n ch o n o d e s c m t a ch m u ltica st
solicited node. Node IPv6 s v a n g h e l u l n g t i a ch u n ica st,
v a n g h e l u l n g t i a ch m u ltica st solicited node t n g n g a
ch u n ica st .
64 bit
64 bit
T i n t c a d i a ch
Unicast
(Interface ID)
24 bit
FF02:
0:0:0:0
:1:FF
H n h 17: C u th n h a ch m u ltica st solicited node t a ch u n ica st
D o tr n g S co pe tro n g a ch solicited n od e c gi tr 2 , y l a ch
multicast c p h m vi tr n m t n g k t n i (E th ern e t). a ch
m u ltica st solicite d n o de s t n g c t o ra kh i thit b c g n
c c a ch u nica st.
V d c th , m t n o d e IPv6:
61
C a ch Link-local F E 8 0 ::2 A A :F F :F E 3 F :2A1C . a ch M ultica st

Solicite d n o de t n g n g a ch Link-local ny l
F F 02 ::1 :F F 3F :2 A 1 C .
N u n o d e c g n a ch u nica st to n c u 2 0 0 1 :d c8 ::3 0 0 5 :BC68.

a ch M ultica st S olicite d no d e t n g n g a ch u nica st n y l
F F 02 ::1 :F F 3F :BC68.
II.4. L o i a ch A N Y C A S T
a ch a n yca st c g n ch o m t n h m n h iu gia o din . G i tin c
g i t i a ch an yca st s c ch u y n i the o c u tr c n h tu yn t i
g ia o di n g n n h t tro n g n h m (kh i ni m g n n h t l tn h the o th
t c n h tu y n ). R F C 35 1 3 (Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Addressing Architecture) n h n g h a a ch a n yca st v i n h n g c
i m n h sa u :
A n yca st kh n g c kh n g g ia n a ch ri ng m th u c v n g a ch
unicast (v n g a ch x c n h b i ti n t 0 0 1 ). K hi m t a ch
u n ica st c g n n g th i ch o n hiu gia o d i n, n s tr th n h
a ch a n yca st.
M t a ch a n yca st c th c g n ch o n h i u g ia o d i n c a
n h i u n o d e .
a ch a nyca st khn g b ao gi c s d ng l m a ch ng un ca m t
gi tin IPv6. H in na y, a ch an yca st kh ng c g n cho my tnh
IPv6 m ch c g n ch o c c b n h tu yn (ro uter) IPv6. M t tron g
n h n g ng d ng m o ng m u n c a a ch an yca st l s d ng x c nh
m t t p c c b nh tuyn th u c v m t nh cun g c p dch v Internet.
H i n n a y, m i ch c m t d n g a ch a n yca st c n h n g h a v n g
d n g , c t n g i a ch a n yca st Subnet-R ou te r. T r n m t m n g co n
(subnet) IPv6, c th c n hiu b n h tu y n p h tr ch k t n i v
ch u y n ti p g i tin cho c c my th u c m n g co n sa n g n h n g m n g
kh c. K h i c s d n g , a ch anycast Subnet-Route r n g th i
c g n ch o cc b n h tu y n IPv6 tro ng m t m n g co n . G i tin s
d n g a ch n y l m a ch ch s n c m t tro n g s c c b
n h tu y n ny v t s t i c m n g .
C ch th c to a ch A n yca st S u b n e t-R o u te r t ti n t c a m n g co n
N g i ta gi n g u yn c c bit ti n t c a m n g co n (subnet) v t m i
bit kh c v gi tr 0 . L y a ch th u c lm a ch an yca st S u bn e tro u te r c a m n g co n . M i g ia o di n b n h tu y n g n v i m n g co n
62
n y c n g th i g n a ch a n yca st S u bnet-R o u te r tr n. a ch
n y c s d n g m t n o d e t xa g ia o tip v i m t tro n g s n h n g
b n h tu y n c a su b n e t.
II.5. L a ch n a ch m c n h tro n g IPv6

IPv6 ch o p h p n hi u a ch, thu c n hi u d n g c th g n ch o cn g
m t g ia o di n . V i c c n hiu a ch tr n m t g ia o di n khi n cho c c
th c th i IPv6 th n g xu y n i d i n v i tn h tr n g n hi u a ch n g u n
v a ch ch khi kh i t o gia o ti p . C n p h i c m t th u t to n m c
n h ch u n g ch o m i th c thi l a ch n a ch ng u n v a ch ch .
T h u t to n ch o p h p l a ch n a ch n y s d n g n hiu y u t cn
n h c. T ro n g c m t s y u t nh sa u :
(1)
T n h tr n g a ch : M i m t a ch IPv6 g n ch o node IPv6 i
k m v i kh o ng th i gia n sn g h p l . N ode IPv6 q u n l tn h trn g
a ch the o th i gia n s n g , tro ng pre fe rre d " t c a ch c n c
l a ch n v de p re cate d " t c a ch b i. K hi l a ch n a ch
s d n g tro n g g ia o ti p , node IPv6 s kh ng s d n g n h n g a ch
d e p re ca te d.
(2)
B n g ch n h s ch (Policy Table): T h u t to n l a ch n a ch
c n s d n g m t b n g l u tr g i l P olicy T ab le . B ng n y l u tr c c
ti n t a ch (prefix) c g n ch o n o d e v i h a i gi tr i k m l gi tr
ch qu y n u ti n (P re ce de n ce ) v gi tr n h n (L a b el):
G i tr q u yn u ti n c s d ng sp x p a ch ch.
G i tr nh n s d n g l a ch n m t p re fix ng u n n h t nh t n g
n g v i m t p re fix ch n h t n h . C c th u t to n th n g h a y s
d n g a ch n g u n (S ) t n g n g v i a ch ch (D ) kh i La b el(S )
= Label(D).
K h i l a ch n gi tr n h n trn g kh p tro n g b n g chnh sch, a ch s

c l a ch n:
N g u n l a ch th u n IPv6
--> ch l a ch th u n IPv6.
N g u n l a ch 6to4
--> ch l a ch 6to4.
N gu n l a ch IPv4-compatible --> ch l a ch IPv4-compatible.
N g u n l a ch IPv4-map
--> ch l a ch IPv4-map.
T ro n g h i u h nh Windows, ch n g ta c th xe m g i tr c a b n g
P o licy T able b ng l n h :
netsh> interface ipv6> show prefixpolicy
63
H n h 18: L a ch n a ch tro n g h i u h n h W in d o w s
(3) S d n g th t tr v c a D N S : Khi node IPv6 A k t n i t i m t

n o d e B n o , n c th l a ch n a ch ch ch o g ia o ti p tron g s
n h n g a ch c a B d a tr n th t tr v t tru y v n D N S .
III. TM T T V A C H IPv6
N h n g m c tr c c p v m t n h i u d n g a ch IPv6. By
g i , ch n g ta s th n g k l i c c ti n t (p re fix) v t n g k t l i n h n g
d n g a ch m h o t n g c, host IPv6, router IPv6 c n c
gn.
III.1. T h n g k v cc d n g a ch IPv6
B n g 3 th n g k m t s c c ti n t v d ng a ch th n g g p c a
IPv6.
B n g 3: B n g t m t t v c c d n g a ch IP v6
Bit
::
D n g a ch
a ch c b i t
Ch thch
64
Bit
D n g a ch
::1
a ch lo o p b a ck
FE80::/10
a ch Link-local
FEC0::/10
a ch site lo ca l
2000::/3
a ch n h d a n h to n c u . Trong
:
Ch thch
c hy b
2002::/16 a ch 6 to 4
::w.x.y.z
::FFFF:w.x.y.z
a ch IPv4-compatible
D n g ch o c n g n g h
tu n n e l t n g .
a ch IPv4 - map
D n g tro n g b i n d ch
a ch IPv6-IPv4.
K h i c n th i t p h i
b i u d i n m t n o d e
th u n IPv4 thnh
node IPv6.
a ch m u ltica st
FF01::1 - a ch m u ltica st m i n o d e
p h m vi n o d e
FF02::1 - a ch m u ltica st m i n o d e
p h m vi lin k
FF::/8
FF01::2 - a ch m u ltica st m i
ro u te r p h m vi node
ro u te r p h m vi lin k
ro u te r p h m vi site
S d n g th a y th
ch o
ch c
nng
b ro a d ca st c a a
ch IPv4 v p h c v
n h n g q u y trn h
h o t n g c a IPv6
n h p h n g i i a
ch , q u y trn h g ia o
ti p g i a c c n o d e
tr n m t n g k t
n i...
FF02::1:FF/104 a ch m u ltica st
Solicited node
III.2. N h n g d n g a ch my tnh IPv6 n g h e l u l n g v x

l
M t my tnh IPv6 s n g h e l u l n g n h n v x l g i tin ti
n h n g a ch sa u y:
M t a ch Link-local ch o m i g ia o di n.
N h n g a ch u nica st ch o m i gia o din .
a ch loo p b a ck.
65
N g o i ra cn n g h e l u l n g ti n h n g a ch m u ltica st:
a ch m u ltica st m i n o de p h m vi n o d e (FF01::1).
a ch m u ltica st m i n o de p h m vi lin k (F F 0 2::1 ).
a ch so licited n o de ch o m i a ch u nica st c a m i g iao di n .
a ch c c nh m m u ltica st kh c m c c g ia o di n th a m g ia (khi
my tnh c c u h n h n h n l u l n g tro n g c n g n gh truy n
t i m u ltica st q u a c c m n g (t n g t n h c n g n g h m u ltica st c a
IPv4).
III.3. N h n g d n g a ch router IPv6 n g h e l u l n g v x l

C h n g ta c n g bi t, m t b n h tu y n (ro u ter) c n p h i c g n m i
lo i a ch m m t my tnh IPv6 c g n. N g o i ra , b n h tu y n
IPv6 c n c g n n h n g a ch sa u y:
a ch anycast Subnet - Router.
C c a ch a n yca st kh c (n u cn ).
B n h tu y n IP v6 (rou te r IP v6 ) c n g n gh e l u l n g ti m i a ch
m n c g n . B n h tu y n IP v6 n gh e l u l n g ti m i a ch
multicast m m t my tnh IPv6 c n n g h e . N g o i ra , p h c v cho
h o t n g nh tu y n , b n h tu y n IP v6 c n p h i ng h e , n h n v x l
c c g i tin ti n h n g a ch m u ltica st sau :
a ch m u ltica st m i ro ute r ph m vi node (FF01::2).
a ch m u ltica st m i ro ute r ph m vi lin k (F F 02 ::2 ).
a ch m u ltica st m i ro ute r ph m vi site (F F 05 ::2 ).
N g i s d n g kh n g cn thi t ph i c u hn h ro u te r g n n h n g a
ch m u ltica st tro n g p h m vi m t n g k t n i. Khi b n h tu y n
(router) c kch ho t h tr IPv6, h iu h n h (v d C isco O S ) s
t n g g n n h n g a ch n y ch o router IPv6.
IV. P H N M O U IPV6
H o t n g ca Internet d a tr n c c th t c, l tp c c q u y trn h p h c
v ch o gia o ti p . T ro n g th t c Internet, nh n g th n g tin p h c v ch o
th it l p gia o ti p v tru y n ti d li u n h a ch IP c a n i g i v n i
66
n h n g i tin , v n h n g th n g tin c n thi t kh c c t p h a tr c d
li u . P h n th ng tin c g i l ph n m o u (h ea d e r).
M o u IP V 6 l p hi n b n ci ti n , c t ch c h p l h n so v i
m o u IPv4. T ro n g lo i b i m t s tr n g kh ng c n thi t h o c
t kh i s d n g v th m v o n h n g tr n g h tr t t h n ch o l u l n g
th i gia n th c.
Bit 0
4
Phin
bn
16
C h i u d i
m o u
D n g d ch v
n h d a n h
T h i g ia n s n g
31
T n g ch i u d i
C
T h t c
C h n h p h n m n h
K i m tra m o u
a ch n g u n (32 bit)
a ch ch (32 bit)
T y ch n
H n h 19: P h n m o u c a IP v4
Bit 0
4
Phin
bn
12
16
24
P h n d n g l u l n g
C h i u d i t i d li u
31
Nhn dng
M o u ti p th e o
G i i h n b c
a ch ch (128 bit)
H n h 20: P h n m o u c a IP v6
T h c h in so s n h h ai d n g th c m o u IPv4 v IPv6, s th y m t
s tr n g c gi n g u y n, m t s tr n g tro n g m o u IPv6 th c
h i n ch c n n g t ng t trong IPv4, c tr n g c th m v o v m t
s tr n g c b i.
67
th y n h n g th a y i v n n g c p tro n g ph n m o u IPv6, chng

ta s n h c li v c c tr n g tro n g p h n m o u c a IPv4 v ch c
n n g c a ch n g , sa u s so s nh v i p h n m o u c a IPv6.
IV.1. P h n m o u IPv4
M o u IPv4 c c c tr n g sa u y:
P h in b n (Version) C h nh p hi n b n ca IP , c gi tr 4 .
C h iu d i m o u (Header Length) C h n h chi u d i p h n m o
u IPv4 ( n v o l kh i 4 b yte ).
D n g d ch v (Type of Service) C h n h d ch v m o n g m u n kh i
tru y n c c gi tin q u a b n h tu y n (router). T r n g n y c 8 bit, xc
n h q u y n u ti n, tr , th ng l ng , c c c tn h ch n h tin c y
kh c. T r n g S e rvice T yp e g m T O S (T ype o f S e rvice ) v
P re ce d e n ce . T O S x c n h lo i dch v , b a o g m : g i tr, tin c y,
th n g l n g , tr ho c b o m t. P re ce d e nce x c n h m c u ti n ,
s d n g 8 m c t 0 -7.
T n g ch iu d i (Total Length) C h n h t n g ch i u d i g i tin IPv4
(c p h n m o u v p h n d liu ). K ch th c 1 6 bit, ch n h r n g
gi tin IPv4 c th d i t i 6 5 ,5 35 b yte .
n h d an h (Identifier) n h d a n h g i tin . K ch th c 1 6 bit. nh
d a n h ch o g i tin c l a ch n b i ng u n g i g i tin. N u g i tin IPv4
b p h n m n h , m i p h n m n h s g i l i gi tr tr n g n h d a nh n y,
m c ch n o de ch c th n h m li c c m n h , p h c v ch o vi c
p h c h i li g i tin.
C (Flag) X c nh c ch o q u trn h p h n m n h . K ch th c 3 bit.
C h ai c : m t x c n h g i tin b p h n m n h v c kia ch n h xe m c
th m p h n m n h kh c n a ti p th eo p h n m n h hi n th i h a y kh n g .
C h n h p h n m n h (Fragment Offset) C h nh v tr c a p h n
m n h tro n g p h n d liu (p a ylo a d) ca g i tin b a n u . T r n g n y c
kch th c 1 3 bit.
T h i g ian s n g (Time to Live) C h n h s l n g k t n i ti a m
m t g i tin IPv4 c th i qu a tr c khi b h y b . T r n g n y d i 8 bit.
TTL c s d ng n h m t b m th i gian m ro u te r IPv4 d n g
q u y t n h d i th i gia n c n thi t (b n g gi y) ch u y n ti p g i tin
IPv4. B n h tu y n hin i ch u y n ti p g i tin ch a n m t g i y
so n g th e o qu y c, lu n gi m g i tr tr n g n y 1 n v. K hi gi tr
T T L tr v 0 , g i tin s c h y i v th ng i p li c g i tr li
68
a ch IPv4 n g u n .
T h t c (Protocol) X c nh th t c l p ca o h n g i tin s c
ch u y n tip . T r n g n y g m 8 bit. V d m t s gi tr: 6 l T C P , 1 7 l
UDP, 1 l ICMP.
K im tra m o u (Header Checksum) C u n g c p thng tin ki m tra
cho p h n m o u IPv4. Kch th c 1 6 bit. P h n d li u c a g i tin
IPv4 kh n g b a o g m tro n g ki m tra n y m ch a th n g tin ki m tra
rin g c a n . C c node IPv4 n h n g i tin s xe m x t p h n ki m tra
m o u v lo i b g i tin n u gi tr ki m tra (th e o th u t to n
checksum) tn h to n c kh n g tr n g kh p v i gi tr tr n g ki m tra
trong p h n m o u c a g i tin n h n c, b i v n h v y ch n g t
c sa i l ch th ng tin trong tru y n ti. K hi b n h tu y n chu y n tip i
m t g i tin IPv4, n p h i gi m g i tr tr n g T T L , d o v y tr n g
H e a d e r C he cksu m c tn h to n li t i m i b n h tu y n gi a n g u n
v ch .
a ch n g u n (Source Address) C h a a ch n g u n g i g i tin
IPv4. K ch th c 3 2 bit.
a ch ch (Destination Address) C h a a ch IPv4 ch . K ch
th c 3 2 bit.
T u ch n (Option) C h a m t h o c n h i u h n t y ch n tro n g IPv4.
K ch th c tr n g n y l m t s n g u yn l n c a kh i 4 byte (32 bit).
N u c c tu ch n kh n g d n g h t v l m l kh i 3 2 bit, c c gi tr 0 (g i
l p h n m - P a d d ing ) s c th m v o m b o m o u IPv4
l m t s n g u y n c a kh i 4 b yte , n h v y ch i u d i m o u IPv4 m i
c th ch nh c b ng gi tr cu tr n g C h i u d i m o u .
IV.2. M o u c a IPv6 - N h n g th a y i, ci tin so v i IPv4

P h n m o u IP v6 c n h n g th a y i g so v i th h a ch IPv4?
IV.2.1. C h iu d i c a p h n m o u
N h tr n m t , m o u IPv4 c m t tr n g ch iu d i kh n g c n h ,
l T u ch n . T r n g T u ch n c s d n g th m c c th n g tin
v c c d ch v tu ch n kh c n h a u tro n g IPv4, v d th n g tin li n q u a n
n m h o . D o , ch i u d i c a m o u IPv4 th a y i tu the o tn h
tr n g . V s th a y i , c c b n h tu y n i u khi n gia o ti p d a
trn n h n g th n g tin tro n g ph n m o u kh n g th bit tr c chi u
d i c a m o u . i u n y c n tr vi c t ng t c x l g i tin .
69
K h c v i IPv4, gi tin IPv6 c hai d ng m o u : m o u c b n

(basic header) v m o u m r n g (e xte n sion h e a d e r). P h n m o u
c b n c ch i u d i c n h 4 0 b yte , ch a n h n g th n g tin c b n
tro n g x l g i tin IPv6, thu n tin h n ch o vi c t n g t c x l g i tin .
N h n g th n g tin li n q u a n n dch v m r n g k m th e o c ch u y n
h n t i m t p h n o n kh c g i l m o u m r n g .
C u tr c m t g i tin IPv6:
M o u c b n IP v6
C c m o u
m r n g
D li u c a th t c
l p tr n
T i d li u
Gi tin IPv6
H n h 21: C u tr c g i tin IP v6
M c d tr n g a ch n gu n v a ch ch tro n g m o u IPv6 c
ch i u d i 12 8 bit, g p 4 l n s bit a ch IPv4, so n g chi u d i p h n
m o u c a IPv6 ch g p h a i l n IPv4. l n h d n g th c c a mo
u c n gi n h o i tro n g IPv6 b n g c ch b b t i n h n g
tr n g kh ng c n thi t v t c s d n g .
IV.2.2. N h n g tr n g b i tro n g p h n m o u IPv6
T u ch n (Option): M t tro ng n h n g th a y i q u an tr n g l kh n g c n
t n t i tr n g O p tio n tro n g m o u IPv6, d o n h n g th n g tin li n q u a n
n d ch v k m th e o (v n c m t b n g tr n g O p tio n trong mo
u IPv4) c ch u y n t ri ng tro n g p h n m o u m r n g , t
ngay sau m o u c b n . V v y, chi u d i p h n m o u c b n c a
IPv6 l c n h (4 0 b yte ).
K im tra m o u (Header Checksum): Trong IPv4, Header
C h e cksu m l m t s s d n g ki m tra li tro n g p h n m o u ,
c tn h to n ra d a tr n n h n g th n g tin p h n m o u . D o gi tr
c a tr n g T h i g ia n s n g (Time to Live-TTL) th a y i m i kh i g i tin
c tru y n q u a m t b n h tu y n (router), s ki m tra m o u c n
p h i c tn h to n li m i khi g i tin i q u a m t ro u te r IPv4. IPv6
g ii p h n g b nh tu y n kh i c n g vi c n y, n h g i m c tr . D o
l p T C P p h a tr n l p IP c ki m tra li th n g tin n n vi c th c hin
p h p tn h t ng t ti t n g IP l kh ng c n thi t v d th a , d o v y
tr n g K i m tra m o u c loi b kh i ph n m o u IPv6.
70
C h iu d i m o u (Header Length): C hi u d i p h n m o u c
b n c a g i tin IPv6 c nh l 4 0 b yte , do v y kh n g c n th i t c
tr n g n y.
C c tr n g n h d an h (Identifier), C (Flag), C h n h p h n m n h
(Fragment Offset): Trong IPv4, y l n h n g tr n g p h c v ch o vi c
p h n m n h g i tin . T ro n g IPv6, th n g tin v ph n m n h kh n g b a o g m
trong m o u c b n m c ch u y n hn sa n g m t m o u m
r n g c t n g i m o u p h n m n h (Fragment). Router IPv6 khng
ti n h n h p h n m n h g i tin . V i c th c h in p h n m n h d o n g d n g
th c h i n n ga y ti my tnh n g u n . D o v y, c c th n g tin h tr p h n
m n h c b i kh i p h n m o u c b n l p h n c x l t i c c
b nh tu y n v c ch u y n sa n g p h n m o u m r n g , l p h n
c x l t i u cu i.
IV.2.3. N h n g tr n g tro n g m o u IPv6 th c h in ch c n n g t n g

t m o u IPv4
Phin b n (V ersio n ) 4 bit: C n g t n v i tr n g tro n g IPv4. C h kh c
g i tr th hi n a ch p hi n b n 6 .
P h n d n g l u l n g (Traffic Class) 8 bit: T h c hi n ch c n n g
t n g t tr n g D n g dch v (T ype of Service) c a IPv4. T r n g n y
c s d n g b i u di n m c u ti n c a g i tin, v d g i tin n n
c tru y n v i t c n h an h h a y th n g th n g , h n g d n th i t b
th n g tin x l g i m t c ch t n g n g .
C h iu d i ti d liu (Payload Length) 16 bit: T r n g n y th a y th
ch o tr n g T n g chiu d i (T otal L e n g th) ca a ch IPv4. Tuy nhin,
n ch x c n h ch i u d i ph n d li u (p a ylo ad ). P h n d li u trong gi
tin IPv6 c tn h b ao g m c m o u m r n g . V i chi u d i 16 bit,
tr n g P a ylo a d Le n g th c th ch n h ch i u d i p h n d liu c a gi
tin IPv6 ln t i 65 ,5 3 5 b yte .
G i i h n b c (Hop Limit) - 8 bit: T h a y th tr n g T h i gian s n g
(Time to live) ca IPv4.
M o u tip th eo (Next Header) 8 bit: T h a y th tr n g T h t c
(Protocol). T r n g n y ch nh n m o u m r n g u ti n c a gi
tin IPv6 (n u c ) t sa u m o u c b n , h o c ch nh t i th t c l p
tr n n h T C P , U D P , IC M P v6 kh i tro n g g i tin IPv6 kh n g c p h n mo
u m r n g . N u s d n g ch n h th tc l p tr n , tr ng n y s
c g i tr t n g t n h tr n g P ro to col c a IPv4.
a ch n g u n (S o u rce A d d ress): a ch n gu n , chi u d i l 1 28 bit.
71
a ch ch (D estin atio n A d d ress): a ch ch , chi u d i l 1 28 bit.

IV.2.4. T r n g th m m i c a m o u IPv6
Nhn dng (Flow Label): T r n g F lo w L a b e l c chi u d i 2 0 bit, l
tr n g m i c th i t l p tron g IPv6. T r n g n y c s d n g
ch n h r n g g i tin th u c m t d n g (flo w ) n h t nh gi a n gu n v
ch , y u c u B n h tu yn IP v6 (ro u ter IP v6 ) p h i c c ch x l c
b i t. F lo w L a b e l c d ng khi m u n p d n g ch t l n g dch v
(Quality of Service - QoS) kh n g m c n h , v d Q o S ch o d liu th i
g ia n th c (th o i, vid eo ). B n g c ch s d n g tr n g n y, n i g i g i tin
c th x c n h m t ch u i c c g i tin , v d g i tin c a d ch v th o i
VoIP, thnh 1 dng, v yu cu ch t l n g dch v c th ch o d n g .
T h e o m c n h , F lo w L a b e l c t gi tr 0 . C th c nh i u d ng
g i a n g u n v ch , s c x c n h b i n h n g g i tr t ch bi t c a
Flow Label.
IV.2.5. C c m o u m r n g trong IPv6
Mo u m r n g (extension header) l c tn h m i c a th h a
ch IPv6.
Trong IPv4, th ng tin li n q u an n n h n g c tn h m r n g (v d x c
th c, m h o ) c tron g p h n T u ch n c a m o u IPv4. a
ch IPv6 a n h n g c tn h m r n g v cc d ch v th m v o th n h
m t p h n rin g , t ch bi t kh i m o u c b n c a g i tin , c g i l
m o u m r n g . G i tin IPv6 c th c m t h a y n hiu m o u m
r n g , c t sau m o u c b n. C c m o u m r n g c t
n i ti p n h au th eo th t q u y n h , m i d n g c c u tr c tr n g ri n g .
M o u c b n (kch th c 4 0 b yte ) tro n g g i tin IPv6 l p h n th n g
tin c x l t i m i b n h tu y n g i tin i q u a . T h ng th n g , c c
m o u m r n g c x l ti ch . T u y n h in , c ng c d n g mo
u m r n g c x l ti m i b n h tu yn m g i tin i qu a , l
d n g m o u m r n g T n g b c (Hop-by-Hop).
T r n g M o u tip th eo trong cc m o u IPv6
M o u c b n v m i m o u m r n g IPv6 u c tr n g mo
u ti p th e o (Next Header) chiu di 8 bit.
Trong m o u c b n , tr n g N e xt H e a d e r s x c n h g i tin c t n
t i m o u m r n g h a y kh n g . N u kh n g c m o u m r n g , gi
tr c a tr n g s x c n h p h n m o u ca t n g ca o h n (T C P h a y
UDP, ), p h a tr n tn g IP . N u c , gi tr tr n g N e xt H e a d e r ch ra
72
lo i m o u m r n g u ti n th e o sa u m o u c b n . T i p th e o ,
tr n g N e xt H e a d e r c a m o u m r n g th n h t s tr t i m o u
m r n g th h a i, n g k ti p n . T r n g N e xt H e a d e r c a m o u
m r n g cu i cn g s c gi tr x c n h m o u t n g ca o h n .
M o u c b n IP v6
M o u ti p th e o =
n h tu y n
M o u n h tu y n
M o u ti p th e o =
X c th c
M o u x c th c
M o u ti p th e o =
TCP
M o u
c a T C P
D li u
H n h 22: M o u m r n g c a a ch IP v6
G i tr T r n g m o u ti p th eo c th h i n tro ng b n g 4 .
B n g 4: G i tr N e xt h e a d e r tro n g c c p h n m o u
G i tr
D n g m o u m r n g t n g n g
T n g b c (Hop-By-Hop)
43
n h tu y n (Routing)
44
P h n m n h (Fragment)
50
M ho (Encapsulating Security Payload - ESP)
51
X c th c (Authentication Header - AH)
60
ch (Destination)
H i n na y, c s u d n g m o u m r n g t n g n g s u dch v an g
c n h ng h a . l : T n g b c (H op -By-Hop), ch (D e stin a tio n ),
n h tu y n (R o u tin g ), P h n m n h (F ra g m en t), X c th c (A u th e ntica tio n
Header - AH), v M ho (Encapsulating Security Payload - ESP). T h
t cc m o u m r n g tro n g g i tin c t th e o m t q u y t c n h t
n h. C h n g ta s tm h i u chi tit v c c m o u m r n g , ch c n n g
v th t c a ch n g tro n g g i tin IPv6.
73
C c d n g m o u m rn g c a IPv6
D i y l n h n g d ng m o u m r n g h i n na y a n g c nh
n g h a ch o a ch IPv6. N h t ch bit c c d ch v g ia t ng kh i c c dch
v c b n v t ch n g tro ng m o u m r n g , n g th i ph n loi
m o u m r n g th e o ch c n n g , a ch IPv6 g i m t i n h iu ch o
router v th i t l p n n c m t h th n g ch o p h p b su n g m t c ch
lin h ng c c ch c n n g kh i c n h n g y u c u m i n y sin h tron g q u
trn h p h t trin n g d ng a ch IPv6.
T n g b c (Hop by Hop)
Hop by Hop l m o u m r n g c t u ti n n ga y sa u mo
u c b n . M o u n y c s d n g x c n h n h n g th a m s
n h t n h ti m i b c (hop) tr n n g tru yn d n g i tin t n g u n t i
ch . D o v y s c x l ti m i b n h tu y n (ro u ter) tr n n g
tru y n d n g i tin.
ch (Destination)
M o u m r n g ch c s d n g x c n h c c th a m s tru y n
t i g i ti ch ti p the o h o c ch cui c n g tr n n g i ca g i tin .
- N u tro n g g i tin c m o u m r n g n h tu y n , th m o u m
r n g ch mang thng tin tham s x l t i m i ch t i tip th e o .
- N u tro n g g i tin kh n g c m o u m r n g n h tu yn , thng tin
trong m o u m r n g ch l th a m s x l t i ch cu i c n g .
n h tu yn (Routing)
M o u m r n g n h tu y n m n h i m x c n h n g d n n h
tu y n c a g i tin . N u m u n g i tin c tru y n i the o m t n g x c
n h, ch kh n g tu thu c v o vi c l a ch n n g i c a c c th u t
to n n h tu y n , n o d e IPv6 n g u n c th s d n g m o u m r n g
n h tu y n x c nh n g i, b n g c ch li t k a ch ca cc b
n h tu y n (router) m g i tin p h i i qu a . C c a ch th u c da n h s ch
n y s c ln l t d n g l m a ch ch c a g i tin IPv6 th eo th t
c li t k v g i tin s c g i t ro ute r n y n rou te r kh c, th e o
d a n h s ch lit k tro n g m o u m r n g nh tu y n .
P h n m n h (Fragment)
M o u m r ng P hn m n h m a ng th ng tin h tr cho qu trnh ph n

m n h v ti to gi tin IPv6 (xe m th m ch ng 3). M o u m rn g
74
P h n m n h c s d n g khi ng un IPv6 g i i g i tin l n h n gi tr
MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) n h n h t tron g to n b ng d n
t ng un t i ch . T rong ho t ng ca a ch IPv4, m i b nh tu yn
(router) trn n g d n cn ti n h nh ph n m nh g i tin the o gi tr c a
M T U t cho m i gia o din . T u y nhi n, chu trnh n y p t m t g nh
n n g ln ro ute r. B i vy trong a ch IPv6, rou ter khn g th c hi n p h n
m n h g i tin . V i c n y c th c hi n ti ngu n g i gi tin .
N o d e n g u n IPv6 s th c hi n thu t to n tm ki m g i tr M T U n h n h t
tr n to n b m t n g d n n h t nh t n gu n t i ch (g i l g i tr
PathMTU) v iu chn h kch th c g i tin tu th e o g i tr n y tr c khi
g i ch n g . N u n g d n g ti n gu n p d n g p h n g th c n y, n s
g i d liu c kch th c t i u , v kh n g c n th i t x l t i t n g IP .
Tuy n hi n, n u n g d n g kh n g s d n g ph n g th c n y, n p h i
ch ia n h g i tin c kch th c l n h n PathMTU. T ro ng tr n g h p ,
n h n g g i tin n y c n c p h n m n h t i tn g IP c a no d e ng u n v
m o u m r n g P h n m n h c s d n g m a n g n h n g thng tin
p h c v cho q u trn h p h n m n h v t i to g i tin IPv6 ti c c u
cu i n g k t ni.
M ho (Encapsulating Security Payload - ESP)
IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) l p h n g th c m h a b o m t d

li u ti tn g IP c s d n g p h bi n (v d kh i th c hi n m n g ri n g
o VPN (Virtual Private Network)). T ro n g th h a ch IP v4 , khi c s
d n g IPSec tro n g b o m t k t n i d n g u cu i - u cu i, th n g tin
h tr b o m t v m h a c t tro n g tr n g T u ch n ca m o
u IP v4 .
T ro n g h o t n g ca a ch IP v6 , th c thi IPSec c coi l m t c
tn h b t bu c. T u y n hi n, IPSec c th c s c s d n g tro ng gia o
ti p h a y kh n g t y th u c v o t n g tr n g h p . K hi IPSec c s
d n g , g i tin IP v6 cn c c c d n g m o u m r n g X c th c v M
ho . M o u m r n g X c th c d n g x c th c v b o m t tn h
n g n h t c a d li u . M o u m r n g M h o d n g x c n h
n h n g th n g tin li n q ua n n m h o d li u.
T h t t c c m o u m r n g
K h i s d n g c n g l c n hi u m o u m r n g , c c m o u m r n g
n y s c th t n h tro n g h n h 2 3 tro n g g i tin IP v6 .
T hi t b ch s ti n h n h x l c c m o u m r n g ln l t, th eo
n g th t c a ch n g tro n g g i tin IP v6 .
75
IPv6
T ng b c
ch
X l b i m i b n h tu y n tr n n g
X l b i b n h tu y n li t k tro n g m o u n h tu y n
n h tu y n
L i t k b n h tu y n s i q u a
P hn m nh
X l t i ch
X c th c
M ha
ch
X l t i ch , sa u kh i t i t o g i tin
M ha thng tin
C h c x l t i ch
L p tr n
Hnh 23: T h t x l c c m o u m r n g
V. C T N H C A A C H IPv6
V.1. T n g q u t ch u n g
Th t c Internet th h sau , IPv6, c p h t tri n d o ng u y n n h n v
n g u y c c n ki t kh n g gian a ch IPv4. T u y n h i n, kh n g ph i l l
d o d u y n h t. H o t n g Internet n th i i m c n c th t c
Internet u vi t h n , p n g c c c y u c u v d ch v cn g n g y
p h o n g ph tr n m n g Internet, c n g n h xu h n g tch h p m n g
Internet v i m n g vi n th ng , cun g c p a dn g dch v tr n m t c s
h t n g m n g th n g n h t. a ch IPv6 c n hi u c tn h u vi t, c
c i ti n so v i th h tr c - IPv4. Tro n g , n hi u c tn h c
ti u ch u n h a, c ng c n n hi u c tn h ch a c ti u chu n h a
h o n th i n , c n ti p t c p h t tri n ; n hi u c tn h c p d n g r n g
r i v b t bu c khi IPv6 h o t ng , m t s c n ch a c p d ng
r n g ri. T u y n hi n c m t i m ch c ch n , a ch IPv6 s c s
d n g , ng g p tro n g m n g th h sa u v p h t h u y n h n g u i m
c a m n h .
a ch IPv6 c n h c n v i n h n g c tn h sa u :
76
K h n g g ian a ch r n g l n h n .
M r n g kh n g gia n a ch l m t tro n g n h n g l d o ch n h p h t tri n

th h a ch IPv6. a ch IPv6 c chi u d i 1 28 bit, g p 4 l n chiu
di bit c a a ch IPv4. V l th u y t, m r n g kh n g gia n a ch t 4 t
l n t i m t co n s kh n g l ( 2 128 = 3,4 x 1038 ) a ch. M t s n h
phn tch tnh ton v kt lu n r n g , ch o d s d n g n h th n o ,
ch n g ta c n g kh n g th d n g h t a ch IPv6. S o n g g n y, nhi u
n h p h n tch ch o r n g , q u n l a ch IPv6 c n p h i th t ch t h n ,
th i i m n y ch n g ta ch a th l n g tr c c m n g Internet s
pht tri n nh th n o , c n g gi n g n h ti th i i m b a n u c a IPv4,
n g i ta b u n g l n g , kh n g qu n l ch t ch kh n g gia n a ch. D o
v y, g n y, c c ch n h s ch q u n l a ch IPv6 a n g c iu
ch n h th ch h p h n .
P h n cp n h a ch v p h n cp n h tu yn r rt h n .
i v i a ch IPv4, ch n g ta c th s d n g b t c d i ti n t
m n g (p re fix) n o tro n g p h m vi 3 2 bit. V i c n h a ch IPv4 v a c
tn h p h n c p , v a kh n g p h n c p . C h n h i u n y l m n h h n g
t i kh n n g t h p n h tu y n v e m l i n g u y c g ia t n g b n g
th n g tin n h tu y n to n c u . a ch IPv6 c th i t k c m t c u
tr c n h a ch v p h n c p n h tu y n th n g n h t. V d tro n g 1 2 8
bit a ch , 6 4 bit cu i c n g c s d n g l m n h d a n h g ia o d i n .
M t m n g co n n h n h t (su b n e t) c kch th c /6 4 . P h n c p n h
tu y n to n c u d a tr n m t s m c c b n i v i c c n h cu n g c p
d ch v . C u tr c n h tu y n p h n c p g i p ch o a ch IPv6 tr n h kh i
n g u y c q u t i b n g th n g tin n h tu y n to n c u v i ch i u d i a
ch l n t i 1 2 8 bit.
n g in h a d n g th c c a m o u .
M o u IP v6 c d n g th c m i, kh n g t ng th ch v i m o u IPv4.
My tnh h o c b n h tu y n p h i th c thi c IPv4 v IPv6 c kh
n n g n h n d ng v x l c h ai d n g m o u .
M c d chi u d i bit a ch IPv6 g p 4 ln chi u di bit IPv4, kch
th c m o u IPv6 ch g p 2 ln IPv4. N h n g tr n g kh ng thi t y u
c b i v c c t y ch n c a th n h p h n m o u m r n g
t sa u m o u c b n . P h n m o u c b n c kch th c c n h
g i p t n g h i u q u x l ch o b n h tu yn . V i c t c c tu ch n san g
m o u m r n g ch o p h p n n g ca o tn h lin h h o t, c th c nh n g
tu ch n m i tron g t n g lai.
77
K h n n g cu h n h a ch t n g v n h s li
c th g n a ch v nh n g th n g s h o t n g cho thi t b IPv6

kh i n k t n i v o m n g m kh n g c n n h n c n g c u h n h b n g ta y,
c th s d ng D H C P v6 . y c gi l d n g th c c u hn h t n g
c tr n g th i (sta te ful a u to co n fig ura tio n). B n c n h , thi t b IPv6 cn
c kh n n g t n g c u h n h a ch v cc th n g s ho t n g m
kh n g cn c s h tr c a m y ch D H C P . l c i m m i tro n g
th h a ch IPv6, c g i l d n g th c c u h n h kh ng tr n g th i
(stateless autoconfiguration), xe m c th tro ng ch n g 3 .
H tr ch o ch t l n g d ch v
IPv6 m o u c m t tr n g m i Nhn dng (Flow Label) cho php

n h d n g l u l ng IPv6. Flow Label cho php b n h tu y n (ro u ter)
n h d n g v cu ng c p c ch th c x l c bi t n h n g g i tin th u c
m t d n g (flo w ) n h t n h gi a n g u n v ch . V d , n i g i c th y u
c u ch t l n g dch v kh c m c nh ch o dch v d n g th i gian th c.
H tr b o m t
K h n n g h tr b o m t tro n g a ch IPv6 s d n g c c m o u m
r n g X c th c, M h o v m t s c tn h kh c.
T h t c m i ch o g iao tip g i a c c no d e ln cn trn m t

n g kt n i
T ro n g ho t ng c a a ch IPv6, tra o i, g ia o tip gi a c c n o d e

tro n g m t n g k t n i l v c ng q ua n tr ng . a ch IPv6 c m t th
t c m i, p h tr ch h o t n g gia o ti p n y, c t n g i N eig h bor
D isco very (N D ). N D s d n g m t ch u i c c th n g i p IC M P v6 , p h
tr ch c c q u y trn h gia o ti p gi a c c node IPv6 tr n m t n g k t
n i, th c hi n ch c n n g c a c c th t c sau y tro n g a ch IPv4:
th t c p h n gii a ch (Address Resolution Protocol) A R P , th t c tm
ki m ro u te r (ICMPv4 Router Discovery), IC M P v4 R e d ire ct v m t s
ch c n n g kh c n a (xe m th m ch n g 3 ).
K h n n g m r n g
a ch IPv6 c th i t k c tnh n n g m r n g . C c tn h n ng m
r n g c t tro ng m t p h n mo u m r n g ri n g sa u m o u c
b n . K h n g gi n g n h m o u IP v4 , ch c th h tr 4 0 b yte ch o
p h n tu ch n (O p tion ), a ch IPv6 c th d d n g c th m n h n g
tn h n n g m i b n g c ch th m n h n g m o u m r n g sa u m o u
c b n .
78
V.2. C h t l n g d ch v QoS tro n g th h a ch IPv6

T ro n g h o t ng m n g , "C h t l n g - Quality" t c l tru y n ti d li u
"t t h n m c b n h th n g ". B a o g m : m t d liu , tr (h a y cn g i
d ch - jitte r), b n g th n g ... "D ch v - S e rvice l n h n g g cu n g c p
ch o n g i s d n g , c th l k t n i u cu i - u cu i, c c n g d n g
ch - kh ch , tru y n ti d li u ....
M t c ch l th u y t, ch t l n g dch v QoS (Quality of Service) c
n h c n l p h ng th c o c c ch th c c x c a m n g (c a c c
b n h tu yn ) i v i l u l n g , tro n g c t i n h n g c tn h
n h t nh c a n h n g dch v x c n h . T h n g tin b n h tu y n thi t
l p c ch th c c x c th i v i g i tin c th c ch u y n t i b n g
m t th t c i u kh i n , ho c b ng ch n h th ng tin ch a tron g g i tin.
V.2.1. H tr Q o S tro n g a ch IPv4
M o u c a a ch IPv4 c tr n g D n g d ch v 8 bit, c s d n g
p h n n h m c u ti n v m t s g i tr kh c d n h cho l u l n g
IPv4.
T ro n g s 8 bit c a tr ng D n g dch v :
3 bit u x c n h u ti n c a g i tin . V i 3 bit, c th c 8 m c

u ti n kh c n h a u i v i l u l n g IPv4.
4 bit ti p th eo c gi l T o S (T yp e of S e rvice) gip xc nh dch

v v m t s cc th ng s kh c nh tr, thn g l ng , tin c y.
B it cu i cn g kh ng s d n g , lu n t gi tr 0 .
Bit 0
4
Phin
bn
C h i u d i
m o u
16
D n g d ch v
n h d a n h
T h i g ia n s n g
31
T n g ch i u d i
C
T h t c
C h n h p h n m n h
K i m tra m o u
a ch ch (32 bit)
T y ch n
H n h 24: T r n g h tr Q o S tro n g p h n m o u IP v4
79
T u y n h i n , s d n g c c g i tr c a D n g d ch v tro n g vi c p h n n h
lo i d ch v v m c u ti n p h c v ch o Q o S c m t s v n n h
sau:
T r n g n y cu n g c p m t m h n h c nh v h n ch tron g vi c
p h n d ng lo i dch v
V g i tr u tin : C h m h o m t c ch t n g i m c u ti n
D o m h n h h o t n g , a ch IPv4 cn c n h n g h n ch n h sau
tro n g h tr Q o S :
P h n m n h gi tin trong IPv4: V i c th c h i n p h n m n h g i tin ti

ro u te r l m t v n i n h n h c a IPv4. N d n n kh n n g l m
t c n g h n m n g , ti u tn b ng thng v kh n n g x l c a thi t b.
Q u ti v qu n l: IC M P v4 c q u n hi u tu ch n
N h n g y u t n h h n g n kh n n g h tr Q o S tro n g IPv4, c
b i t tro ng p h m vi r ng l n .
V.2.2. H tr Q o S tro n g a ch IPv6
a ch IPv6 c thi t k c m t c u tr c h tr t t h n ch o Q o S :
Bit 0
4
Phin
bn
12
P h n d n g l u l n g
C h i u d i t i d li u
24
16
31
Nhn dng
M o u ti p th e o
G i i h n b c
a ch ch (128 bit)
Hnh 25: H tr Q o S tro n g a ch IP v6

M o u IP v6 c h ai tr ng : P h n d n g l u l n g (T ra ffic C la ss) 8 bit
v Nhn dng (Flow label) 20 bit c s d n g ph c v Q o S . Node
IPv6 c th s d n g h ai tr n g n y p hn d n g g i tin v y u c u
B n h tu y n IP v6 c n h n g c ch c x c b i t n o .
Phn d n g l u l n g (Traffic Class): T r n g P h n d n g l u l n g
th c h in ch c n ng t n g t tr n g D n g d ch v (T yp e o f S e rvice)
c a a ch IPv4. T r n g n y c s d ng bi u di n m c u ti n
c a g i tin . N o d e g i g i tin c n thi t l p gi tr p h n lo i u ti n
80
n h t nh ch o g i tin IPv6, s d n g tr ng P h n d n g l u l n g .
R o u te r khi x l ch u y n ti p g i tin c n g s d n g tr n g n y cho m c
ch t n g t .
i v i th h a ch IPv6, tr ng P h n d n g l u l n g v i s bit
n h iu h n s gi p p h n n h t t h n m c u ti n ch o g i tin.
Nhn dng (Flow Label): T r n g Nhn dng s d n g n h d an h
m t d n g d li u gi a n gu n v ch . Nhn dng l tr n g m i c a
m o u IP v6 , khi c s d n g , tr n g n y s h tr t t h n th c thi
Q o S . M t n g u n IPv6 c th s d n g 2 0 bit tr n g N h n d n g trong
m o u IP v6 l m s n h d a n h x c n h g i tin g i i tro n g m t
d n g n h t nh , y u c u c ch th c c x c b i t c a ro ute r, v d y u
c u ch t l n g kh c m c n h ch o n h n g dch v th i gian th c.
K h i n i m m t d ng (flow):
M t d n g l m t ch u i c c g i tin c g i t m t n g u n t i m t ch
n h t nh . N gu n s y u c u c c ro u te r c c c c x c bi t i v i
c c g i tin thu c m t d n g . T h a m s x c n h c ch th c c x i v i
g i tin c th c tru y n t i ro ute r b ng m t th t c iu khi n , h o c
c th l th ng tin ch a tro ng ch n h gi tin c a d n g , v d c c th ng
s tro n g m o u m r n g T n g b c (hop-by-hop) c a g i tin .
G i a m t n g u n v m t ch c th c n h i u d n g . V i c k t h p gi a
a ch n g u n v m t s nhn dng kh c 0 s x c n h m t d n g d u y
n h t. N h n g gi tin kh n g thu c d n g n o c s c thi t lp to n b
cc bit tr n g N h n d n g c gi tr 0 .
M i g i tin th u c m t d n g s c c n g a ch n g u n , c n g a ch ch ,
v c n g m t s Nhn dng khc 0 . R o u te r x l g i tin s thi t l p
tr n g th i x l i v i m t s Nhn dng c th . R o u te r c th l a
ch n l u tr (ca ch e ) th n g tin , s d n g gi tr a ch n g u n v nhn
dng l m kh o . i v i n h n g g i tin sa u , c c n g a ch n g u n v
g i tr nhn dng, ro u ter c th p d ng c ch th c x l d a tr n th n g
tin h tr t v n g ca che .
T i th i i m h i n n a y, vi c s d ng tr n g Nhn dng tro n g th c thi
QoS cho IPv6 v n n m m c th n g h i m , c c tiu ch u n ho i v i
tr n g n y cn ch a h o n thi n v ch a c m t c u tr c th n g d n g
ch o vi c s d n g n . N hi u thi t b ch a h tr vi c s d n g tr n g
Nhn dng. IE T F a n g ti p t c ti u chu n ho v a ra nh n g y u
c u r r n g h n v h tr tr n g Nhn dng. i v i n h n g thi t b
ch a h tr tr n g n y, to n b c c bit c a tr n g Nhn dng s
c th it l p gi tr 0 v ro u ter, my tnh b q u a tr ng khi nh n
81
c g i tin .
N h n g c i ti n tro ng m o u IP v6 , c n g v i n h n g u i m kh c c a
IPv6 n h : kh ng p h n m n h , n h tu y n p h n c p , c bi t g i tin IPv6
c th i t k v i m c ch x l th t hi u qu ti ro u ter; t t c t o ra
kh n n g h tr t t h n ch o ch t l n g dch v . T u y n hi n t t i
tr n g th i h o n thi n v s d n g rn g ri th n g n h t, c n c n th i gia n
v c n g s c c a nh n g t ch c n g hi n c u v ti u ch u n h o .
V.3. H tr t t h n v b o m t tro n g th h a ch IPv6

Internet hin n a y g p n hi u v n v b o m t, m t p h n d o th i u
p h n g th c hiu qu x c th c v b o v tn h ri n g t d i t n g
n g d n g . T ro n g h o t n g Internet, bo m t ti t n g IP c th c
h i n p h bi n b ng c n g n g h IPSec.
IPSec th c h i n ch c n n g x c th c n i g i v m h a n g k t n i,
d o v y m b o c k t n i b o m t. IPSec c h ai p h n g th c l m
vi c: ph n g th c n g h m - tu n n e l m o d e v p h n g th c tru y n
t i - tra n sp ort m o d e . T u n n el m o d e p d n g IPSec b n g c ch : thi t b
th c h in IPSec (v d t n g l a - fire w a ll) s th m m t m o u m i
v l y to n b g i tin IP tr c kia l m p h n d liu (p a ylo a d). C h
n y th n g c s d n g tro n g V P N , s d n g h ai thi t b th c h i n
IPSec b o m t g i a h a i m n g . T ra n sp o rt m o d e p d n g IPSec cho
tru y n g i tin IP b i host, c s d n g tro n g b o m t k t n i u cu i
- u cu i gi a c c n o de .
V c u tr c IP Sec bao g m : h a i th t c b o m t A u th e n ticatio n H e a de r
(A H ) v E n ca p su la tin g S e cu rity P a ylo a d (E S P ), c c c s d li u l u
tr th a m s v ch n h s ch v b o m t v c c th t c tra o i kh a.
C n g n g h IPSec h tr c a ch IPv4 v IPv6. Tuy nhin, trong IPv6,
th c th i IPSec c n h n g h a n h l m t c tn h b t b u c c a a
ch IPv6 khi c c th t c b o m t c a IPSec c a v o th n h h ai h ai
c tn h l h ai m o u m r n g c a a ch IPv6. l m o u X c
th c (Authentication Header - AH) v m o u M h o (Encapsulating
Security Payload - ESP). Hai m o u n y c th c s d n g cng
l c, ho c rin g r cu n g c p c c m c b o m t kh c n h a u ch o n h n g
n g i s d ng kh c nh a u .
C u tr c c a IPSec trong IPv6 cn g c c i tin , v d tro n g th t c
tra o i kh a , ph c v cho b o m t.
T ro n g h o t ng m n g IPv4, c n g n g h bi n d ch a ch N A T c s
d n g v cn g rn g ri. T hi t b th c hi n N A T ca n thi p v th a y i
82
m o u c a g i tin , i u n y g y c n tr tro n g vi c th c h i n IPSec.
T h h a ch IPv6 v i kh n g gia n a ch v c n g r n g l n c
m o n g ch r n g IPSec s c s d n g r n g ri tro ng c c gia o ti p
u cu i u cu i.
IPSec c co i l m t tro n g n h n g c tn h c b n c a a ch IPv6.
C h n g ta r t h a y g p n h n g k t lu n IP v6 t n g c n g b o m t,
IPSec l b t b u c. T u y n hin ti th i i m h i n n a y, d n hi u h i u
h n h c h tr IPSec, vi c s d ng IPSec trong IPv6 ch o k t n i u
cu i u cu i l ch a ph bin . M t tro n g n h n g n g u y n nh n l do
m h n h k t n i c t n g l a (firewall) hin n a y v th i q u en s d n g
n h n g th t c b o m t t i t ng n g d n g kh in ch o vi c p d n g IPSec
ch o k t n i u cu i u cu i ch a ph b i n. N h m l m vi c c a
IE T F v n a n g th c hi n s a i h o n thin c c ti u ch u n h a lin
q u a n n IPSec n h v A H , E S P v n l c ti n t i m c ch m i node
IPv6 u c kh n n g s d n g IPSec, a IPSec p h d n g c n g v i
s p h b i n n g y c n g n hi u ca a ch IPv6.
VI. T H C H N H K C H H O T IPV6 TRN H I U H N H

WINDOWS, L IN U X . C U H N H K T N I B N G A C H IPV6
c c n h n g q u a n s t v a ch IPv6, ch n g ta s th c hi n m t
b i th c h n h n h , tin h n h kch h o t th tc IPv6 tr n h i u h n h
Linux v Windows 2003 v c u h n h k t n i m t c ch n gi n h ai m y
tn h b ng a ch IPv6.
H i n na y, h u h t c c h i u h nh u h tr th t c IPv6: Windows,
Linux, BSD, Solaris, HP-U X . T ro ng b i th c h n h n y, ch ng ta s ti n
h n h m t s c u hn h v k t n i c b n tro n g c c m y tn h s d n g h
i u h n h Windows 2003, Linux.
VI.1. H tr IPv6 trong h iu h n h Windows 2003 server

T ro n g c c p hin b n Windows Server 2003 v Windows X P (c i t
S P 1 , S P 2 ) h tr t n g i h o n thi n IPv6 (Microsoft IPv6 Developer
E d itio n ) v i n h n g n g d n g h tr IPv6 n h sa u :
P h i n b n c h tr IPv6 c a c c ln h ipconfig, ping, tracert,

pathping, netstat, v route.
C c d ch v M icro so ft Internet Explorer (IE) v Internet Information

Services (IIS). T u y n hi n , IE kh n g h tr IPv6 U R L . C n g h a
kh n g th s d n g IE tru y c p tra n g w e b IPv6 b n g c ch g a
83
ch IPv6 v o trn h du y t d ng h ttp ://[a _ ch _ip v6 ], c n p hi s

d n g t n m i n .
P h i n b n h tr IPv6 c a c c clie n t: telnet (telnet.exe), telnet

server (tlntsvr.exe), FTP client (ftp.exe), v Windows Media
Services.
B th t c IPv6 trong h i u h n h Windows c th c ci t b n g

l n h, h o c qu a gia o di n . T u y n hin , cu h n h T C P /IP v6 , hi n ti
Windows ch h tr gia o di n d n g l n h . T ro n g p hin b n Windows
2 0 0 0 , c c l n h c u h n h th t c IPv6 c cu n g c p b n g t h p l n h
rtu. T p hi n b n Windows 2003, Windows XP SP, rtu c th a y
th b n g t h p l n h netsh.
B n c n n s d n g t h p l n h netsh khi c u h n h IPv6 v c th
th a m kh o c p h p c c l n h tro n g w e b site c a M icro so ft (tra c u v
Netsh commands for Interface IPv6).
v o c a s d ng l n h , ch n Start->Run, g cmd v n h n enter.
v o m i tr n g l nh netsh cho giao din IPv6, tron g c a s cmd g
netsh v n hn enter, sau g interface ipv6 v n hn enter.
B n g sa u y li t k m t s l n h th u c t h p l n h netsh, s d n g
c u h n h th n g tin v T C P /IP v6 .
B n g 5: C c l n h c u h n h IP v6 c a h i u h n h W in d o w s
K ch h o t T h t c IP v6
C 2 c ch th c kch h o t th t c IP v6 :
D n g g ia o d i n : C h n properties c a
Network Connection, c i t th t c
Microsoft TCP/IP version 6
S d n g d n g l n h : netsh interface
ipv6 install
K h i c i t th t c IP v6 , c n n h c
d n g l n h netsh interface ipv6
install tro n g c a s l n h cmd,
ch a v o c m i tr n g l n h
n e tsh ch o g ia o d i n IP v6 .
S a u kh i c i t T h t c IP v6 , c c
l n h c u h n h IP v6 c a W in d o w s
n m tro n g m i tr n g l n h netsh
cho gia o d i n IP v6 n e tsh > in te rfa ce
ipv6 (g netsh v n h n enter, sau
g interface ipv6 v nh n
enter).
Q u an st cu h n h
1. H i n th c c g ia o d i n
K h i c kch h o t th t c IP v6 , m t
84
show interface
show interface [[interface=]ch u i_ k_ t ]
[[level=]{normal | verbose}] [[store=]{active |
persistent}
2. H i n th th n g tin v a ch
show address
show address [[interface=]ch u i_ k_ t ]
[[level=]{normal | verbose}][[store=]{active|
persistent}]
3. H i n th th n g tin v c c n o d e l n c n
show neighbors
show neighbors [[interface=]ch u i_ k_ t ]
[[address=] a _ ch _ IPv6]
4. H i n th th n g tin v tu y n
m y tn h IP v6 c n h i u g ia o d i n
(g ia o d i n v t l h o c g ia o d i n o ,
m i g ia o d i n c n h d a n h b i t n
h o c b n g m t s ch m c (in d e x).
T ro n g L o ca l A re a C o n n e ctio n l
giao di n v t l c a card m ng. N u
m y tn h c kch ho t IP v6 c a
ch IPv4 g n cho card m ng, m t
giao di n o dnh cho cng ngh
ng h m 6 to 4 c n g t n g c
t o ra.
C c l n h h i n th s in ra m n h n h
to n b th n g tin , h a y th n g tin c
th t n g n g n h n g t y ch n i
km.
V d:
show routes
show interface s h i n th m i g ia o
d i n c a m y tn h
show routes [[level=]{normal | verbose}]

[[store=]{active | persistent}]
show address s h i n th m i a ch
IPv6
show address 4 s h i n th a ch
IP v6 c g n ch o g ia o d i n c ch
m c l 4
C u h n h n etw o rkin g
1. G n a ch
add address
add address [[interface=]ch u i_ k_ t ]
[address=] a _ ch _ IP v6 [[type=]{unicast |
anycast}] [[validlifetime=]{g i _ tr | infinite}]
[[preferredlifetime=]{g i _ tr | infinite}]
[[store=]{active | persistent}]
V d:
add address 4 2001:dc9::2
add addre ss L o ca l A re a C o n n e ctio n
2001:dc9::3
a ch g n ch o m t g ia o d i n s c n
c n h n g th n g tin i k m (v d th i
g ia n
h p
l
validlifetime,
preferredlifetime). T y ch n store
(l u
tr )
(c
c
g i
tr
a ctive /p e rsiste n t) x c n h th n g tin
v a ch s c l u tr ch n kh i
kh i n g l i m y (a ctive ), h o c vn h
vi n (p e rsiste n t).
N h n g t y ch n n y n u kh n g c
ch n th s m a n g g i tr m c n h . V
d g i tr m c n h c a store l
p e rsiste n t. G i tr m c n h c a th i
g ia n h p l l in fin ite (v h n ).
2. T o tu y n (ro u te ) ch o m t g ia o d i n n h t T h u c tn h p u b lish x c n h tu y n c
n h
c q u n g b (ye s), q u n g b tro n g
add route
add route
[prefix=] a _ ch _ IP v6 / _ d i_ ti n _ t
[[interface=]C h u i_ k_ t ]
[[nexthop=] a _ ch _ IP v6 ] [publish=]{no |
yes | immortal}] [[validlifetime=]{G i _ tr |
infinite}] [[preferredlifetime=]{G i _ tr |
infinite}] [[store=]{active | persistent}]
85
kh o n g th i g ia n n h t n h
(immortal), hay khng (no) trong
qu n g b th n g tin n h tu y n q u a
g ia o d i n kh i m y tn h c kch
h o t v h o t n g v i ch c n n g c a
m t b n h tu y n (ro u te r) IP v6 .
V d:
a d d ro u te 2 0 0 1 :d c9 ::/6 4 L o ca l A re a
C o n n e ctio n p u b lish = ye s
Xo thng tin
1. X o a ch
delete address
delete address [[interface=]C h u i_ k_ t ] [address=] a _ ch _ IP v6 [[store=]{active |
persistent}]
V d :
d e le te a d d re ss L o ca l A re a C o n n e ctio n 2 0 0 1 :d c9 ::3
2. X o g ia o d i n
delete interface
delete interface [[interface=]C h u i_ k_ t ] [[store=]{active |persistent}]
3 . X o th n g tin v n o d e l n c n
delete neighbors
delete neighbors [[interface=]C h u i_ k_ t ] [[address=] a _ ch _ IP v6 ]
4. X a tu y n
delete route
delete route [prefix=] a _ ch _ IP v6 / _ d i_ ti n _ t [[interface=]C h u i_ k_ t ]
[[nexthop=] a _ ch _ IP v6 ] [[store=]{active | persistent}]
V d :
delete route 2001:dc9::/64 4
G b T h t c IP v6
Uninstall
86
VI.2. H tr IPv6 trn h iu h n h L in u x

Linux ke rn el h tr IPv6 t phi n b n 2.2 .x. T u y n hi n , h tr IPv6
tro n g p hi n b n ke rn el n y kh n g c c p n h t th e o n h n g th a y i
v ti u ch u n k th u t hi n h nh . N g i s d n g Linux m u n c h tr
IPv6, c n s d n g ke rnel p hi n b n t 2 .4 .x tr n n . i v i h i u
hnh Linux, c m t d n l n t n g i U S A G I ti n h n h n g hin c u v
t o c c b n v (p a tch ) i v i IPv6 trong h i u h n h Linux. N g i s
d n g ch u y n ng hi p c th b i n dch li ke rn el. i v i p hi n b n
kernel Linux t 2 .6 , n h n g b n v c a U S A G I c b a o g m tro n g
ke rn el ch u n .
H i u h n h Linux d c ke rn el h tr IPv6, c n g kh n g m c n h n p
m o d u l th c thi IPv6. M o d ul th c thi IPv6 tro ng h i u h n h Linux c n
p h i c n p l n b n g c u l n h modprobe ipv6. K h i m o d u l th c thi
IPv6 c n p ln , file sa u y s t n ti: /proc/net/if_inet6
B n g 6 gi i thiu m t s l n h c u h nh trong Linux.
B n g 6: C c l n h c u h n h IP v6 tro n g h i u h n h L in u x
K im tra xem T h t c IP v6 c kch h o t ch a
K i m tra xe m tro n g th m c /proc/net/ c t n t i file if_inet6
C th d n g l n h :
test f /proc/net/if-inet6 && e ch o ke rn e l h ie n ta i d a d u o c ca i d a t h o tro IP v6

K ch h o t T h t c IP v6
N p m o d u l th c th i IP v6 :
modprobe IPv6
K i m tra :
lsmod | grep -w 'ip v6 '& & e ch o "N a p th a n h co n g m o d u l th u c th i IP v6

N u kh n g n p c m o d u l th c th i IP v6 , ch n g t ke rn e l ch a h tr IP v6 .
Q u an st cu h n h
1. Hi n th a ch v g ia o d i n
ifconfig < t n _ g ia o _ d i n >
H o c:
ip -6 addr show dev < t n _ g ia o _ d i n >
87
2 . H i n th tu y n
ip -6 route show [dev < th a m _ s > ]
H o c:
route -A inet6
M u n xe m c th g ia o d i n e th 0 :
route A inet6 | grep w e th 0
3 . H i n th n e ig h b o r
ip -6 neigh show [dev < th a m _ s > ]
C u h n h n etw o rkin g
1. G n a ch
/sbin/ip -6 addr add < a _ ch _ IP v6 > /< ch i u _ d i_ ti n _ t > dev < t n _ g ia o _ d i n >
V d : /sbin/ip -6 addr add 2001:dc9::5/64 dev eth0
H o c:
/sbin/ifconfig <t n _ g ia o _ d i n > inet6 add < a _ ch _ IP v6 > /< ch i u _ d i_ ti n _ t >
V d : /sb in /ifco n fig e th 0 in e t6 a d d 2 0 0 1 :d c9 ::6 /6 4
2. T o tu y n (ro u te )
ip -6 route add < a _ ch _ m n g > /< ch i u _ d i_ ti n _ t > via < a _ ch _ IP v6 > [dev
< th a m _ s > ]
V d : ip -6 route add 2002::/16 via 2002:836b:213c::836b:213c dev tun6to4
H o c:
route -A inet6 add < a _ ch _ m n g > /< ch i u _ d i_ ti n _ t > gw < a _ ch _ IP v6 > [dev
< th a m _ s > ]
V d : /sbin/route A inet6 add 2002::/16 gw 2002:836b:213c::836b:213c dev
tun6to4
3. T o g ia o d i n o d n h ch o n g h m (tunnel)
ip
tunnel
add
t n _ g ia o _ d i n
mode
sit
ttl
<g i _ tr_ ttl>
a _ ch _ IP v4 _ u _ tu n n e l_ xa local a _ ch _ IP v4 _ u _ tu n n e l_ n i_ b
C u h n h th n g tin m y ch D N S
S a i file /e tc/re so lv.co n f
V d th m v o :
nameserver 2001:dc9::2
remote
88
Xo thng tin
1. Xo a ch
/sbin/ip -6 addr del < a _ ch _ IP v6 > /< ch i u _ d i_ ti n _ t > dev < t n _ g ia o _ d i n >
V d : /sbin/ip -6 addr del 2001:dc9::5/64 dev eth0
H o c:
/sbin/ifconfig < t n _ g ia o _ d i n > inet6 del < a _ ch _ IP v6 > /< ch i u _ d i_ ti n _ t >
V d : /sbin/ifconfig eth0 inet6 del 2001:dc9::6/64
2. X o g ia o d i n o d n h ch o n g h m (tu n n e l)
/sbin/ip tunnel del t n _ g ia o _ d i n _ _ t o
3 . X o th n g tin v n o d e l n c n
ip -6 neigh del < a _ ch _ IP v6 > lladdr < a _ ch _ l p _ h a i> dev < th a m _ s >
4 . X a tu y n
ip -6 route del < a _ ch _ m n g > /<chi u _ d i_ ti n _ t > via < a _ ch _ IP v6 > [dev
< th a m _ s > ]
V d : ip -6 route del 2002::/16 via 2002:836b:213c::836b:213c dev tun6to4
VI.3. M t s tin ch kim tra kt n i v kim tra cu h n h

ki m tra k t n i v c u hn h , b n c th s d n g m t s ti n ch
n h sa u :
Trn Windows:
ipconfig
netstat
ping -6
# T u ch n -6 s b t b u c ch n g trnh ping s d n g
a ch IPv6
tracert -6 # T u ch n -6 s b t b u c ch ng trnh tra cert s d n g

a ch IPv6
Trn Linux:
ifconfig
route
ping6
traceroute6
tracepath6
tcpdump
89
V d b t g i tin IPv6 tra o i q u a g ia o din e th 0 , c th d n g l nh :

tcpdump -t -n -i eth0 -s 512 -vv ip6 or proto IPv6
VI.4. T h c h n h
M c tiu
K ch h o t th t c T C P /IP v6 trn h i u h n h Windows, Linux. T h c
h i n m t s th a o t c c u h n h kt n i n gin b n g a ch IPv6.
C h u n b
M n g th c h n h c thi t l p n h h n h v sa u . B a o g m m t m y
tnh ci h i u h n h Windows 2 0 0 3 se rver, m t m y tn h c i h iu
hnh Linux Enterprise 3.0
Window 2003 servers
Linux
IPv4: 203.119.9.15
IPv6: 2001:dc9::1
IPv4: 203.119.9.16
IPv6: 2001:dc9::2
H n h 26: M h n h m n g th c h n h ch n g 2
T m tt
K ch h o t th t c IP v6 trn my tnh Windows 2003, Linux.
Q u a n s t m t s th n g tin c u h n h .
T h c t p m t s l n h : G n a ch b ng ta y, ki m tra k t n i b n g
a ch IPv6, xo a ch.
90
C c b c th c h in
Trn my tnh ci h iu h n h Windows server 2003
M i l n h giao ti p c th c hi n tro n g c a s l n h : C h n Run, g
cmd v n h n Enter.
Q u a n s t cu h n h kh i ch a kch h o t T h t c IP v6
ipconfig
K t q u : ch c n h ng thng tin lin quan IPv4 h i n l n .
K ch h o t th t c IPv6.
netsh interface ipv6 install
C h : G c d n g ln h tro n g c a s cm d . L n h n y s tin h nh ci
t T h t c IP v6 trn h i u h n h Windows 2003 server.
Q u a n s t l i th n g tin c u h n h
T h t c IPv6 trn h i u h nh c kch ho t c n g v i m t s c u
h n h m c n h . C h n g ta s ti n h n h qu a n s t th n g tin cu h n h, g hi
li v xe m m t s th n g tin m c nh b ng cc l nh sa u :
ipconfig (/all)
K t q u : Q u an s t th y th ng tin v a ch IPv6.
Ghi l i a ch IPv6 xu t ra m n hn h
a ch b t u b i ti n t F E 8 0 l a ch Link-local c t n g
c u h n h t a ch M A C c a ca rd m n g .
T h c h i n c c l n h sa u :
netsh> interface ipv6>
show interface
# H i n th n h n g g ia o di n t o n n b i th t c IPv6
show interface Local Area Connection
# H i n th th n g tin ca gia o d i n v t l
show interface "6to4 Pseudo-Interface"
# H i n th th n g tin ca gia o d i n o d n h ch o n g h m 6to4
show routes
91
# H i n th tu yn c t o m c nh .
Khi th t c IPv6 c kch h o t, h i u h nh Windows s t n g to
n h iu g ia o d i n , tro n g c gia o di n th c v t l (L o ca l A re a
C o n n e ctio n ) c a ca rd m n g , c n h n g gia o d i n o , v d "6 to 4
Pseudo-In terfa ce" l giao di n o c Windows t n g c u h nh cho
c n g n g h t o n g h m 6to4 ((6to4 tunnel) n u ca rd m n g c a m y
c g n s n m t a ch IPv4 to n c u .
M i gia o di n n y c n h da n h b n g m t s ch m c (index) duy
n h t. N g i s d n g c th d n g l nh t o th m n h n g g ia o di n kh c.
G h i l i m t s th n g tin c u h n h sau :
G ia o d i n t o ra kh i kch h o t T h t c IP v6 v c c in d e x c a c c
g ia o d i n .
T h n g tin v g ia o d i n v t l - Local Area Connection

a ch IPv6 tr n g ia o di n:
G ia o d i n o d n g ch o tunnel 6to4
a ch IPv6 tr n g ia o di n :
a ch IPv6 c a g a te w a y:
C c ro u te c t o m c n h
Prefix (ti n t)
Idx (ch m c)
Gateway/Interface (g a te w a y/g ia o di n )
C u h n h b n g ta y a ch IPv6 ch o g ia o d i n ca rd m n g
G n a ch IPv6 to n cu ch o giao di n ca rd m n g
netsh>interface ipv6>
add address Local Area Connection 2001:dc9::1
K i m tra l i th n g tin c u h n h
ipconfig Local Area Connection
ipconfig /all
B n s q u a n s t th y tr n g ia o d i n v t l, c th n g tin v a ch IPv6
b n v a g n b n g ta y.
n h d a nh g ia o di n c a a ch IPv6 c th t n g t o t a ch M A C
h o c n h n d y s ng u n hin . K hi kch h o t th t c IPv6l trn h iu
hnh Windows, c ch th c t o a ch t ng b n g c ch n h n d y s
92
n g u nh i n l m nh d an h giao din c m c n h kch h o t. N u
m u n t t ch c n n g n y, ta s d n g l n h sa u :
set privacy state=disabled store=persistent
K h i ch a t t ch c n n g tr n , n u l c n y tron g m n g L A N c b n h
tu y n (ro u te r) q u ng b th n g tin ti n t m n g (prefix) trong Ethernet,
my tnh Windows c a b n s n g th i c ba a ch IPv6:
a ch IPv6 g n b n g ta y.
a ch IPv6 t n g t o t p re fix q u n g b c a ro u ter v a ch

MAC.
a ch IPv6 t pre fix v 6 4 bit nh d a nh gia o d i n n g u n hi n .
Trn my tnh ci h iu h n h Linux

Quan st cu h n h kh i ch a kch h o t T h t c IP v6
ifconfig
K t q u : ch c n h n g th n g tin li n q u a n IPv4 h i n l n .
K ch h o t th t c IPv6.
modprobe ipv6
lsmod | grep -w 'ipv6' && echo "Nap thanh cong modul
thuc thi IPv6
N u k t q u l n h xu t ra d n g ch N a p thanh cong modul thuc thi
IPv6, t c m o d u le th c thi IPv6 c n p ln thnh cng.
Q u a n s t l i th n g tin c u h n h
ifconfig
B n s q u a n s t th y th n g tin v a ch IPv6 Link-local t n g
c t o ra . H i u h nh Linux kh n g t n g t o g ia o di n o ch o
n g h m 6to4 (tunnel 6to4) n h Windows.
G h i l i a ch IPv6 Link-local tr n g ia o d i n ca rd m ng :
T h c h i n c c l n h:
ifconfig eth0
# H i n th th n g tin v gia o din e th 0
93
ip -6 route show dev eth0

# H i n th th n g tin v c c tu yn (route) t o ra ch o gia o din e th0
ip -6 neigh show dev eth0
# H i n th th n g tin v c c n o de IPv6 l n cn
C u h n h b n g ta y a ch IPv6 ch o g ia o d i n ca rd m n g
ifconfig eth0 inet6 add 2001:dc9::2/64
K i m tra l i th n g tin c u h n h
ifconfig
ifconfig eth0
Kim tra kt n i b n g a ch IPv6 tro n g m n g L A N
Q u a n s t tra o i th n g tin g i a h a i m y
Trn my tnh ci h i u h n h Linux, b t rin g m t c a s l n h v s
d n g tcp du m p th e o d i gia o ti p gi a h ai m y:
K i m tra k t n i b n g a ch Link-local
Trn my Windows:
ping -6 -t a_ch_Linklocal_ca_my_Windows%index_ca_giao_din_vt_l
ping -6 -t a_ch_Linklocal_ca_my_Linux%index_ca_giao_din_vt_l
Ch : K h i pin g a ch Link-local, p h i x c n h giao d in . T ron g h
i u h nh Windows, gia o di n c x c nh b n g c ch t ch m c
c a gia o din sa u d u %
Trn my Linux:
ping6 -I eth0 a_ch_Link-local_ca_my_Linux

ping6 -I eth0 a_ch_Link-local_ca_my_Windows
Ch : K h i pin g a ch Link-local, p hi x c n h gia o din (b n g c -I
tro n g l nh pin g 6 c a h i u h n h Linux).
K i m tra k t n i b n g a ch to n cu g n b n g ta y
94
Trn my Windows:
ping -6 -t 2001:dc9::1
ping -6 -t 2001:dc9::2
Trn my Linux:
ping6 2001:dc9::2
ping6 2001:dc9::1
B n g c a s q u a n s t tra o i gi a h ai m y tn h tcpd u m p b t, b n
c th q ua n s t th y tra o i th n g tin gi a h ai m y tn h .
Ch : K hi ti n h n h kch h o t h tr IPv6 trn h i u h n h Windows,
m ca rd m n g c a m y c g n a ch IPv4, h i u h n h s t n g
t o m t g ia o d i n o d n h ch o tu nn el 6 to 4 v tu y n (ro u te ) m c n h
(::/0 ) t n g t o m i l u l n g i q u a giao d i n n y. T ro n g tr n g
h p cn xo tu y n m c n h tr n i th m i ki m tra c k t n i
b n g a ch g n b n g ta y.
X o a ch g n b n g tay v g b T h t c IP v6.
Trn my Windows:
X o a ch g n b n g ta y:
delete address Local Area Connection 2001:dc9::1
G b T h t c IP v6
uninstall
Trn my Linux:
X o a ch g n b n g ta y:
ifconfig eth0 inet6 del 2001:dc9::2
B su n g
M o d u l th c th i th t c (p ro to col) IPv6 trn h i u h n h Linux khng
c t n g n p l n kh i m y tn h kh i n g . a ch IPv6 g n
b n g ta y s b x a i sa u khi m y Linux kh i n g li. n p m o d u l
th c th i IPv6 kh i kh i n g li m y v a ch IPv6 g n b n g ta y
kh n g b x a i m i khi kh i n g li m y, ch n g ta cn tr c ti p th m
th n g tin v o c c file c u h nh m n g n h sa u :
95
C u h n h n p modul IPv6 t n g
K i m tra th vi n scrip t IPv6 t n t i:
K i m tra c t n t i file /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/networkfunctions-ipv6
H o c te st b n g l n h :
test
-f
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/networkfunctions-ipv6 && echo "Co thu vien IPv6 script"
S a i file c u h n h m n g
D ng
vi th m
dng
/etc/sysconfig/network.
NETWORKING_IPV6=yes
v o
file
C u h n h vn h vi n a ch IPv6
S a i file c u h n h g ia o d i n
Dng trnh so n th o vn b n (vi) s a i file /e tc/sysco n fig /n e tw o rkscripts/ifcfg-e th 0 , th m n h n g d n g th n g tin sa u v o file :
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6ADDR=<a_ch_IPv6>
96
H i p
B iu d in a ch IP v6
1. a ch IP v6 c bi u din n h th n o ?
T r l i:
a ch IP v6 c chi u d i 1 2 8 bit n h p h n , c b i u di n d i
d n g s h e xa d e cim a l. M t a ch IP v6 l m t d y s g m 8 n h m
s h e xa c ch n h a u b n g d u :, m i n h m c 4 ch s h e xa .
2. K h i bi u din a ch IP v6 , c ph i vi t y to n b 3 2 ch s
hexa hay khng?
T r l i:
K h n g c n . a ch IP v6 c th vi t g n li bn g h ai q u y t c th u g n
n h sa u :
Q u y t c 1: T ro n g m t n h m 4 s h e xa , c th b b t n h n g s 0
bn tri
Q u y t c 2 : T ro n g c a ch IP v6 , m t s n h m lin n h a u ch a to n
s 0 c th kh ng vi t v th a y th b n g ::. T u y nh i n ch c
p h p th a y th m t l n nh v y tron g to n b m t a ch IP v6 .
K h i bi u di n th u g n the o h ai q u y t c n h v y, a ch IP v6 y
h o n to n c th c x y d n g li t a ch IP v6 th u g n.
P h n lo i, cu tr c a ch IP v6
1. B a lo i a ch u nica st, m u ltica st, a n yca st ca IP v6 kh c n h a u t i
i m g ?
T r l i:
B a lo i a ch IP v6 kh c n h a u c ch th c g i g i tin n g ia o
d i n g n a ch ch . G i tin c a ch ch l a ch u n ica st ch
c g i t i m t g ia o d i n d u y n h t. G i tin c a ch ch l a
ch m u ltica st s c g i t i t t c c c g ia o d i n tro n g n h m
c g n a ch . G i tin c a ch ch a n yca st c g i t i
g ia o d i n g n n h t tro n g n h m c g n a ch (tn h th e o th t c
n h tu y n ).
97
2. T ro n g a ch IP v6 , ch c n n g b ro a d ca st c a IP v4 c m
n h i m b n g d ng a ch n o ?
T r l i:
a ch IP v6 kh ng c n t n ti kh i nim a ch q u ng b
(bro a d ca st). C h c n n g c a a ch bro a d ca st tro n g IP v4 c
m n h i m th a y th b i a ch IP v6 m u ltica st.
3. T r n p h n g din g n a ch ch o thi t b, a ch IP v6 kh c IP v4
i m n o ?
T r l i:
M t m y tn h IP v6 ch c m t ca rd m n g c n g s c n hi u gia o
d i n, c th l gia o di n v t l, h o c gia o di n o d n h ch o c n g
n g h n g h m (tu n n el). M t g ia o din IP v6 c th c g n
n g th i n hi u a ch IP v6 . M t m y tn h IP v4 v i m t ca rd m n g
ch c g n m t a ch IP v4 v n h d a n h b n g a ch .
4. IP v6 s d n g a ch n o l m a ch lo op b a ck?
T r l i:
a ch lo o p ba ck c a IP v6 l 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0:1 , h a y c n c vi t l
::1.
5. K h i cn t i a ch IP v4 ch o ho t n g k t n i m n g to n c u ,
ch n g ta xin c p t c c t ch c q u n l a ch q u c t . D n g a
ch IP v6 n o t n g n g v i a ch IP v4 trn ?
T r l i:
D n g a ch IP v6 t n g n g v i IP v4 s d n g tro ng n h tu y n
In te rn e t to n c u , hi n n a y a n g c c c t ch c q u n l a ch
c p p h t, p h n b ch o h o t n g Inte rn et l a ch nh d a n h to n
c u (glob al u nica st a d dre ss). L o i a ch n y c b a bit ti n t b a n
u 0 0 1 (tr v n g a ch 20 0 2 ::/16 l a ch 6 to 4 ).
6. D n g a ch IP v6 n o m node IPv6 c th s d n g gia o tip
v i c c n o de kh c tro n g m t n g k t n i ch o d n ch a c
c u h n h a ch p h m vi to n c u ?
98
T r l i:
l a ch Link-local. a ch Link-local c 1 0 b it tin t l
F E 8 0 ::/6 4 . T hi t b IP v6 c kh n n g t n g t o a ch Link-local,
ch o d ch a c c u h n h b t c a ch ph m vi to n c u n o .
D o v y, th i t b IP v6 c th s d n g a ch Link-local n y gia o
ti p v i n h a u tr n m t n g k t n i, n g a y c kh i ch a c cu
h n h c c d n g a ch kh c.
7. Cc cng n g h chu y n i IP v6 - IP v4 s d n g d n g a ch IP v6
no? L y v d ?
T r l i:
C c c n g n g h ch u y n i IP v6 -IP v4 s d ng d n g a ch t n g
th ch (C o m p a tib ility a d dre ss). N h n g a ch n y c x y d n g t
a ch IP v4 v p h c v n h n g c ng n g h ch uy n i kh c n h a u . V
d a ch IP v4 -co m p a tible (::w .x.y.z) d n g ch o tu n n el t n g (h i n
nay
kh ng
c n
dng
n a ), a
ch IP v4 -mapped
(0 :0 :0 :0:0 :F F F F :w .x.y.z) d n g tro n g c n g n gh b in d ch , a ch
6 to 4 (c ti n t d n h ri ng 2 0 0 2 ::/1 6 ) d n g ch o c n g n g h n g
h m 6 to 4 .
8. B n ch o bi t, a ch m u ltica st IP v6 c nh n d ng b n g c ch
no?
T r l i:
a ch IP v6 m u ltica st c n h n d n g b n g 8 bit ti n t F F (11 1 1
1111).
9. N u m t m y tn h g i g i tin c a ch ch F F 0 2 ::2 th n h n g
node IPv6 n o s n h n c, n u g i g i tin c a ch ch
F F 0 2 ::1 th n h n g node IPv6 n o s n h n c?
T r l i:
a ch m u ltica st F F 0 2 ::2 c g i tr tr n g S co p e = 2 l p h m vi
n g k t n i, gi tr g ro up ID = 2 l n h m m u ltica st m i ro u te r.
N h v y, kh i g i tin c a ch ch n y, s c g i t i m i b n h
tu y n trn p h m vi n g kt n i.
99
a ch m u ltica st F F 02 ::1 c g i tr tr ng P h m vi (S co p e ) = 2 l
p h m vi n g k t n i, gi tr nh d a nh n h m (G ro u p ID ) = 1 l
n h m m u ltica st m i n o d e . N h v y, kh i g i tin c a ch ch n y,
s c g i t i m i n o d e (b nh tu y n , my tnh) tr n p h m vi
n g k t n i.
M o u IPv6
1. K h c v i a ch IP v4 , a ch IP v6 c h a i d n g m o u , l hai
dng m o u no?
T r l i:
a ch IP v6 c h a i d n g m o u . l m o u c b n v m o
u m r n g .
2. T i sa o p h n m o u c b n c a a ch IP v6 c ch i u d i c
n h?
T r l i:
T ro n g a ch IP v4 , c c dch v tu ch n k m th e o c th m v o
b i c c tr n g T u ch n (O p tion ) c a m o u IP v4 . T r n g
O p tio n kh n g c d i c n h d o v y chi u d i c a m o u IP v4
l kh n g c nh . a ch IP v6 c thi t k n n g cp . C c dch v
t y ch n c th m v o b n g m o u m r n g t ch bi t kh i m o
u c b n . D o p h n m o u c n h ca a ch IP v6 c chi u
d i c n h 40 b yte . l m t u i m c a IP v6 khin b n h
tu y n (ro u ter) x l g i tin d d ng hi u q u h n .
3. N u g i tin IP v6 c p h n m n h , p h n m o u c a g i tin IP v6
s c th m d n g m o u m r n g n o ?
T r l i:
l m o u m r ng P h n m n h. R ou ter IP v6 kh n g m nhi m
p h n m nh g i tin . G i tin IP v6 c ph n m nh ti u cui. Host
n gu n v h ost ch s th c hi n x l m o u m rng n y.
4. T ro n g h u h t tr ng h p , ro u te r IP v6 kh ng x l c c m o u
m r n g . T u y n hi n d n g m o u m r n g n o s c x l ti
m i ro u te r trn n g tru yn d n ?
100
T r l i:
M o u m r n g T n g b c (H o p -by-Hop) x c n h n h n g th a m
s n h t n h ti m i b c tr n n g tru y n d n t n g u n t i ch .
D o v y n s c x l ti m i rou te r tr n n g tru y n d n g i
tin. Do node IPv6 x l c c m o u m r n g th e o th t n m
tro n g g i tin IP v6 n n m o u m r n g n y lu n c t ng a y
sa u m o u c b n .
CHNG 3
C C T H T C V Q U Y T R N H H O T
NG C BN C A
A C H IP V 6
T h t c l p m n g (Internet Protocol - IP ) cu ng c p p h n g th c k t
n i n h n g m n g n i b rin g r th n h m t m n g l n h n , c g i l
li n m n g (internetw o rk). N h n g th t c l p ca o coi li n m n g n h m t
m n g n i b p h m vi r n g l n , b i v nh n g l p th p h n g i u i
n h n g ch i ti t lin k t n h n g m n g n h ri n g b i t th n h li n m n g .
T r n p h n g din c c th t c l p ca o v c c n g d n g , c c thi t b coi
n h a u n h n h n g i t n g n g a n g h n g . T uy n h i n tr n p h ng di n
c c l p th p h n , c m t s kh c b i t r t q u an tr n g gi a thi t b th u c
m n g n i b v n h n g thi t b b n ng o i. T hit b th u c m n g n i b s
c n h n g gia o ti p c b i t v i n ha u .
T h h a ch IPv4, h tr n h n g gia o ti p n y v n h n g yu cu
h o t n g kh c, b n c n h th t c Internet Protocol (phi n b n 4), c
n h iu th t c h tr kh c n h A R P ch o p h p thi t b ph n gii a ch
l p 2 t a ch l p 3; th t c IC M P (Internet Control Message
Protocol) cu n g c p c c th n g i p i u khin, h tr g ia o ti p . N h n g
th t c v q u y trn h h o t n g n y hin a n g p h c v t t ch o h o t n g
m n g v i p hi n b n IPv4, tu y n hi n , cn g t n t i n hi u h n ch .
T h t c IP p hin b n 6 c n h n g th a y i l n , th c h i n ti u ch u n h o
v t h p n hiu ch c n n g , q u y trn h ri ng b it c a gia o tip gi a
n h n g th i t b n i b . i v i h o t n g c a a ch IPv6, g iao tip g i a
cc node trn m t n g k t n i l v c n g q u a n tr n g . D o v y, IPv6
pht tri n m t th t c m i m n h i m g ia o tip g i a n h n g n od e th u c
102
m t n g k t n i ( c kh i ni m h o l n h n g n o d e l n c n ), c t n
g i IPv6 Neighbor Discovery N D . a ch IPv6 c n g th c hi n n g
n h t h o c c th n g i p s d n g tro n g q u trn h g ia o ti p n i b . T o n
b n h n g q u y trn h gia o ti p n y s d n g c c th n g ip IC M P v6 . Ba
th t c: ICMPv6 (Internet Control Message Protocol version 6), ND
(Neighbor Discovery), MLD (M u ltica st Liste ner D isco ve ry) l n h n g th
t c thi t y u ch o h o t n g c a IPv6. T ro n g M L D v N D h o t n g
tr n n n c c th n g i p IC M P v6 .
C h ng n y m t v i b n c cc th tc v q uy trnh ho t ng c
b n c a a ch IPv6. Q u a , gip bn c hnh du ng c cch th c
h o t ng ca th h a ch m i IPv6, nh ng c tnh ca a ch IPv6.
m inh ho l thu y t, b n c s th c hin m t b i th c h nh qua n st
gia o tip v ho t n g c a c c nod e IPv6 trn m t ng kt ni.
C h n g 3 b a o g m n h n g n i d un g ch nh sau :
T h t c ICMPv6.
T h t c N D .
M t s q u y trnh h o t n g c b n c a a ch IPv6.
T h t c MLD.
T h c h n h qu a n s t gia o tip v h o t ng ca c c n o d e IPv6.
C h n g 3: C c th t c v q u y trn h h o t n g c a a ch IPv6
103
I. T H T C IC M P V 6
I.1. T n g q u t v vai tr c a th t c IC M P v6 tro n g h o t n g
c a IPv6
T ro n g h o t n g Internet p hi n b n 4, Internet Control Message
P ro to col (IC M P ), l m t th t c c a c c th ng i p iu khi n , h tr
ch o h o t n g m n g . C c th n g i p IC M P , tru y n ti b n g n h n g g i
tin , c s d n g tro n g IPv4 v i m c ch b o li v iu kh in tru y n
t i IP , c n g n h th c h i n n h n g ch c n n g ch n o n m n g . T h n g
i p IC M P p h n lo i th n h h ai d ng : th n g i p li, h o c th ng ip
h i - p . K hi c li x y ra tro n g q u trn h tru y n ti gi tin IP , rou te r
a n g x l ho c no d e n h n g i tin s th n g b o v n ch o no d e g i
n o d e g i c th tru yn li g i tin h o c ti p t c th c hi n n h n g ch u
trn h x l li kh c. N h n g ch n g trnh d tm n h p in g , tra ce ro u te s
d n g n h n g th n g i p h i - p c a IC M P th c hi n ch n o n
m n g . T h n g i p IC M P c n g p h c v ch o q u trn h li (redirect), l
qu trnh router thng bo cho my tnh v m t ch ti p th e o (ne xt
hop) t t h n ch u yn l u l n g t i m t ch n h t nh .
M t s ch c n n g c a IC M P :
T h n g b o li m n g .
T h n g b o t c n g h n m n g .
H tr x l s c , ch o c c ch n g trn h ch n o n m ng.
Thng bo ht th i gian s n g c a g i tin .
T h c h i n redirect.
T ro n g h o t n g Internet p hi n b n 6 , IC M P v6 c t h p v i IPv6.
M i n o d e h tr IPv6 p h i th c th i h o n to n IC M P v6 . IC M P v6 l p h i n
b n c bi n i, n ng c p ca IC M P tro n g IPv4.
Trong phin b n 4 , IC M P ch b a o g m c c th n g i p iu khin , h
tr h o t n g m n g . C n c c q u y trn h h o t n g c n thi t kh c c
m n h i m b n g n h n g th t c ri n g . V d : q u trn h ph n gii a ch
c m n h i m b n g th t c A R P . N u th i t b IPv4 tham gia vo qu
trn h n h tu y n m u ltica st, vi c q u n l q ua n h th n h vi n n h m
m u ltica st c m n h i m b n g th t c IGMP, s d n g t p h p th n g
i p ri n g.
104
P h i n b n a ch IPv6 th c h i n q u y ch u n h o c c th n g i p p h c
v ch o n h n g q u y trn h ho t n g tro n g m n g n i b . C c q u y trnh
h o t n g , gia o ti p g i a c c no d e IPv6 tron g m t m n g n i b , ba o
g m q u trn h p h n gii t a ch l p 2 thn h a ch l p 3 v n hi u
q u y trn h kh c c m n h i m b n g th t c m i ND (Neighbor
Disco very). T o n b n h n g th n g i p s d n g tro n g c c q u trn h n y
l th ng ip IC M P v6 . N u n o d e IPv6 th a m g ia v o q u trn h n h
tu y n m u ltica st, th vi c q u n l q u a n h th n h vi n nh m m u ltica st
c m n h i m b n g th t c M L D (M u ltica st L iste n e r D isc o ve ry). T h
t c n y c ng s d n g c c th n g i p IC M P v6 .
D o v y, th t c IC M P v6 v n h n g th n g ip IC M P v6 n g vai tr v
c n g q u an trn g tro n g h o t n g c a th h a ch IPv6. Cc quy trnh
g ia o ti p c t y u g i a host v i h o st, gi a h o st v i ro u ter IPv6 tr n m t
n g k t n i, v n l n n t n g ch o h o t ng c a node IPv6, u d a
tr n vi c tra o i c c th n g i p IC M P v6 .
S o v i ICMPv4 , IC M P v6 c n g in ho b n g c ch b b t i
n h n g d n g th n g i p kh ng h o c hi m kh i s d n g , n h n g li m
n h i m n hi u ch c n ng h n IC M P v4 . T h n g i p IC M P v6 n g o i th c
h i n ch c n ng b o li, ch n o n , i u khi n h o t n g m n g , c n
p h c v ch o nhi u qu y trn h kh n g t n t i tron g IPv4 h o c c cun g
c p b i c c th t c rin g tro ng IPv4, v d th c th i q u trn h p h n gi i
a ch .
IC M P v6 c m t tro n g R F C 2 46 3 (Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Specification). D o th n g ip IC M P v6 c s d n g tro n g c c q u y
trn h ho t n g c a h ai th t c c t y u kh c c a IPv6, nn ICMPv6
c co i l cu n g cp c c u h o t n g cho ha i th t c n y. l :
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery) - T h t c q u n l q ua n h th nh

vi n m u ltica st, p h c v cho n h tu y n m u ltica st
ND (Neighbor Discovery) - m n h i m th c th i g ia o ti p gi a c c
n o d e tro n g m t n g k t n i.
I.2. P h n lo i th n g ip IC M P V 6
I.2.1 Gi tin ICMPv6
G i tin IC M P v6 b t u sa u m o u c b n h o c m t m o u m
r n g c a IPv6 v c x c n h b i gi tr 58 c a tr n g M o u ti p
theo (Next-Header) tro n g m o u c b n h o c m o u m r n g p h a
105
tr c. G i tin IC M P v6 b a o g m p h n m o u c a ICMPv6 (ICMPv6

header) v ph n th n g i p (IC M P v6 m e ssa g e ).
IC M P v6 h e a d e r b a o g m b a tr n g : D n g (Type) 8 bit, M (Code) 8 bit
v K i m tra (Checksum) 16 bit. H ai tr n g D n g v M tron g m o u
ICMPv6 c s d n g p h n loi th ng ip IC M P v6 .
D n g (T yp e): G i tr bit u ti n ca tr ng D n g s x c n h y
l th n g ip li, h a y th n g i p th n g tin .
M (Code): 8 bit tr n g M s p h n d n g su h n g i tin IC M P v6 ,

n h r y l g i tin g tro n g t n g loi th ng i p IC M P v6 .
K im tra (Checksum): cu n g c p gi tr s d n g ki m tra l i cho

to n b g i tin IC M P v6 .
M o u IP v6
M o u IC M P v6
7 8
D ng
T h n g i p IC M P v6
15 16
M
31
K i m tra
T h n g i p IC M P v6
H n h 27: C u tr c g i tin IC M P v6
C n g n h IC M P v4 , IC M P v6 c s d n g trao i c c th n g i p
i u khi n , ba o g m n h n g th n g ip m n h i m b o c o tnh trn g
h o t n g ca m n g , b o co li, h tr ch n o n m n g . T u y n hi n ,
n h m p h c v th c h i n n h n g q u y trn h h o t n g c b n c a a ch
IPv6, IC M P v6 c n b a o g m n h n g d n g th n g i p m i, ph c v ch o
c c th t c v n h n g q u y trnh gia o ti p c a c c n o d e IPv6. Cc thng
i p IC M P c p h n l m h a i lo i: T h n g ip l i v T h n g ip
thng tin.
I.2.2. T h n g ip l i
C c th n g i p li c s d n g b o li tro n g q u trnh ch u yn ti p
v p h n p h i g i tin IPv6, th c hi n b i n o d e ch h o c ro u ter a n g x
l gi tin. C c th ng i p n y c gi tr c a 8 bit tr n g D n g t 0 n
127 (bit u tin c t g i tr 0). C c th n g i p li b a o g m :
106
Destination Unrea ch a ble (K h n g t i c ch ), Packet Too Big (Gi
tin q u l n ), T im e E xce e d e d (Q u th i gian ch o p h p ), v Parameter
P ro b le m (C v n v th a m s ).
B n g 7: C c th n g i p l i
D n g (type)
M t
G i tr tr n g M (co d e)
0 - K h n g c tu y n t i ch
Destination unreachable.
(K h n g t i c ch )
1 - G ia o ti p t i ch b c m
2 - C h a gn
3 - a ch kh n g k t n i c.
4 - P o rt kh n g k t n i t i c
Packet too big

(G i tin q u l n )
Time exceeded
(Q u th i g ia n ch o p h p )
0
0 - V t q u g i i h n b c (h o p
limit).
1 - T h i g ia n t o l i g i tin v t
q u g i i h n ch o p h p
0 - L i p h n m o u (h e a d e r)
Parameter problem
(C v n v th a m s )
1 - K hng nhn dng c M o

u ti p th eo
2 - K h n g n h n ra t y ch n IP v6
T h n g i p li K h n g t i c ch c g i khi m t n o d e kh n g th
ch u y n ti p g i tin v m t s l d o n o (kh n g p h i d o t c ng h n
m n g ). N o d e g i th ng b o li v n gu n c a g i tin , tr n g M s ch
n h n g u yn n h n, n h tron g b ng 7 .
N o d e g i th n g ip li G i tin q u l n khi kch th c g i tin v t
q u g i tr M T U c a n g k t n i. T ro n g IPv6, vi c p h n m n h kh n g
c th c h i n b i ro u te r (b nh tu y n ), ch c n o d e n g u n th c hi n
p h n m n h . T h n g i p G i tin q u l n c n c s d n g tro n g q u y
trn h tm ki m g i tr M T U n h nh t (PathMTU) tr n to n b ng
tru y n d n ca IPv6, l m t q u y trn h d o th t c N eig hb o r D isco ve ry
m n h i m .
107
K h i g i tr G i i h n b c (Hop limit) trong m o u gi tin IPv6 t t i

0 , g i tin s b h u b v th n g i p l i Q u th i g ia n ch o p h p
c g i.
T h n g i p li C vn v th a m s c g i n u m t n o d e n h n
th y c v n tro n g m o u c b n , ho c tro n g m t mo u m
r n g c a gi tin IPv6. D n g li c ch nh b n g gi tr tr n g M,
n h tro n g b n g 7 .
I.2.3. T h n g ip th n g tin
T h n g i p th n g tin IC M P v6 ch ia th n h h ai n h m : T h n g i p th n g
tin c b n v T h n g i p th n g tin m r n g . T r n g D n g (Type) ca
g i tin th n g i p th n g tin IC M P v6 c gi tr tro n g kh o n g 1 28 - 255
(bit u ti n c thi t l p gi tr 1 ).
T h n g ip th n g tin c b n : B a o g m E ch o re qu e st (Y u c u ph n
h i) v E ch o re ply (P h n hi) . H ai d ng th n g i p n y c s
d n g tro n g c c ch ng trn h d tm n h p in g , tra ce ro ute , th c hi n
ch c n n g ch n o n m n g .
B n g 8: T h n g i p th n g tin c b n
D n g (T yp e)
128
129
M t
Echo request
(Y u c u p h n h i)
Echo reply
(P h n h i)
M (Code)
0
T h n g ip th n g tin m r n g : L n h n g th n g i p IC M P v6 p h c
v ch o c c th t c th c hi n ch c n n g giao ti p gi a c c n o d e ln
c n tro n g m t n g k t n i, s d ng ch o cc q u y trn h h o t n g c t
y u c a IPv6.
N h n g th n g i p n y c li t k tro n g b n g 9 . T ro ng cc thng
i p: Multicast Listener Query (T ru y v n i t n g n g he l u l n g
Multicast), Multicast Listener Report (B o c o i t n g n gh e l u
l n g M ultica st), Multicast Listener Done (K t th c n g h e l u l n g
m u ltica st) p h c v ch o th t c M L D . N m th n g i p Router Solicitation
(D tm router), Router Advertisement (Q u ng b c a rou te r), Neighbor
108
Solicitation (D tm n o d e l n c n ), Neighbor Advertisement (Q u n g b
c a n o d e ln c n) v Redirect (Li) p h c v ch o th t c N D .
B n g 9: T h n g i p th n g tin m r n g
D n g (T yp e)
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
M t
Multicast Listener Query
(T ru y v n i t n g n g h e l u l n g M u ltica st)
Multicast Listener Report
(B o c o i t n g n g h e l u l n g M u ltica st)
Multicast Listener Done
(K t th c n g h e l u l n g m u ltica st)
Router Solicitation
(D tm router)
Router Advertisement
(Q u n g b c a ro u te r)
Neighbor Solicitation
(D tm n o d e l n c n )
Neighbor Advertisement
(Q u n g b c a n o d e l n c n )
Redirect
(Li)
M (Code)
0
C h n g ta s tm h i u chi ti t h n v n h n g th n g i p th n g tin m
r n g tro n g n h n g m c sa u , khi m t ch i ti t v c c q u y trn h h o t n g
c b n c a IPv6.
II. T H T C N D
Neighbor Discovery - N D l m t th t c c p h t tri n m i tron g
p h in b n IPv6. N D h o t n g trn n n n h n g th n g i p IC M P v6 v
p h tr ch c c q u y trnh gia o ti p gi a cc node IPv6 tr n cn g m t
n g k t n i. N h n g q u y trn h ho t n g gia o ti p n y (gi a my tnh
v i my tnh, g i a my tnh v i ro u te r) l thi t y u i v i h o t n g
c a th h a ch IPv6. N D s d n g th ng i p IC M P v6 m n h i m
109
n h n g ch c n n g ph n gii a ch, tm ki m b n h tu y n (router), li

(redirect), n g th i c n g cu n g c p n hi u ch c n n g kh c n a .
K h i m t n o d e IPv6 kh i t o , c th ti n h n h gia o ti p , n o d e c n
b i t m t s i m :
a ch c a n o de .
T h n g tin v ti n t m n g (prefix) c a ch n h n n o d e bi t c
c ch th c g i g i tin t i nh n g n o d e kh c thu c n h n g p refix kh c.
B i t c b n h tu y n tr n n g k t n i.
Q u y t n h c ch ti p th e o (n e xt h o p ) tro n g n g d n t i
m t ch .
C n p h n gi i n h n c a ch l p 2 (link-la ye r) t m t a ch
l p 3 (network-la ye r) bi t.
C n b i t n c th g i g i tin c l n b ao nh i u.
n g th i, gia o ti p ti n h n h c su n s , n o d e c n g c n:
B i t c v n h n g n o de l n c n tr n c n g n g k t n i.
C kh n n g d ki m tra c tn h tr n g n od e l n c n kh n g cn
k t n i t i c, n kh n g g i g i tin t i no d e n a .
B i t c a ch n a n g n h d n g li u c b m t n o d e kh c s
d n g ri h a y kh n g .
C kh n ng li (re dire ct) g i tin t i m t n o d e ch u y n tip kh c t t

h n (n u c ).
T t c nh n g i u tr n s th c hi n c b n g n h n g qu y trn h h o t
n g m th t c N e ig h b o r D isco ve ry p h trch . N h n h n g q u y trn h
g ia o ti p gi a my tnh v i my tnh, my tnh v i b n h tu y n trn
c n g n g k t n i, node IPv6 c kh n n g t n g c u h n h a ch
v n h n g th a m s h o t n g kh c m kh n g c n c s h i n di n ca
m y ch D H C P .
T r n m t n g k t ni, node (b ao g m my tnh v b n h tu yn ) s
s d n g N D :
T h c h i n p h n gii a ch l p 2 c a m t n o d e l n c n t a ch
IPv6.
Q u y t n h xe m n o d e l n cn c cn k t n i t i c ha y kh ng .
My tnh s s d n g N D :
110
T m ki m b nh tu y n (rou te r) trn n g k t n i.
T m ki m th n g tin v a ch, ti n t m n g (prefix) c a n g k t

n i v n h n g th n g tin c u h nh kh c p h c v ch o vi c c u h n h a
ch v h o t n g ca my tnh.
R o u te r s s d n g N D :
Q u n g b s h i n din c a m n h , q u n g b n h n g th n g tin c u
h n h c n thi t ch o my tnh, q u n g b tin t a ch ca n g k t
n i.
Thng bo cho my tnh v a ch ch ti p th e o (next-hop) t t h n

c th ch u y n ti p g i tin n m t ch n h t n h .
II.1. T h n g ip IC M P v6 s d n g tro n g th t c N D
N D s d n g t p h p 5 th n g ip IC M P v6 sa u y:
Q u n g b c a ro u te r RA (Router Advertisement)
D tm router RS (Router Solicitation)
D tm n o d e l n cn NS (Neighbor Solicitation)
Q u n g b c a n od e l n c n NA (Neighbor Advertisement)
Li (Redirect)
N h n g th n g i p n y c tra o i gi a c c n o d e ln c n tr n m t
n g k t n i, trong cc quy trnh h o t n g c n thi t ca a ch IPv6.
II.1.1. T h n g ip Qu n g b c a ro u ter RA
T h n g i p n y c gi tr tr n g Dn g tro n g m o u ICMPv6 l 134.
B n h tu yn (rou te r) IPv6 n g o i ch c n ng ch u y n ti p g i tin ch o
cc my tnh trn m t n g k t n i, c n m n h i m m t ch c n n g
r t q u an tr n g l q u n g b th n g tin gi p c c my tnh tr n n g k t
n i bi t c s h i n di n c a rou te r v n h n c n h n g th n g s
tr gi p ch o h o t n g . N h p h n g th c q u n g b th n g tin t b
n h tu y n , my tnh IPv6 c kh n n g t n g c u h n h a ch to n
c u , c u h n h c c th a m s p h c v ch o gia o ti p .
T ro n g s n h n g th n g i p IC M P v6 c tra o i gi a c c n o d e (bao
g m my tnh v b n h tu y n ) tr n n g k t n i, th n g i p Q u n g
b c a rou te r (RA) c m t va i tr c bi t. R A c b n h tu y n trn
n g k t n i g i n h k t i a ch m u lticast m i n o d e p h m vi lin k
(F F 02 ::1 ), c n gh a g i t i m i n o d e tr n n g k t n i.
111
T hng ip Qung b ca rou ter c g i cho nh n g m c ch sa u y:

1. T h n g b o a ch l p 2 (link layer) c a ro u te r
2. T h n g b o c ch th c c u h n h a ch to n c u cho node trn
n g k t n i.
3. Thng bo ti n t m n g (network prefix) ch o c c n o d e tr n n g
k t n i.
4. T h n g b o g i tr gi i h n b c (hop limit), M T U , n h n g th a m s
h o t ng ch o nh n g n o d e tr n n g k t n i.
Router (b n h tu y n ) th ng b o a ch c a m n h ch o n h n g no d e
tr n n g k t n i, c c n o d e c th x c n h c ro u te r m c nh
s n s n g ch u y n ti p g i tin . T h n g tin v th i gia n s ng (Router
life tim e ) c n g c g i k m n o d e x c n h c th i gia n b a o l u
n c th coi ro u te r l ro u ter m c n h .
T th n g tin qu n g b n h n c t ro u ter, node IPv6 s x y d n g
danh sch cc b n h tu yn m c n h (d e fa u lt ro u ter). i v i IPv4,
c n p h i c u h n h b n g ta y b n h tu y n m c n h cho cc my. Khi
th i gia n s ng h t, b n h tu y n s b lo i b kh i d a n h s ch b nh
tu y n m c n h .
T h n g i p q u n g b c a ro u ter c n g ch a th n g tin x c n h c ch
th c a n g c s d n g t ng c u h n h a ch ch o c c n o d e
tr n m t n g k t n i. Trong IPv4, thi t b c n c c u h n h b n g
tay x c n h r ng n n h n c c th n g tin c u h n h IP t m y ch
DHCP. T h it b IPv6 c h ai ph n g th c t n g c u h n h a ch. T
n g c u h nh a ch c s h tr c a m y ch D H C P v6 c g i t n
l c ch th c t n g c u h n h c tr n g th i (sta te ful autoconfiguration),
ngoi ra thit b IPv6 c n kh n n g t n g c u h n h a ch kh n g c n
m y ch D H C P v6 , g i l c ch th c t n g c u h n h kh n g tr n g th i
(stateless autoconfiguration). T h n g i p q u n g b c a ro ute r s x c
n h p h ng th c c u h n h n o a n g c p d n g tr n m t n g
k t n i.
K h i n g k t n i s d ng p h n g th c t n g c u h n h a ch
kh n g trn g th i, th n g ip R A s b a o g m ti n t m n g (network
prefix) c a n g k t n i. T n g n g v i m i ti n t m n g s c th a m
s th i gia n s n g . T h a m s th i gia n s n g b a o g m h a i gi tr: V alid
Lifetime (T h i gia n h p l) v Preferred Lifetime (T h i gian u ti n ).
G i tr V alid Life tim e x c n h b n g gi y kh o n g th i gia n ti n t m n g
l h p l trn n g k t n i. G i tr P refe rred L ife tim e x c n h b ng
112
g i y kh o n g th i gian m a ch c t n g c u h n h n n t ti n t
m n g c tr n g th i u ti n . T h n g i p R A c n g ch a th n g tin v
G i i h n b c (hop limit) v M T U c c n o de s d n g tro n g qu trn h
g ia o ti p .
M t c i m u vi t c a a ch IPv6 l khi m t th i t b kh i ng , n
c th t m n h kh i to n g a y a ch Lin k lo ca l s d n g trong giao
ti p tr n m t n g k t n i. Khi th i t b nh n c ti n t m n g t
th n g i p Q u n g b ca ro u te r, ti n t m n g n y s c thi t b k t
h p v i n h d a n h gia o di n c t n g t o ra t n g c u
h n h n n a ch d n g ch o gia o tip to n c u .
T h n g ip Q u n g b ca ro u ter ch c th g i b i ro u te r (b nh
tu y n ) v c g i n h k t i a ch m u ltica st m i n o d e p h m vi lin k
(FF02::1). Tuy nhin, b n h tu y n c ng s t o n g a y th n g i p R A
p tr y u c u c a m t my tnh trn n g k t n i n u n n h n
c g i tin D tm router (R o u ter S o licita tion ). T ron g tr n g h p ,
th n g i p R A s c g i t i a ch ch l a ch c a n i g i thng
i p D tm router.
II.1.2. T h n g ip D tm router RS
T h n g i p n y c gi tr tr n g Dn g ICMPv6 133.
My tnh IP v6 tru y n g i tin R S n h c b n h tu y n tr n c n g n g
k t n i l p t c t o th n g i p R A g i th n g tin ch o my tnh.
T h n g i p n y s d ng a ch ng u n ho c l m t a ch u nica st
c g n ch o g ia o di n g i g i tin , h o c, tron g tr n g h p a ch n y
kh n g t n ti, n s d n g a ch c bi t 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0:0 :0 . a ch ch
th n g th n g l a ch m u ltica st m i ro u te r p h m vi lin k (F F 0 2 ::2 ). D o
q u trn h t n g c u h n h v n h tu y n p h th u c v o kh n n g tm
th y ro u ter v tin t m n g , th n g i p n y l c n thi t tr c kh i b t
c g ia o tip n o c thi t l p.
II.1.3. T h n g ip D tm n o d e ln cn NS
T h n g i p n y c gi tr tr n g D n g ICMPv6 135.
T h n g i p N S c m t n o d e s d n g yu c u c c n o de kh c tr n
n g k t n i cun g c p a ch l p 2 c a ch n g . C h c n n g n y g i n g
n h th t c A R P trong IPv4. N o d e c h i s s d n g th n g i p
Q u n g b c a no d e l n c n (Neighbor Advertisement-NA) tr l i v
a ch l p 2 c a n .
113
T h n g i p NS c n c s d n g ch o q u trn h ki m tra trn g lp a

ch khi m t n o d e c n x c n h n r n g kh n g c m t n o d e n o kh c trn
n g k t n i c g n tr n g a ch ca n . NS c n g c s d n g
tro n g qu y trnh ki m tra tn h k t ni t i c c a n o d e ln c n .
a ch ng u n ca th n g i p n y h o c l a ch u nica st giao di n
tru y n g i tin h o c l a ch c bi t 0 :0 :0 :0 :0:0 :0 :0 .
T h n g i p D tm n o d e l n c n s c g i t i a ch m u ltica st khi
m t n o d e c n p h n gii m t a ch IPv6 th nh a ch l p 2 t n g n g ,
h o c g i t i a ch un ica st khi m t n o d e m u n ki m tra tn h k t n i t i
c c a n o d e l n c n tr n c n g n g k t n i.
C c th n g i p D tm n o d e l n c n (N S ) v Q u n g b ca n o de l n
c n (NA) c s d n g ch o n hi u m c ch : t n g c u h nh a ch,
ki m tra tr ng l p a ch, d tm kh n n g k t n i t i c. T ro n g t t
c n h n g qu y trn h , c c th ng ip n y ch c tra o i tro n g
p h m vi n g k t ni n i b v cn c tr c kh i c c gia o ti p c th
c th it l p .
II.1.4. T h n g ip Qu n g b c a n o d e ln cn NA
N o d e g i g i tin Q u n g b c a n od e l n c n (N A ) p tr g i tin D
tm n o d e l n cn (NS). Khi thng tin ca m t n o d e , v d a ch l p 2
th a y i, n cn g g i th n g ip N A c p n h t s th a y i ch o c c
n o d e l n cn trn c n g n g k t n i (Ethernet).
a ch n gu n c a th n g i p l a ch unica st g n ch o n o d e g i th ng
tin, a ch ch l a ch u nica st c a n o de h i th n g tin h o c l a ch
m u ltica st m i n od e ph m vi lin k (F F 0 2 ::1). C n g n h th n g i p N S ,
c c g i tin n y ch c g i tro n g ph m vi n g k t n i v c n c
tr c kh i c c gia o ti p c thit l p .
II.1.5. T h n g ip Li (Redirect)
T h n g i p R e dire ct lu n c g i g i a cc a ch u nica st. T h n g
i p n y c g i b i b n h tu yn th n g b o ch o my tnh IPv6
r n g c m t b n h tu y n kh c t t h n c th s d n g l m ch ti p
theo (next hop) g i g i tin n m t ch n h t n h . a ch n g u n
c a th ng i p l a ch Link-local c a gia o di n b nh tu yn . a ch
ch l a ch ng u n ca g i tin khi n cho b n h tu y n p h i g i
th n g i p R e dire ct.
114
II.2. T m h iu v g i tin N D
G i tin N D l g i tin IC M P v6 th u c m t tro n g n m d n g th n g i p n u
tr n . G i tin N D s ch a c c th n g tin c n thi t tra o i gi a c c n o d e
l n c n tr n m t n g k t n i v c c u tr c n h trong hnh 28.
T h n g i p N D
M o u IP v6
M o u ti p th e o =
58 (ICMPv6)
M o u c a N D
C c t y ch n N D
8 bit
D ng
8 bit
N x 8 bit
C h i u d i
G i tr
H n h 28: C u tr c th n g i p N D
T h n g i p N D b a o g m m t m o u ND v c h o c kh ng c c c tu
ch n ND.
T y ch n ND
T y ch n N D s d n g ch a n g c c th n g tin m th n g ip N D
c n tru y n ti: a ch M A C , ti n t m n g (prefix) c a n g k t n i,
thng tin M T U c a n g k t n i, c c tha m s h o t n g , d li u p h c
v ch o vi c li (redirect). M t T y ch n N D c c u th n h t ba
tr n g : D n g (Type)/C hi u d i (Lengh)/G i tr (Value)
T r n g D n g ch n h d n g c a T y ch n N D , hi n n a y tro n g
RFC2461 (Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)), c c c d n g
n h tro n g b n g 1 0.
B n g 10: C c d n g T y ch n N D
D n g
Tn T y ch n
a ch l p 2 c a n g u n
a ch l p 2 c a ch
T i n t m n g
L i l u l n g
MTU
115
D n g 1: a ch l p 2 c a n g u n ch n h a ch l p 2 ca n i g i
th n g i p N D . T y ch n n y c tro n g c c th n g ip D tm node
l n c n (N S ), D tm router (RS), v Q u n g b c a ro u ter (RA).
C c q u y trn h s d n g n h n g th n g i p trn c n c t y ch n ny
th ng b o a ch l p 2 ca n i g i th ng i p N D (v d q u
trn h p h n gii a ch).
D n g 2: a ch l p 2 c a ch ch n h a ch l p 2 ca n o d e m
gi tin IPv6 n n c g i t i. T y ch n n y c tro n g th ng i p
Q u n g b c a n od e l n c n (NA) v Li (Redirect).
D n g 3: T i n t m n g
T y ch n T i n t m n g c tro n g th n g i p Q u n g b c a ro u te r
(RA) ch n h ti n t m n g (prefix) trn n g k t n i v i b
n h tu y n , ng th i c n g m a n g th n g tin ch n h v t n g c u
h n h a ch. T ro ng m t th n g ip R A , c th c n g th i n hi u
t y ch n T i n t m n g th n g b o c n g l c n hi u p refix a ch
tr n m t n g k t n i.
T ro n g th n g i p c ch a t y ch n T i n t m n g , p h n G i tr
s l N n h m 8 bit, tro n g ch a c c th ng tin v chi u d i ti n t
m n g , th n g tin v th i gia n tn t i h p l ca ti n t m n g , c
x c n h xe m ti n t m n g c c s d ng c u h n h a ch t
n g h a y kh n g , v m t s c c th n g tin kh c n a .
D n g 4: L i l u l n g
T y ch n n y c tro n g th n g i p Li (Redirect) x c nh g i tin
IPv6 kh i n ch o ro ute r p h i g i th n g i p red ire ct. N c th b a o
g m m t p h n h o c t t c g i tin IPv6, t y thu c v o kch c g i tin
c g i ba n u .
D n g 5: T y ch n MTU
T y ch n n y c tron g th n g i p Q u n g b c a rou te r (R A ) ch
n h gi tr M T U tr n n g k t n i. G i tr c a M T U n y s c
d n g th a y ch o gi tr M T U cu n g c p b i g ia o d i n p h n c n g.
II.3. N h n g q uy trnh ND cu n g cp
V i n m th n g ip IC M P v6 m t n h tr n , th t c N eig h b or
Discovery th c hi n nh n g q u y trn h nh tro ng b n g 11 .
B n g 11: Q u y trn h th t c N D cu n g c p
116
Quy trnh
M t
T m ki m ro u te r (R o u te r
discovery)
Q u y trn h m n h , m t my tnh khm ph

ra b n h tu y n tr n n g k t n i s n s n g
ch u y n ti p g i tin ch o my tnh.
T m ki m ti n t m n g (Prefix
discovery)
Q u y trn h m n h , th i t b tm th y ti n t
m n g (n e tw o rk p re fix) tr n n g k t n i c a
mnh.
T m ki m th n g s (P a ra m e te r
discovery)
Q u y trn h m n h , th i t b tm c n h n g
th a m s h o t n g n h g i tr M T U c a n g
k t n i, g i tr G i i h n b c (hop limit) m c
n h g i g i tin .
T n g c u h n h a ch
(Address autoconfiguration)
Q u y trn h m n h , n o d e c th c u h n h
th n g tin a ch IP ch o c c g ia o d i n , th e o
p h n g th c c h o c kh n g c s h i n d i n
c a m y ch D H C P v6 .
P h n g i i a ch (A d d re ss
resolution)
Q u y trn h m n h , n o d e c th p h n g i i a
ch l p 2 (link-layer) c a m t n o d e l n c n t
a ch IPv6 b i t (t n g n g ch c n n g
c a th t c A R P tro n g IPv4).
Q u y t n h ch ti p th e o (N e xthop determination)
Q u y trn h m n h , n o d e c th q u y t n h
a ch IPv6 c a ch ti p th e o g i tin s c
ch u y n ti p t i, d a tr n a ch ch . a ch
n y s h o c ch n h l a ch ch cu i c n g ,
h o c l a ch c a c a b n h tu y n m c n h
tr n n g k t n i.
K h m p h kh n n g c th k t
n i t i c c a n o d e l n c n
(Neighbor unreachability
detection)
Q u y trn h m n h , n o d e q u y t n h c
m t n o d e l n c n c th c n n h n c g i tin
hay khng.
K i m tra tr n g l p a ch
(Duplicate address detection)
Q u y trn h m n h , n o d e c th b i t a ch
IPv6 n d n h s d n g h i n c m t n o d e
n o kh c tr n n g k t n i s d n g r i h a y
ch a .
C h c n n g l i (R e d ire ct fu n ctio n )
Q u y trn h th n g b o ch o m t my tnh a ch
IPv6 ch ti p th e o (n e xt h o p ) t t h n c th s
d n g t i c ch cu i c n g .
117
III. M T S Q U Y T R N H H O T N G C B N C A A C H
IPv6
III.1. Q u y trn h p h n g ii a ch l p 2 t a ch IPv6 l p 3
T ro n g ho t ng c a th t c IP p hi n b n 4 , q u y trn h n y c m
n h i m b i th t c A R P . N o d e c n p h n gii a ch s g i g i tin tru y
v n t i a ch ch l a ch q u n g b (a ch broadcast) c a m n g ,
d o v y s t c n g n m i n o d e kh c tr n n g k t n i, l m g i m
h i u su t m n g .
T ro n g h o t n g c a a ch IPv6, y l m t tro n g s n h n g q u y trn h
d o th t c ND (Neighbor Discovery) m n h i m . p h c v ch o vi c
p h n gii t ng n g a ch l p m n g v a ch v t l, c c n o d e IPv6
d u y tr m t b n g l u tr th n g tin v c c n o de l n cn , g i l "neighbor
cache". Trong h i u h n h Windows, ch ng ta c th xe m th n g tin
tro n g b n g n y v i l n h netsh>interface ipv6>show neighbors.
K h i m t node IPv6 c n tm a ch l p 2 (v d a ch M A C tr n m t
E th e rn e t) t n g n g v i m t a ch IPv6 n o , th a y v g i g i tin
tru y v n t i a ch m u ltica st m i n o d e p h m vi lin k (F F 0 2 ::1) t c
n g t i m i n o d e tr n ng k t n i (t n g n g n h a ch
broadcast trong IPv4), n o d e g i t i a ch ch l a ch M ultica st
Solicited Node t n g n g a ch u nica st c n p h n gii.
N h c p tro n g ch n g 2 , n o d e IPv6, kh i c g n m t a ch
unicast, n g oi vi c l n g n g h e l u l n g ti a ch u nica st n y, s l p
t c n g h e v n h n l u l n g c a m t d n g a ch m u ltica st t n g n g
a ch u nica st l M u ltica st S olicite d N o d e .
N h v y, tro n g q u trn h p h n gi i a ch c a IPv6, ch n h n g no d e
a n g n g h e l u l n g ti a ch M u ltica st S o licite d N o d e p h h p m i
n h n v x l g i tin . i u n y gi m th i u vic t c n g n m i no d e
tr n n g k t n i, t n g h i u q u h o t n g. y l m t tro n g n h n g
c i tin c a IPv6 so v i p hin b n IPv4.
th c h i n q u y trn h p h n gii a ch, h ai n o d e IPv6 tra o i th n g
i p D tm n o d e l n c n (N eig h bo r S olicita tio n - NS) v Q u n g b c a
n o d e l n cn (N e ighbor Advertisement - NA).
K h i m t n o d e c n p h n gii a ch, n g i i tr n n g k t n i th ng
i p N S , v i:
a ch ng u n : a ch IPv6 c a g ia o di n g i g i tin .
118
a ch ch : a ch IPv6 M u ltica st S olicite d N o d e t n g n g a

ch un ica st c n p h n g ii a ch
T hn g tin ch a tro ng p h n d liu c ch a a ch l p 2 c a n i g i

(n m tron g T y chn a ch l p 2 c a n gu n trong gi tin ND).
Trn ng k t n i, n o d e a n g ng h e l u l n g t i a ch M u ltica st
S o licite d N o de trn g v i a ch ch c a gi tin s n h n c th n g
tin . N th c hi n nh n g h n h n g sa u :
C p n h t a ch l p 2 c a n i g i vo b n g ne ig hb o r ca ch e .
G i th ng i p N A p tr t i a ch ch l a ch ng u n g i
g i tin , th n g tin tro ng p h n d li u c a ch l p 2 c a n (ch a
trong T y ch n a ch l p 2 c a ch trong gi tin ND).
K h i n h n c th n g i p N A , n o de c n p h n g ii a ch s c p n h t
th n g tin v o b n g n eig hb o r ca ch e c a m n h v s d n g th n g tin
tro n g th c hin li n l c.
B
`
ICMPv6 D n g = 135
N gun = A
ch = a ch M u ltica st S o licite d -n o d e c a B
D li u = a ch l p 2 c a A
T ru y v n = a ch c a b n l g ?
ICMPv6 D n g = 136
N gun = B
ch = A
D li u = a ch l p 2 c a B
H ai n o d e c th th c h in g iao tip
H n h 29: Q u y trn h p h n g i i a ch
III.2. K im tra tr n g lp a ch trn m t n g kt n i

M i n od e IPv6 th c hi n th u t to n ki m tra s trn g lp v a ch
(Duplicate Address Detection - DAD) tr n m t n g k t n i tr c khi
119
ch n h th c g n a ch u nica st ch o m t g ia o d i n , nh m n g n n g a
vi c xu n g t v a ch. Q u y trn h n y c p d n g d a ch c
g n b n g ta y ho c b n g hn h th c c u h n h t n g . C h n g n o thi t
b v n c n a ng th c h i n D A D v ch a q u y t nh c l a ch
kh n g c s tr n g l p , th a ch c coi l a ch th m d .
D A D s d n g h a i th n g i p D tm n o d e ln c n (N S ) v Q u n g b
c a n o d e l n cn (N A ). T u y n hi n m t s th n g tin ca g i tin n y kh c
v i gi tin s d n g tro ng q u trn h p h n g i i a ch .
K h i m t n o d e cn ki m tra trn g l p a ch , n g i g i tin N S v i c c
thng tin:
a ch IPv6 n g u n : L a ch c bit "::".
a ch ch : l a ch M u ltica st S o licite d N od e t n g n g a ch
a n g ki m tra tr n g lp .
Gi tin NS s ch a a ch IPv6 a n g c ki m tra tr n g l p .
S a u kh i g i N S , n o d e s i. N u kh n g c p h n h i, c n g h a a ch
n y ch a c s d n g . N u a ch n y c m t n o d e n o s
d n g ri, n o d e n y s n h n c th n g i p N S v g i th n g i p NA
p tr :
N u n o d e an g ki m tra a ch trn g l p nh n c th n g ip NA
p h n h i li NS m n h g i, n s h y b vic s d n g a ch n y.
III.3. K im tra kh n n g c th kt n i c t i n o d e ln cn .
T h n g ip D tm n o d e l n c n (N S ) v Q u n g b c a n od e l n c n
(NA) c s d n g tro n g q u trn h p h n gii a ch, ki m tra tr n g l p
a ch, c n g c s d n g ch o n h n g m c ch kh c, n h q u trn h
ki m tra kh n n g c th k t n i c t i n o d e l n c n (Neighbor
Unreachability Detection NUD) Cc node IPv6 d u y tr b n g th n g tin
v c c n o d e l n cn c a m n h tro n g b n g l u tr (neighbor cache).
C h n g c p n h t b n g n y khi c s th a y i tn h tr n g m n g . B n g
neighbor cache l u th n g tin i v i c b n h tu y n (router) v my
tnh (host).
B i t c n o d e ln c n c th k t n i t i c h a y kh n g r t q u a n
tr n g i v i m t n o d e v n s i u chn h c ch th c c x c a m n h .
V d kh i b i t m t n o d e ln c n kh n g k t ni t i c, node s n g n g
g i g i tin , bi t m t ro u te r a n g kh n g th k t n i t i c, my tnh c
th th c hi n qu y trnh tm ki m m t ro u te r kh c.
120
N u m t node m u n ki m tra tn h trn g c th n h n gi tin c a n o d e
l n c n , n g i th n g i p N S , N u n h n c N A p h c p , n b i t
tn h tr ng c a n od e l n cn l c th k t n i c v s c p n h t th n g
tin n y v o b n g l u tr c a m n h . T n h tr ng n y ch c coi l t m
th i, tro n g m t kh o n g th i gia n n h t nh , tr c khi no d e c n th c
h i n li quy trnh NUD. K h o n g th i gia n qu y nh n y, c n g n h m t
s c c th a m s h o t n g kh c, my tnh s n h n c t th n g tin
Q u n g b c a ro ute r (R o u te r A d ve rtise m e n t - RA) c a b n h tu y n
tr n n g k t n i.
III.4. T m kim
Discovery)
b n h tu yn trn n g kt n i (Router
i v i ho t n g c a a ch IPv6, s tra o i g i a c c my tnh v i

n h a u , gi a my tnh v i b n h tu y n tr n c n g m t n g k t n i l
r t q u a n tr n g . T ro ng m n g , b n h tu y n l th it b m n h i m vi c
ch u y n ti p l u l n g c a c c my tnh t m n g n y san g m n g kh c.
M t my tnh p h i n h v o b n h tu y n c th g i th ng tin t i
n h n g n o d e n m n g o i n g k t n i c a m n h . D o v y, tr c khi m t
my tnh c th th c h i n c c h o t n g giao ti p v i m n g b n n g o i,
n c n tm m t b n h tu y n v h c c nh n g th n g tin q u an tr n g
v b n h tu yn , c n g n h v m n g . T ro n g th h a ch IPv6, c
th c u h n h a ch, c n g nh c n h n g th n g s ch o h o t n g, my
tnh IPv6 c n tm th y b n h tu y n v n h n c n h n g th n g tin t
b n h tu yn tr n n g kt n i. B n h tuy n IPv6 ngoi vi c m
tr ch ch u y n ti p gi tin ch o my tnh c n m n h i m m t h o t n g
kh n g th thi u l q u n g b s hi n di n c a m n h v cu n g cp c c
th a m s tr g i p my tnh tr n n g k t n i c u h n h a ch v c c
th a m s h o t n g . T h c h i n n h n g h o t n g tra o i th n g tin g i a
m y tn h tr n n g k t n i v b nh tu yn (ro ute r) l m t n h i m v
r t q u an trn g c a th t c N D .
Q u trn h tm ki m , tra o i gi a my tnh v b nh tu yn th c hi n
d a tr n h ai d n g th n g i p sa u :
D tm router (Router Solicitation - RS) c g i b i my tnh t i

cc b n h tu y n (router) trn n g k t ni. D o v y, g i tin c
g i t i a ch ch m ulticast m i router ph m vi lin k (F F 02 ::2). My
tnh g i thn g i p n y yu cu b nh tuy n q un g b ng ay c c
thng tin n cn ch o ho t n g v d khi my tnh ch a c g n
a ch, ch a c cc tha m s m c n h c n thit x l g i tin
121
Q u n g b c a ro u ter (R o u ter A d ve rtise m e n t - RA) ch c g i b i

cc b n h tu y n qu n g b s h i n di n c a b nh tu yn v
cc tham s c n th i t kh c ch o h o t n g c a c c my tnh. B
n h tu y n g i nh k th n g i p n y tr n n g k t n i v g i
th n g i p n y b t c khi n o n h n c th n g i p R S t c c
my tnh tro n g n g k t n i.
T m ki m b n h tu y n (Router Discovery) l qu trn h tra o i gi a b

n h tu y n v my tnh tr n m t n g k t n i, tro n g :
Router:
Q u n g b g i tin R A : N h i m v c b n m t b nh tu y n IP v6 th c
h i n tron g N D l g i nh k g i tin RA q u ng b s hi n di n ca
n tr n n g k t n i v c c th ng s kh c. K h o n g th i gia n c ch
g i a h ai th ng i p c c u h n h tr n b n h tu y n . R A c n g
c g i kh i c b t c tn h h u n g c bi t n o x y ra , v d kh i
th n g tin q ua n tr n g n o c a b n h tu yn th a y i n h a ch
c a n .
D u y tr n h n g th ng s c b n ch o m n g : B n h tu y n (ro u te r)
c n g m n h i m vi c d u y tr n h n g th n g s c b n p h c v ch o
h o t n g m n g . N h n g th n g s n y s c th n g b o n h c c
tr n g tron g R A .
N h n v x l th n g i p R S . R o u te r s l ng n g h e th ng i p n y
c a c c my tnh v n u nh n c g i tin n y, n s l p t c g i
R A phc p.
My tnh:
N h n v x l g i tin Q u n g b c a rou te r: My tnh s l n g n g h e

n h n c c th n g i p R A , khi n h n c th ng ip n y, n s :
X c l p n h n g gi tr th ng s h o t ng th e o n h n g gi tr
c g i tro n g c c tr n g c a R A . B a o g m c vi c d u y tr v
c p n h t m t s d liu n h d a n h s ch ti n t a ch, b n h
tu y n m c n h .
N u my tnh m i kh i n g v ch a c g n a ch, n s
th e o n h n g th n g tin h ng d n tro ng R A t n g cu h nh
th n g tin ch o ch nh n : a ch IP , c c tha m s kh c.
T o g i tin D tm router (RS): T ro ng n h n g tr n g h p n h t
n h, my tnh s t o g i tin R S v g i i tr n n g k t n i
c th n h n n g a y R A p h c p m kh n g i th e o n h k.
122
N h q u trn h tra o i n h tr n , n h n g th n g tin sa u li n q u a n n
n g k t n i c thi t l p :
B n h tu y n m c n h ch o c c my tnh tr n n g k t n i. T ro n g
th n g i p R A c tr n g T h i gia n s ng (Router Lifetime), gi tr
c a n x c n h th i gia n b n h tu y n g i R A c th c coi l
b n h tu yn m c n h . T u y n hi n , n u my tnh n h n th y b n h
tu y n kh n g lin l c c (q u a qu y trn h kim tra kh n n g c th
k t n i c t i n o d e l n cn ), n s kh ng s d n g b n h tu y n
lm b nh tu y n m c nh n a , ch o d v n c n th i gian h p l.
My tnh c th n g tin q u y t n h m n h c n s d n g c ch th c
c u h n h IP n h m y ch D H C P v6 h a y t c u h n h a ch. T ro n g
Qu n g b c a ro u ter c th n g tin ch d n ch o my tnh p h n g
th c n h n th n g tin cu h n h a ch.
M t s th a m s m c n h trn n g k t n i, p h c v ch o h o t
n g c a my tnh:
G i tr m c n h c a G i i h n b c (Hop Limit) cho cc gi tin
IPv6.
T h i gia n my tnh th c h i n li q u trn h kim tra kh n n g c
th k t n i c t i n o de l n cn (N UD).
G i tr M T U m c n h c a n g k t ni.
D a n h s ch c c ti n t m n g (p re fix) c a ng k t n i. M i ti n
t m n g s g m c c th n g tin v th i gia n s n g . N u tr n
n g k t n i a n g s d n g p h n g th c t n g c u h nh
kh n g c n m y ch D H C P v6 (g i l c ch th c t n g c u
h n h kh n g tr n g th i), my tnh s s d n g ti n t m n g n h n
c t th n g tin q u n g b c a ro u ter, g n v i n h da n h giao
d i n t n g t o ra t o n n a ch to n c u c a my
tnh.
III.5. T n g cu h n h a ch kh n g trn g thi c a th it b

IPv6
T hi t b IPv4 kh i k t n i v o m n g p h i c c u h n h b n g ta y c c
th n g s a ch, m t n m n g , b nh tu yn m c n h , m y ch t n
m i n . gi m c u h n h th c n g , m y ch D H C P c s d n g c
th c p p h t a ch IP v th n g s ch o th i t b IPv4 kh i n k t n i v o
m n g . a ch IPv6 ti n th m m t b c xa h n khi cho p h p m t node
IPv6 c th t n g c u h n h a ch v c c th a m s h o t n g m
123
kh n g cn s h tr c a m y ch D H C P v6 . D o v y, a ch IPv6 c hai
p h n g th c t n g cu h n h a ch:
S d n g m y ch D H C P v6 cu n g c p a ch v th n g s ch o
cc thi t b IPv6. C ch th c n y t n g t n h vi c s d ng D H C P
c a a ch IPv4. T u y nh i n , vi c h n g d n th it b IPv6 n h n a
ch v th n g s t m y ch D H C P v6 d o ro u te r tr n n g k t n i
q u n g b th n g tin , kh n g p h i th c hi n cu h n h x c n h b n g
ta y n h IPv4. P h n g th c t n g c u h nh n y c g i l t
n g cu h n h c trn g th i statefu l au to co n fig u ratio n . H i n
n a y, c c ti li u tiu ch u n h o cho D H C P v6 c h o n thi n
y .
T hi t b IP v6 t n g c u h n h a ch ch o m n h m kh n g c n s
h tr c a m y ch D H C P v6 . T h i t b th c h i n c u h n h IP b t
u t tr ng th i ch a c th n g tin h tr cu h n h , d o v y p h n g
th c c u h n h n y c g i l t n g cu h n h kh n g trn g
thi stateless au to co n fig u ratio n
G i m t i th iu c u h n h th c n g l m t tro n g n h n g c i m h o n
to n m i v l m t u i m n i b t c a a ch IPv6. K h n n g t n g
c u h n h kh n g tr n g th i c a thi t b IPv6 d a tr n m t s c tn h
m i c a a ch IPv6, b a o g m : kh n n g t t o 6 4 bit nh d a n h gia o
d i n t a ch l p 2 , t t n g t o a ch Link-local, kh n ng tra o
i c a thi t b v i b n h tu yn trn m t n g k t n i n h th t c
ND (Neighbor Discovery) n h n c c th n g tin v tin t a ch m n g
c a n g k t n i v c c th a m s h o t n g kh c.
124
interface Ethernet0
ipv6 address 2001:410:213:1::/64 eui-64
RA
MAC: 00-90-27-17-FC-0F
RS
n h d a n h g ia o d i n :
0290:27FF:FE17:FC0F
H n h 30: T n g c u h n h a ch c a th i t b IP v6
K h n g c n s h tr c a m y ch D H C P , th i t b IP v6 th c h i n c c
b c sa u t n g c u h n h a ch v c c th n g s h o t n g
cho mnh:
B c 1: T o a ch Link-local
a ch Link-local b t u b i 1 0 bit ti n t F E 8 0 ::/1 0 , th e o sa u b i 5 4
bit 0. 64 bit c n li l n h d an h gia o di n (interfa ce ID )
K h i kh i n g , 6 4 bit n h da n h giao di n s c th i t b t n g t o
t a ch l p 2 . B n c th th a m kh o li ch i ti t q u y trn h t o n h
dan h gia o di n tro n g cc m c tr c.
V d c th tro n g hn h 30, t a ch M A C 0 0 -90-27-17-FC-0F, my
tnh s t o c 6 4 bit nh d a nh gia o d i n 02 9 0 :2 7F F :F E 1 7 :F C 0F . T
t o c a ch Link-local FE80::0290:27FF:FE17:FC0F
N g o i ph n g th c t o n h d a nh gia o di n t a ch v t l, 6 4 bit n h
d a n h gia o di n c n c th c g n b n g m t d y s n g u n hin .
B c 2: T h c h in th u t to n kim tra tr n g lp a ch (D A D )
T r c khi th c s s d n g a ch Link-local v a t o c, thit b s
th c h i n q u y trn h ki m tra tr n g l p a ch ch c ch n a ch Linklocal m n h d n h s d n g l d u y n h t tro ng p h m vi n g k t n i
n h m tr n h xu n g t.
125
T h u t to n D A D , n h cp tro ng m c tr c, d a tr n ha i d n g
th n g di p D tm n o d e l n c n (NS) v Q u n g b c a n o d e l n c n
(NA).
B c 3: G n a ch Link-local
S a u kh i g i th ng i p NS, n u th i t b kh n g n h n c th n g i p
N A p h c p , c n g h a ch a c n o d e n o trn n g k t n i s d n g
a ch n y. K hi thit b s g n a ch Link-local cho mn h v l y a
ch n y th c h in gia o ti p v i c c n o d e kh c tr n m n g L A N .
B c 4: L in h v i ro u ter
Trong gi tin Q u n g b ca ro ute r (R A ) d o ro u te r tr n ng k t n i
q u n g b s c c c th n g tin h n g d n thi t b v c ch th c c u h n h
a ch, v tin t m n g c a n g k t n i, v c c th a m s kh c. D o
v y, thi t b s i g i tin n y tron g th n g ip c b n h tu y n g i
m t c ch n h k, h o c s c g n g li n h v i c c b n h tu yn trn
n g k t n i.
li n h v i b n h tu yn (ro u ter), thi t b g i g i tin D tm router
(RS) t i a ch ch m u ltica st m i ro u te r ph m vi lin k - FF02::2. Router
tr n n g k t ni s g i th n g i p q u n g b (RA) p h c p . T ro n g
ch a d li u v ti n t m n g c a n g k t n i v c c th n g s
kh c. N u n g kt n i a ng s d n g ph n g th c c u h n h nh
m y ch D H C P v6 , tro n g q u n g b ca rou te r s kh n g c tin t m n g
v s c th n g tin h n g d n my tnh s d n g m y ch D H C P v6
n h n th n g tin cu h n h.
Trong hnh 30, ro u te r s q u n g b ch o my tnh tin t m n g c a
n g k t n i l 2 0 0 1 :4 1 0 :2 13 :1 ::/64
B c 5: C u h n h a ch v xc lp cc g i tr th n g s h o t n g
T th n g tin n h n c tron g q u n g b R A c a ro u ter, my tnh s c u
h n h a ch v x c l p c c th ng s h o t ng
T th n g tin v ti n t m n g (prefix):
My tnh t o a ch IPv6 to n c u b n g c ch g n ti n t m n g
n y v i 6 4 bit n h da n h gia o di n . c th t n g c u h n h
a ch , ti n t m n g d o ro u ter q u n g b p h i c d i /6 4 .
n g th i my tnh c n g thi t lp gi tr th i g ia n s n g cho a
ch th e o gi tr c tro n g th n g i p q u n g b c a ro u te r.
126
My tnh ng k a ch M ultica st S olicite d N o d e t n g n g
a ch unica st v a t o v i card m n g n h n l u l n g ca
a ch n y.
My tnh x c lp c c gi tr th ng s h o t n g : G i i h n b c
(Hop Limit), th i gian m c n h my tnh th c h in q u y trn h ki m
tra kh n n g c th k t n i c c a c c n ode l n cn , gi tr M T U
c a n g k t n i.
T ro n g tr n g h p c th , n h h nh 30, my tnh s c u h nh c a
ch to n c u IPv6:
a ch IPv6 = T i n t m n g +
2001:410:213:1::90:27FF:FE17:FC0F
n h
danh
gia o
d i n
III.6. n h s li th it b IPv6
n h s li m n g IPv4 l iu n h n g nh q u n tr r t n gi. N nh
h n g t i h o t ng m n g l i v ti u t n nh n l c c u h n h li th ng
tin cho thi t b tr n m n g .
a ch IPv6 c th i t k c m t c ch th c n h s li m n g m t
c ch d d n g h n . M t a ch IPv6 g n ch o n o d e s c h ai tr n g th i,
l c n c s d n g p re ferred v lo i b - d e p re ca te d tu th eo
th i gia n s n g c a a ch . My tnh lu n c g n g s d n g c c a
ch c tr n g th i c n c s d n g . T h i gia n s n g c a a ch c
th it l p t th ng tin q u n g b c a rou te r. D o v y, c c my tnh trn
m n g IPv6 c th c n h s li n h th ng b o c a ro u te r t th i
g ia n h t th i h n c th s d n g ch o m t ti n t m n g (n e tw o rk p re fix).
S a u , ro u te r th n g b o ti n t m n g m i c c my tnh t o li a
ch IP . T r n th c t , c c my tnh c th d u y tr s d n g a ch c
tro n g m t kh o n g th i gia n nh t n h tr c khi x a b h o n to n .
III.7. Q u y trn h tm kim g i tr PathMTU p h c v ch o vic

p h n m n h g i tin IPv6
M n g , q u y m l n h a y n h , b a o g m c c n g k t n i v t l kh c
n h a u . M i ng k t n i c m t g i tr g i i h n v kch th c c c i
c a g i tin m my tnh c th g i tr n n g k t n i, c g i l M T U
(M a xim u m T ra n sm itio n U nit). T ro ng h o t ng c a th h a ch IPv4,
tro n g qu trn h ch u yn ti p g i tin , n u router IPv4 n h n c gi tin
l n h n g i tr M T U c a n g k t n i, ro u ter s th c h i n p h n m n h
g i tin (frag m e n t) th n h n h n g g i tin n h h n . S a u q u trnh tru y n
t i, g i tin c x y d n g li n h n h n g th ng tin tro ng m o u .
127
a ch IPv6 p d n g m t m h n h kh c p h n m n h g i tin . M i b
n h tu y n IP v6 (ro u te r IP v6 ) kh n g tin h nh p h n m n h g i tin, n h
t n g hi u q u , gi m th i gia n x l g i tin . V i c ph n m n h g i tin
c th c h i n ti my tnh n g u n , n i g i g i tin . D o v y, tro n g mo
u c b n IPv6, c c tr ng h tr ch o vi c p h n m n h v k t c u li
g i tin (t n g n g m o u IP v4 ) c b i. N h n g th n g tin tr
g i p ch o vi c ph n m n h v ti to g i tin IPv6 c tron g m t mo
u m r n g c a g i tin IPv6 g i l M o u P h n m n h (Fragment
Header).
G i tr M T U ti thiu m c nh trn ng kt n i IPv6 l 1280 byte. Tuy
n hin , n c ch , g i tin s i q ua n hi u ng k t ni c gi tr
M T U kh c nh a u, vi c ph n m n h g i tin c th c hin ti my tnh
n g u n , kh ng th c hin b i cc rou ter tr n n g tru y n ti. D o v y,
my tnh n gu n cn bit c gi tr M T U n h n h t trn to n b n g
tru y n t ng u n t i ch iu chn h kch th c gi tin ph h p .
C h a i kh i ni m v g i tr M T U tron g IPv6, l :
LinkM T U : L gi tr M T U tr n n g k t ni tr c ti p ca my tnh
PathMTU: L gi tr M T U n h n h t tr n to n b m t n g tru y n
t n g u n t i ch .
My tnh n g u n s s d n g q u y trn h c t n g i T m ki m PathMTU

tm ra g i tr M T U n h n h t tr n n g d n t n g u n n ch . K h i tm
c, n s l u gi gi tr n y s d n g tron g gia o ti p.
Q u y trn h tm ki m PathMTU c th c h i n n h th ng i p Gi tin
q u l n (Packet Too Big) p h n h i t ro u te r.
tm P a th M T U , my tnh n g u n g i g i tin s d n g gi tr M T U m c
n h trn n g k t n i tr c ti p c a m nh. N u tr n n g tru y n,
kch th c gi tin v t q u gi tr M T U c a m t n g k t n i n o ,
ro u te r c a n g k t n i ph i h y b g i tin v g i th ng ip Gi tin
q u l n th n g b o, tro ng g i tin c ch a gi tr M T U c a n g k t n i
m ro u te r p h tr ch . K h i nh n c th n g tin ny, my tnh s s d n g
g i tr M T U n y g i l i g i tin . C nh v y ch o n khi g i tin t i
c ch v my tnh s l u g i li th n g tin v g i tr M T U n h n h t
d n g (P a th M T U ) th c hi n g i l n sau .
128
N gun
ch
T h c h i n p h n
m n h g i tin
MTU = 1500
MTU = 1300
`
MTU = 1500
MTU = 1400
G i g i tin M T U = 1500
IC M P l i: g i tin q u l n / S d n g M T U 1400
C u tr c l i g i tin
b p h n m n h
IC M P l i: g i tin q u l n / S d n g M T U 1300
N h n c g i tin
PathMTU = 1300
N g u n l u tr th n g tin P ath M T U
H n h 31: Q u y trn h th c h i n tm ki m PathMTU
IV. T H T C Q U N L Q U A N H T H N H V I N M U L T IC A S T MLD
IV.1. T n g q u t v th t c M L D
M u ltica st kh n g p h i l m t kh i ni m m i. D c n h gi l h u
ch v c thit k h o n ch n h , cn g ngh m u ltica st kh ng c
tri n kh ai r n g ri tro n g h o t ng Internet IPv4, d o n h i u n g u yn
n h n : m u ltica st kh n g c kch h o t m t c ch m c n h , yu c u r t
n h iu c u h n h th c ng . K hi n h tu y n m u ltica st IPv4 c s d n g ,
th t c h tr m u ltica st q u n l q u a n h th n h vi n n h m m u ltica st
l IGMP. T h t c n y s d n g m t t p h p th n g i p ri n g .
T ro n g h o t ng c a th h a ch IPv6, m u ltica st l b t b u c. M ultica st
trong IPv6 th a y th ch o c ch c n ng b roa d cast (q u n g b ). V i c
broadcast g i tin tro n g m t p h m vi n o t n g n g v i vic g i
th n g tin t i n h m a ch IPv6 m u ltica st m i no d e tro ng ph m vi .
i v i IPv6, m u ltica st s kh n g i h i c u h n h g n u ch th c hi n
tro n g p h m vi m t n g k t n i. C h ng ta c n g th y c c node IPv6
129
th a m g ia c c n h m m u ltica st tr n n g k t n i v g i th n g i p t i
c c a ch m u ltica st m i n o de p h m vi lin k (F F 0 2 ::1 ), a ch m u ltica st
m i ro u te r p h m vi lin k (F F 0 2 ::2 ) khi ti n h n h c c q u y trn h c a th t c
N D . T u y n h i n khi l u l n g m u ltica st c ro u te r chu y n ti p ra
n g o i p h m vi m t n g k t n i th khi c n th m n h n g y u t
p h c v th c th i m u ltica st. l th t c n h tu y n m u ltica st v th t c
h tr , q u n l q u a n h th n h vi n m u ltica st - MLD (Multicast Listener
Discovery).
K h i th c hi n m u ltica st IPv6 ra ng o i p h m vi m t n g k t n i, th
t c th c h i n q u n l q u an h th n h vi n m u ltica st c t n gi M u ltica st
Listener Discovery-M L D . T h t c n y th a y th ch o IG M P c a IPv4. Tuy
n h in , th t c n y c m t i m kh c b i t c b n v i IG M P l n h o t
n g tr n n n c c th n g i p IC M P v6 , ch kh n g nh n g h a t p h p
th n g i p ri n g.
MLD s d n g m t n h m b a th n g i p IC M P v6 . C c th n g ip n y
c tra o i gi a ro u ter v n o de , ch o ph p m t ro u te r kh m p h ra
tr n m i g ia o di n g n tr c ti p v i n n h ng n o d e l th n h vi n c a
m t n h m m u ltica st, s n s n g n h n g i tin c g i t i a ch
m u ltica st (n o d e an g "n g he " l u l ng ), c n g n h n h n g a ch
m u ltica st a ng c c c no d e n y q u a n t m .
T h n g tin n y c cu n g c p b t c khi n o th t c nh tu y n
m u ltica st c kch h o t tr n c c ro u ter, m b o r n g c c g i tin
m u ltica st c tru yn ti n m i n g kt n i n i c n h n g no d e
m u n n h n l u l n g n y.
M L D p h n nh c ch th c c x kh c nh a u ch o b n h tu y n (router)
v cho my tnh n g h e l u l ng m u lticast. N u ti m t a ch
m u ltica st, ro u ter v a n g vai tr ro u ter, b n th n cn g ng h e v m u n
n h n l u l n g ti a ch n y, th ro u te r c n th c h i n c h ai p h n c a
th t c: p h n th t c ch o ro u ter v p h n th t c ch o my tnh n g h e l u
l n g m u ltica st.
R o u te r s d n g M L D tm ra xe m a ch m u ltica st n o c n o de a ng
ch n h n l u l n g trn m i n g k t n i tr c ti p c a n . M i rou te r
d u y tr m t d a n h s ch cho m i n g k t n i, ch a th n g tin v a ch
m u ltica st c n o d e m u n n h n l u l n g trn n g kt n i . M L D
ch tm ra d a n h s ch n h n g a ch m u ltica st m t n h t c m t n o d e
a n g n h n l u l n g , ch kh n g ph i l d a nh s ch n h n g n o d e a n g
n g h e l u l n g t n g n g v i m i a ch m u ltica st.
130
IV.2. B a th n g ip IC M P v6 s d n g tro n g th t c M L D
T h t c M L D s d n g b a th n g i p IC M P v6 sa u y:
T ru y vn i t n g n g h e l u l n g M u lticast
G i tr tr n g D n g IC M P v6 1 3 0 .
T h n g ip T ru y v n i t n g n g h e l u l n g M u ltica st
(Multicast Listener Query) c s d n g b i ro u te r tru y v n v
n h n g n o d e a n g n gh e l u l n g m u ltica st tr n m t n g k t
n i. C ha i d n g th n g i p T ru y v n i t n g n g h e l u l n g
M u ltica st: T ru y v n th n g th ng v T ru y v n g n v i a ch
m u ltica st c th . T ru y v n th ng th ng c s d n g tru y v n
m i n o d e c a m i a ch m u ltica st. T ru y v n g n v i a ch
m u ltica st c th c s d n g tru y v n nh n g n o d e a n g ng h e
m t a ch m u ltica st nh t nh .
Bo co i t n g n g h e l u l n g M u lticast
T h n g i p B o c o i t n g n g h e l u l n g M u ltica st
(Multicast Listener Report) c n o d e a n g ng h e l u l n g ti m t
a ch m u ltica st s d n g b o co rn g m n h a n g s n sn g
n h n l u l ng m u ltica st. T h n g i p n y c n g c s d n g
p tr li th ng i p T ru y v n i t n g n g he l u l ng
M u ltica st ca ro ute r.
K t th c n g h e l u l n g m u lticast
T h n g i p K t th c n g h e l u l n g m u lticast (Multicast Listener
Done) c n o d e a n g n g he l u l ng m u ltica st s d n g th n g
b o r n g n kh n g c n m u n n h n l u l ng c a a ch m u ltica st
c th n o n a .
K h i m t n o d e t b kh n g c n n h n l u l n g c a m t a ch
m u ltica st, n g i m t th n g i p K t th c n g he l u l n g
multicast t i a ch m u ltica st m i ro u te r ph m vi lin k (F F 0 2 ::2 ),
th n g tin m a n g tro n g g i tin l a ch m u ltica st m n khng cn
m u n n g h e l u l n g .
131
V. T H C H N H Q U A N S T G IA O T I P V H O T N G C A
CC NODE IPv6
V.1. C u h n h IPv6 trn b n h tu y n Cisco
T hi t b m n g c a C isco h tr IPv6 t r t s m , tu y n h i n kh n g p h i
m i p h in b n h i u h nh c a b n h tu y n (ro uter) C isco u h
tr IPv6. B n c c th tru y c p w e b site c a C isco ti
http://www.cisco.com ki m tra p h i n b n h i u h n h m n h a n g
s d n g c h tr IPv6 hay khng.
T ro n g h i u h n h c h tr IPv6, nh tu yn IPv6 m c n h c t t
i. kch h o t n h tu y n IPv6, tr c ti n c n kch h o t ch u yn ti p
l u l n g IPv6 trn ro u te r v g n a ch IPv6 ch o c c gia o d i n c a
router.
th c hi n kch h o t n h tu y n IPv6 tr n m t ro u te r C isco , b n c n
th c h i n n h n g th ao t c sau y:
K ch h o t x l IPv6 to n di n (b t b u c).
C u h n h a ch ch o g ia o di n (b t b u c).
K i m tra li h o t ng c a IPv6 v c u h n h a ch (tu ch n ).
C u h n h a ch IPv6 cho b n h tu yn Cisco

M t a ch IPv6 c n p h i c c u h nh tr n gia o di n b n h
tu y n c th chu y n ti p l u l n g tr n g ia o d i n . V i c cu h nh m t
a ch to n c u tr n m t g ia o di n b n h tuy n C isco s t ng c u
h n h a ch IPv6 Link-local v kch h o t IPv6 ch o giao di n . G iao
d i n c c u h n h t n g th a m g ia n h n g n h m m u ltica st b t b u c
sa u y ch o n g k t n i:
Nhm multicast Solicited node F F 0 2 :0 :0 :0 :0 :1 :F F 00 ::/1 04 ch o m i

a ch u nica st v a n yca st c g n cho gia o d i n.
N h m m u ltica st m i n o d e p h m vi lin k F F 02 :0:0 :0 :0 :0:0:1
N h m m u ltica st m i ro u ter p h m vi lin k F F 0 2 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0:0 :2
B n g sa u y gi i thi u m t s l n h c b n kch h o t v cu h n h a
ch IPv6 trn gia o di n b n h tu y n Cisco. T p h p c c l n h l m vi c
v i IPv6 c c b n c th tm ki m tr n w e b site C isco .
132
B n g 12: M t s l n h c u h n h IP v6 tr n b n h tu y n C isco
K ch h o t T h t c IP v6 to n d in
T ro n g ch g lo b a l co n fig
Router(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing
L n h n y s kch h o t ch u y n ti p g i tin
IPv6 unicast
C u h n h a ch IP v6 ch o g iao d in
Router(config)# interface
D n g _ g ia o _ d i n S _ ch _ n h
V o ch c u h n h g ia o d i n
Router(config-if)# ipv6 address

a _ ch _ IP v6 / ch i u _ d i_ ti n _ t [eui64]
L n h n y g n a ch IP v6 to n c u ch o
m t g ia o d i n c a b n h tu y n (ro u te r)
v kch h o t x l IP v6 tr n g ia o d i n .
N u cu i l n h kh n g c t kh a eui-64,
a ch IP v6 tro n g l n h p h i l a ch c
th (1 2 8 b it), ro u te r s g n ch o g ia o d i n
a ch IP v6 to n c u , v i ti n t m n g
(p re fix) tro n g l n h .
K h i t kh a eui-64 c s d n g , ti n t
a ch b t b u c p h i l /6 4 . T ro n g tr n g
h p , a ch IP v6 c g n ch o g ia o
d i n s d a tr n 6 4 b it ti n t a ch
cu n g c p , 6 4 b it n h d a n h g ia o d i n s
c ro u te r t n g x y d n g t a ch
ca rd m n g .
C h : T ro n g tr n g h p s d n g ro u te r
q u n g b th n g tin c c m y tn h tro n g
m n g L A N t n g c u h n h a ch , th
ti n t m n g a ch g n ch o g ia o d i n
ro u te r b t b u c p h i l /6 4 .
Router(config-if)# ipv6 address

a _ ch _ IP v6 {/ch i u _ d i_ ti n _ t |
Link-local}
133
L n h th c h i n g n a ch ch o g ia o d i n
v kch h o t x l IP v6 tr n g ia o d i n .
N u d n g l n h ipv6 address a _ ch _ IP v6
kh n g c t kh a Link-local, l n h s g n
a ch to n c u ch o g ia o d i n v kch h o t
IP v6 . a ch L in k-lo ca l c a g ia o d i n s
c t n g c u h n h
N u d n g l n h ipv6 address c t kh a
Link-local s c u h n h a ch L in k-local
tr n g ia o d i n . a ch L in k-local ny
c s d n g th a y v a ch L in k-local
c t n g c u h n h kh i IP v6 c
kch h o t tr n g ia o d i n .
Router(config-if)# ipv6 unnumbered

D n g _ g ia o _ d i n S _ ch _ n h
X c n h g ia o d i n kh n g n h s v kch
h o t x l IP v6 tr n g ia o d i n . a ch
IP v6 to n c u c a g ia o d i n x c n h b i
D n g _ g ia o _ d i n S _ ch _ n h s c s
d n g ( a ch L in k-lo ca l s t n g t o ra
tr n g ia o d i n kh n g n h s kh i x l
IP v6 c kch h o t)
Router(config-if)# ipv6 enable
T n g t o a ch L in k-local trn giao

d i n v kch h o t x l IP v6 . a ch L in klo ca l n y ch c th c s d n g
g ia o ti p v i c c n o d e tr n c n g m t
n g k t n i.
Quan st cu h n h v th n g tin
N h n g c u h n h i v i IP v6 c th q u a n s t c kh i s d n g l n h :
Router# show running-config
V
Router# show ipv6
access-list - T n g h p a cce ss list.
cef
- C h u y n m ch C E F ch o IP v6 .
interface
- T n h tr n g g ia o d i n v c u h n h .
neighbors - H i n th b n g l u tr th n g tin v n o d e l n c n (n e ig h b o r
cache).
prefix-list - L i t k ti n t a ch (p re fix) IP v6 .
protocols - T h t c n h tu y n IP v6 .
134
route
- H i n th b n g th n g tin n h tu y n .
routers
- H i n th c c b n h tu y n IP v6 n i b .
traffic
- T h n g k l u l n g IP v6 .
tunnel
- T m t t v n g h m IP v6 .
V.2. T h c h n h
M c tiu th c h n h
Q u a n s t h o t ng c a th t c T C P /IP v6 : qu a n s t gia o ti p ca c c
node IPv6, c ch th c t n g cu h n h a ch , q u ng b th n g tin c a
b n h tu y n IPv6.
C h u n b
M n g th c h n h c thit l p nh trong hnh 32. B a o g m m t m y
tnh ci h i u h n h Windows 2 0 0 3 se rver, m t m y tn h c i h iu
hnh Linux Enterprise 3.0 v m t b nh tu y n Cisco 2 6 21 X M , s
d n g h i u h n h c2 6 00 -j1s3-mz.123-9.
Window 2003 servers
Linux Enterprise 3.0
`
K h i th c h i n ch c n n g
b n h tu y n , g n ti n t
2001:dc7::/64
K h i th c h i n ch c n n g
b n h tu y n , g n ti n t
2001:dc8::/64
B n h tu yn C isco
2621XM
FastEthernet 0/0
2001:dc9::/64
H n h 32: M n g th c h n h ch n g 3
135
T m tt
K ch h o t IPv6 trn b n h tu yn C isco b n h tu y n (ro u ter)

q u n g b th n g tin .
Quan st c ch th c c c n od e tr n m t n g k t n i giao ti p v i
nhau. Q ua n s t c c no d e t n g cu h nh t n g a ch. K i m
tra k t n i b n g a ch t ng c u hn h .
K ch h o t ch c n n g ro u te r tr n m y tn h h i u h n h Linux,
Windows 2003 server.
C c b c th c h in
K ch h o t IPv6 tro n g n h n g m y tn h trn m n g L A N
T h c hi n kch h o t th t c IPv6 tr n c c m y tn h tron g m n g L A N .
T t ch c n n g t ng to nh da n h g ia o d i n c a m y tn h ci h
i u h nh Windows. T ha m kh o b i th c h n h ch n g 2 . Ch : ch
kch h o t th t c IPv6. K h ng th c hi n g n a ch b n g ta y. N h v y
n h n g m y tn h tro n g m n g L A N hi n t i ch t n g c u h n h c
a ch Link-local.
K i m tra th n g tin a ch Link-local v ch m c g ia o d i n
ipconfig /all (My c i h i u h nh Windows)
ifconfig (My ci h i u h n h Linux)
K i m tra k t n i tro n g m n g L A N b ng a ch Link-local:
Trn my c i h i u h n h W in d o w s
ping -6 -t a_ch_Linklocal_ca_my_Linux%index_ca_giao_din
T r n m y c i h i u h n h Linu x
ping6 -I eth0 a_ch_Link-local_ca_my_Windows

K i m tra b n g l u tr th n g tin v n od e l n cn (n e ig h b o r ca ch e ):
Trn my c i h i u h n h W in d o w s

show neighbors
Trn my c i h i u hnh Linux
136
ip -6 neigh show dev eth0
B n s th y h ai m y l u tr th n g tin v c c n o d e l n c n (a ch IP ,
a ch M A C ...)
K ch h o t IPv6 v q u n g b th n g tin c a b n h tu yn Cisco.

K i m tra p h i n b n c a h i u h n h
show version
L u : v i p hi n b n p h h p m i c h tr th t c IPv6
T ro n g b i th c h nh n y s d n g c2 6 00 -j1s3-mz.123-9
K i m tra xe m h i u h n h c h tr IPv6 khng
C n v o ch cu h nh v ki m tra xe m c t n ti t p l n h IPv6 hay
khng
V o ch cu h n h v t t n ch o ro u te r l router-ip v6
enable
conf t
hostname router-ipv6
K i m tra xe m c t n t i t p l n h IPv6 hay khng
ipv6 ?
N u l n h kh n g hi n th t p h p c c l n h c a IPv6 th h i u h nh
kh n g h tr th t c IPv6.
Kch h o t x l IPv6 trn router
ipv6 unicast-routing
- kch h o t m t c ch to n d i n th t c
IPv6 trn router Cisco
ip cef
- kch h o t ch c n n g cef trn b n h

tu y n Cisco
ipv6 cef
- kch h o t ch c n n g ce f cho IPv6
T h c h i n m t s l n h qu a n st c u h n h
R a kh i ch c u h n h v th c h i n l n h qua n st thng tin
show ipv6 ?
show ipv6 interface fastethernet 0/0
137
show ipv6 route

C u h n h a ch IPv6 ch o g ia o d i n
K h i c u h n h a ch ch o m t g ia o din rou te r, x l IPv6 tr n ro u te r
s t n g c kch h o t v th e o m c n h , ro u te r s q u n g b th ng
tin q u a gia o di n .
V o ch cu h n h ch o g ia o d i n F a stE th e rn e t 0 /0
conf t
interface fastethernet 0/0
t p re fix ch o ro u te r cisco v h n g d n ch o ro u te r rn g t x y d n g
p h n bit c n l i t a ch M A C
ipv6 address 2001:dc9::/64 eui-64
no shutdown
Sa u khi c g n ti n t m n g , ro u ter s q u n g b th n g tin q u a gia o
d i n F a stE the rn e t 0 /0
Ch : c c my tnh tron g L A N c th t n g c u h n h a ch,
ro u te r tro ng m n g L A N ch c th g n ti n t m n g /64.
T h c h i n m t s l n h qu a n st c u h n h
Ra kh i ch c u h n h v th c h in l n h q ua n s t th n g tin
show ipv6 route
show ipv6 traffics
Q u a n s t qu n g b th n g tin c a ro ute r
B n c th q u an s t ro u te r a n g qu n g b th n g tin b ng c ch b t m t
c a s b t g i tin my tnh ci h i u h n h Lin u x n h n c .
B t m t c a s d n g l n h m i tr n m y c i h i u h n h Linu x v s
d n g tcp du m p b t g i tin
tcpdump -t -n -i eth0 -s 512 -vv ip6 or proto ipv6
B n s q u a n s t th y router-ipv6 an g q u ng b th n g tin v ti n t
m n g v n h n g th a m s kh c ch o c c m y tn h tr n n g k t n i.
Q u a n s t t ng c u h n h a ch , t n g cu h n h tu y n
138
Q u a n s t li c c m y tro n g m n g L A N (Linux, Windows) tr c y ch
c a ch Link-local, b y gi nh n c th n g tin q u n g b c a
ro u te r v t n g c u h nh a ch n n a ch IPv6 to n c u .
Trn my tnh ci h i u h n h W in d o w s
ipconfig
G h i l i a ch IPv6 c a m y tn h c i h i u h n h W in d o w s:
show routes
K h i nh n c th ng tin q u ng b t ro u te r, my s t n g c u h n h
a ch, n g th i tu yn t n g n g ti n t (prefix) a ch q u n g b b i
ro u te r cn g s c t n g thi t l p, s d n g ro ute r qu n g b
thng tin lm gateway m c n h .
Trn my tnh ci h i u h n h Lin u x
ifconfig
ip -6 route show dev eth0
G h i l i a ch IPv6 c a m y tn h c i h i u h n h L in u x:
S d n g ch ng trn h p in g ki m tra k t n i b n g a ch v a t n g to
Q u a n s t l i b n g th n g tin l u tr n od e l n c n .
B n s th y th n g tin v n h n g a ch m i n y tro ng b n g l u tr
th n g tin v n o d e l n c n .
K ch h o t m y tn h ci h iu h n h L in u x, Window th c h in ch c
n n g ro u ter
T ro n g m n g th n g hi m , n u kh n g c thi t b rou te r ch u yn n gh i p
C isco , b n c h o n to n c th s d n g m y tn h (Windows, Linux)
l m ch c n n g ro u ter th a y th . T ro ng p h n th c h n h n y, b n c s
c h n g d n kch h o t ch c n ng n y trn my tnh v quan
s t th y tr n m t m n g L A N IPv6, c th c n h i u rou te r, q u n g b
n h iu ti n t m n g kh c nh a u v m t g ia o d in c a m t thit b IPv6 c
th m t l c c c u h n h n hiu a ch.
K ch h o t ch c n n g ro u ter c a m y c i h i u h n h W in d o w s.
K ch h o t ch c n ng ch u y n ti p g i tin v qu n g b th ng tin tr n g ia o
d i n v t l L o ca l A re a C o n n e ctio n
139

set interface "Local Area Connection"
forwarding=enabled advertise=enabled
store=active
G n ti n t m n g (p re fix) ch o g ia o d i n , t o tu y n v x c n h qu n g
b th n g tin qu a g ia o d i n :
add route 2001:dc8::/64 Local Area Connection
publish=yes
K ch h o t ch c n n g ro u ter c a m y c i h i u h n h L in u x
m y tn h c i h i u h n h Linux c th th c h i n ch c n ng ch u y n
ti p g i tin v q u n g b th n g tin c a router IPv6, c n ci t g i tin
ra d vd v s a i th n g tin c u h nh c n th i t (trong file c u h n h
/etc/radvd.conf)
C i t g i tin ra d vd -0.7.2-9.i386.rpm
B n c c th d o w n loa d g i tin ti w e b site www.rpmfind.net v l u
v o m t th m c tr n m y c i h i u h nh L in u x. C h u y n n th
m c l u tr g i tin v th c hi n l nh ci t:
rpm Uvh radvd-0.7.2-9.i386.rpm
K ch h o t ch c n n g ch u y n ti p IPv6 v debug
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1
h o c s a b n g ta y (s d ng vi) file
/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding. t g i tr l 1
radvd --debug 0
S a i file c u h n h c a ra d vd ro u te r qu n g b n g pre fix c n
th i t.
C ch th c c x c a ro u te r, th n g tin q u ng b c c u h n h tro n g
file cu h n h c a ra d vd (/etc/radvd.conf)
vi /etc/radvd.conf
C u h n h pre fix c n th i t (2001:dc7::/64) th ay th cho prefix 3FFE::/64
m c n h
K ch h o t rad vd
/etc/init.d/radvd start
140
Q u an st li th n g tin cu h n h c a cc m y tn h
T i n h n h q u an s t li th ng tin c u h n h c a c c m y tn h tro n g m n g
LAN th n g hi m , b n s th y gia o d i n vt l c a c c m y n g th i
c g n n hiu a ch t n g t o ra t n g n g c c tin t m n g
q u n g b b i rou te r v t n g t o c c tu y n (route) t n g n g cc
ti n t m n g c q u ng b b i c c rou te r tro n g m n g L A N .
141
H i p
T h t c IC M P v6
1. B n ch o bi t ha i lo i th n g i p IC M P v6 ?
T r l i:
C c th n g ip IC M P v6 c p h n chia l m h a i lo i: T h n g ip
l i v T h n g ip th n g tin . C c th n g i p li c s d ng
b o l i tro n g q u trn h ch u yn ti p v p h n p h i g i tin IP v6 , th c
h i n b i n o de ch ho c ro u te r tr n n g tu y n d n . T h ng i p
th n g tin IC M P v6 c s d n g cu n g c p ch c n n g ch n o n
v n h n g ch c n ng m r n g kh c, p h c v ch o c c q u y trn h h o t
n g c a a ch IP v6 .
2. T i sa o n i IC M P v6 cu n g c p c c u h o t n g ch o ha i th t c
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) v Neighbor Discovery (ND)?
T r l i:
T h t c IP p hin b n 6 th c h in ti u ch u n h o v t h p n hi u
ch c n n g , qu y trn h ri n g bi t ca gia o tip gi a c c no d e tr n
m t n g k t n i. C c q u y trn h , th t c n y u s d n g th ng
i p IC M P v6 . Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) - T h t c q u n l
q u a n h th n h vi n m u ltica st, p h c v ch o n h tu y n m u ltica st v
Neighbor Discovery (ND) th t c m n h i m th c th i g ia o ti p
g i a c c n o d e tro n g m t n g k t n i u s d n g th n g i p
ICMPv6. Do v y n i IC M P v6 cu n g cp c c u h o t n g cho h ai
th t c n y.
3. n h d a n h c c d n g g i tin IC M P v6 , n g i ta s d n g n h n g
tr n g th ng tin n o tron g p h n m o u IC M P v6 ?
T r l i:
P h n m o u IC M P v6 c h a i tr n g ph c v p h n loi c c d n g
gi tin IPMP v6 . l tr n g D n g (T yp e ) 8 b it v tr n g M
(Code) 8 bit.
142
T h t c N D
1. T h t c N D s d n g n h n g lo i th n g i p IC M P v6 n o ?
T r l i:
T ro n g c c q u y trn h gia o ti p th t c N D p h tr ch , s d n g n m
lo i th n g i p IC M P v6 sa u y:
D tm router (Router Solicitation).
Q u n g b c a ro u te r (R o u ter A d ve rtise m e n t).
D tm n o d e l n cn (N eig hb o r S olicita tion ).
Q u n g b c a n od e l n c n (N eigh b o r A d vertise m e n t).
Li (Redirect).
2. H y n u khi q u t ch c n ng c a th t c N e igh b o r D isco ve ry

(ND)?
T r l i:
Ne ig hb o r D isco ve ry (N D ) l th t c m i tro n g IP v6 . T ro n g h o t
n g c a a ch IP v6 , gia o ti p gi a c c n o d e tr n cn g m t
n g k t n i l v cn g qu a n tr n g. T h t c N D m n h i m
n h n g q u y trn h g ia o tip g i a c c n o d e trn m t n g k t n i
(g i l c c n o de l n c n ): my tnh v i my tnh, my tnh v i
ro u te r. N h v y, m t node IPv6 kh m p h ra c c n o d e l n c n,
n h n g th n g tin v ch n g v n h n g th n g s q u a n tr n g kh c p h c
v ch o gia o tip . N D c n m n h i m n h n g ch c n n g nh p h n
g ii a ch, th a m s g iao ti p , t n g c u hn h a ch v m t s
q u y trn h kh c n a .
3. N u m t ro u te r IP v6 m u n q u ng b s hi n di n c a m n h v
th n g b o cho c c n o d e kh c tr n cn g ng k t n i c c th a m s
h o t ng , n s g i i th n g i p IC M P v6 n o ?
T r l i:
T ro n g s n h n g th ng ip IC M P v6 s d n g tro n g th t c N D ,
th n g i p Q u n g b c a ro ute r (R A ) c m t va i tr c bi t.
R o u te r IP v6 s n h k g i g i tin R A t i a ch ch m u ltica st m i
n o d e ph m vi lin k (F F 0 2 ::1 ) n h m th n g b o s h in di n c a m nh
v th n g b o ch o c c n o de kh c tr n n g k t n i n h n g tha m s
c n thi t cho h o t n g g ia o ti p .
143
M t s q u y trn h h o t n g c b n c a IP v6
1. T i sa o n i q u y trn h p h n gii a ch c a a ch IP v6 c u i m
so v i a ch IP v4 ?
T r l i:
Quy trn h ph n gii a ch, m c ch m t n o d e c th tm c
a ch l p 2 t n g n g a ch IP d i n ra r t th n g xu y n tr n
m t n g k t n i. K h i m t node IPv6 th c h i n q u y trn h n y, n
kh n g th c hi n g i g i tin tru y v n t i m i n od e tr n n g k t n i
b n g a ch m u ltica st m i n o d e p h m vi lin k (F F 02 ::1 ), m ch g i
t i a ch M u ltica st S o licited N o d e t n g n g a ch un ica st c n
p h n gii. D o v y ch c n o d e c a ch an g c n p h n gii p h i x
l g i tin . i u n y l m t u i m so v i a ch IP v4 .
2. K h i m t th i t b IP v6 m u n ki m tra tr n g l p a ch, n s s d n g
a ch n o l m a ch n g u n tro ng g i tin tru y v n ?
T r l i:
T hi t b s s d n g a ch c bi t :: th hi n r n g h i n ti n
ch a c g n a ch.
3. Ro u te r IP v6 n g o i ch c n ng ch u y n ti p g i tin ch o c c my tnh,
c n th c hi n ch c n ng n o kh c so v i ro u te r IP v4 ?
T r l i:
N g o i ch c n n g chu y n ti p g i tin cho my tnh IPv6, Router
IPv6 c n th c h i n m t ch c n n g v c n g q u a n tr n g tro n g h o t
n g c a th h a ch IP v6 , l q u n g b s h i n di n c a m n h
v q u n g b n h n g th n g tin , th a m s h tr h o t n g c a my
tnh IP v6 q u a vi c n h k g i g i tin Q u ng b c a ro u ter (R o u ter
Advertisement - R A ) v v g i R A p tr kh i n h n c th n g
i p D tm ro u te r (R o u ter S olicita tio n - R S ) t c c my tnh. Chnh
n h s q u n g b c a ro ute r, my tnh IP v6 c th c u h nh a ch
v n h n c c c th a m s ch o h o t n g giao ti p .
CHNG 4
C NG NG H CHU YN I
G IA O T I P IPV6 IPV4
Thay th ch u y n i m t g ia o th c Internet kh n g p h i i u d d n g.
T ro n g lch s h o t n g Internet to n c u , a ch IPv6 kh n g th t c
kh c th a y th IPv4 tro n g th i gia n n g n. y p h i l q u trnh d n d n .
T h h a ch IPv6 p h t tri n khi IPv4 h o n th in v h o t n g tr n
m n g l i r ng kh p to n cu . Tro n g th i gia n u ph t trin , k t ni
IPv6 c n th c hin tr n c s h t ng m n g l i IPv4. M n g IPv6 v
IPv4 s c n g so n g so n g t n t i tro n g th i gia n d i, th m ch m i m i.
T ro n g p h n n i d u n g n y, b n c s tm h i u c c c n g n g h ch u y n
i IPv6 IPv4 v th c hi n m t b i th c h n h thi t l p v s d n g
d ch v to n g h m (tunnel) m i n ph hi n a n g c cu ng c p
trn Internet c c a ch IPv6 s d n g tron g m n g L a b c n g
n h k t n i c m n g L a b c a m n h t i Internet IPv6 v n h n g m n g
IPv6 kh c, s d n g kt n i Internet IPv4.
C h n g 4 c c c ni d u n g ch n h sa u :
T n g qu a n v c n g n gh ch u y n i IPv6 - IPv4.
M t s c n g n g h t o ng h m (tunnel).
T h c h n h th i t l p v s d n g Tunnel.
146
I. T N G Q U A N V C N G N G H C H U Y N I IPV6 - IPV4
C h u y n i s d n g t th t c IPv4 sa ng th t c IPv6 kh n g p h i l
m t i u d d n g. T ro ng tr n g h p th t c IPv6 c ti u ch u n
h a h o n thi n v h o t ng t t, vi c ch u y n i c th c th c y
th c h i n tro ng m t th i g ia n n h t n h i v i m t m n g n h , m n g
c a m t t ch c. T u y n h i n kh c th th c h i n n g a y c i v i
m t m n g l n . i v i Internet to n c u , c th n i l kh n g th . T h
t c IPv6 p h t tri n khi IPv4 c s d n g r n g ri, m n g l i IPv4
Internet h o n thi n , ho t n g d a trn th t c n y. Trong qu trnh
tri n kh ai th h a ch IPv6 tr n m n g Internet, kh n g th c m t th i
i m n h t n h m t i , a ch IPv4 c h y b , th a y th hon ton
b i th h a ch m i IPv6. H ai th h m n g IPv4, IPv6 s c n g t n ti
tro n g m t th i gia n r t d i. T ro n g q u trn h ph t trin , c c k t n i IPv6
s t n d n g c s h t ng s n c c a IPv4.
D o v y c n c n h n g c n g n g h p h c v ch o vi c ch u yn i t a
ch IPv4 sa n g a ch IPv6. N h n g c n g n g h ch u y n i ny, c b n
c th p h n th n h b a loi n h sa u :
Dual-stack: Cho php IPv4 v IPv6 cng h o t n g tro n g m t th i t

b m n g .
C n g n g h n g h m (T u n n el): C n g n gh s d n g c s h
t n g m n g IPv4 tru yn ti g i tin IPv6, p h c v ch o k t n i IPv6.
C n g n g h bi n dch : T h c ch t l m t d n g th c c n g n g h NAT,
ch o p h p thit b ch h tr IPv6 c th giao ti p v i thi t b ch h
tr IPv4.
I.1. Dual-stack
Dual-sta ck l h n h th c th c th i T C P /IP b a o g m c t n g IP c a IPv4
v t n g IP c a IPv6.
n g d n g h tr d u al-sta ck s h o t n g c c v i a ch IP v4 v
a ch IP v6 . V i c l a ch n a ch c th d a tr n k t q u tr v c a
tru y v n D N S . T h n g th n g , a ch IP v6 tro n g k t qu tr v c a
D N S s c l a ch n so v i a ch IP v4 .
V n g d n g hi n na y h o t n g d u al-stack, c th l y v d : h i u
h n h W in d o w s X P , W ind o w s 2 0 0 3 , h i u h n h c a thi t b n h tu y n
Cisco.
C h n g 4: C n g n g h chu y n i g ia o ti p IPv6 - IPv4
147
T ng ng dng
T n g tru y n t i (TCP/UDP)
IPv6
IPv4
T n g g ia o d i n v t l
H n h 33: Dual-stack
Dual-stack trong h iu h n h Windows

T h c t , th t c IPv6 trong h iu h n h Windows ch a p h i l d ua lsta ck n g n g h a . D rive r c a th t c IP v6 (T cp ip 6.sys) ch a h ai th c
th i t ch bi t c a T C P , U D P.
T ng ng dng
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
IPv6
IPv4
T n g g ia o d i n v t l
H n h 34: Dual-sta ck tro n g h i u h n h W in d o w s
Dual-stack trong h iu h n h Cisco

K h i n g i q u n tr m n g c u h n h n g th i c h a i d ng a ch ch o
m t g ia o d i n tr n b n h tu y n C isco , n s h o t ng d u al-stack.
router#
interface Ethernet0
ip address 192.168.99.1 255.255.255.0
ipv6 address 2001:410:213:1::/64 eui-64
B n h tu y n C isco
Dual-stack
Telnet, Ping, Traceroute, SSh, DNS client, TFTP
H n h 35: Dual-sta ck tro n g h i u h n h C isco
148
I.2. C n g n g h n g h m
a ch IPv6 p h t tri n khi Internet IPv4 s d n g r n g ri v c m t
m n g l i to n c u . T ro n g th i i m r t d i b a n u , c c m n g IPv6
s ch l n h n g c o , th m ch l n h n g my tnh ri n g bi t tr n c
m t m n g l i IPv4 r n g l n . L m th n o n h n g m n g IPv6, hay
th m ch n h n g my tnh IPv6 ri n g b i t n y c th k t n i v i n h au ,
h o c k t n i v i m n g Internet IPv6 khi chng ch c n g k t n i
IPv4. S d n g c s h t n g m n g IPv4 k t n i IPv6 l m c ti u
c a c n g ng h n g h m .
C n g n g h n g h m l m t p h n g p h p s d n g c s h t n g
s n c c a m n g IPv4 th c hi n c c kt n i IPv6 b n g c ch s
d n g c c th i t b m n g c kh n n g h o t n g d u a l-sta ck ti h ai i m
u v cu i n h t nh . C c thi t b n y b c g i tin IPv6 trong gi tin c
m o u IPv4 v tru yn ti i tron g m n g IPv4 ti i m u v g b
m o u IP v4 , n h n li g i tin IPv6 b a n u t i i m ch cu i n g
tru y n IPv4.
My tnh IPv6
M o u
IPv6
D li u
IPv6
M o u
IPv6
IPv4
M ng
IPv6
B n h tu y n
Dual-stack
D li u
IPv6
M ng
IPv6
B n h tu y n
Dual-stack
My tnh IPv6
n g h m : B c g i tin IP v6 trong gi tin IPv4

M o u
IPv4
M o u
IPv6
D li u
IPv6
H n h 36: C n g n g h n g h m - Tunnel
G i tr c a tr n g Th t c (Protocol) trong m o u IP v4 lu n c
x c l p c g i tr 4 1 x c n h y l g i tin IPv6 c b c tro n g g i
tin IPv4. D o v y, c c g i tin c th tru y n i tr n c s h t ng
m n g IPv4, n u tr n n g k t n i c s d n g t n g l a (firewall),
t n g l a n y cn p h i c thi t l p ch o p h p g i tin c g i tr
tr n g P ro to col 4 1 i qu a .
i m k t th c n g h m c th c x c n h ti my tnh (host)
h o c b nh tu yn (router) t o n n k t n i n h sa u :
Router-t i-Router
Host-t i-R o ute r ho c R o u ter-t i-Host
Host-t i-Host
149
V i nh i u c n g n g h t o n g h m khc nhau, cc my tnh IPv6,

h a y m n g IPv6 rin g bit hi n n a y trn Internet u c th c kt n i
IPv6, v k t n i v o m n g Internet IPv6 th n g h i m , tm h i u , trao
i th n g tin . T t n hi n c c my tnh v m n g n y ph i c k t n i
Internet IPv4 v l a ch n m t c n g n g h n g h m p h h p .
M t s c n g n g h n g h m s c m t c th tro ng cc m c
ti p th e o gip b n c c th h nh d u n g v l a ch n c n g n gh p h
h p v i m c ch v n h u cu c a m n h .
I.2.1. Phn lo i c n g n g h n g h m
T y th eo c n g n g h n g h m , c c i m b t u v k t th c n g
h m c th c c u h n h b n g ta y b i n g i q u n tr, h o c c t
n g su y ra t a ch n g u n v a ch ch c a g i tin IPv6, n g
h m s c d n g k t n i i m - i m h a y i m a i m . D a th e o
c ch th c thi t l p i m u v cu i n g h m , c n g n g h n g
h m c th p h n th n h h ai lo i: tu nn e l b n g ta y (configured) v tunnel
t n g (automatic).
T u n n el b n g tay
T u n n el b n g ta y l h n h th c t o n g h m k t n i IPv6 tr n c s h
t n g m n g IPv4, tro n g i h i p h i c c u h n h b ng ta y ti cc
i m k t th c n g h m . Trong n g h m c u h n h b n g ta y, c c
i m k t cu i n g h m n y s kh ng c su y ra t c c a ch
n m tro n g a ch n g u n v a ch ch ca g i tin IPv6.
T u n n el t n g
T u n n el t n g l c n g n g h t o n g h m tro n g kh n g i h i
c u h nh a ch IPv4 c a i m b t u v k t th c n g h m b n g
ta y. a ch IPv4 c a i m b t u v k t th c n g h m c suy ra
t a ch n g u n v a ch ch c a g i tin IPv6.
I.2.2. N g u yn tc h o t n g c a vic to n g h m
N g u y n t c c a vi c t o n g h m tro n g cn g n g h n g h m n h
sau:
X c n h thi t b k t n i ti c c i m u v cu i n g h m . H a i
th it b n y p h i c kh n ng h o t n g d u al-stack.
150
T r n h ai thit b m n g (c k t n i Internet IPv4) t i u v cu i

n g h m , th i t lp m t g ia o di n tu n n el (g ia o d i n o , kh n g
p h i gia o di n v t l) d n h ch o n h n g g i tin IPv6 s c b c
trong gi tin IPv4 i qu a .
X c nh a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6 ti n gu n v ch c a gia o

d i n tu n n el. G n a ch IPv6 ch o gia o di n tun n e l.
T o tuy n (route) c c gi tin IPv6 i qua giao din tunn el. T i ,

chng c bc tro ng gi tin IPv4 c gi tr tr ng P rotocol 41 v
chuyn i d a trn c s h tng m ng IPv4 v nh nh tuyn IPv4.
I.3. C n g n g h ch u yn i
C n g n g h ch u y n i th c ch t l m t d n g c n g ng h N A T , th c
h i n bi n dch a ch v d n g th c c a m o u , cho php thi t b ch
h tr IPv6 c th n i ch u y n v i thi t b ch h tr IPv4. C n g n gh
p h bi n c s d n g l N A T -P T . T hi t b cu n g c p d ch v N A T -PT
s b i n dch li m o u v a ch ch o p h p m n g IPv6 n i ch u y n v i
m n g IPv4.
LAN
IPv6
`
C u h n h N A T -P T tr n b
n h tu y n C isco 2 LAN
n i ch u y n c v i n h a u
LAN
IPv4
H n h 37: C n g n g h b i n d ch N A T -PT
II. M T S C N G N G H T O N G H M
II.1. C u h n h b n g tay n g h m
151
y l h n h th c t o ng h m c p d n g khi m u n c m t k t
n i n n h, ri n g bi t, th n g gi a h ai m n g IPv6, c k t n i IPv4
thng qua hai b n h tu y n (ro u ter) bin . N u h ai rou te r b i n n y c
kh n n g h o t n g dual-stack, ng i ta c th c u h n h b n g ta y m t
n g h m (tu n n el) gi a hai router bin n hm k t n i h ai m n g IPv6
s d n g c s h t ng m n g IPv4. n g h m b n g ta y c n g c
s d n g c u h n h gi a rou te r v my tnh n h m k t n i m t my
tnh IPv6 vo m t m n g IPv6 t xa . C u h n h b n g ta y n g h m
g i a my tnh v router c p d n g tro ng c n g n gh T u n n el B ro ke r,
c p chi tit ti m c sa u .
T r n h ai thi t b ti hai i m b t u v k t th c n g h m , n g i
q u n tr s c u h n h b ng ta y giao di n tu nn e l; a ch IPv4, a ch
IPv6 g n ch o g ia o di n tun n el ti c c thi t b c c u h n h b n g ta y
cn g v i tu yn (ro u te) c c l u l n g IPv6 i qu a gia o di n tun n el.
n g h m c u h n h b n g ta y t n g ng v i m t n g k t n i
IPv6 o vn h vi n gi a h a i m i n IPv6 tr n c s h t n g m n g IPv4,
ch o m t k t n i n n h , ri n g bi t gi a h ai i m x c n h . D n g k t n i
n g h m n y l k t n i i m i m . T u y n h i n, n i h i c u hn h ,
q u n tr th c n g. N u m u n k t n i t i n hiu i m , s p h i t o nh i u
c p gia o din tu n ne l v n hiu n g h m .
T ro n g tr n g h p m t t ch c c h a i p h n m n g IPv6 t i h a i v n g a
l v ch c c s h t n g IPv4 gi a h ai ph n m n g n y. K hi , k t
n i h ai ph n m n g IPv6, t o m t n g h m c u h n h b n g ta y gi a
hai router bin ca h a i ph n m n g c th l s l a ch n t t n h t c
m t k t n i n nh .
II.2. Tunnel Broker

Tro n g th i i m b a n u tri n kh ai IPv6 hin n a y, vi c chia s th n g
tin , c n g nh h tr , k t n i v i nh a u l r t qu a n trn g . N hi u t ch c
l n , IS P l n c kh n n g x y d n g n g tru y n IPv6, k t n i v i
n h a u v v i n h n g m n g IPv6 l n , h n h th n h n n Internet IPv6 ton
c u . N hi u t ch c, h a y c n h n kh c kh ng c c n h n g ng
tru y n th u n IPv6 n h v y. h tr v k t n i IPv6, trn Internet hi n
n a y c nh i u t ch c n g ra l m tru n g gian , ch o p h p c c t ch c, c
n h n kh c thi t l p n g h m IPv6 tr n c s h tn g m n g IPv4 t i
m n g c a t ch c tru n g g ia n , t k t n i t i c Internet IPv6 ho c
c c m n g IPv6 kh c m m n g l i c a t ch c tru n g g ia n c n i t i.
M t tro n g n h n g cn g ng h c s d n g th c hi n i u n y l
Tunnel Broker.
152
Tunnel B ro ke r l h n h th c t o n g h m , tro n g m t t ch c n g
ra l m tru n g g ia n , cun g c p k t n i t i Internet IPv6 ch o n h n g th nh
vi n n g k s d n g dch v T un n el B ro ker do t ch c cu n g cp .
T ch c cu n g c p dch v T u n n el B ro ker c v n g a ch IPv6 c l p ,
to n c u , xin c p t c c t ch c q u n l a ch IP qu c t , m n g IPv6
c a t ch c cu n g c p T u nn el B ro ker c k t n i t i Internet IPv6 v
n h n g m n g IPv6 kh c. N g i s d n g s c cu n g c p th n g tin
th it l p n g h m t my tnh h o c m n g c a m n h n m n g c a
t ch c d u y tr T u n ne l B ro ke r v d ng m n g n y n h m t tru n g g ian
k t n i t i c c m n g IPv6 khc. C n g n g h t o n g h m tro n g
T u n n el B ro ke r l t o n g h m b n g ta y.
My tnh
IPv6
Internet IPv4
M n g c a t ch c
cu n g c p d ch v
Tunnel Broker
K tni
th u n IP v6
Internet IPv6
ng
h m
H n h 38: K t n i IP v6 v i T u n n e l B ro ke r
T ch c d u y tr T un n el B ro ker s cun g c p cho n g i s d n g :
M t v n g a ch IPv6 t kh n g g ian a ch IPv6 c a n h cu n g c p

d ch v Tun n el bro ke r, th o m n n h u c u c a n g i s d ng .
C h u y n g ia o ch o n g i s d n g m t t n m i n c p d i kh n g
g ia n t n m i n c a n h cu n g c p d ch v T u n n e l B ro ke r. y l t n
m i n h p l to n c u , th n h vi n c a T u nn e l B ro ke r c th s
d n g t n m i n n y th i t l p website IPv6 ch o p h p n h n g m n g
IPv6 c k t n i t i m n g c a n h cu n g c p d ch v T u n n e l B ro ke r
tru y c p t i
Cc th n g tin v h n g d n ng i s d ng th i t l p ng h m
(tu n n el) n m n g c a t ch c cun g c p T u nn e l B ro ke r.
II.2.1. M hnh Tunnel Broker

M h n h c a m t T u n n el B ro ker n h trong hnh 39.
M n g IP v6 c a
t ch c cu n g cp
d ch v T u n n el B ro ker
153
M y ch
ng hm
N g i s d n g
Node
Dual-stack
Internet
IPv4
Tunnel
Broker
M y ch
ng hm
Internet
IPv6
M y ch
ng hm
DNS
`
n g h m
H n h 39: M h n h c a T u n n e l B ro ke r
Tron g :
Tunnel Broker: l nh n g m y ch d ch v lm n h i m v q u n l th ng
tin n g k, ch o p h p s d n g dch v , q u n l vi c t o n g h m ,
th a y i th n g tin n g h m c n g nh xo n g h m . T ro n g h
th n g dch v T un n el B ro ke r c a nh cu n g cp , m y ch Tunnel Broker
s li n l c v i T u n n el S erve r (th c ch t l c c b n h tu y n dualstack) v m y ch t n m i n c a n h cu n g c p T u n n el B ro ke r thi t
l p n g h m p h a n h cu ng c p dch v v t o b n g hi t n m i n ch o
n g i n g k s d ng dch v T u n nel B roker.
N g i s d n g th n g q u a m n g Internet IPv4 s tru y c p m y ch
T u n n el B ro ker v ng k ti kh o n s d ng d ch v T u n nel B ro ke r
thng qua m u n g k d i d n g Web.
M y ch n g h m (Tunnel Server): T h c ch t l c c b n h
tu y n dual-stack lm nhi m v cu n g c p kt n i n g i n g k s
d n g dch v k t n i t i tru y c p v o m n g IPv6 c a t ch c cu ng
c p T un n el B ro ke r. C c b n h tu y n n y l i m k t th c n g h m
p h a n h cu ng c p dch v T un n el B ro ker. T un n e l S erve r n h n y u c u
t m y ch T u n n e l B ro ke r v t o , ho c xo n g h m pha nh cung
c p T u nn el B ro ker.
154
II.2.2. L in h g i a n g i s d n g v t ch c cu n g cp T u n n el B roker
n g k s d n g ch v T u n n el B ro ker
N u n g i s d n g ch m u n k t n i m t my tnh v o m n g IPv6 c a
nh cu n g c p Tunnel Broker, s c c p m t a ch (/1 2 8). N u
n g i s d n g m u n th i t l p v k t n i m t m n g th s c c p ch o
m t v n g a ch th eo n h u c u (th n g l tin t m n g /64 n u m n g
IPv6 c a t ch c ch c m t m n g co n d u y n h t h o c ti n t m n g /48
n u m n g IPv6 c a t ch c c n nh i u h n m t m n g co n )
T h it lp n g h m p h a n h cu n g cp d ch v T u n n el B ro ker
K h i n h n c th n g tin n g k v ch p n h n y u c u , m y ch
T u n n el B ro ker s li n h v i T u n n el S e rver, m y ch t n m i n c a n h
cun g c p dch v T u n n el B ro ke r thi t l p n g h m p h a n h cu n g
c p T u n n el B ro ke r v t o b n g hi tn m i n r i g i c c th ng tin c n
th it p h c v ch o n g i s d n g t o n g h m p h a n g i s d n g
(th n g q u a e m a il, h o c w e b fo rm ).
T h n g tin c g i t i n g i s d n g th n g b a o g m :
a ch IPv4 p ha clie n t (n g i s d n g , a ch n y d o ng i s
d n g cu n g c p cho Tunnel Broker khi n g k). y s l a ch
IPv4 c a u ng h m p h a n g i s d n g .
a ch IPv4 p h a serve r (a ch IPv4 c a m t b n h tu y n dualstack c a nh cun g c p T un nel Broker). y l a ch IPv4 c a

u n g h m p h a n h cu n g cp dch v Tunnel Broker.
a ch IPv6 p h a clie n t. y l a ch IPv6 thu c v n g a ch IPv6

c a n h cu n g c p dch v T u n n el B ro ke r c p ch o n g i n g k
s d n g ch o m n g IPv6 v cho k t n i.
a ch IPv6 p h a se rver. y l a ch IPv6 c a b n h tu y n

dual-stack c a nh cu n g c p T u n n el B ro ke r, l a ch IPv6 c a
n g h m p h a n h cu n g c p dch v .
T n m i n n h cu n g c p T u n n el B ro ker c p ch o n g i s d n g .
y l t n m i n h p l to n cu , n g k tr n m y ch t n m i n
c a n h cun g c p dch v T u n n el B ro ke r.
T h it lp n g h m p h a n g i s d n g
D a tr n n h n g th n g tin n h n c, n g i s d n g s c u h n h b n g
tay trn my tnh ho c b nh tu y n (ro u te r) c a m n h n g h m k t
n i t i m n g c a n h cu n g c p dch v T unnel Bro ke r. y l ng
155
h m c u h n h b n g ta y. T rn c c h i u h n h kh c nh a u , tp h p
l n h c u h n h n g h m b n g ta y s kh c n h a u .
T ro n g n hiu tr ng h p , t ch c cu ng cp dch v T u n n el B ro ker x y
d n g c c ch n g trnh gi p n g i s d ng kh n g p h i tr c ti p g
l n h thi t l p ng h m m ch vi c ci t ch n g trnh v gia o
ti p v i ch n g trn h qu a gia o di n .
II.2.3. M t s t ch c cu n g cp d ch v T un n el B ro ker
H i n n a y tr n to n cu , c r t nhi u t ch c cu n g c p dch v T un n el
B ro ke r m i n p h . B n c th tha m kh o d a n h s ch sa u y v n g k
s d n g dch v ng h m c a cc t ch c n y:
http://www.ipv6tf.org
http://tunnelbroker.ipv6.net.au
(c)
http://tunnel.be.wanadoo.com
(B )
http://www.hexago.com/
(Canada)
http://tb.6test.edu.cn/
(T run g Q u c)
http://tunnelbroker.ipv6.estpak.ee/
(Estonia)
http://tb.ngnet.it
(Italia)
http://www.iij.ad.jp/en/IPv6/zikken-e.html
(N h t B n )
http://tbroker.manis.net.my/
(Malaysia)
http://www.sixxs.net/
(H Lan)
http://www.uninett.no/
(Na Uy)
http://tb.ptin.euro6ix.org/
(T h N h K )
http://tunnel-broker.singnet.com.sg/
(Singapore)
http://www.xs26.net
(Slovakia)
http://tunnelbroker.as8758.net/
(T h y S )
http://tb.ipv6.chttl.com.tw/
( i L o a n )
http://tb.ipv6.btexact.com
(Anh)
http://tunnelbroker.net
(M )
II.3. C n g n g h n g h m 6to4
6to4 l cng ngh s d n g a ch IPv4 to n c u t o ra c c kh i a ch
IPv6 ri ng , kh c bi t v i a ch IPv6 c p b i c c t ch c q u n l ti
156
n g u y n q u c t (th ng c g i l a ch th u n IPv6). N h n g kh i
a ch t o n n t IPv4 ny s dng cho cc m n g IPv6 6to4, n g th i
th it l p n g h m t n g k t n i c c m n g n y, coi c s h t n g
IPv4 n h m t m i tr n g k t n i v t l o .
IA N A c p ri n g m t ti n t a ch 2 0 02 ::/1 6 th u c v n g a ch n h
d a n h to n c u d n h ch o cn g n g h 6 to 4 . T i n t a ch n y s k t h p
v i m t a ch IPv4 to n c u to n n m t kh i a ch IPv6, c
g i l a ch 6 to 4 . C c m n g , th i t b IPv6 s d n g d ng a ch n y
c g i t n l m n g IPv6 6 to 4 . C c m n g v thi t b 6to 4 k t n i v i
n h a u b n g cn g ng h tu n n el t n g , s d n g c s h t n g m n g
IPv4, t o n n m t th gi i 6 to 4 ri n g . T u y n hi n , c c m n g 6 to 4 kh n g
ch k t n i v i n h au , ch n g c n c th k t n i t i Internet s d n g a
ch th u n IPv6 b n g m t th i t b th c hi n vai tr cu n i. T h i t b n y
c t n g i ro u ter ch u y n ti p 6to 4 (6 to 4 rela y ro u te r).
C n g n g h n g h m 6to4 (tunnel 6to4) cn ch o p h p m t my tnh
c a ch IPv4 to n c u d d n g tr th nh m t my tnh 6to4 v truy
c p Internet IPv6 m kh n g c n c u h n h p h c t p . H i u h n h
Windows XP, Windows 2003 se rver h tr t n g c u h n h s n gia o
d i n o tunnel 6 to4 khi m y tn h c kch ho t th t c IPv6. K hi tin
h n h kch h o t th t c IPv6 tr n m t m y tn h c k t n i Internet IPv4
v i m t a ch IPv4 to n c u g n ch o card m n g , h i u h n h s t
n g bin m y tn h th n h my tnh 6to4 v c u h n h n h tu y n m c
n h k t n i m y tn h v i m n g 6 to 4 c a M icro so ft. N g i s d n g
kh n g c n thi t p h i th c h in th a o t c n o c m t n g h m k t
n i t i Internet IPv6. C h ng ta s tm h i u c i m n y q u a b i th c
hnh m c IV .3
II.3.1. a ch IPv6 s d n g tro n g tunnel 6to4

T i n t a ch 6to4 2002::/16 , k t h p v i 32 bit c a m t a ch IPv4
s t o n n m t ti n t a ch 6 to4 kch c /4 8 d u y n h t to n c u s
d n g ch o m t m n g IPv6.
T i n t /4 8 a ch IPv6 t n g n g m t a ch IPv4 to n c u c t o
nn theo nguyn t c n h tro n g hn h 4 0
/16
2002
/48
a ch IP v4 to n c u
vi t d n g h e xa
/64
n h d a n h
m n g co n
H n h 40: C u tr c a ch IP v6 6 to 4
157
V d , n u b nh tu y n (ro u te r) c a b n a n g n i v o Internet IPv4

v i a ch 2 0 3 .1 1 9 .9 .1 5 . K hi b n an g s h u m t v n g a ch
IPv6 6 to 4 n h sa u :
2002:cb77:090f::/48
T i n t a ch n y c t o n n b n g c ch g n 1 6 bit ti n t dnh
rin g ca tu nn el 6 to4 2 00 2 ::/16 v i cb7 7 :0 90 f ch n h l 3 2 bit a ch
IPv4 c vi t d i d n g he xa .
V n g a ch /4 8 n y b n c th s d n g ph n b t o n n m t m n g
IPv6 6to4. M t m ng con trong IPv6 c g n ti n t m n g /64. N h
v y, v i vn g a ch /48 , b n c 16 bit, v c th n h s t i 6 5 5 3 6
m n g L A N 6 to 4 . y l co n s r t l n v b n kh c th s d n g h t
v n g a ch /4 8 m n h t o ra , ch t m t a ch IPv4.
II.3.2. C c th n h p h n c a tu n n el 6to 4, cu n g cp kt n i IPv6 to n cu
B n h tu y n
ch u y n ti p 6to4
(IPv6/IPv4)
My tnh C 6to4
(IPv6/IPv4)
Internet
IPv6
My tnh D
d n g a ch
th u n IP v6
(IPv6)
M n g 2
Internet
B n h tu y n
6to4 (IPv6/IPv4)
B n h tu y n
6to4 (IPv6/IPv4)
M n g 1
`
My tnh B
6to4 (IPv6/
IPv4)
My tnh A 6to4
(IPv6/IPv4)
H n h 41: C c th n h p h n c a tu n n e l 6 to 4
T u n n el 6 to 4 l m t c n g n g h tu n n el t ng , ch o ph p nh n g m i n
IP v6 6 to 4 t ch bi t c th k t n i q u a m n g IP v4 t i n h n g m i n IP v6
6 to 4 kh c. i m kh c b i t c b n n h t gi a tu n n el 6 to 4 v tu n ne l c u
h n h b n g ta y l ch n g h m 6 to 4 kh n g p h i k t n i i m
158
i m . n g h m 6 to 4 l d n g k t n i i m a i m . T ro n g , c c
b n h tu y n (ro u ter) kh n g c c u h nh th n h t n g c p m ch n g
co i m i tr n g k t n i IP v4 l m t m i tr n g k t n i v t l o . C h n h
a ch IP v4 g n tro n g a ch IP v6 s c s d n g tm th y u
b n kia c a n g h m . T t n hin , thi t b ti h a i u n g h m p h i
h tr c IP v6 v IP v4 .
K h u n g c n h n g d n g tu n n el 6 to 4 o n gi n nh t l k t n i n hi u m n g
IP v6 ri n g bi t, m i m n g c t n h t m t n g k t n i t i m n g IP v4
ch u n g q u a ro u te r bin c g n a ch IP v4 to n c u .
C c th n h ph n ca tu n ne l 6 to 4 n h tro n g h nh 4 1 . T ro n g :
My tnh 6to4
L b t k my tnh IPv6 n o c c u h n h v i t n h t m t a ch 6 to 4.
a ch ny c th c t n g c u h nh .
Router 6to4
Router 6to4 l m t b n h tu y n (ro u te r) dual-sta ck h tr s d ng

g ia o di n 6 to4 . B n h tu y n n y s ch u yn tip l u l n g ca m t
m n g 6 to 4 t i n h n g ro u te r 6 to 4 th u c m n g khc. V i c c u h n h
router 6to4 i h i cu h n h b n g ta y.
R o u ter ch u yn tip 6to 4
R o u te r ch u y n ti p 6 to 4 (6to4 relay router) l m t router 6to4, song

c c u h n h c kh n n g ch uy n ti p l u l n g c a ch 6 to 4
t i n h n g my tnh trn IPv6 Internet (s d n g a ch th u n IPv6,
c p h n b b i h th ng t ch c q u n l a ch to n c u ). Router
ch u y n ti p 6 to 4 c c u h n h h tr chu y n tip nh tu y n gi a
a ch 6 to 4 v a ch IPv6 ch n h th c nh d a n h to n cu . Router
ch u y n ti p 6 to4 n g vai tr c u n i gi a m n g IPv6 6to4 v IPv6
Internet. N h g ip ch o n h n g m n g IPv6 6 to 4 c th k t n i t i
Internet IPv6.
II.3.3. S d n g 6to 4 kt n i Internet IPv6
L y m t v d v t o v s d n g a ch 6 to 4 k t n i v i m n g Internet
IPv6 to n c u n h tro n g h n h 42.
M t m n g k t n i v i In te rne t IP v4 to n c u q u a ro u te r bi n R 1 c a
ch 2 0 3.1 1 9 .9.1 5 . T a ch n y, s t o c m t v n g a ch 6 to 4
2002:cb77:090f::/48. T ch c s d n g v n g a ch 6 to 4 n y t o
m n g IP v6 v c u hn h R 1 th n h ro u ter 6 to 4 , n h m k t n i m n g 6 to 4
c a m n h t i c c m n g 6 to 4 kh c, v t i In te rn e t IP v6 .

My tnh dng
a ch th u n IP v6
2001:xxxx:yyyy::
159
S d n g b n h tu y n ch u y n ti p 6to4 c a
Microsoft:
6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com
2002:836b:213c:1:e0:8f08:f020:8
R3
B n h tu yn
ch u yn tip 6to4
Internet
IPv6
R2
M n g B
(m n g IP v6
6to4 t xa)
Internet
IPv4
B n h tu yn
6to4
B n h tu y n 6to4
(dual-stack)
FasE 0/1
2002:cb77:090f:0020::/64
R1
a ch IP v4: 203.119.9.15
a ch IP v6: (g n ch o g ia o d i n n g h m 6to4)
2002:cb77:090f:0010::/64
M n g A
(m n g IP v6 6to4
c a b n )
My tnh 6to4
LAN
2002:cb77:090f:0020::/64
H n h 42: S d n g tu n n e l 6 to 4 k t n i In te rn e t IP v6
M n g IPv6 c m t L A N n i b , c g n v n g a ch
2 0 0 2 :cb 7 7:0 9 0 f:0 0 2 0 ::/6 4 . c u hn h R 1 th n h router 6to4, c n p h i
t o m t g ia o di n o ch o n g h m 6 to 4 , g i t n l T un 6 to 4. G ia o
d i n o ch o tu n ne l 6 to4 n y c g n v n g a ch (subnet)
2002:cb77:090f:0010::/64.
M n g IPv6 6 to 4 c a t ch c c k t n i Internet IPv4 qua router R1 v i
a ch 2 0 3 .1 1 9 .9 .1 5 g n ti gia o di n F a sE 0 /1 . N u t ch c c u h n h
160
router R1 thnh router 6to4 v c u h n h n h tu y n m c n h trn router
n y tr t i m t ro u te r ch u y n ti p 6 to4 , v d s d n g ro u te r ch u y n
ti p 6 to 4 ca M icro so ft, khi , m n g IPv6 6 to 4 c a t ch c (S ite A )
c th c nh n g k t n i IPv6 sa u y:
R o u te r R 1 s q u n g b ti n t m n g 2002:cb77:090f:0020::/64 trn
FasE 0/1. Cc my tnh tro ng m n g L A N n i b s t n g c u
h n h a ch t ti n t m n g q u n g b n y v tr th n h my tnh
6to4.
Trn cc my tnh 6to4, tu y n t n g n g 2 002 :cb 7 7 :0 90 f:0 0 20 ::/6 4
v tu y n m c n h ::/0 tr t i R 1 c n g c t n g c u h n h .
Cc my tnh IPv6 6to4 b n tro n g m n g L A N g i h o n to n c th
k t n i v i n ha u .
My tnh 6to4 trong site A c th k t n i t i my tnh 6to4 trn cc

m n g 6 to 4 kh c tro n g Internet (v d S ite B )
K h i c c u h n h th n h router 6to4, ro u te r R 1 c c u h n h n h
tu y n 2 0 02 ::/1 6 i q u a g ia o di n tu n n el 6to4. D o v y n h n g l u
l n g th u c a ch 6 to 4 s c gia o din n y n g g i tro n g g i
tin IPv4 v g i q u a m n g IPv4 t i ro u te r bin R 2 c a site B l u
kia c a n g h m . T i , R 2 s g b m o u IP v4 , l y g i tin
IPv6 v d a th e o b n g th n g tin nh tu y n c a n , ch u yn ti p g i
tin t i my tnh 6to4 ch tr n site B .
My tnh 6to4 th u c site A c th g ia o ti p v i m t my tnh IPv6

c g n a ch th u n IPv6 (v d a ch c ti n t 2001:: ) c a
IPv6 Internet.
Tr n ro u te r 6 to 4 c a site A c c u h n h n h tu y n m c n h ::/0 tr
t i ro u te r chu y n ti p 6 to 4 (v d c a M icro so ft). K hi my tnh 6to4
trong site A ch u y n t i ro u ter 6 to 4 R 1 n h n g g i tin c a ch
th u n IPv6, khn g ph i a ch 6 to 4 , R 1 s ch u y n nh n g g i tin
n y q u a n g h m t i ro u ter chu y n ti p 6to 4 R3. R3 k t n i t i
IPv6 Internet v c c u h n h th c h in ch c n n g ch u y n
ti p n h tu y n gi a a ch 6 to4 v a ch th u n IPv6. Router
ch u y n ti p 6 to 4 R 3 s ch u yn ti p g i tin t i m n g Internet IPv6.
Ch : N u m n g IPv6 6to4 (site A) kh n g ch c m t p h n m n g L A N

n h tr n h n h v m b a o g m n h i u p h n m n g co n , khi c n c c u
tr c n h tu y n b n tro n g site A n h tu yn g i a n h n g m n g L A N
6to4 ny. nh tu y n b n ng o i site A chn h l nh tu y n g i tin IPv4.
161
III. T H C H N H T H I T L P V S D N G N G H M
H i n n a y v i m t m y tn h , h a y m t m n g , b n u c th kt n i v o
m n g Internet IPv6 to n c u. s d n g c n g n g h n g h m tr n c
s h t ng m n g IPv4 s n c .
M c tiu
S d n g d ch v n g h m c k t n i IPv6.
C h u n b
M t m y tn h ci h i u h n h Window 2 0 03 v m t m y tn h ci h
i u h n h Linux c k t n i Internet IPv4 v c g n a ch IPv4.
Ch : N u tro n g m n g c a b n c s d n g t n g l a (fire w a ll), b n
c n m fire w a ll ch o th t c 4 1 (protocol 41) v n h n g g i tin IPv6 s
c b c tro n g g i tin IPv4 c g i tr tr n g T h t c (protocol) l 41.
N h v y b n m i c th k t n i c t i n h n g t ch c u kia
ng h m .
B n h tu y n
ch u y n ti p 6to4
c a M icro so ft
Internet IPv4
Consulintel
(n h cu n g c p
Tunnel Broker)
c gn
a ch IP v4
c gn
a ch IP v4
H n h 43: T h c h n h s d n g c c d ch v tu n n e l m i n p h
162
T m tt
S d n g dch v tu n n el 6 to 4 s n c c a Windows k t n i m y
tn h v o m n g Internet IPv6.
n g k s d n g m t d ch v T u n n el B ro ker m i n p h k t n i
m y tn h v o m n g Internet IPv6.
C c b c th c h in
S d n g d ch v n g h m 6to 4 sn c c a Windows
K h i b n kch h o t th t c IP v6 tr n m t m y tn h c k t ni m n g
Internet IPv4 c g n s n a ch IPv4, Windows s t n g t o m t
g ia o din o ch o n g h m 6 to 4 v m t tu y n (route) m c n h k t
n i m y tn h v i ro u te r chu y n tip 6 to4 (6to4 relay router) c a
Microsoft. Ro ute r ch u yn ti p 6 to 4 ca M icro so ft c k t n i v i
6 B o n e , d o v y ng i s d ng c th d n g giao d in tu n ne l 6 to 4 n y
k t n i t i c c m y tn h 6 to 4 kh c v k t n i v i n h n g m n g th u c
6Bone s d n g c n g n g h n g h m 6to4 m kh n g i h i th m b t
c c u h n h b n g ta y n o .
K ch h o t T h t c IP v6 trn my tnh Window 2003.
T h a m kh o b i th c h n h ch n g 2 . Ch khng g n a ch IPv6
b n g ta y.
Q u a n s t g ia o d i n o d n h ch o n g h m 6to4
ipconfig /all
Q u a n s t p h n th n g tin li n q u a n n g ia o d i n T u n n el A d ap te r 6 to 4
Tunneling Pseudo-In te rfa ce
G h i l i m t s th n g tin :
a ch 6to 4 m y tn h to ch o giao di n o ny:
a ch 6 to 4 c a ga te w a y (ch n h l a ch ca ro u ter ch u y n ti p 6to4
c a Microsoft):
netsh> interface ipv6
show routes
B n s q ua n s t th y m t s ro u te c t n g t o ra d n h ch o
n g h m 6 to 4 n h tu y n c c g i tin th u c v n g a ch 2 00 2 ::/1 6
q u a gia o di n 6 to4 T u nn elin g P se u d o -In terface v m t ro u te m c n h
163
ch o m i l u l n g kh c i q u a gia o di n 6 to 4 T un n elin g P se u d o In te rfa ce t i ga te w a y l ro u ter ch u yn ti p 6to4 c a Microsoft.

K i m tra k t n i IPv6 b n g n g h m 6to4
L c n y m y tn h c a b n c k t n i IPv6, c th k t n i t i c c my
tnh 6to4 kh c tr n to n c u. n g th i c th k t n i v i m n g th u n
IPv6 n h c ro u ter ch u y n ti p 6 to 4 c a M icro so ft.
K i m tra k t n i t i 6 to 4 g a te w a y c a M icro soft
ping -6 t 6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com
K i m tra k t n i t i m t IPv6 site m g a te w a y c a M icro so ft g i p k t
n i:
ping -6 t www.kame.net
tracert -6 www.kame.net
D n g trn h d u y t IE k t n i t i m t s tra n g w e b c h tr IPv6 v ch n h
th n g tin a ch c a clie n t.
B n s th y tr n c c w e b site n y th ng b o b n an g kt n i b ng a
ch IPv6 6to 4 , kh n g p hi b i a ch IPv4.
www.kame.net
www.apnic.net
www.ipv6tf.org
Qua p h n th c h n h trn , b n k t n i m y tn h c a m n h v o m n g
Internet IPv6 m kh n g c n th m c u h n h g n h n g h m 6to4
cu n g c p b i M icro so ft. N u m u n x y d n g m t m n g th n g h i m ,
b n c ng c th x y d n g m n g IPv6 c a m n h , s d n g a ch 6 to 4
v c u h n h ro u ter g a te w a y k t n i IPv4 thnh router 6to4 k t n i
m n g th n g h i m t i c c m n g 6 to 4 kh c v t i Internet IPv6.
n g k s d n g d ch v T u n n el B ro ker
T ro n g p h n th c h n h n y, ch n g ta s th c h i n n g k s d n g
d ch v T u n n e l B ro ke r m i n p h cu n g c p b i C o n su lin te l, m t t ch c
t n g i tch c c tro n g th c y th h a ch IPv6, v s d n g a
ch th u n IPv6 cu n g c p b i t ch c n y k t n i v o m n g Internet
IPv6.
n g k s d n g dch v cu ng c p ti w e b site www.ipv6tf.org
164
n g h m g i a n g i s d ng v m n g c a Consulintel l cng
n g h n g h m b n g ta y. c u t o c n g h m , t i m i u
n g h m , c n p h i c th ng tin v a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6 c a
c c u n g h m . N g i s d n g c n cu n g c p a ch IPv4 pha
m n h kh i n g k s d n g T u nn el B ro ke r. a ch IPv6 cng thng tin
kh c (v d t n m i n tro ng h th n g t n m i n q u c t) s n h n c t
Tunnel Broker.
T ru y c p v o trang web www.ipv6tf.org, n g k m t t i kh o n s d n g d ch

v T u n ne l b ro ke r.
K h i c ch p n h n v kch ho t, b n tru y c p b ng ti kh o n v
n g k t o n g h m . G ia o di n w e b s y u c u b n cu n g c p
th n g tin v a ch IPv4 u n g k t n i ph a b n , h i u h nh c a
th it b t i u n g k t n i p h a b n (v d Windows, Linux, hay
C isco ), v th n g tin kh c: b n y u c u k t n i v v n g a ch ch o m t
my tnh d u y n h t, h a y b n y u c u k t ni v v n g a ch ch o m t
m n g IPv6, n g i n g k s d n g d ch v T u n n el B ro ker c n ch
n g k n g v ng a ch th e o n hu c u s d n g .
T th n g tin v h i u h n h ca thi t b u n g h m pha

n g i s d n g , t ch c d u y tr T un n el B ro ker s cu n g c p h ng
d n t n g n g ch o n g i s d n g th i t lp n g h m v m i h
i u h n h s c t p ln h h o c c ch th c to g ia o di n v n g
h m khc.
T u n n el B ro ker c a C o n sulintel cu n g c p a ch /1 2 7 n u n g i s
d n g ch k t n i m t m y tn h IPv6, /6 4 n u n g i s d n g k t n i
m t m n g IPv6 ch c d u y n h t m t m n g co n , /4 8 n u n g i s
d n g k t n i m t m n g n h i u m n g co n ..
T i n h n h ng k d ch v v g h i l i n h n g th n g tin sa u :
P h a n g i s d n g :
V n g a ch IPv6 C o n su lin tel cp ch o t ch c:
T n m i n q u c t C o n sulin tel ch u y n gia o cho t ch c:
T h n g tin v u k t n i n g h m p h a n g i s d n g (T un n el
client):
a ch IPv4:
a ch IPv6:
165
T h n g tin v u k t n i n g h m p h a t ch c cu n g c p T u n ne l
Broker (Tunnel server)
a ch IPv4:
a ch IPv6:
T h i t l p n g h m the o n h n g th n g tin c cu n g c p
T y the o n g k thi t l p ng h m ch o m t my tnh (i m k t th c
n g h m p h a n g i s d ng l m t my tnh), ha y m t m n g (i m
k t th c n g n g h m p h a n g i s d n g l m t ro u te r) v h
i u h n h ch y tr n th i t b g n v i u n g h m p h a n g i s
d n g , C o n sulin tel s g i th n g tin h n g dn th i t lp d ch v n g
h m t n g n g .
Trong ph n th c h n h n y, ch n g ta th c h i n t o n g h m c
k t n i m t my tnh t i m n g Internet IPv6.
Trn m y tn h s d n g h i u h n h Windows 2003
T o m t g ia o d i n d n h ch o n g h m , t t n l C o n su lin te l
netsh > interface ipv6
add v6v4tunnel Consulintel
a_ch_IPv4_tunnel_client
a_ch_IPv4_tunnel_server
G n a ch IPv6 m C o n su lin te l cun g c p ch o g ia o d i n n y
add address Consulintel
T o tu yn (ro u te) c c l u l n g IPv6 i qu a g ia o d i n tu n n e l n y.
add route 0::/0 Consulintel publish=yes
Cc gi tin IPv6 s c n g g i tro ng g i tin IPv4 c protocol 41 v
g i q ua c s h t ng m n g IPv4. G i s my tnh ch s d n g m t
gia o di n tu nn el n y cho c c l u l n g IPv6, l n h trn t o m t tu yn
m c nh (de fault rou te) m I l u l ng IPv6 i q ua gia o di n n y.
Trn m y tn h s d n g h i u h n h Linux
N u u k t th c n g h m pha ny l my tnh ci h i u h n h
Linux, n g h m t I C o n su lin tel c t o nh sa u :
T o m t g ia o d i n d n h ch o n g h m , t t n l T un n e lB ro ker
166
ip tunnel add TunnelBroker mode sit ttl 255 remote
a_ch_IPv4_tunnel_server local
K ch h o t g ia o d i n n y l n
ip link set dev TunnelBroker up
G n a ch IPv6 m C o n su lin te l cun g c p ch o g ia o d i n n y
ip -6 addr add a_ch_IPv6_tunnel_client dev
TunnelBroker
T o m t tu y n m i l u l n g IPv6 i qu a g ia o d i n n y.
ip -6 route add 2000::/3 via
a_ch_IPv6_tunnel_server dev tunnelbroker
Ch : T u y n v i ti n t m n g (p re fix) 2 0 0 0 ::/3 s b a o g m m i l u
l n g ca a ch unica st to n c u (c b a bit u 0 0 1)
K i m tra k t n i IPv6 b n g T un n e lB ro ker

K i m tra k t n I t i m t site th u c Internet IPv6
Trn my Windows
ping -6 t www.kame.net
ping -6 t www.ipv6tf.org
tracert -6 www.kame.net
Trn my Linux
ping6 www.kame.net
ping6 www.ipv6tf.org
traceroute6 www.kame.net
D n g trn h du y t (IE c a Windows, M o zilla c a Linux) k t n i t i m t s
tra n g w e b c h tr IPv6 v ch n h th n g tin a ch c a clie n t.
www.kame.net
www.apnic.net
www.ipv6tf.org
T r n c c w e b site n y s th ng b o b n a n g k t n i b n g a ch IPv6.
B n s q ua n st th y a ch IPv6 b n a n g s d n g l a ch th u n
167
IPv6 (th n g b t u b i tin t 2001) m b n c cun g c p t t

ch c d u y tr T u n n el B roke r.
Trong ph n th c h nh ph a trn , b n k t ni m t m y tnh v o m n g
Internet IPv6. N u b n m u n th n g hi m m t m n g v k t n i m n g
vo Internet IPv6, thi t b ti u ng h m p h a ng i s d ng ph i
l m t ro u te r v b n n g k t t ch c cun g c p dch v T u nn el B ro ke r
m t v n g a ch IPv6 s d ng tron g m n g IPv6 ca m n h .
168
H i p
1. B n ch o bi t m c ch c a c ng n g h n g h m ?
T r l i:
C n g n g h n g h m ti n h n h b c g i tin IP v6 tro n g g i tin
IP v4 c th tru y n g i tin IP v6 i trn c s h t n g m n g IP v4
v i m c ch s d n g c s h t n g m n g In te rn e t IP v4 cun g
c p k t n i IP v6 .
2. T i sa o n i c n g n g h T u nn el B ro ke r l d a tr n tu n ne l c u h n h
b n g ta y v c n g n g h T u n n el 6 to 4 l tu n n el c u h n h t n g ?
T r l i:
T ro n g c n g ng h T u n n el B ro ke r, t ch c cu ng c p dch v Tunnel
Broker, s cu ng c p th ng tin ch o n g i s d n g n g i s
d n g c u h n h b n g ta y gia o di n tu n nel, a ch c a i m u v
cu i n g h m . l hn h th c n g h m c u h n h b n g ta y.
a ch IP v6 s d n g tron g c n g n g h T un nel 6 to 4 c to n n t
a ch to n c u IP v4 th eo q u y t c g n 32 bit a ch IP v4 (vi t d i
d ng h e xa ) v i 16 bit ti n t 20 0 2::/1 6 t o n n /4 8 a ch IP v6 .
T a ch IP v6 6 to4 h o n to n c th suy ra a ch IP v4 t o n n
v n g a ch. D o v y, i m b t u v k t th c n g h m c t
ng su y ra t gi tin IP v6 . l c ch th c tun n el t ng .
3. N u h in t i b n ch a s h u v n g a ch IP v6 n o , v ch c k t
n i t i In te rn e t IP v4 , b n c th x y d n g m n g th n g hi m c k t
n i IP v6 h a y khng?
T r l i:
B n c th x y d n g v thi t l p k t n i th n g hi m d a tr n
n h n g d ch v n g h m c c t ch c a n g cu n g c p m i n p h
h i n n a y. B n c c th s d ng a ch IP v6 6 to 4 t o n n t a
ch IP v4 ch o m n g IP v6 c a m n h . N u b n m u n s d n g a ch
th u n IP v6 , b n c th ng k dch v T u n ne l B ro ke r m i n p h ca
m t t ch c v s d n g v n g a ch IP v6 t ch c c p cho
m n g th n g h i m c a m n h .
CHNG 5
T H I T L P M N G T H N G H I M C H D N G
A C H IPV6
C U N G C P M T S D C H V DNS, WEB,
FTP
T ro n g n h n g p h n ni d u n g tr c, b n c t n g b c tm h i u
th n g tin v a ch IPv6, c u tr c, c ch th c h o t ng , c ng n gh
ch u y n i T ron g p h n n i d u n g n y, ch n g ta s th c h n h thit
l p m t m n g th n g hi m n gi n, s d n g th u n a ch IPv6 v
cu n g c p m t s d ch v c b n D N S , W eb , F T P v i n h n g p h n m m
h tr IPv6 m i n ph , c cu ng c p b i c c t ch c tr n Internet.
C h n g 5 b a o g m c c n i d un g ch nh sa u :
G i i th i u m t s p h n m m h tr IPv6.
T h c h n h th i t l p m n g th n g hi m .
I. G I I T H I U M T S P H N M M H T R IPV6
I.1. IPv6 v i d ch v D N S
Dch v t n m i n c n h n g d n g th c b n gh i m i h tr a ch IPv6
th c hin qu trn h p h n gii t n m i n th n h a ch (t n m i n
th u n ) v p h n gii a ch th n h t n m i n (tn m i n n g c).
I.1.1. P h n g ii tn m in th u n tro n g IPv6
170
n h x m t t n m i n t i a ch IPv6, h th n g t n m i n s d n g
ki u b n g hi m i, g i l b n gh i A A A A (t n g n g b n g hi ki u A
tro n g a ch IPv4). B n g hi A A A A c d n g th c n h sau:
www.abc.test
IN
AAAA
3FFE:B00:C18:1::2
I.1.2. P h n g ii tn m in n g c tro n g IPv6

n h x a ch IPv6 t i t n m i n , h th ng t n m i n s d n g ki u
b n g hi P T R v i d n g th c m i n h sa u :
2.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0.0.0.8.1.c.0.0.0.
b.0.e.f.f.3.ip6.arpa IN PTR www.abc.test
ch u y n m t a ch IPv6 th nh t n m i n n g c, a ch IPv6 c
vi t d ng y , sa u ch u y n th t n g c l i, m i ch s h e xa
p h n c ch b i d u ch m , cu i c n g th m v o p h n u i .ip6.arpa.
T ro n g
v
d
tr n ,
2 .0 .0 .0.0 .0 .0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1.0 .0 .0 .8 .1 .c.0.0 .0 .b .0 .e.f.f.3 .ip6 .a rpa l
t n
m i n
ng c
c a
a
ch
3 F F E :0 B 0 0:0 C 1 8 :00 0 1 :0 00 0 :0 00 0 :0 0 00 :0 0 02 .
N h c li v t n m i n n g c ch o a ch IPv4: a ch IPv4 s d n g
khng gian tn m i n d i .in -a d dr.a rp a ch o t n m i n n g c. T n
m i n n g c cho a ch IPv4 c ch u y n gia o d ng p h n l p
(classsful) /8, /16 v /24.
B a n u , tn m i n n g c ch o a ch IPv6 c kh ai b o s d n g
n g th i c h ai kh n g gia n tn m i n .ip 6 .a rp a v .ip 6.in t. G n y,
kh n g gian .ip6 .in t c h y b . T n m in n g c IPv6 c kh ai
b o v ch u y n gia o tro n g kh n g g ia n .ip6 .a rp a c a h th ng t n m i n
to n c u .
a ch IPv6 ho n to n l d ng th c kh n g ph n l p (classless), khng
c n t n ti kh i ni m cla ssfu l. a ch IPv6 c b i u di n g m 3 2 ch
s h e xa (m i s h e xa t n g n g 4 bit) T n m i n n g c t n g n g a
ch IPv6 c ch u y n gia o th eo c c bi n l c c ch s h e xa (4 bit) .
I.2. M t s p h n m m cu n g cp d ch v h tr IPv6
I.2.1. BIND
Bind (Berkeley Internet Name Daemon) l ph n m m m i n p h cu n g
c p dch v t n m i n c s d n g r t rng ri. c c h tr
IPv6, t t n h t n n s d n g ph i n b n B in d m i n h t. B ind 8 v i b n v
(patch) d o d n K a m e p h t tri n c n g h tr IPv6.
C h n g 5: T h i t l p m n g th n g h i m ch d n g a ch IP v6
171
T ro n g b i th c h nh n y, s d n g bind-9.2.2-2 1 i k m tro n g a ci
h i u h n h Linux Enterprise 3.0
Kch h o t h tr IPv6 tro n g cu h n h d ch v D N S
M y ch D N S c n c file cu h n h n a m e d .co n f, c n g n h c c file d
li u ph h p h tr tru y vn v kha i b o b n g hi IPv6.
F ile c u h n h named.conf
m y ch DNS n g h e l u l ng IPv6, tro n g file c u h nh n a m e d .co n f
c n c t y ch n sau:
listen-on-v6 port 53 { any;} ;
H o c n u kh n g n gh e l u l n g IPv6:
listen-on-v6 { none; };
T ro n g n a m e d .co n f, c n c zo n e d n h ch o a ch IPv6 loopback (zone
"1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa.")
N u kh a i b o t n m i n n g c t n g n g v n g a ch IPv6 c
p h n b , c n c th m n h n g zo n e t n g n g .
C c file d li u (zo n e file )
C c file d li u t n m i n c n c kh ai b o c c b n g h i h tr a ch
IPv6 (th e o n h d ng n h c p pha trn).
I.2.2. VSFTPD C u n g cp d ch v m y ch F T P
V sftp d l p h n m m m i n p h , ch o p h p ci t v c u h n h m t my
ch cu n g c p dch v F T P rt b o m t, n nh v n h a n h trn h th n g
UNIX. V sftp d c n g c b i t t i l p h n m m cu n g c p h tr IPv6 r t
t t. V sftp d h tr IPv6 t p h i n b n 0 .2 .0
T ro n g b i th c h nh n y, ch n g ta s d n g vsftp d -1.2.0-4 i k m trong
a ci h i u h n h Linux Enterprise 3.0
K ch h o t V S F T P D h tr IPv6
K ch h o t h tr IPv6 i v i dch v cu n g cp b i vsftpd r t n g i n .
T ro n g file c u h nh vsftp d .co n f, ch n g ta ch vi c th m v o th
listen _ip v6=Y E S . C h h a i th liste n v liste n _ip v6 l lo i tr l n
n h a u n n kh i ch n g ta th m v o listen_ipv6=YES, c n b i th
listen = Y E S
172
I.2.3. APACHE 2.0 - C u n g cp d ch v m y ch W eb

Apache l ph n m m m n g u n m , ch o p h p ci t v c u hn h m y
ch cu n g c p d ch v W eb . A p a ch e h tr rt t t a ch IPv6 v c
s d n g r t p h bi n hi n na y lm m y ch w e b IPv6 .
K ch h o t A P A C H E 2.0 h tr IPv6
C n g n h V sftp d, kch h o t A p a ch e h tr a ch IPv6 r t n gi n .
Th u c tn h Liste n tro n g file c u h n h (h ttpd .co n f) s x c nh a ch,
port m m y ch w e b nghe l u l n g .
V d:
Listen 80
Listen 8000
Listen 192.170.2.1:80
a ch IPv6 c n c t tro ng n g o c vung. V d :
Listen [::]:80
Listen [fe80::a00:20ff:fea7:ccea]:80
T ro n g n h n g h i u h n h h tr a ch IPv6 IPv4-mapped, Apache

c th m n h i m c k t n i IPv4 v IPv6 trn cng IPv6 so cke t, kh i
th u c tn h Liste n c th t chung:
Listen 80
T ro n g b i th c h nh , ch ng ta s d ng A p ach e 2 .0 c u h n h my
ch w e b h tr a ch IPv6. n g th i c u hn h V irtu al H o st trn my
ch w e b ny.
I.3. M t s p h n m m clien t d ch v h tr IPv6

T i th i i m h i n n a y, tu y IPv6 d n h c r t n hi u s q u a n t m
tro n g ln h v c n g hi n c u th n g hi m , so n g v n ch a c c s tri n
kh a i r n g ri tron g ln h v c c n g n g hi p . B n c th tm ki m c c p h n
m m clien t h tr IPv6 s d n g tron g m n g th ng hi m c a m n h
d o c c t ch c n ghi n c u cu ng c p . M t s a ch cu n g c p th n g tin
th n g k c c p h n m m h tr IPv6:
http://ns.ipv6style.jp/en/index.shtml (tru y c p p h n th n g k - statistics)
http://www.deepspace6.net/docs/ipv6_status_page_apps.html
173
T ro n g b i th c h n h n y, ch n g ta s d n g m t s p h n m m clie n t
sa u y:
FTP client: NextFTP4 d o m t t ch c N h t B n p h t tri n
Web client: Firefox 1.0.7
II. T H C H N H T H I T L P M N G
II.1. M c tiu th c h n h
T hi t l p m t m n g th n g h i m n g i n , s d n g th u n a ch IPv6
v cu n g cp m t s d ch v c b n D N S , W e b , F T P v i n h n g ph n
m m h tr IPv6 m i n p h , c cu ng c p b i c c t ch c trn
Internet.
P h n m n g ch o kt n i:
2001:dc7::/64
FE 0/1
2001:dc7::1
FE 0/0
2001:dc8::/64
FE 0/1
2001:dc7::2
FE 0/0
2001:dc9::/64
Windows
Windows
Linux1
M y ch D N S ch n h , WEB, FTP
P h n m n g : 2001:dc8::/64
Linux2
M y ch D N S th c p
P h n m n g : 2001:dc9::/64
H n h 44: M h n h m n g th n g h i m IP v6
174
II.2. C h u n b
M n g th c h n h
M n g th c h n h s c x y d n g n h tro n g h n h 4 4 .
T ro n g l a ch n m y tn h Linux1 l m m y ch cu n g c p dch v
DNS, Web, FTP. My Linux2 c c i t d ch v D N S , l m m y ch
t n m i n th c p ch o m y Linux1.
T i cc p h n m m s s d n g
Trn my tnh Windows
IPv6 FTP client:

T ru y cp v o a ch: http://www.toxsoft.com/nextftp/index.html
T i v p h n m m N e xtF T P 4 (file NXFTPxxx.EXE) tr n my tnh
Windows 2003.
Web client:
tru y c p w e b site IPv6, trn h i u h n h Windows c th s d n g
IE h o c M o zilla F ire fo x.
T ru y cp v o a ch: http://www.mozilla.org/
T i v p h n m m Firefox 1.0.7 cho Windows.
Trn my tnh Linux
Trn my tnh Linux t o m t a cco u n t ip v6 te st c th m c h o m e

/h o m e /ip v6 te st. C h n g ta s l u tr n h n g g i tin dch v v o th
m c h o m e c a a cco u n t n y.
FTP server:
S d n g vsftp d -1.2.0-4 i k m tro n g a c i h iu h n h Linux
Enterprise 3.0
DNS server:
S d n g bin d -9.2.2-21 i k m tro n g a c i h iu h n h Linux
Enterprise 3.0
Web server:
T ru y cp v o a ch: http://httpd.apache.org/
T i v p h n m m h ttp d -2 .0 .5 4 .ta r.g z tro n g th m c /h o m e /ip v6 te st
trn my tnh Linux.
175
T r n c h ai my tnh
X a b a ch IPv4 v nh n g th ng tin c u h n h m n g IPv4 kh i

n h n g m y tn h s d n g tro n g m n g th n g h i m IPv6.
II.3. C c b c th c h in
K ch h o t th t c IP v6 trn cc m y tn h . C i t n h n g p h n m m s
s d n g
K ch h o t th t c IP v6
T h c h i n kch ho t th t c IP v6 trn cc my tnh ci h i u h n h
Linux v Windows. T t ch c n n g t n g to nh d a n h g ia o di n ca
my tnh ci h i u h n h Windows. T h a m kh o b i th c h n h ch n g
2. C h : C h kch h o t th t c IP v6 , kh n g th c h i n g n a ch b n g
ta y. N h v y n h n g m y tn h tro n g m n g L A N h i n t i ch t n g c u
h n h c a ch Link-local.
C i t c c p h n m m s s d n g
C i t N e xtF T P , Mozilla Firefox ln my tnh ci h i u h n h
Windows server 2003
K i m tra c c gi tin (package) vsftpd-1.2.0-4, bind-9.2.2-2 1 c
c i t tr n m y tn h Linux. T ro n g tr n g h p n h n g p a cka ge n y
ch a c c i t, ti n h n h ci t cc gi tin ny.
C i t d ch v h ttp d :
Trn my tnh Linux, ch u y n n th m c /h o m e /ip v6 te st v ci t
httpd-2.0.54.tar.gz
gunzip httpd-2.0.54.tar.gz
tar xvf httpd-2.0.54.tar
cd httpd-2.0.54
./configure
make
make install
Theo m c n h , A p a ch e c ci t ti: /usr/local/apache2
C c scrip t i u khi n s tm th y t i /usr/local/apache2/bin
File c u h n h c ti /usr/local/apache2/conf
T h m c g c ch o n i d u n g w e b : /usr/local/apache2/htdocs
176
C u h n h th it b m n g Cisco, n h tu yn v q u n g b th n g tin
K ch h o t th t c IPv6 trn hai b n h tu y n
K t n i v i th i t b Cisco th n g qu a c n g co n so le
# show version
- K i m tra p hi n b n c a h i u h n h .
L u : v i p hi n b n ph h p m i c h tr T h t c IP v6 . T i y s
d n g c2600-j1s3-mz.123-9
V o ch cu h n h v t tn cho b n h tuy n
hostname router-dc8 - B n h tu y n p h tr ch m n g L A N
2001:dc8::/64
hostname router-dc9 - B n h tu y n p h tr ch m n g L A N
2001:dc9::/64
K ich h o t a ch IPv6 trn b n h tu y n (tro ng ch c u h nh )
ipv6 unicast-routing
ip cef
ipv6 cef
C u h n h a ch , qu n g b th n g tin trn g ia o d i n b n h tu y n
Trn router-dc8
C u h n h a ch IPv6 ch o g ia o d i n Fastethernet 0/0

V o ch c u h n h ch o gia o d i n F a ste th ern e t 0 /0 (gia o di n q u n g
b ti n t m n g v ch u y n ti p l u l n g ch o p h n m n g
2001:dc8::/64) v g ln h :
L n h n y s cu h n h tin t m n g a ch 2 00 1 :d c8 ::/64 ch o gia o d i n ,
h n g d n b nh tu y n t x y d n g p h n bit c n li t a ch M A C
c a g iao di n . n g th i kch h o t x l IPv6 tr n g ia o di n n y.
Router-dc8 s q u n g b th n g tin ti n t m n g 2001:dc8::/64 trn giao
d i n F a ste th e rn e t 0 /0
no shutdown
C u h n h a ch ch o g ia o d i n F a ste th e rn e t 0 /1
V o ch c u h n h ch o gia o di n F a steth e rn e t 0 /1 (g ia o di n k t n i
v i ro u ter-d c9) v g l n h :
ipv6 address 2001:dc7::1/64
177
L n h n y s g n a ch 2 0 01:dc7::1 cho gia o d i n

no shutdown
Trn router-dc9
C u h n h a ch IPv6 ch o g ia o d i n Fastethernet 0/0

V o ch c u h n h ch o gia o d i n F a ste th ern e t 0 /0 (gia o di n q u n g
b ti n t m n g v ch u y n ti p l u l n g ch o p h n m n g
2 0 0 1 :d c9 ::/6 4 ) v g ln h :
L n h n y s cu h nh ti n t a ch 2 001 :d c9 ::/6 4 ch o g ia o din ,
h n g d n b nh tu y n t x y d n g p h n bit c n li t a ch M A C
c a g iao di n . n g th i kch h o t x l IPv6 tr n g ia o di n n y.
Router-dc9 s q u n g b thng tin ti n t m n g 2001:dc9::/64 trn giao
d i n F a ste th e rn e t 0 /0
no shutdown
C u h n h a ch ch o g ia o d i n F a ste th e rn e t 0 /1
V o ch c u h n h ch o gia o di n F a steth e rn e t 0 /1 (g ia o di n k t n i
v i ro u ter-d c8) v g l n h :
ipv6 address 2001:dc7::2/64
L n h n y s g n a ch 2 00 1 :d c7 ::2 ch o g ia o d i n
no shutdown
T h i t l p n h tu y n ch o m n g IPv6
h a i p h n m n g c th k t n i c t i n ha u , ch n g ta c n thi t l p
n h tu y n g i a h ai b n h tu yn , s d n g n h tu y n tn h .
T h i t l p n h tu y n tn h
Trn b n h tu y n router-dc8, tro ng ch c u h n h
ipv6 route 2001:dc9/64 2001:dc7::2
Trn b n h tu y n router-dc9, tro ng ch c u h n h
ipv6 route 2001:dc8/64 2001:dc7::1

L u c u h n h vo b nh c a b n h tu y n
T r n c h ai b n h tu y n
write memory
178
K i m tra c u h n h g ia o d i n
T r n c h ai b n h tu y n

G h i l i m t s th n g tin
a ch IPv6 c a gia o di n fastethernet 0/0:
Router-dc8:
Router-dc9:
N h n g n h m a ch m u ltica st b nh tu y n tham gia:
G h i l i m t s th n g tin
a ch IPv6 c a gia o di n fa ste th ern e t 0 /1
Router-dc8:
Router-dc9:
N h n g n h m a ch m u ltica st b nh tu y n tham gia:
K i m tra k t n i c a h a i b n h tu y n :
Trn router-dc8
ping ipv6 a_ch_ipv6_ca_giao_din_FE0/0_router-dc9
Trn b n h tu y n router-dc9
ping ipv6 a_ch_ipv6_ca_giao_din_FE0/0_router-dc8

N u ln h pin g th c hi n c ch n g t h ai p h n m n g c k t
n i t i n h au
K i m tra c c my tnh trn h a i p h n m n g t n g c u h nh a ch
T q u n g b c a b n h tu yn , cc my tnh tr n h ai ph n m n g t
n g c u h n h a ch v k t n i c v i nh au .
Trn cc my Windows, Linux c a h a i p h n m n g , th c h i n c c l n h
ki m tra c u h nh v ki m tra c c my tnh t n g c u h nh a ch .
ipconfig (T rn m y tn h c i h i u h n h Windows)
ifconfig (T rn m y tn h c i h i u h n h Linux)
G h i li a ch IPv6 c a c c m y:
179
K i m tra k t n i g i a c c m y b n g a ch t n g c u h n h
T h c hi n ki m tra k t ni gi a c c m y tro ng h ai p h n m n g m
b o h ai p h n m n g k t n i c v i n h a u.
C u h n h cc m y ch cu n g cp d ch v IPv6
C u h n h d ch v D N S IPv6 tr n m n g th n gh i m
D ch v D N S tr n m n g th n g h i m s c c u h n h n h sa u :
My Linux1 l m y ch t n m i n chnh (primary), p h tr ch zo n e

ip v6 te st.co m v c c zo n e t n m i n n g c ch o c c v n g a ch
s d n g tro n g m n g th n g hi m . Linux1 c tn m i n dn s1 dc8.ipv6test.com.
My Linux2 l m y ch t n m i n th c p (seco n d a ry), c tn m i n

dns2-dc9.ipv6test.com.
Trn my tnh dns1-dc8. C u h n h m y Linux1 th n h m y ch t n m i n

primary
C u h n h file n a m ed .co n f
S d n g vi s a i file c u h n h n a m e d .co n f. m b o c n h n g th n g
tin n h sa u :
T ro n g p h n o p tio n s
directory /var/named;
allow-transfer {a_ch_ipv6_my_Linux2;};
Trong named.conf c cc zone sau:
(1) zone g c
zone "." in {
type hint;
file "named.root";
};
(2) zo ne ch o a ch lo o pa ck c a IPv6
180
zone
"1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0
.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa." {
type master;
file "localhostv6";
};
(3) zone IPv6test.com m DNS1 lm my ch ch n h
zone "ipv6test.com." in {
type master;
file "db.ipv6test.com";
};
(4) zo ne t n m i n n g c ch o v n g a ch 20 01 :d c8 ::/6 4
zone
{
"0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.c.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa."
type master;
file "reverse-2001-0dc8";
};
zone
{
"0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.9.c.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa."
type master;
};
C u h n h c c file d li u
T ro n g th m c /va r/n a m e d c n c c c file d li u sa u :
(1) File d liu c c m y ch ro o t
named.root
(2) File d liu ch o a ch loopback IPv6
T o file lo calh o stv6 v s d n g vi so n th o file c n i d u ng n h sa u :
181
$TTL 86400 ;
@ IN SOA dns1-dc8.ipv6test.com.
postmaster.ipv6test.com. (
2005170901; s
thng tng ng
seri,
cn
thay i
theo
ngy
1800; thi gian cp nht

3600; thi gian th cp nht li
86400; thi gian ht hn
6400; thi gian lu tr
);
IN NS dns1-dc8.ipv6test.com.
$ORIGIN 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa.
1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0
IN PTR localhost.
(3) File d li u cho zo n e ipv6test.com. T ron g c kh a i ha i b n g hi

a ch ch o ha i tra ng w e b s d n g l n th n ghi m .
T o file d li u d b .ip v6te st.co m v s d n g trn h so n th o vi so n
th o file c n i d u ng n h sa u :
$TTL 86400 ;
2005170901 ; s seri, cn thay i theo ngy
thng tng ng
);
IN
NS
IN
NS
$ORIGIN IPv6test.com.
dns1-dc8
IN AAAA a_ch_ipv6_my_Linux1
182
dns2-dc9
web1
web2
C h n g ta s s d n g m y Linux1 n g th i lm m y ch m y ch w e b ,
l u tr hai trang web (web1 v web2).
(4) File d liu t n m i n n g c ch o v n g a ch 20 0 1 :d c8::/6 4
T o file d liu re ve rse -2001-0 d c8 v s d n g vi so n th o file c n i
d u n g n h sa u :
$TTL 86400 ;
2005170901 ; s seri, cn thay i theo ngy
thng tng ng
);
$ORIGIN 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.c.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa.
Thm b n g hi P T R th e o ng nh d n g cho my dns1-dc8.ipv6.com
th e o a ch IPv6 c a m y v tr v tn m i n c a m y.
(5) File d liu t n m i n n g c ch o v n g a ch 20 0 1 :d c9::/6 4
T o file d liu re ve rse -2001-0 d c9 v s d n g vi so n th o file c n i
d u n g n h sa u :
$TTL 86400 ;
2005170901; s
thng tng ng
seri,
cn
thay i
theo
ngy
183

);
$ORIGIN 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.9.c.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa.
Thm b n g hi P T R th e o ng nh d n g cho m y dns2-dc9.ipv6.com
th e o a ch IPv6 c a m y v tr v tn m i n c a m y
S a i file re so lve r /e tc/re so lv.co n f
D n g vi s a i file /e tc/re solv.co n f c ni d u ng n h sa u :
nameserver a_ch_ipv6_my_Linux1
K h i n g d ch v n a m e d
K i m tra h o t ng c a na m e d
T ru y vn c c t n m i n sa u :
web1.ipv6test.com.
web2.ipv6test.com.
Trn my tnh dns2-dc9: C u h n h m y Linux2 th n h m y ch t n m i n th

c p :
C u h n h file n a m ed .co n f
S d n g vi s a i file c u h n h n a m e d .co n f. m b o c n h n g th n g
tin n h sa u :
T ro n g p h n o p tio n s
directory /var/named;
Trong named.conf c cc zone sau:
184
(1) zone g c
zone "." in {
type hint;
file "named.root";
};
(2) zo ne ch o a ch lo o pa ck c a IPv6
zone
"1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0
.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa." {
type master;
file "localhostv6";
};
(3) zone IPv6test.com m DNS2 lm my th c p
zone "ipv6test.com." in {
type slave;
masters { dia_chi_ipv6_ca_my_dns_chnh; };
file "db.ipv6test.com";
};
zone "0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.c.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa." {
type slave;
masters { dia_chi_ipv6_ca_my_dns_chnh; };
};
zone "0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.9.c.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa." {
type slave;
masters { a_ch_ipv6_ca_my_dns_chnh; };
};
185
C u h n h c c file d li u
Do my dns2 l my ch th c p n n tro n g th m c /va r/n a m e d ch
c n t o c c file d li u n a m e d .ro o t v loca lh o stv6 . C c file d li u
c n li s c m y ch d n s th c p t ng c p n h t (zone transfer)
v i m y ch d n s ch nh .
S a i file re so lve r /e tc/re so lv.co n f
Dng vi s a i file /e tc/re solv.co n f c ni d u ng n h sa u :
nameserver a_ch_ipv6_my_Linux2
K h i n g d ch v n a m e d
K i m tra d li u c zone tra n sfe r g i a ha i my
dig@::1 IPv6test.com SOA
C u h n h d ch v F T P
C u h n h vsftpd c ci t trn m y tnh Linux1 h tr k t n i
IPv6.
S a i file c u h n h vsftp d .co n f
K h i s d n g gi (package) tro n g a ci h i u h n h Linux, file c u
h n h c a vsftp d c t ti th m c /e tc/vsftp d
S d n g vi so n th o file c u h n h , s d n g c c th n h sa u :
X a b th u c tn h liste n = Y E S v th m v o :
listen_ipv6=YES
listen_port=21
S d n g g ia o d i n h a kh i n g d ch v vsftp d .
C u h n h d ch v W eb v i V irtu al H o st
T a s th c hi n c u h n h A p a ch e m y ch w e b l u tr hai trang
w e b , tru y c p b ng k t n i IPv6.
C u h n h m y ch w eb n g he l u l ng a ch IPv6
S d n g vi so n th o file c u h n h ca A p a che
(/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf)
186
T m n p h n Liste n v s d n g th Liste n n h sa u :
Listen 80
H i u h n h Linux h tr a ch IPv4-m a p d o v y c th s d n g
th u c tn h c tn h ch t ch u ng n h trn M y ch w e b m n h n k t
n i IPv6 v IPv4 c n g so cke t. C u hn h c th w e b t i a ch n o s
th c h i n tro ng m c V irtu alh o st.
C u h n h V irtu a lh o st
T m n p h n N a m e V irtu alH o st v s d ng th n h sa u :
NameVirtualHost *:80
T m n m c V irtu alH o st v c u h nh h ai th n h sa u :
<VirtualHost [::]:80>
ServerAdmin webmaster@ipv6test.com
DocumentRoot /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/web1
ServerName web1.ipv6test.com
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost [::]:80>
ServerAdmin webmaster@ipv6test.com
DocumentRoot /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/web2
ServerName web2.ipv6test.com
</VirtualHost>
K h i n g d ch v W e b
S d n g scrip t i u khi n (ti /u sr/lo cal/a p a ch e 2 /bin ) ki m tra c p h p
Virtualhost:
cd /usr/local/apache2/bin
./bin/httpd S
N u n h n c p tr syn ta x O K t c b n kha i b o ch n h x c
Virtualhost
K h i n g a p a ch e :
./apachectl start
187
K h i m y ch w e b s n s n g cu n g c p d ch v , h tr k t n i a
ch IPv6.
K im tra cc d ch v h tr a ch IPv6
Dch v FTP
S d n g IPv6 ftp client (NextFTP) ci t tr n c c m y tn h Window
2 0 0 3 th d ng dch v F T P IPv6.
C h y p h n m m N e xtF T P .
T o m t k t n i m i (ch n FTP -> Connect -> New Host), tru y c p
d i a ccou n t c t o tr n m y Linux1 ipv6 te st:
Host Address: a_ch_IPv6_ca_my_Linux1
UserID: IPv6test
Password: IPv6test
IP Version: IPv6
H n h 45: G ia o d i n c a ch n g trn h N e xtF T P
M m t c a s t i m y Linux1 b t gi tin tra o i:
188
T i l n (Upload) h o c ti xu n g (download) file gi a h ai m y tn h , b n
s q u a n st c c c g i tin c trao i gi a h a i m y.
Dch v DNS, WEB

T h i t l p w e b site
Trn my tnh Linux1, t o ha i th m c web1, we b 2 tro n g th m c ti
li u w e b g c ca A p a ch e /usr/local/apache2/htdocs
B n h y th i t l p h ai w e b site web1 v web2, ( t trang index l
in d e x.h tm l). B n c th s d n g N e xtF T P y n i d un g w e b site l n
my Linux1 , v t tro n g h ai th m c /u sr/loca l/ap a ch e 2 /h td o cs/w e b 1 ,
/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/web2. H o c n g i n th i t l p n i d u n g tra n g
web n h sa u :
cd /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/web1
touch index.html
echo Day
index.html
la
- To trang web1
trang
web1
thu
nghiem
IPv6
>
IPv6
>
cd ../web2
touch index.html
echo Day
index.html
la
- To trang web2
trang
web2
thu
nghiem
Trn cc my tnh Linux1, Linux2 s d n g trn h d u y t M o zilla tru y cp

c c tra n g w e b ang c l u tr ti m y Linux1
http://web1.ipv6test.com
http://web2.ipv6test.com
K h i tru y c p c ni d u ng c c tra n g w e b , dch v D N S v W e b
IPv6 h o t n g t t.
T I L I U T H A M K H O
RFC 2460 Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
RFC 3513 IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture
RFC 3587 IPv6 Global Unicast Address Format
RFC 2375 IPv6 Multicast Address Assignments
RFC 3306 Unicast-Prefix-based IPv6 Multicast Addresses
RFC 3879 Deprecating Site Local Addresses
RFC 3177 IAB/IESG Recommendations on IPv6 Address

Allocations to Sites
RFC 3307 Allocation Guidelines for IPv6 Multicast Addresses
RFC 2462 IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
RFC 3041 Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address

Autoconfiguration in IPv6
RFC 3315 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)
RFC 1981 PathMTU Discovery for IP version 6
RFC 1981 Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)
RFC 2710 Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) for IPv6
RFC 2463 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
RFC 3697 IPv6 Flow Label Specification
RFC 3596 DNS Extensions to Support IP Version 6
RFC 3363 Representing Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)

Addresses in the Domain Name System (DNS)
How IPv6 works T i li u c a M icro so ft.
Introduction to IP Version 6 T i li u c a M icro so ft
IPv6 Transition Technologies T i liu c a M icro so ft.
The ABCs of IP version 6 T i li u ca C isco
190
IPv6 for Cisco IOS T i li u ca C isco
Cisco routing TCPIP Tc gi Je ff D o yle . N h xu t b n C isco

Press
IPv6 Network Administration T c gi D a vid Malone, Niall Murphy.

N h xu t b n O 'R eilly
N i d u ng c b in so n tro n g s ch G i i th i u v th h a ch
Internet m i IPv6 cn c th a m kh o v t n g h p t n h n g t i li u
t i n h n g a ch W eb site sa u y:
http://www.microsoft.com
http://www.cisco.com
http://www.ipv6tf.org
http://ns.ipv6style.jp
http://www.tcpipguide.com
http://www.apnic.net
http://www.ripe.net
C h u tr ch n h i m xu t b n
L U C V N
B i n t p : N G U Y N T H N G C
C h bn: N G U Y N A N H D N G
Trnh by ba: P H M A N H P H N G
N H X U T B N B U I N
T r s : 18 N gu yn D u , T P . H N i
i n th o i: 0 4 .9 4 3 0 2 0 2 - 04.9431283 - 04.9432438;
E-mail: bientap@hn.vnn.vn
Fax: 04.9431285
Website: www.nxbbuudien.com.vn
C h i n h n h : 27 N gu yn B n h K h im , Q u n 1, T P . H C h M in h
i n th o i: 0 8 .9 1 0 0 9 2 5 ;
Fax: 08.9100924
E-mail: chinhanh-nxbbd@hcm.vnn.vn
C h i n h n h T P . N n g : 42 T rn Q u c T o n , H i C h u , T P . N n g
i n th o i: 0 5 1 1 .8 9 7 4 6 7 ;
E-mail: pnbich@mpt.gov.vn
Fax: 0511.897467
In 1.200 b n , kh 1 9 x2 7 cm , t i C n g ty in H n g P h
S n g k k h o ch xu t b n : 9 6 -2006/CXB/34 - 0 8 /B u
S q u y t n h xu t b n 103/Q -N X B B n g y 05/7/2006
In xo n g v n p l u ch i u th n g 7 n m 2 0 0 6 .

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M s : KT 02 SM 06

I.2 . P h n lo i th n g i p IC M P V 6 ........................................................................... 104

II. T H T C N D ............................................................................................... 108

III. M T S Q U Y T R N H H O T N G C B N C A A C H IP v6 ............. 117

IV . T H T C Q U N L Q U A N H T H N H V I N M U L T IC A S T - MLD ............ 128

II. M T S C N G N G H T O N G H M ................................................ 150

III. T H C H N H T H I T L P V S D N G N G H M ............................ 161

II. T H C H N H T H I T L P M N G ................................................................. 173

Internet Control Message Protocol - T h t c c a n h n g th n g i p i u kh i n ,

N h c li v a ch Internet p hin b n 4 (IP v4 ).

H n ch c a th h a ch IPv4. M c ti u p h t tri n IPv6.

I.1. C c h s th p p h n , n h p h n , h exa d ecim al

203. 162 . 57 . 183

tru y n t i th n g tin t m t m n g sa n g m t m n g kh c trn Internet,

M t s n h t nh c c bit, tn h t tri q u a tro ng a ch IPv4 d n g x c

a ch IPv4 u ti n c a m t m n g , t c a ch v i p h n Host ID ton

N u l y 8 bit lm Network ID v 24 bit cn l i l m H o st ID , th

I.6. K h n g g ian a ch IPv4

K h u v c chu u: RIPE NCC, http://www.ripe.net

K h u v c M L a tin h v bi n C arib e : L A C N IC , http://www.lacnic.net

T ch c q u n l a ch Internet tro n g t n g khu v c c c u tr c q u n l

II.1. S cn kit a ch IPv4

IPv4 dng ring

IPv4 dng ring

N g u y c thiu h t kh n g gia n a ch, c ng n h n g h n ch c a IP v4

II.3. M c tiu tro n g th it k IPv6

H tr kt ni u cui-u cui v loi b hon ton cng ngh N A T .

Q u n tr T C P /IP d d n g h n : D H C P c s d n g tro n g IPv4

H tr t t h n M u ltica st: Multicast l m t t y ch n c a a ch IPv4,

III.2. T n h h n h th n gh im , p h t trin IPv6

III.2.1. H tr IPv6 tro n g h th n g D N S to n cu

III.2.3. C p n h t th n g tin v IPv6, tm kim n g d n g th n g h im v

T h c h n h kch h o t IPv6 trn h i u h nh Windows, Linux. C u

a ch IPv6 c g n ch o g iao d in . M t g iao d in c th

d i n o d n h ch o c n g ng h n g h m (tu n n el) c m t trong

32 cm 4 bit = 32 ch s hexa = 8 cm 4 ch s hexa

I.2.1. R t g n cch vit a ch IPv6

T ro n g v d tr n, a ch 2 03 1 :0 00 0 :1 3 0F :0 000 :0 0 0 0 :09 C 0 :8 7 6 A :13 0 B

Trong 128 bit a ch IPv6, c m t s bit th c h i n ch c n n g x c n h :

Bit xc n h lo i a ch IPv6 (bit tin t - prefix)

Cc bit n h d an h g iao d in (Interface ID)

I.4. n h d an h g iao d in tro n g a ch IPv6

G n gia o din b ng th t c g n a ch D H C P v6 (DHCP version 6).

I.4.1. T n g to 64 bit n h d an h g iao d in t a ch M A C c a card

ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc

ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc

xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

n h x t E U I-48 sang EUI-64

T ch a ch M A C 4 8 bit E U I-48 (00-90-27-17-FC-0F ) l m 2 p h n ,

T i n h nh o bit U c a d n g th c E U I-6 4 tr n , s thu c 6 4 b it

I.4.2. T n g to 64 bit n h d an h g iao d in m t cch n g u n h in

a ch IP v6 khng c n du y tr khi ni m b ro a d ca st. T h eo c ch th c g i

Unicast: a ch u nica st x c n h m t g ia o di n d u y n h t. T ron g m

Multicast: a ch m u ltica st nh d a n h m t n h m n h i u g iao di n .

Anycast: A n yca st l kh i n i m m i tro n g a ch IP v6 . a ch

N h trn h b y, kh n g gia n IP v6 c p h n chia th nh r t nhi u

0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 hay "::1" c s dn g l m a ch x c nh

t n g n g v i a ch 127.0 .0.1 c a IP v4. C c gi tin c a ch

a ch Link-local b t u b i 1 0 bit ti n t F E 8 0 ::/1 0 , th e o sa u b i 5 4

a ch site -lo cal b t u b n g 1 0 bit ti n t F E C 0 ::/1 0 . T i p th e o l 38

II.2.4. a ch n h d an h to n cu ( a ch Global Unicast)

V n g n h tu y n tron g m n g (site): 16 bit tip th e o l kh n g gia n