economic

ID

tu
1 Abatement cost

nghia
Chi ph kim sot; chi ph chng (
nhim)

2 Ability and earnings

3 Ability to pay

Nng lc v thu nhp

Kh nng chi tr.

4 Ability to pay theory

5 Abnormal profits
6 Abscissa

L thuyt v kh nng chi tr

Li nhun d thng
Honh

7 Absenteeism

Trn vic, s ngh lm khng c l do

8 Absentee landlord
9 Absolute advantage

a ch (ch bt ng sn) cch bit

Li th tuyt i.

10 Absolute cost advantage

Li th nh ph tn tuyt i.

11 Absolute income hypothesis

12 Absolute monopoly

Gi thuyt thu nhp tuyt i.

c quyn tuyt i.

13 Absolute prices
14 Absolute scarcity
15 Absolute value

Gi tuyt i.
Khan him tuyt i .
Gi tr tuyt i.

16 Absorption approach

Phng php hp thu.

17 Abstinence

Nhn chi tiu.

18 Accelerated depreciation

Khu hao nhanh, khu hao gia tc.

19
20
21
22

Lm pht gia tc.

Gia s
H s gia tc.
Hiu ng gia tc.

Accelerating inflation
Accelerator
Accelerator coefficient
Accelerator effect

23 Accelerator principle

Nguyn l gia tc.

24 Acceptance

chp nhn thanh ton.

25 Accepting house

Ngn hng nhn tr.

26 Accesion rate
27 Accesions tax

T l gia tng lao ng.

Thu qu tng.

28 Access/space trade - off model

29 Accommodating monetary policy

M hnh nh i khng gian hay m

hnh tip cn.
Chnh sch tin t iu tit.

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30 Accommodation transactions

Cc giao dch iu tit.

31 Account

Ti khon.

32 Accrued expenses

Chi ph pht sinh (tnh trc).

33 Achieving Society, the.

X hi thnh t.

34 Across-the-board tariff changes

Thay i thu quan ng lot.

35 Action lag

tr ca hnh ng.

36 Active balance
37 Activity analysis
38 Activity rate

D nghch.
Phn tch hot ng.
T l lao ng.

39 Adaptive expectation
40 Adding up problem

K vng thch nghi; k vng phng theo

Vn cng tng.

41 Additional worker hypothesis

Gi thuyt cng nhn thm vo.

42 Addition rule

Quy tc cng.

43 Additive utility function

Hm tho dng ph tr.

44 Address principle
45 Adjustable peg regime

Nguyn l a ch.
Ch iu chnh hn ch.

46 Adjustable peg system

47 Adjustment cost

H thng neo t gi hi oi c th iu
chnh.
Chi ph iu chnh sn xut.

48 Adjustment lag

tr iu chnh.

49 Adjustment process

Qu trnh iu chnh

50 Administered prices

Cc mc gi b qun ch.

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51 Administrative lag

tr do hnh chnh

52 Advalorem tax

Thu theo gi tr.

53 Advance

Tin ng trc.

54 Advance Corporation Tax (ACT)

Thu doanh nghip ng trc.

55 Advance refunding

Hon tr trc.

56 Advanced countries
57 Adverse balance

Cc nc pht trin, cc nc i u.
Cn cn thm ht.
La chn tri ; La chn theo hng
bt li.

58 Adverse selection

59 Advertising
60 Advertising - sale ratio
61 AFL-CIO

Qung co.
T l doanh s-qung co.
Xem AMERICAN FEDERATION OF
LABOR.

62 Age-earning profile

Biu quan h thu nhp theo tui

63 Agency for International Development

C quan pht trin quc t.

64 Agency shop

Nghip on.

65 Agglomeration economies

Tnh kinh t nh kt khi.

66 Aggregate concentration
67 Adverse supply shock
68 Aggregate demand

S tp trung gp.
C sc cung bt li.
Cu gp; Tng cu

69
70
71
72
73

ng cu gp; ng tng cu
Biu cu gp; Biu tng cu
Chi tiu gp.
Thu nhp gp; Tng thu nhp
Sn lng gp.

Aggregate demand curve

Aggregate demand shedule
Aggregate expenditure
Aggregate income
Aggregate output

74 Aggregate production function

Hm sn xut gp.

75 Aggregate supply curve

ng cung gp; ng tng cung.

76 Aggregation problem

Vn v php gp.

77 Agrarian revolution

Cch mng nng nghip.

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78 Agricultural earnings

Cc khon thu t nng nghp.

79 Agricultural exports

Nng sn xut khu

80 Agricultural lag
81 Agricultural livies

tr ca nng nghip
Thu nng nghip.

82 Agricultural reform

Ci cch nng nghip.

83 Agricultural sector
Agricultural Stabilization and
84 Conservation Service

Khu vc nng nghip.

ASCS - Nha n nh v bo tn nng
nghip.

85 Agricultural subsidies

Khon tr cp nng nghip.

86 Agricultural Wage Boards

87 Aid
88 Aitken estimator

Cc hi ng tin cng trong nng

nghip.
Vin tr
c lng s Aitken.

89 Alienation

S tha ho

90 Allais Maurice (1911)

Allen , Sir roy George Douglas(190691 1983)

92 Allocate

1906-1983
Phn b, n nh

93 Allocation funtion

Chc nng phn b

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94 Allocative efficiency
Allowances and expences for
95 corporation tax
Allowances and expencess for income
96 tax

Hiu qu phn b.

97 Almon lag
98 Alpha coeficient

tr Almon.
H s Alpha

Khu tr v chi ph vi thu cng ty.

Khu tr v chi ph vi thu thu
nhp.

99 Alternative technology
100 Altruism
101 Amalgamation

Cng ngh thay th.

Lng v tha.
S hp nht.

102 America Depository Receipt

ADR - Phiu gi tin M.

103 America Federation of Labuor

ALF - Lin on lao ng M.

104 America selling price

Gi bn kiu M.

105 American Stock Exchange

S giao dch chng khon M (ASE hay

AMEX).

106 Amortization

Chi tr tng k.

107 Amplitude
108 Amtorg

Bin
C quan mu dch thng tr ca Lin
X.

109 Analysis of variance

ANOVA - Phn tch phng sai

110 Anarchy

Tnh trng v chnh ph.

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111 Allowance

Phn tin tr cp.

113 Anchor argument

Lun im v ci neo.

114 Animal spirits

Tinh thn by n; Tm l ha theo

115 Analysis (stats)

Phn tch.

116 Annecy Round

117 Annual allowances

Vng m phn Annecy.

Min thu hng nm.

118 Annual capital charge

Chi ph vn hng nm.

119 Annuity
120 Annuity market

Nin kim.
Th trng nin kim.

121 Anomaliess pay

123 Anticipated inflation

Tin tr cng bt thng.

Lm pht c d tnh.

124 Anti-trust

Chng lng on.

125 Appreciation
126 Apprenticeship

S tng gi tr.
Hc vic.

127 Anti-export bias

Thin lch / nh kin chng xut khu.

128 Appropriate products

Cc sn phm thch hp.

129 Appropriate technology

Cng ngh thch hp.

130 Appropriation account

Ti khon phn phi li.

131 Approval voting

B phiu tn thnh; b phiu ph

chun.

132 Apriori

Tin nghim.

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133 Aquinas St Thomas

134 Arbitrage

(1225-1274)
Kinh doanh da vo chnh lch gi;
bun chng khon

135 Arbitration
136 Arc elasticity of demand

Trng ti
co gin hnh cung ca cu

137 ARCH
138 ARCH effect

Kim nghim ARCH.

Hiu ng ARCH.

139 Aristotle
140 Arithmetic mean

(384-322 BC)-Aristotle (384-322 trc

cng nguyn)
Trung bnh s hc.

141 Arithmetic progression

Cp s cng.

142 Arrow.KennethJ

(1921-).

143 "A" shares

C phiu "A".(C phiu hng li sau).

144 Asiab Development Bank

Ngn hng pht trin chu .

145 Assessable Income or profit

146 Assessable profit

Thu nhp hoc li nhun chu thu.

Li nhun chu thu.

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147 Asset

Ti sn.

148 Asset stripping

Tc ot ti sn.

149 Assignment problem

Bi ton kt ni.

150 Assisted areas

Association of International Bond
152 Dealers

Cc vng c h tr
Hip hi nhng ngi bun bn tri
khon quc t.

Association of South East Asian Nations

153 (ASEAN)
Hip hi cc nc ng nam .

154 Assurance
155 Asset stocks and services flows
156 Asymmetric infornation

Bo him xc nh
D tr ti sn v lung dch v.
Thng tin bt i xng; Thng tin khng
tng xng.

157 Asymptote

ng tim cn.

158 Asymptotic distribution

Phn phi tim cn.

159 Atomistic competition

Cnh tranh c lp.

160 Attribute

Thuc tnh.

161 Auctioneer

Ngi bn u gi.

162 Auction markets

Cc th trng u gi.

163 Auctions

u gi.

164 Augmented Dickey Fuller test

ADF - Kim nh Dickey Fuller b sung.

165 Augmented Phillips curve

ng Phillips b sung.

166 Austrian school

Trng phi kinh t o.

167 Autarky
168 Autarky economy

T cung t cp.
Nn kinh t t cung t cp

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169 Autocorrelation

S t tng quan.

170 Automatic stabilizers

Cc bin php n nh t ng.

171 Automation
172 Autonomous expenditure

T ng ho.
Khon chi tiu t nh.
Khon chi tiu ph thuc (vo mc thu
nhp).
Tiu dng t nh.
u t t nh.
Nhu cu u t t nh.

173
174
175
176

Induced expenditure
Autonomous consumption
Autonomous investment
Autonomous investment demand

177 Autonomous transactions

178 Autonomous variables

Giao dch t nh
Cc bin t nh

179 Autoregression

T hi quy.

180 Availability effects

181 Average

Cc hiu ng ca s sn c.
S trung bnh.

182 Average cost

Chi ph bnh qun.

183 Average cost pricing

184 Average expected income
185 Average fixed costs

nh gi theo chi ph bnh qun.

Thu nhp k vng bnh qun; Thu nhp
bnh qun d kin.
Chi ph c nh bnh qun.

186 Average product

187 Average productivity

Sn phm bnh qun.

Nng sut bnh qun.

188 Average propensity to consume

Khuynh hng tiu dng bnh qun.

189 Average propensity to save

Khuynh hng tit kim bnh qun.

190 Average rate of tax

191 Average revenue

Sut thu bnh qun (sut thu thc t).

Doanh thu bnh qun.

192 Average revenue product

193 Average total cost
194 Average variable cost

Sn phm doanh thu bnh qun.

Tng chi ph bnh qun
AVC-Chi ph kh bin bnh qun.

195
196
197
198

Hiu ng Averch-Johnson.
Tin v tnh y .
Tin v tnh lin tc.
Tin v tnh li.

Averch-Johnson Effect
Axiom of completeness
Axiom of continuity
Axiom of convexity

199 Axiom of dominance

200 Axiom of

Tin v tnh thch nhiu hn thch t.

Tin v s la chn.

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201 Axiom of prefence

Tin v s thch.

202 Backdoor fancing

Cp tin qua ca sau.

203 Back-haul rates

Cc vn ti ngc.

204 Backstop technology

Backward bending supply curve of
205 labour
206 Backward intergration

Cng ngh chng cui.

ng cung lao ng cong v pha
sau.
Lin hp thng ngun.

207 Backward linkage

Lin kt thng ngun.

208 Backwash effects

Hiu ng ngc.

209 Bad

Hng xu.

210 Bad money drive out good

"ng tin xu ui ng tin tt".

211 Bagehot, Walter

212 Balanced budget

(1826-1877).
Ngn sch cn i.

213 Balanced-budget multiplier

S nhn ngn sch cn i.

214 Balanced economic development

Pht trin kinh t cn i.

215 Balanced growth

Tng trng cn i.

216 Balance of payment

Cn cn thanh ton.

217 Balance of trade

Cn cn thng mi.

218 Balance principle

Nguyn l cn i.

219 Balance sheet

Bng cn i ti sn.

220 Bancor
221 Balanced GDP

ng tin bancor (ng tin quc t).

GDP c cn i

223 Bandwagon effect

Hiu ng on tu

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224 Bank

Ngn hng

225 Bank advance

Khon vay ngn hng.

226 Bank bill

Hi phiu ngn hng.

227 Bank Charter Act

o lut Ngn hng.

228 Bank credit

Tn dng ngn hng.

229 Bank deposite

Tin gi ngn hng.

230 Bank for international Settlements

Ngn hng thanh ton quc t.

231 Banking panic

Cn hong lon ngn hng.

232 Banking school

Trng phi ngn hng

233 Bank loan

Khon vay ngn hng.

234 Bank note

Giy bc ca ngn hng.

235 Bank of England

Ngn hng Anh

236 Bank of United State

Ngn hng Hoa K.

T l chit khu chnh thc ca ngn
hng ANH.

237 Bank rate

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238 Bankruptcy

S ph sn.

239 Bargaining tariff

Thu quan mc c; Thu quan thng

lng.

240 Bargaining theory of wages

L thuyt thng lng v tin cng; L

thuyt mc c v tin cng.

241 Bargaining unit

242 Banks' cash-deposit ratio

n v thng lng; n v mc c.
T s gia tin mt v tin gi ca
ngn hng.

243 Barlow Report

244 Barometric price leadership

Bo co Barlow.
S ch o theo k p gi c.

245 Barriers to entry

Ro cn nhp ngnh

246 Barter

Hng i hng.

247 Barter agreements

Hip nh trao i hng.

248 Barter economy

249 Base period

Nn kinh t hng i hng

Giai on gc.

250
251
252
253

Li sut gc.
Cc hot ng c bn.
Hng xut khu c bn
Nhng ngnh c bn.

Base rate
Basic activities
Basic exports
Basic industries

254 Basic need philosophy

255 Basic wage rates

Trit l nhu cu c bn.

Mc tin cng c bn; mc lng c
bn.

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256 Basing-point system

H thng im nh v c s.

257 Bayesian techniques

K thut Bayes.

258 Bearer bonds

Tri khon khng ghi tn.

259 Bears

Ngi u c gi xung.

260 Beggar-my neighbour policies

Chnh sch lm ngho nc lng ging

261 Behavioural equation

Phng trnh v hnh vi

262 Behavioural expectations

K vng da trn hnh vi.

263
264
265
266

Cc l thuyt da trn hnh vi v hng;

l thuyt v hng da trn hnh vi.
Nm gc, nm c s.
T s chi ph-li ch.
Phn tch li ch chi ph.

Behavioural theories of the firm

Base year
Benefit-cost ratio
Benefit-cost analysis

267 Benefit principle

Nguyn tc nh thu theo li ch.

268 Benelux Economic Union

269 Bentham,Jeremy

Lin minh kinh t Benelux.

1748-1832

270 Bergsonnian Social Walfare Funtion

Hm phc li x hi Bergson

271 Bernoulli Hypothesis

Gi thuyt Bernoulli.

272 Bertrand's duopoly Model

M hnh lng quyn ca Bertrand.

273 Best Linear Unbiased Estimator

(BLUE)-on s trng tuyn tnh p

nht; (c lng tuyn tnh khng
chch tt nht)

274 Beta

Ch s Beta

275 Beveridge Report

Bo co Beveridge.

276 Bias

lch.

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277 Bid

u thu.

278 Bid-rent function

Hm gi thu thu t.

279 Bifurcation Hypothesis

Gi thuyt lng cc.

280 Big bang

V o ln ln.

281 Big push

C y mnh.

282 Bilateral assistance

283 Bilateral monopoly

Tr gip song phng.

c quyn song phng.

284 Bilateral trade

285 Bill

Mu dch song phng

Hi phiu.

286 Bill broker

287 Bill of exchange

Ngi mi gii hi phiu.

Hi phiu i ngoi.

288 Bills only

Ch c nghip v hi phiu.

289 Binary variable

Bin nh phn.

290
291
292
293

Li sut sinh hc.

T sut sinh
Ngn hng thanh ton quc t
Phn tch hai bin s

Biological interest rate

Birth rate
BIS
Bivariate analysis

294 Black market

Ch en

295 Bliss point

im cc mn; im hon ton tho

mn

296 Block grant

Tr cp c gi

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297 Blue chip

C phn xanh

298 Blue Book

Sch xanh

299 Blue-collar workers

Cng nhn c xanh

300 BLUS residuals

S d BLUS

301 Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen Von (1851-1914)

302 Bond

Tri khon

303 Bond market

Th trng tri phiu

304 Bonus issue

C phiu thng

305 Book value

Gi tr trn s sch

306 Boom

S bng n tng trng

307 Borda Count

Con tnh Borda

308 Boulwarism

Ch ngha Boulware

309 Bounded rationality

Tnh duy l b hn ch.

310 Bourgeoisie
311 Box-Jenkins

Tng lp trng gi; Tng lp t sn

Phng php Box-Jenkins.

312 Brain drain

(Hin tng) chy mu cht xm

313 Branch banking

Nhip v ngn hng chi nhnh

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314 Brand loyalty

S trung thnh vi nhn hiu

315 Break-even analysis

Phn tch im ho vn

316 Break-even level of income

Mc ho vn ca thu nhp

317 Bretton Woods

318 Bretton Woods system

H thng Bretton Woods.

319 Brooker

Ngi mi gii.

320 Brokerage

Hoa hng mi gii.

321 Brookings model

M hnh Brookings

322 Brussels, Treaty of

323 Brussels, Treaty of

Hip c Brussels
Hip c Brussels (c bit n nh
hip c B sung)

324 Brussels conference

Hi ngh Brussels.

325 Brussels Tariff Nomenclature

Biu thu quan theo Hip nh Brussels

326 Buchanan, James M.

(1919-)

327 Budget

Ngn sch.

328 Budget deficit

Thm ht ngn sch.

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329 Budget line

ng ngn sch

330 Budget surplus

Thng d ngn sch.

331 Budgetary control

332 Budget shares

Kim sot ngn sch

T phn ngn sch.

333 Buffer stocks

Kho m, d tr bnh n

334 Building society

335 Built-in stabililizers

Ngn hng pht trin gia c

Cc chnh sch, cng c n nh ni
to.

336 Bullion

Thoi

337 Bulls

Ngi u c gi ln.

338 Bureaucracy, economic theory of

L thuyt kinh t v h thng cng

chc.

339 Bureaux
340 Business cycle

Vn phng
Chu k kinh doanh.

341 Business performance

342 Business risk

Kt qu kinh doanh.
Ri ro kinh doanh

343 Buyer concertration

S tp trung ngi mua.

344 Buyers' market

Th trng ca ngi mua.

345 Caculus

Gii tch.

346 Call money

Khon vay khng k hn.

347 Call option

348 Cambridge Equation

Hp ng mua trc.
Phng trnh Cambridge

349 Cambridge school of Economics

Trng phi kinh t hc Cambridge

L thuyt tin t ca trng phi
Cambridge.

350 Cambridge theory of Money

351 CAP

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352 Capacity model

M hnh cng nng.

353 Capacity untilization

Mc s dng cng nng

354 Capital
355 Capital account

T bn/ vn.
Ti khon vn.

356 Capital accumulation

357 Capital allowances

Tch l vn.
Cc khon min thu cho vn.

358 Capital asset

Ti sn vn.

359 Capital asset pricing model

360 Capital budgeting

M hnh nh gi Ti sn vn.
Phn b vn ngn sch.

361 Capital charges

362 Capital coefficients

Cc ph tn cho vn
Cc h s vn.

363 Capital Consumption Allowance

Khon khu tr cho s dng t bn.

364 Capital Controversy

Tranh ci v yu t vn.

365 Capital deepening

366 Capital equipment

Tng cng vn.

Thit b sn xut, thit b vn.

367 Capital expenditure

Chi tiu cho vn.

368 Capital information (capital formation?)

S hnh thnh vn.

369 Capital gain

370 Capital gains tax
371 Capital gearing

Khon li vn.
Thu li vn.
T trng vn vay

372 Capital goods

T liu sn xut, hng t liu sn xut.

373 Capital intensity

Cng vn.

374 Capital - intensive

(ngnh) da nhiu vo vn; s dng

nhiu vn.

375 Capital - intensive economy

Nn kinh t da nhiu vo vn.

376 Capital-intensive sector

Ngnh bao hm nhiu vn

377 Capital-intensive techniques

378 Capital, marginal efficiency of

Cc k thut da nhiu vo vn
Vn, hiu qu bin ca

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379 Capitalism
380 Capitalization
381 Capitalization issue

Ch ngha t bn
T bn ho, vn ha
C phiu khng mt tin

382 Capitalization rates

T l vn ho

383 Capitalized value

Gi tr c vn ho

384 Capital-labour ratio

385 Capital loss

T s vn/ lao ng
Khon l vn

386 Capital market

387 Capital movements

Th trng vn
Cc lung di chuyn vn

388 Capital-output ratio

T s vn-sn lng

389 Capital rationing

nh mc vn

390 Capital requirements

Cc yu cu v vn

391 Capital- reversing

Thay i k thut sn xut

392 Capital services

Cc dch v vn

393 Capital stock

Dung lng vn

394 Capital Stock Adjustment Principle

395 Capital structure
396 Captital tax

Nguyn l iu chnh dung lng vn

Cu trc vn
Thu vn

397 Capital theoretic approach

398 Capital theory

Phng php l thuyt qui v vn

L thuyt v vn

399 Capital transfer tax

Thu chuyn giao vn

400 Capital turnover criterion

Tiu chun quay vng vn

401 Capital widening

402 Capitation tax

u t chiu rng (m rng vn)

Thu thn

403 Capture theory

L thuyt nm gi.

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404 Captive buyer

405 Carbon tax

Ngi / Ngn hng b buc phi mua

mt s chng khon va pht hnh.
(Nh nc quy nh).

406 Cardinalism

Thu Carbon
Trng phi im ho; trng phi chia
.

407 Cardinal utility

tho dng im ho; tho dng,

khong cch gia cc mc tho dng.

408 Cartel

Cartel

409 Cartel sanctions

S trng pht ca Cartel

410 Cash

Tin mt.

411 Cash balance approach

Cch tip cn tn qu. (S d tin mt).

412 Cash crops

413 Cash drainage

Nng sn thng mi; Hoa mu hng

ho/ hoa mu thng mi.
Tht thot / ht tin mt.

414 Cash flow

Lung tin, ngn lu, dng kim lu.

415 Cash flow statement

Bn bo co lung tin / ngn lu.

416 Cash limit

Hn mc chi tiu, hn mc tin mt.

417 Cash ratio

T sut tin mt.

418 Casual employment

419 Categorical

Cng vic tm thi.

Tr cp chn lc.

420 Causality
421 CBI

Phng php nhn qu.

423 Ceiling

Mc trn

424 Celler - Kefauver Act

o lut Celler - Kefauver.

425 Central Bank

426 Central Bank of Central Banks

Ngn hng trung ng

Ngn hng trung ng ca cc ngn
hng trung ng.

427 Central business district

Khu kinh doanh trung tm.

428 Central Limit Theorem.

429 Central Place Theory

nh l gii hn trung tm.

L thuyt V tr Trung tm.

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430 Central planing
431 Central policy Review Staff

K hoch ho tp trung.
Ban xet duyt chnh sch trung ng
(CPRS).

432 Central Statical office

Cc thng k trung ng

433 Certainty equivalence

Mc qui i v tt nh.

434 Certificate of deposit

Giy chng nhn tin gi.

hm sn xut c co gin thay th c
nh.

435 CES production function

436 Ceteris paribus

437 Chain rule
438 Central tendency

iu kin khc gi nguyn

Quy tc dy chuyn. (Quy tc hm ca
hm).

439 Ceilings and floors

440 Causation

Xu hng hng tm; Hng tm.

Mc trn v mc sn; Mc nh v mc
y.
Quan h nhn qu.

441 Chamberlin, Edward

(1899-1967)

442 Characteristics theory

443 Charge account

L thuyt v c tnh sn phm.

Ti khon tn dng.

444 Cheap money

Tin r.

445 Check off

Tr cng on ph trc tip.

446 Cheque card

Th sc.

447 Cheque

Sc

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448 Chicago School

Trng phi (kinh t) Chicago.

449 Child allowance

450 Chi-square distribution
451 Choice of technology

Tr cp tr em.
Phn phI Kai bnh phng (Phn phi
khi bnh phng)
S la chn cng ngh.

452 Choice variable

Bin la chn.

453
454
455
456
457
458

CIF
CIO
Circular flow of income
Choice of production technique
Circular flow of payments
Circulating capital

Gi, ph bo him, cc vn chuyn ,

hay gi y ca hng ho.
Lung lun chuyn thu nhp.
S la chn k thut sn xut.
Dng thanh ton lun chuyn.
Vn lu ng.

459 Clark, John Bates

(1847-1938)

460 Classical dichotomy

Thuyt lng phn c in

461 Classical economics

462 Classical school

Kinh t hc c in
Trng phi c in

463 Classical system of company taxation

H thng c in v thu cng ty

464 Classical techniques

Cc k thut c in
Tht nghip theo l thuyt c in v
465 Classical and Keynesian unemployment theo l thuyt Keynes
466 Classical model
M hnh c in

467 Clay-clay

clay-clay; t st- t st

Page 22

economic

468 Clayton Act

o lut Clayton

469 Clean float

Th ni t do

470 Clearing banks

Cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr

471 Clearing house

Phng thanh ton b tr

472 Cliometrics

S lng

473 Closed economy

Nn kinh t ng

474 Closed shop

Ca hng ng;Cng ty c t chc

cng on.

475 Closing prices

477 Clubs, theory of

Gi lc ng ca.
Hng ho club; Hng ho bn cng
cng.
Thuyt club; Thuyt cu lc b, thuyt
hng ho bn cng cng.

478 Coase, Ronald H.

(1910- ).

479 Coase's theorem

nh l Coase.

480 Cobb-Douglas production function

Hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas.

481 Cobweb theorem

nh l mng nhn.

482 Cochrane-Orcutt

Cochrane-Orcutt

483 Co-determination

ng quyt nh.

476 Club good

Page 23

economic

485 Coefficient of variation

H s xc nh (H s tng quan bi
s R bnh phng).
H s phn tn ( phn tn tng
i).

486 Coercive comparisons

So snh p buc.

487 Cofactor
488 Coinage

ng h s.
Tin c.

489 Coincident indicator

Ch s bo trng hp.

490 Cointegration
491 COLA

ng lin kt
iu chnh theo gi sinh hot.

492 Collateral security

Vt th chp.

493 Collective bargaining

Thng lng tp th.

494
495
496
497
498

Collective choise
Collective goods
Collective exhaustive
Collinearity
Multi-Collinearity

S la chn tp th.
Hng ho tp th.
Hon ton.
Cng tuyn.
a cng tuyn.

499
500
501
502
503

Collusion
Collusive oligopoly
Collusive price leadership
Comecon
Command economy

Kt cu.
c quyn nhm c kt cu.
Ch o gi kt cu.
Hi ng tng tr kinh t.
Nn kinh t ch huy.

484 Coefficient of determination

504 Commercial banks

Cc ngn hng thng mi.

505 Commercial bill

506 Commercial paper

Hi phiu thng mi.

Thng phiu

507 Commercial policy

508 Commissions

Chnh sch thng mi

Xem COMPENSATION RULES

509 Commodity
510 Commodity bundling

512 Commodity money

Vt phm; Hng ho
Bn hng theo l
Cng ty tn dng hng ho; Cng ty tn
dng vt phm
Tin t da trn vt phm; Tin bng
hng ho.

513 Commodity space

Khng gian hng ho.

511 Commodity Credit Corporation

Page 24

economic

514 Commodity terms of trade

T gi trao i hng ho; T gi hng

ho.

515 Common Agricultural Policy

516 Common Customs Tariff

Chnh sch nng nghip chung.

Biu thu quan chung.

517 Common external tariff

Biu thu i ngoi chung.

518 Common facility co-operative

Cc hp tc x c thit b chung.

519 Common market

Th trng chung.

520 Common stock

Chng khon ph thng.

521 Communism
522 Community Charge

Ch ngha cng sn.

Thu cng ng.

523 Community indifference curve

ng bng quan cng ng.

524 Company

Cng ty.

525 Company bargaining

m phn cng ty.

526 Company director

Gim c cng ty.

527 Company saving

So snh v lng

528 Comparability argument

529 Comparable worth

Lun im v tnh c th so snh.

Gi tr c th so snh.

530 Comparative advantage

531 Comparative costs

Li th so snh
Chi ph so snh.

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economic

532 Comparative dynamics

Phng php so snh ng.

533 Comparative statics

Phng php so snh tnh.

534 Compensated demand curves

535 Compensating variation
536 Compensation principle

ng cu c b.
Mc thay i b p.
Nguyn l b p.

537 Compensation rules

Cc quy tc tr th lao.

538 Compensation tests

Kim nghim n b.

539 Competition Act 1980

o lut cnh tranh 1980.

540 Competition and Credit Control

Kim sot tn dng v cnh tranh

541 Competitive markets

Th trng cnh tranh

542 Complements

Hng ho b tr

543 Complex number

S phc

544 Composite commodity theorem

nh l hng ho a hp

545 Compound interest

546 Compensating differentials
547 Competition policy

Li kp
Cc mc b thm tin lng.
Chnh sch v cnh tranh

548 Concave function (concavity)

Hm lm (tnh lm).

549 Concentration

S tp trung.

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economic

550 Concentration, coefficient of.

H s tp trung.

551 Concentration ratio

T l tp trung.

552 Concerted action

Hnh ng phi hp.

553 Concertina method of tariff reduction

Phng php iu ho gim thu quan;

Phng php gim thu quan hi ho.

554 Conciliation

Ho gii

555 Condorcet Criterion

Tiu chun g chi; Tiu chun

Condorcet

556 Confederation of British Industrial

Lin on cng nghip ANH (CBI).

557 Confidence interval

Khong tin cy.

558 Confidence problem

Vn lng tin.

559 Congestion costs

560 Conglomerate
561 Conjectural behavior

Chi ph do tc nghn.
Conglomerate; Tp on; T hp
doanh nghip
Hnh vi phng on.

562 CONJECTURAL VARIATION

563 Consistency

S thay i theo phng on.

Tnh nht qun.

564 Consolidated fund

565 Consistent

Qu ngn kh.
Thng nht/ nht qun.

566 Consolidated balance sheets

567 Consols

Bng cn i (k ton/ti sn) hp nht.

Cng tri hp nht.

568 Consortium bank

569 Conspicuous consumption

Ngn hng Consortium.

S tiu dng nhm th hin; S tiu
dng nhm khoe khoang.

570 Constant capital

T bn bt bin.

Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) Hm sn xut vi co gin thay th

571 Production Function
khng i.

572 Constant market share demand curve

ng cu vi th phn bt bin.

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economic

573 Constant returns to scale

Sinh li khng i theo qui m; Li tc

c nh theo quy m

574 Constrained optimization

Ti u ho c rng buc

575 Constraint
576 Consumer

Rng buc
Ngi tiu dng

577 Consumer credit

Tn dng tiu dng

578 Consumer demand theory

L thuyt cu tiu dng

579 Consumer durable

Hng tiu dng lu bn

580 Consumer equilibrium

581 Consumer expenditure

Cn bng tiu dng

Chi tiu ca ngi tiu dng

582 Consumer goods and services

583 Consumer price index

Hng v dch v tiu dng

Ch s gi tiu dng

584 Consumer sovereignty

Quyn ti thng ca ngi tiu dng;

Ch quyn ca ngi tiu dng

585 Consumer's surplus

586 Consumption

Thng d ca ngi tiu dng

S tiu dng

587 Consumption expenditure

Chi tiu tiu dng

588 Consumption function

Hm tiu dng

589 Consumption tax

Thu tiu dng

590 Constestable market

Th trng c th cnh tranh c

591 Contingency reserve

D tr pht sinh

592 Contingency table

593 Contingent valuation

Bng pht sinh; Bng s c

nh gi (hin tng) pht sinh; Vic
nh gi bt thng

594 Continuous variable

Bin s lin tc

595 Contract curve

ng hp ng

596 Contractionary phase

Giai on suy gim; Giai on thu hp

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economic

597 Convergence thesis

598 Convergent cycle
599 Conversion

Lun chng hi t
Chu k hi t
S chuyn i

600 Convertibility
601 Convertible bond
602 Convertible loan stock

Kh nng chuyn i
Tri khon chuyn i c.
Khon vay chuyn i c.

603 Convertible security

604 Convex function (convexity)

Chng khon chuyn i c.

Hm li (tnh li).

605 Cooling off period

Giai on lng du.

606 Co-ordinated wage policy

607 Core, the

Chnh sch tin lng phi hp

Gi gc.

608 Corner solution

p s gc.

609 Corn Laws

Cc b lut v Ng.

610 Corporate capitalism

Ch ngha t bn hp doanh; Ch
ngha t bn doanh nghip.

611 Corporate conscience

Lng tm hp doanh; Lng tm

doanh nghip.

612 Corporate risk

613 Corporate state
614
615
616
617

Complementary inputs
Concesionary prices / rates
Constant prices
Constant returns to scale

Ri ro hp doanh; Ri ro cng ty.

a phn ca hp doanh; Nh nc
cng ty.
(Cc loi) u vo b tr; Nhp lng
b tr.
Gi / T sut u i.
Gi c nh / gi bn khng i.
Sinh li khng i theo quy m.

623 Consumption bundle

624 Consumption externalities
625 Corporation

Hn ch / Rng buc (khng chnh

thc/ chnh thc) ngoi quy nh/ theo
quy nh.
H s chuyn i.
Khon vay cho ngi tiu dng; Vay
tiu dng.
La chn ca ngi tiu dng.
B hng tiu dng; im kt hp tiu
dng.
Nhng ngoi tc tiu dng.
Hp doanh; Cng ty.

626 Corporation tax

Thu doanh nghip; Thu Cng ty.

618 Constraint (informal / formal)

619 Conversion factor
620 Consumer borrowing
621 Consumer choice

Page 29

economic

627
628
629
630

Correlation
Positive correlation
Nagative correlation
Correlation of returns

S tng quan
Tng quan ng bin.
Tng quan nghch bin.
Tng quan ca li tc.

631 Correlogram

Biu tng quan

632 Correspondent banks

Cc ngn hng i l.

633 Corset

Yu cu tht cht.

634 Cost

Chi ph.

635 Cost - benefit analysis

Phn tch chi ph - li ch.

636 Cost - effectiveness analysis

637 Cost insurance freight

Phn tch chi ph - hiu qu

Ph, bo him, cc vn chuyn, gi
CIF.

638 Cost minimization

Ti thiu ho chi ph.

639 Cost of capital

Chi ph vn.

640 Cost of living

Chi ph cho sinh hot; Gi sinh hot.

641 Cost of protection

642 Cost overrun

Chi ph bo h.
Chi ph pht sinh.

643 Cost - plus pricing

Cch nh gi chi ph-cng li; Cch

nh gi da vo chi ph v cng thm
li nhun.

644 Cost - push inflation

Lm pht do chi ph y.

645 Cost - utility analysis

Phn tch chi ph - cng dng; Phn tch

tn dng chi ph.

646 Council of Economic Advisors (ECA).

Hi ng c vn kinh t.

Council for Mutual economic Assitance

647 (Comecon)
648 Countercyclical

Hi ng tng tr kinh t.
Ngc chu k.

Page 30

economic

649 Countertrade

Thng mi i lu.

650 Countervailing power

Lc b i trng; Th lc lm cn bng.

651 Counter - vailing duty

Thu chng bo h gi; thu nh vo

hng xut/ nhp khu c tr gi.

652 Coupon
653 Coupon payments
654 Cournot, Antoine A. (1801-1877)

Phiu li, li sut tri phiu.

Tin tr li theo nm

655 Cournot's duopoly model

M hnh lng c quyn Cournot.

656 Covariance
657 Covariance stationary

Hip phng sai.

Tnh theo hip phng sai.

659 CPRS

Mc li xut qui ngang; Ngang gi li

sut.
Xem CENTRAL POLICY REVIEW
STAFF.

660 Craff unions

661 Cramer's Rule

Nghip on theo chuyn mn.

Quy tc Cramer's.

662 Crawling peg

Ch neo t gi hi oi iu chnh
dn.

663 Credit
664 Credit account

Tn dng.
Ti khon tn dng.

665 Credit card

Th tn dng.

666 Credit celing

Trn tn dng.

667 Credit control

Kim sot tn dng.

668 Credit creation

S to ra tn dng.

669 Credit guarantee

Bo m tn dng.

658 Covered interest parity

Page 31

economic

670 Credit multiplier

671 Credible threat

S nhn tn dng.
e do kh tin; e do c th thc hin
c.

672 Creditor nation

Nc ch n.

673 Creditors

Cc ch n.

674 Credit rationing

nh mc tn dng

675 Credit restrictions

Hn ch tn dng

676 Credit squeeze

Hn ch tn dng

677 Credit transfer

Chuyn khon

678 Creeping inflation

679 Critical value

Lm pht sn b; Lm pht b dn
Gi tr ti hn

680 Cross elasticity of demand

co gin cho ca cu

681 Cross-entry

Nhp nghnh cho

682 Cross partial derivative

o hm ring

683 Cross-sectional analysis

Phn tch cho

684 Cross-section consumption function

Hm s tiu dng cho

685 Cross-subsidization

Tr cp cho

686 Crowding hypothesis

Gi thuyt chn p

687 Crowding out

688 CSO

Ln p; chn p
Cc thng k trung ng

689 Cubic

Lp phng

690 Cultural change

691 Culture of poverty hypothesis

S thay i vn ho
Gi thuyt v vn ho ngho kh

Page 32

economic

692 Cumulative causation model

693 Cumulative preference shares

M hnh nhn qu tch lu

Cc c phiu u i

694 Cumulative shares

C phiu c tr li theo tch lu

695 Currency

Tin mt, tin t

696 Currency appreciation

S tng gi tr ca mt ng tin

697 Currency control

Kim sot tin t

698 Currency depreciation

S st gim gi tr tin t

699 Currency notes

Tin giy

700 Currency principle

Nguyn l tin t

701 Currency retention quota

Hn mc gi ngoi t

702 Curency school

Trng phi tin t

703 Currency substitution

S thay th tin t

704 Current account

Ti khon vng lai/ ti khon hin hnh,

cn cn ti khon vng lai.

705
706
707
708

Ti sn lu ng.
Hch ton theo chi ph hin ti.
Thu nhp thng xuyn.
Ti sn n ngn hn.

Current assets
Current cost accounting
Current income
Current liabilities

709 Current profits

Li nhun hin hnh

710 Current and capital account

711 Current prices

Ti khon vng lai v ti khon vn.

Gi hin hnh (thi gi).

712 Custom and practice

713 Custom markets

Tp qun v thng l
Cc th trng khch hng.

714 Custom Co-operative Council

U ban hp tc Hi quan.

Page 33

economic

715 Custom, excise and protective duties

Cc loi thu hi quan, thu tiu th

c bit v thu bo h.

716 Custom union

717 Cyclical unemployment
718 Cycling

Lin minh thu quan.

Tht nghip chu k.
Chu k.

720 Damped cycle

Chi ph bi thng thit hi; Chi ph b

p thit hi; Chi ph thit hi
Chu k (c bin ) gim dn; Chu k
tt.

721 Data

S liu, d liu.

722 Dated securities

723 DCF

Chng khon ghi ngy hon tr.

Phng php phn tch chit khu
lung tin.

724 Deadweight debt

N "trng".

725 Deadweight - loss

726 Dear money
727 Debased coinage

Khon mt trng; khon tn tht v ch.

Tin t.
Tin kim loi.

728 Debentures

Tri khon cng ty.

729 Debreu Gerard

(1921-)

730 Debt
731 Debt conversion

N.
Hon n; i n.

732 Debt finance

Ti tr bng vay n.

733 Debt for equity swaps

Hon chuyn n thnh c phn.

734 Debt management

Qun l n.

719 Damage cost

Page 34

economic

735 Debtor nation

Nc mc n.

736
737
738
739

T s n gia vn vay v vn c phn

Thp phn v
Tin c c s mi
Hm quyt nh

Debt ratio
Decile
Decimal coinage
Decision function

740 Decision lag

tr ca vic ra quyt nh

741 Decision rule

Quy tc ra quyt nh

742 Decision theory

L thuyt ra quyt nh

743 Decreasing cost industry

744 Decreasing returns

Ngnh c chi ph gim dn

Mc sinh li gim dn; Li tc gim
dn

745 Decreasing returns to scale

746 Deferred ordinary shares

Mc sinh li gim dn theo qui m; Li

tc gim dn theo quy m
C phiu thng li tr sau

747 Deficit

Thm ht

748 Deficit financing

Ti tr thm ht

749 Deficit units

750 Deflation

Cc n v thm ht
Gim pht

751 Deflationnary gap

Chnh lch gy gim pht

752 Deflator
753 Degree of homogeneity
754 Degree of freedom

Ch s gim pht
Mc ng nht
Bc t do (df)

755 Deindustrialization

Phi cng nghip ho.

756 Delors Report

Bo co Delors.

757 Demand

Cu

758 Demand curve

759 Demand deposits

ng cu.
Tin gi khng k hn.

760 Demand - deficient unemployment

Tht nghip do thiu cu.

761 Demand for inflation

Cu i vi lm pht.

Page 35

economic

762 Demand function

763 Demand for exchange
764 Demand for money

Hm cu
Cu ngoi t.
Cu tin t

765 Demand management

Qun l cu.

766 Demand - pull inflation

Lm pht do cu ko.

767 Demand schedule

Biu cu

768 Demand shift inflation

769 Demography

Lm pht do dch chuyn cu.

Nhn khu hc.

770 Density gradient

Gradient mt .

771 Dependence structure

772 Demonetization

Cu trc ph thuc.
Qu trnh phi tin t ho; gim bt s
dng tin mt.

773 Dependency burden

Gnh nng n theo.

774 Dependent variable

Bin s ph thuc.

775 Depletion allowance

u i ti nguyn

776 Deposit

Tin gi

777 Deposit account

778 Deposit money

Ti khon tin gi
Tin gi ngn hng.

783 Depletable and renewable resources

784 Depreciation rate

o lut phi iu tit v kim sot tin

i vi cc nh ch nhn tin gi nm
1980.
Khu hao; s st gim gi tr.
Tnh trng suy thoi.
D b iu tit; Xo iu tit; Phi iu
tit.
Cc ti nguyn khng th ti sinh v ti
sinh.
T l khu hao.

785 Depressed area

Khu vc tr tr.

786 Derivative

o hm.

Depository Institution Deregulation and

779 Monetary Control Act of 1980 (DIDMCA)
780 Depreciation
781 Depression
782 Deregulation

Page 36

economic

787 Derived demand

788 Deseasonalization
789 Desired capital stock

Cu phi sinh, cu dn xut, cu th

pht.

790 Determinant

Xo tnh cht thi v.

Dung lng vn mong mun.
nh thc (hay Del hoc c k hiu |
A|).

791 Detrending
792 Devaluation
793 Devaluation and revaluation

Kh khuynh hng; Gim khuynh

hng.
Ph gi
Ph gi v nng gi.

794 Developing countries

795 Development area
796 Development planning

Cc nc ang pht trin.

Vng cn pht trin.
Hoch nh pht trin; Lp k hoch
pht trin.

797 Development strategy

Chin lc pht trin.

798 Deviation
799 Standard deviation
800 Dickey fuller test

lch.
lch chun.
Cc kim nh Dickey Fuller.

801 Difference equation

802 Differencing

Phng trnh vi phn

Phng php vi phn

803 Difference principle

Nguyn l bt bng; Nguyn l khc bit

804 Difference stationary process (DSP)

Qu trnh vi phn tnh.

805 Differentials

Cc cung bc; Cc mc chnh lch.

806 Differentiated growth

Tng trng nh a dng ho

807 Differentiation

Qu trnh a dng ho; Php vi phn

808 Diffusion

Qu trnh truyn b; S ph bin

809 Dillon Round

Vng m phn Dillon

810 Diminishing marginal utility

tho dng bin gim dn.

Mc sinh li gim dn; Li tc gim
811 Diminishing returns
dn
(Quy lut v) t l thay th bin gim
812 Diminishing marginal rate of substitution dn.

813 Diminishing marginal utility of wealth

814 Direct costs

(Qui lut v) gi tr tho dng bin gim

dn ca ti sn/ca ci.
Chi ph trc tip.

Page 37

economic

815 Direct debit

816 Direct taxes
817 Directors

Ghi n trc tip.

Thu trc thu.
Ban gim c.

818 Director's Law

Quy lut Director

819 Dirty float

Th ni (kiu) bn; Th ni khng hon

ton

820 Disadvantaged workers

Cng nhn (c v th) bt li; Nhng

cng nhn khng c li th.

821 Discharges
822 Discounted cash flow (DCF)
823 Discounted cash flow yield

Nhng ngi b thi vic

Dng tin chit khu; Lung tin
chit khu
Li tc lung tin chit khu

824 Discount house

825 Discounting

Hng chit khu

Chit khu

826 Discount market

Th trng chit khu.

827 Discount rate

T l chit khu; sut chit khu

828 Discouraged Worker Hypothesis

829 Discrete variable

Gi thuyt v cng nhn nn lng.

Bin gin on

830 Discretionary profits

Nhng mc li nhun vt tri

831 Discretionary stabilization

832 Discriminating monopoly
833 Discrimination
834 Discriminatory pricing

S n nh c can thip
c quyn phn bit i x; c quyn
c phn bit.
S phn bit i s.
nh gi c phn bit

835 Diseconomies of growth

836 Diseconomies of scale

Tnh phi kinh t do tng trng

Tnh phi kinh t do quy m.

837 Disembodied technical progress

838
839
840
841

Disequilibrium
Disguised unemployment
Disincentive
Disinflation

842 Disintermediation

Tin b k thut ngoi ti; Tin b k

thut tch ri.
Trng thi bt cn; Trng thi khng
cn bng
Tht nghip tr hnh.
Tr ngi
Qu trnh gim lm pht.

Qu trnh xo b trung gian; Phi trung

gian.

Page 38

economic

843 Disinvestment

844 Displacement effect

845
846
847
848
849

Disposable income
Dissaving
Distance cost
Dirigiste
Discount rate

Gim u t.
Hiu ng chuyn di; Hiu ng thay i
trng thi.
Thu nhp kh dng; thu nhp kh tiu;
Thu nhp kh dng.
Gim tit kim.
Ph vn chuyn.
Chnh ph can thip.
Sut chit khu.

850 Discouraged worker / unemployment

Ngi tht nghip do nn lng.

851 Distributed lags

tr c phn phi.

852 Distributed profits

Li nhun c phn phi.

853 Distribution, theories of

854 Dispersion
855 Distortions

Cc l thuyt phn phi.

Phn tn.
Bin dng
Cc bin dng v tht bi ca th
trng.
Phn phi.
Phn phi lin tc
Phn phi tt nh
Phn phi ri rc
Phn phi chun
Phn phi xc sut
Phn phi bc thang
Phn phi tam gic
Phn phi u.

856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865

Distortions and market failures

Distribution (stats)
Continuous distribution
Deterministic distribution
Discrete distribution
Normal distribution
Probability distribution
Step distribution
Triangular distribution
Union distribution

866 Distributional equity

Cng bng trong phn phi.

867 Distributional wage

Trng s phn phi

868 Distribution function

Chc nng phn phi.

869 Distributive judgement

S xem xt kha cnh phn phi; BIN

MINH PHN PHi.

870 Distributive justice

871 Disturbance term

Cng bng v kha cnh phn phi

Sai s.

872 Disutility
873 Divergent cycle
874 Divergence

bt tho dung.
Chu k phn r; Chu k bng n.
Phn r; phn k; Sai bit.

875 Diversification

a dng ho.

Page 39

economic

876
877
878
879

Diversifier
Dividend
Dividend cover
Dividend payout ratio

Ngi u t a dng.
C tc.
Mc bo chng c tc.
T s tr c tc

880 Dividend yield

Li c tc.

881 Division of labour

Phn cng lao ng.

882 Dollar certificate of deposite

Giy chng nhn tin gi la.

883 Domar, Evsey D.

(1914-)

884 Domestic credit expansion

885 Dominant firm price leadership

Tn dng trong nc (DCE).

Gi ca hng khng ch.

886 Doolittle method

887 Double-coincidence of wants

Phng php Doolittle

S hi t lp v nhu cu; S trng hp
nhu cu.

888 Double counting

Tnh hai ln; Tnh lp

889 Double factorial terms of trade

890 Double switching
Double taxation and double taxation
891 relief.

T gi ngoi thng c tnh n gi

ca cc yu t sn xut ca c hai bn.
Chuyn i tr li.
nh thu hai ln v trnh nh thu
hai ln.

892 Dow Jones index

Ch s Dow Jones.

893 Dual decision hypothesis

Gi thuyt quyt nh kp

894 Dualism, theory of

L thuyt nh nguyn

895 Duality

Phng php i ngu.

Page 40

economic

896 Dual labour market hypothesis

897 Dollar standard
898 Domestic absorption

Gi thit th trng lao ng hai cp.

Bn v la
S hp thu trong nc.

899 Domestic - oriented growth

900 Domestic resources cost

Tng trng hng ni; Tng trng

hng vo th trng ni a.
Chi ph ti nguyn trong nc.

901 Dummy variable

Bin gi.

902 Dumping

Bn ph gi.

903 Duopoly

Lng c quyn bn.

904 Duopsony
905 Duration of unemployment

Lng c quyn mua.

Thi gian tht nghip

906 Durbin h - statistic

S thng k Durbin - h

907 Durbin- Watson

S thng k (d hoc D.W.).

908
909
910
911

Kinh t hc ng.
M hnh kinh t ng.
T gi hi oi neo ng.
Quy hoch ng.

Dynamic economics
Dynamic model
Dynamic peg
Dynamic programming

Dynamic theories of comparative

912 advantage.

Cc l thuyt ng v li th so snh.

913 Earmaking

Dnh cho mc ch ring.

914
915
916
917

Thu nhp.
Khuynh hng tng thu nhp.
Hm thu nhp.
Tin d vay.

Earning
Earnings driff
Earnings function
Easy money

918 Easy / tight monetary or fiscal policy

Chnh sch tin t v ti kho lng/cht;

Chnh sch ni lng / tht cht tin t
hay thu chi ngn sch.

919 EC Agricultural Livies

Thu nng nghip ca EC

Page 41

economic

920 ECGD

Xem EXPORT CREDITS GUARANTEE

DEPARTMENT

921 Econometric model

M hnh kinh t lng.

922 Econometrics

Mn kinh t lng.

923 Economic base

C s kinh t.

924 Economic base multiplier

Nhn t c s kinh t.

925 Economic community

Cng ng kinh t.

926 Economic Co-operation Administration

C quan Hp tc kinh t.

927 Economic development

Pht trin kinh t.

928
929
930
931

U ban Pht trin kinh t.

Vin Pht trin kinh t.
ng hc kinh t.
Hiu qu kinh t.

Economic development Committee

Economic development Institute
Economic dynamics
Economic efficiency

932 Eclectic Keynesian

933 Economic cost

Ngi theo thuyt Keynes chit trung.

Chi ph kinh t.

934 Economic growth

Tng trng kinh t.

935 Economic good

936 Economic imperialism

Hng ho kinh t.
quc kinh t.

937 Economic liberialism

Ch ngha t do kinh t.

938
939
940
941
942

943 Economic rent

944 Economic rate of return

Con ngi kinh t.

Hoch nh kinh t.
Chnh sch kinh t.
Gi kinh t.
Li nhun kinh t.
Tin thu kinh t, t kinh t, c li kinh
t.
T sut li nhun kinh t.

945 Economics

Kinh t hc.

946 Economic surplus

Thng d kinh t.
Tnh kinh t nh qui m; Li th kinh t
nh quy m.

Economic man
Economic planning
Economic policy
Economic price
Economic profit

947 Economies of scale

Page 42

economic

948 Economic theory of polities

949 Economic union
950 Economic welfare
951 Economies of learning

L thuyt chnh tr da trn kinh t.

Cng ng kinh t.
Phc li kinh t.
Tnh kinh t nh hc hnh; Li ch kinh
t do hc tp

952 Economy of high wages

953 ECSC
954 ECU

Nn kinh t c tin cng cao.

955 Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro

956 EEC

(1845-1926).

957 Effective demand

958 Effective

960 Effective rate of tax

Cu hu hiu.
Hiu dng, hiu qu.
T l bo h hu dng; Thu bo h
hu hiu.
Mc thu hu dng; Thu sut h hu
hiu.

961 Effective protection

962 Effective rate of return
963 Efficiency

Bo h hu dng; Bo h hu hiu.
Sut sinh li hiu dng.
Tnh hiu qu; Tnh hiu dng.

964 Efficiency coefficient of investment

H s hiu qa u t.

965 Efficiency earnings

Thu nhp hiu qu.

966 Efficiency units

n v hiu qu.
Tin cng hiu qu; tin lng hiu
dng/ hiu qu.

959 Effective rate of protection

967 Efficiency wages

968 Efficiency wage theory
969 Efficient asset market

L thuyt tin cng hiu qu.

Th trng ti sn c hiu dng/ hiu
qu.

970 Efficient market hypothesis

Gi thuyt v th trng c hiu qu.

971 Efficient resource allocation

S phn b ngun lc c hiu qu

972 Effort aversion

Ngn n lc; Khng thch n lc.

Xem EUROPEAN FREE TRADE
ASSOCIATION
Xem EUROPEAN INVESTMENT
BANK.

973 EFTA
974 EIB

Page 43

economic

975 Elastic and unit elastic demand

976 Inelastic and unit elastic demand

Nhu cu co gin v co gin mt n v.

977 Elasticity

co gin

978 Elasticity of demand

co gin ca cu.

979 Elasticity of input substitution

980 Eligible asset ratio

co gin ca s thay th u vo.

T s ti sn d tr.

981 Eligible paper

982 Elitist good

984 Embodied technical progress

Giy t tiu chun chit khu.

Hng xa x
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY
AGREEMENT
Tin b k thut ni hm; Tin b hm
cha k thut.

985 Emoluments
986 Endogeneous consumption

Khon th lao; Th lao ngoi lng

chnh
Tiu dng ni sinh.

Employee Stock Ownership plan

987 (ESOP)

K hoch S hu c phn cho ngi

lm.

988 Employment Act of 1946

o lut Vic lm nm 1946

989 Employment Service

990 Employment subsidies
991 EMS

Dch v vic lm.

Tr cp vic lm.
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY
SYSTEM

992 Encompassing test

Php kim nghim vy; Php kim

nghim vng bin.

993 Endogenous income hypothesis

Gi thit thu nhp ni sinh

994 Endogenous money supply

Cung tin t ni sinh.

995 Endogenous variable

Bin ni sinh.

996 Endowment effect

Hiu ng hng c.

997 Energy intensity

Cng s dng nng lng.

998 Enfranchisement of the nomenklatura

999 Engagements

c quyn ca gii chc.

Tuyn dng (hay thu mi).

983 EMA

Page 44

economic

1000 Engel curve

ng Engel.

1001 Engel's Law

Quy lut ca Engel.

1002 Engineering method

Phng php k thut.

1003 Entitlement principle

Nguyn tc c quyn.

1004 Entrepreneur

Ch doanh nghip.

1005 Entrepreneurial supply price

Gi cung ng ca doanh nghip.

Kh nng, s lm ch ca doanh
nghip.
Ro cn nhp nghnh.
Nhp nghnh v xut ngnh.
Gi ngn chn nhp ngnh.

1006
1007
1008
1009

Entrepreneurship
Entry barriers
Entry and exit
Entry forestalling price

1010 Entry preventing price

Gi ngn chn nhp ngnh.

1011 Environmental conditions

Nhng iu kin mi trng.

1012 Environmental determinism

Quyt nh lun do mi trng.

1013 Environmental impact analysis

1014 EPU

Phn tch tc ng mi trng.

1015 Equal advantage

Li th bnh ng, Li th ngang bng.

Equal Employment Opportunity Act of

1016 1972

o lut v c hi vic lm /bnh

ng/ngang bng nm 1972.

Equal Employment Opportunity

1017 Commision

U ban C hi vic lm bnh

ng/ngang bng.

1018 Equalization grants

Cc khon tr cp cn bng.

1019 Equalizing differences, the theory of

Lhuyt cn bng chnh lch

1021 Equal sacrifice theories

1022 Equation of exchange

Tr lng ngang nhau; tr lng bnh

ng.
L thuyt hy sinh ngang nhau; l thuyt
hy sinh bnh ng.
Phng trnh trao i.

1023 Equilibrium

Cn bng

1020 Equal pay

Page 45

economic

1024 Equilibrium error

Sai s cn bng

1025 Equilibrium level of national income

1026 Equilibrium price

Mc cn bng ca thu nhp quc gia

Gi cn bng

1027 Equilibrium rate of inflation

T l lm pht cn bng.

1028 Equities
1029 Equity
1030 Equity capital

C phn
Cng bng
Vn c phn

1031 Equivalance scale

Thang/h s/ t l/qui m qui i mc

sng tng ng; Quy m tng
ng.

1032 Equivalent commodity scale

1033 Equivalent income scale
1034 Equivalent variation
1035 ERM

Thang/h s/ t l/qui m qui i hng

ho tiu dng tng ng.
Thang/h s/ t l/qui m qui i thu
nhp tng ng
Mc bin ng tng ng

1036 Error correction models (ECMs)

1037 Error learning process

Cc m hnh hiu chnh sai s; Cc m

hnh sa cha sai s.
Qu trnh nhn bit sai s.

1038 Errors variables

Sai s trong bin s (hay sai s trong

cc php o).

1039 Escalators

iu khon di ng gi.

1040 Estate duty

Thu di sn (thu ti sn tha k).

1041 Estate economy

Nn kinh t n in.

1042 Estimation

S c lng.

1043 Estimator

Phng thc c lng; c lng.

1044 EUA
1045 Euler's theorem

Xem EUROPEAN UNIT OF ACCOUNT

nh l Euler

1046 Eurocurrency market

1047 Eurodollars
European Agricultural Guidance and
1048 Guaranted Fund
European Bank for Reconstruction and
1049 Development

Th trng tin t Chu U.

ola Chu u.
Qu Bo m v Hng dn Nng
nghip Chu u.
Ngn hng ti thit v Pht trin Chu
U.

Page 46

economic

1050 European Coal and Steel Community

Cng ng Than v thp Chu u.

1051 European Community Budget

1052 European Commom Market

Ngn sch Cng ng Chu u.

Th trng chung Chu u.

1053 European Community

1054 European Currency Unit

Cng ng Chu u.
n v tin t Chu u.

1055 European Devolopment Fund

Qu pht trin Chu u.

1056 European Economic Community

Cng ng Kinh t Chu u.

1057 European Free Trade Association

Hip hi Mu dch t do Chu u.

1058 European Fund

Qu Chu u.

1059 European Investment Bank

Ngn hng u t Chu u.

1060 European Monetary Agreement

Hip nh tin t Chu u.

1061 European Monetary Co-operation Fund Qu hp tc Tin t Chu U.

1062 European Monetary Fund
Qu Tin t Chu U.

1063 European Monetary System (EMS)

H thng tin t chu u.

1064 European Monetary Unit of Account

n v K ton Tin t Chu u.

Page 47

economic

1065 European Payments Union

Lin minh Thanh ton Chu u.

1066 European Recovery Programme.

Chng trnh Phc hng Chu u.

1067 European Regional Development Fund. Qu Pht trin Khu vc Chu u.

1068 European Social Fund.

Qu X hi Chu U.

1069 European Unit of Account

1070 Eurostat

n v K ton Chu u.

1071 Exact test

1072 Ex ante

Kim nghim chnh xc.

T trc; D tnh; d nh

1073 Excess capacity

Cng sut d; cng sut tha; Tha

nng lc, tha cng sut.

1074 Excess capacity theory

1075 Excess burden
1076 Excess demand
Excess productive capacity (Idle Excess
1077 goods)
1078 Excess reserves
1079 Excess supply
1080 Excess profit

L thuyt cng sut d/tha; Thuyt

tha cng sut.
Gnh nng thu qu mc.
Mc cu d; D cu.
T liu sn xut nhn ri.

1081 Excess wage tax

1082 Exchange

Khon d tr d; D tr d.
Mc cung d; D cung
Li vt.
Thu chng lng vt; Thu chng
tng lng
Trao i

1083 Exchange control

Qun l ngoi hi.

Page 48

economic

1084 Exchange Equalization Account

1085 Exchange rate

Qu bnh n Hi oi.
T gi hi oi.

1086 Exchange rate Mechanism

1087 Exchange reserves

C ch t gi hi oi.
D tr ngoi hi.

1088 Exchequer
1089 Excise duty

Kho bc, ngn kh Anh.

Thu tiu th c bit.

1090 Exclusion
1091 Excludable

Loi tr
C th loi tr.

1092 Exclusion principle

Nguyn tc loi tr.

1093 Executive
1094 Exempt goods

Ngi iu hnh.
Hng ho c min thu gi tr gia
tng.

1095 Exhaustive voting

Cch b phiu thu o.

1096 Existence, theorem of

nh l v s tn ti.

1097 Exit-voice model

M hnh ni rt lui.

1098 Excise taxes

1099 Exchange rate speculation
1100 Effective exchange rate

Cc mc thu trn tng mt hng.

S u c t gi hi oi.
T gi hi oi hiu dng

1101 Exogeneity
1102 Exogeneity of money supply

Yu t ngoi sinh.
S ngoi sinh ca cung tin t.

1103 Exogenous

(thuc) ngoi sinh.

1104 Exogenous variable

1105 Expansionary phase

Bin ngoi sinh.

Giai on bnh trng; Giai on tng
trng.

1106 Expansion path

ng bnh trng; ng m rng

1107 Expatriate

Chuyn gia (t cc nc pht trin)

1108 Expectations

K vng; d tnh.

Page 49

economic

1109 Expectations, augmented

Bin b sung v d tnh.

1110 Expectations lag

1112 Expected net returns

tr k vng; tr d tnh
Mc lmp pht k vng; Lm pht d
tnh
Mc li tc rng k vng; Li tc rng
d tnh.

1113 Expected utility theory

L thuyt tho dng k vng; Thuyt

tho dng d tnh.

1111 Expected inflation

1114 Expected value

1115 Expenditure approach

Gi tr k vng; gi tr d tnh.
Phng php da vo chi tiu ( tnh
GDP).

1116 Expenditure-switching policies

Cc chnh sch chuyn i chi tiu.

1117 Expenditure tax

Thu chi tiu

1118 Expenditure-variation controls

Kim sot mc bin ng trong chi tiu;

Kim sot s thay i ca chi tiu.

1119 Expense preference

u tin chi tiu.

1120 Explanatory variable

Bin gii thch

1121 Explicit function

Hm hin

1122 Exploitation

Khai thc; bc lt.

1123 Explosive cycle

Chu k bng n.

1124 Exponential

Thuc s m, thuc hm m.

1125 Export

Xut khu, hng xut khu.

1126 Export-import bank

1127 Export-led growth

Ngn hng xut nhp khu.

Tng trng da vo xut khu.

1128 Export promotion

Khuyn khch xut khu.

Page 50

economic

1129 Export Credit Guarantee Department.

1130 Export-oriented industrialization

Cc Bo m tn dng xut khu.

Cng nghip ho theo hng xut
khu.

1131 Ex post
1132 Extensive margin

t sau; sau
Mc cn bin qung canh.

1133 External balace

1134 External deficit

1135 External diseconomy

External economies & diseconomies of
1136 scale
1137 External economy
1138 External finance

Cn bng i ngoi; Cn bng bn

ngoi.
Thm ht i ngoi; Thm ht bn
ngoi.
nh hng phi kinh t t bn ngoi;
Tnh phi kinh t t bn ngoi
nh hng kinh t v phi kinh t t bn
ngoi theo quy m.
nh hng kinh t t bn ngoi; Tnh
kinh t t bn ngoi

1140 External growth

(Ngun) ti chnh t bn ngoi.

Mc gii hn ngun ti chnh t bn
ngoi.
Tng trng ngoi ng; Tng trng
do bn ngoi.

1141 Externalities

Cc ngoi hng; Cc ngoi ng

1142 External labour market

Th trng lao ng bn ngoi.

1143 External reserve

D tr ngoi hi.
Cc ngoi hng ng; Ngoi ng
ng.

1139 External financial limits

1144 Dynamic externalities

1145 Extraneous information

1146 Extrapolative expectation
1148 Extrema
1149 Extrema Keynesian

Thng tin khng lin quan

K vng ngoi suy; Nhng d tnh
ngoi suy.
Cc cc tr.

1150 Factor augmenting technical progress

Ngi theo thuyt Keynes cc oan.

Tin b k thut gia tng nh hng
ca yu t.

1152 Factor endowment

Ngun lc sn c; Ngun ti nguyn

sn c; S s hu cc yu t sn xut;
tnh sn c, lng cc yu t sn xut.

Page 51

economic
1153 Factor incomes

Thu nhp t yu t sn xut.

1154 Factoring

Bao thanh ton; mua n; Gii thot n.

1155 Factor-price equalization

S cn bng yu t sn xut - gi c.

1156 Factor-price frontier

1157 Factor intensity
1158 Factor proportion

Gii hn yu t sn xut - gi c.
Mc / cng huy ng (s dng)
cc yu t sn xut.
T l cc yu t sn xut.

1159 Factor reverals

1160 Factors of production

S o ngc cc yu t sn xut.
Cc yu t sn xut.

1161 Factor substitution effect

1162 Factor utilization
1163 Factorial

Tc ng thay th yu t sn xut.
S s dng yu t sn xut.
Giai tha.

1164 Fair comparisons

So snh cng ng.

1165 Fair rate of return

T sut li tc cng bng.

1166 Fair trade law

Lut thng mi cng bng.

1167 Fair trading Act 1973

o lut thng mi cng bng 1973

1168 Fair trading, Office of

Vn phng thng mi cng bng.

1169 Fair wages

1170 Fallacy of composition
1171 False trading

Tin cng cng bng.

Ngu bin v hp th; 'Khi nim "sai
lm do gm gp/ tng hp".
Thng mi la di.

1172 Family expenditure survey

1173 Family credit

iu tra chi tiu gia nh.

Tn dng gia nh.

1174 Family-unit agriculture

1175 FAO
1176 FASB
1177 FCI
1178 Featherbedding

(kinh t) nng nghip theo h gia nh;

Nng nghip theo n v gia nh.
Xem FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
ORGANIZATION.
Xem FINANCIAL ACCOUNT
STANDARDS BOARD
Xem FINANCE FOR INDUSTRY.
Bo h, bo v; To vic lm (nhi lng
nm).

Page 52

economic

1179 Fed., the

T vit tt ca h thng d tr lin

bang.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

1180 (FDIC)

Cng ty bo him tin gi Lin bang.

1181 Federal Fund Market

Federal Home Loan Bank System
1182 (FHLBS)
1183 Feasibility study
Federal Nation Mortgage Association
1184 (FNMA)

Th trng Tin qu lin Bang.

H thng ngn hng cho vay ni b ca
lin bang.
Nghin cu kh thi.

1185 Federal Open Market Committee

U ban Th trng m Lin bang.

1186 Federal Reserve Note

Chng n ca Cc d tr Lin Bang

1187 Federal Reserve System

H thng D tr Lin bang.

1188 Federal Trade Commission Act

o lut v Hi ng thng mi Lin

bang.

1189 Feedback/entrapment effects

Tc ng phn hi/by.

1190 Feudalism
1191 Fiat money

Ch ngha phong kin.

Tin theo lut nh

1192 Fiduciary issue

Tin khng c bo lnh.

1193 Filter

B lc.

1194 Filtering
1195 FIML

Qu trnh lc.

1196 Final goods

Hng ho cui cng.

1197 Final offer arbitration

(Phng n) trng ti ra quyt nh cui

cng.

Hip hi Cm c Quc gia lin bang

Page 53

economic

1198 Final product

Sn phm cui cng.

1199 Finance

Ti chnh

1200 Finance Corporation for Industry

Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip.

1201 Finance house

Nh cung cp ti chnh; Cng ty ti

chnh.

1202 Finance houses market

1203 Financial Capital

Th trng cc nh cung cp ti chnh;

Th trng cng ty ti chnh.
Vn ti chnh.

1204 Financial instrument

Cng c ti chnh.

1205 Financial displine

Nguyn tc ti chnh; K thut ti chnh.

1206
1207
1208
1209

Financial intermediary
Financial price
Financial ratios
Financial risk

Trung gian ti chnh.

Gi ti chnh.
T s ti chnh.
Ri ro ti chnh.
Ch s gi c phiu thng k ca bo
1210 Financial Times Actuaries Share Indices Financial Times.
Financial Times Industrial Ordinary
1211 Index

Ch s cng nghip ca bo Financial

Times.

1212
1213
1214
1215

Nm ti chnh.
Bo co ti chnh.
Sut sinh li ti chnh.
B nh xc nh (hu hn).

Financial year
Financial statement
Financial rate of return
Finite memory

1216 Firm

Hng sn xut.

1217 Firm, theory of the

1218 Finite horizon

L thuyt v hng.
Tm nhn/ khung tri hu hn.

1219 Firm-specific human capital

1220 Fist-best and second-best efficiency
1221 First difference

Vn nhn lc c th i vi hng.
Tnh hiu dng / hiu qu tt nht v tt
nh.
Vi phn bc I.

1222 First order condition

iu kin o hm bc I.

Page 54

economic

1224 Fiscal decentralization

1225 Fiscal drag

Chnh sch thu kho; Chnh sch thu

chi ngn sch.
S phn cp thu kho; S phn cp
ngn sch.
Sc cn ca thu kho.

1226 Fiscal federalism

Ch ti kho theo m hnh lin bang.

1227 Fiscal illusion

o gic thu kho.

1228 Fiscal multiplier

1229 Fiscal walfare benefits
1230 Fisher, Irving

Nhn t thu kho.

Li ch phc li thu kho.
(1867-1947)

1231 Fisher equation

Phng trnh Fisher

1232 Fisher open

Xem UNCOVERED INTEREST PARITY.

1233 Fixed asset

Ti sn c nh.

1234 Fixed coenfficients production function

Hm sn xut c cc h s c nh.

1235 Fixed cost

1236 Fixed exchange rate
1237 Fixed factors

Chi ph c nh; nh ph.

T gi hi oi c nh.
Cc yu t sn xut c nh; cc sn t
c nh.

1238 Fixed labour costs

Chi ph lao ng c nh.

1239 Fixed-price mdel

1240 Fixed / floating exchange rates

Cc m hnh mc gi c nh.
T gi hi oi c nh / th ni.

1241 Fixed proportions in production

T l c nh trong sn xut.

1242 Fixprice and flexprice

Gi bt bin v gi linh hot.

1243 Flat yield

1244 Flexible exchange rate

Tin li ng lot.
T gi hi oi linh hot.

1245 Flexitime
1246 Flight from cash

Thi gian lm vic linh hot.

B tin mt.

1247 Float

Tin tri ni.

1248 Floating capital

Vn lun chuyn.

1249 Floating charge

Ph linh ng

1223 Fiscal policy

Page 55

economic

1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255

Floating debt
Floating exchange rate
Floating pound
Floor
Flotation
Flow

N th ni
T gi hi oi th ni.
ng bng Anh th ni.
Sn.
Pht hnh.
Dng, lung, Lu lng.

1256 Flow of funds analysis

Phn tch lung tin qu

1257 FOB

Gi khng tnh ph vn ti, gi FOB.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1258 (FAO)

T chc Lng thc v Nng nghip

ca Lin hp quc.
Ngng rng cng; Ngnh khng c
nh.

1259 Footloose industries

1260 "footsie"

1261 Forced riders

Ngi hng li bt buc.

1262 Forced saving

Tit kim bt buc.

1263 Forecast error

Sai s d on.

1264 Forecasting

D on

1265
1266
1267
1268
1269

Vin tr nc ngoi.
Cn cn thanh ton quc t.
Ngoi hi.
Th trng Ngoi hi.
D tr ngoi hi.

Foreign aid
Foreign balance
Foreign exchange
Foreign exchange market
Foreign exchange reserve

1270 Foreign investment

u t nc ngoi.

1271 Foreign payments

Thanh ton vi nc ngoi.

1272 Foreign trade mutiplier

Nhn t ngoi thng.

1273 Forward contract

1274 Forward exchange market
1275 Forward intergration

Hp ng nh trc; Hp ng k hn.
Th trng hi oi nh trc; Th
trng hi oi k hn.
Lin kt xui.

1276 Forward linkage

Lin h xui.

Page 56

economic

1277 Forward market

1278 Forward rate
1279 Forward and contingent market

Th trng nh trc; Th trng k

hn.
T gi hi oi nh trc; t gi hi
oi k hn.

1280 Forward markets and spots markets

Cc th trng nh trc v bt trc.

Cc th trng nh trc v th trng
giao ngay.

1281 Foundation grant

Tr cp c bn.

1282 Fourier analysis

Phn tc Fourier

1283 Fractional reserve banking

Hot ng ngn hng bng cch d tr

theo t l.

1284 Franked investment income

1285 Free exchange rates

Thu nhp u t c min thu.

T gi hi oi t do

1286 Freedom of entry

1287 Freed good

T do nhp ngnh.
Hng min ph; Hng khng phi tr
tin

1288 Free market

1289 Free market economy
1290 Free on board

Th trng t do.
Nn kinh t th trng t do.
Giao hng ti bn.

1291 Free reserves

D tr t do.

1292 Free rider

Ngi xi cha; ngi n khng.

1293 Free trade

Thng mi t do.

1294 Free trade area

Khu vc thng mi t do.

1295 Frequency distribution

Phn b theo tn sut.

1296 Frictional unemployment

Tht nghip do ch chuyn ngh

Page 57

economic

1297 Friedman, Milton (1912-)

1298 Fringe benefit

Phc li phi tin t.

1299 Frisch, Ragnar

(1895-1973)

1300 F-statistic

Thng k F.

1301 FT-SE 100

1302 Full bodied money

Tin quy c.

1303 Full cost

Chi ph y .

1304 Full cost pricing

1305 Fractional reserve system
1306 Free-rider problem
1307 Frictional and structural unemployment

nh gi theo chi ph y .
H thng d tr mt phn.
Vn ngi "xi cha".
Tht nghip do ch chuyn ngh v do
ch chuyn ngh.

1308 Full-employment budget

Ngn sch mc nhn cng ton

dng; Ngn sch khi c vic lm.

1309 Full-employment budget surplus

Thng d ngn sch mc nhn cng

ton dng; Thng d ngn sch khi c
vic lm.

Page 58

economic

1310 Full-employment national income

Thu nhp quc dn mc nhn cng

ton dng; Thu nhp quc dn khi c
vic lm.

1311 Full-employment unemployment rate

Full information maximum likehood
1312 (FIML)

T l tht nghip t nhin mc nhn

cng ton dng; T l tht nghip t
nhin khi c vic lm.
c lng kh nng cc i khi c
thng tin.

1313 Function
1314 Fuctional costing
1315 Function of function rule

Hm s.
Lp chi ph theo chc nng.
Quy tc hm ca mt hm s.

1316 Funded debt

1317 Funding

N v thi hn; N c ti tr.

i n, o n; cp vn, ti tr.

1318 Function income distribution

Phn phi thu nhp theo chc nng.

1319 Futures contract

1320 Futures market
1321 Future value

Hp ng k hn
Th trng k hn
Gi tr tng lai.

1322 General Arangement to borrow (GAB)

Hip c vay n chung.

1323 Gains from trade

1324 Galbraith, John Kenneth
1325 Galloping inflation

Li ch ca thng mi.
(1908-)
Lm pht phi m.

1326
1327
1328
1329

L thuyt tr chi.

Game theory
GATT
Gauss- Markov Theorem
GDP

1330 Gearing

inh l Gauss- Markov.

Tng sn phm quc ni.
S n khp, t s gia vn n v vn
c phn

1331 Gearing ratio

T s n khp

General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade Hip nh chung v thu quan v

1332 (GATT)
thng mi.
1333 General Agreement to Borrow
Tho thun Chung v i vay.
General Classification of Economic
1334 Activities in t

S phn loi chung v cc hot ng

kinh t trong Cng ng chu u.

1335 General equilibrium

1336 General grant

Cn bng chung; Cn bng tng th.

Tr cp chung.

Page 59

economic

1337 Generalized least square (GLS)

Bnh phng nh nht tng qut.

1338 General linear model (GLM)

M hnh tuyn tnh tng qut.

Generalized System of Preferences

1339 (GSP)
1340 General price level
General Theory of Employment, Interest
1341 and Money

H thng u i ph cp; H thng u

i chung.
Mc gi chung.
L thuyt tng qut v Vic lm, Li
sut v Tin t.

1342 General human capital

Vn nhn lc mang c im chung;

vn nhn lc chung chung.

1343 General union

1344 Geneva Conference

Cc nghip on.
Hi ngh Geneva.

1345 Geneva Round

Vng m phn Geneva.

1346 Geographic frontier

1347 Geometric lag

Gii hn a l.
tr cp s nhn.

1348 Gilbrat's law of proportionate growth

Lut Gilbrat v tng trng theo t l.

1349 Giffen good

1350 Gifts tax

Hng ho Giffen
Thu qu tng.

1351 Gilt- edged securities

1352 Gini coefficient

Chng khon vin vng; Chng khon

ho hng.
H s GINI.

1353 Giro system

H thng chuyn khon Giro

1354 Glejser test

1355 GNP

Kim nh Glejser.
Tng sn phm quc dn.

1356 Gold bricking

Hot ng la di.

1357 Gold certificate

Giy chng gi vng.

Page 60

economic

1358 "gold age" growth

Tng trng "thi k hong kim".

1359 Golden rule

1360 Golden rule of accumulation

Nguyn tc vng; Quy tc vng.

Nguyn tc vng v tch lu; Quy tc
vng ca tch lu.

1361 Gold exchange standard

1362 Gold export point
1363 Gold import point

Bn v trao i bng vng.

im xut khu vng.
im nhp khu vng.

1364 Goldfeld - Quandt

1365 Gold market

Kim nh Goldfeld - Quandt.

Th trng vng.

1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371

Cc im vng.
GDP v thu nhp quc dn.
GDP theo chi ph sn xut.
GDP theo gi th trng.
H s kh lm pht cho GDP.
D tr vng.

Gold points
GDP and nation income
GDP at factor cost
GDP at market prices
GDP deflator
Gold reserve

1372 Gold standard

1373 Goldbugs

Bn v vng.
Nhng con mt vng.

1374 Goodhart's law

Lut Goodhart.

1375 Goodness of fit

Mc ph hp.

1376 Goods

Cc hng ho tt.

1377 Goodwill

Thin ch.

1378 Gosplan
1379 Government deficit

U ban k hoch (Lin X).

Thm ht ca Chnh ph.

1380 Government expenditure

Government Nation Mortgage
1381 Association (GNMA)
1382 Government regulation

Chi tiu ca chnh ph.

Hip hi cm c quc gia ca Chnh
ph.
S iu tit ca chnh ph.

1383 Government securities

Chng khon ca chnh ph.

1384 Government spending and net taxes

Chi tiu ca chnh ph v thu rng.

Page 61

economic

Government spending on goods and

1385 services

Chi tiu ca chnh ph cho hng ho v

dch v.

1386 Gradualism

Trng phi tun tin; Ch ngha tun

tin; thuyt tun tin.

1387 Gradualist monetarist

Ngi theo thuyt trng tin tun tin.

1388 Graduate tax

Thu i hc

1389 Grand factor price frontier

Gii hn gi c nhn t chnh.

1390 Grandfather clause

1391 Granger causality

iu khon dnh cho nhng ngi c

chc.
Tnh nhn qa Granger.

1392 Grant
1393 Grant in aid

Tr cp.
Tr cp di dng vin tr.

1394 Gravity model

M hnh lc hp dn.

1395 "Great Leap Forward"

i nhy vt

1396 Green pound

ng bng xanh

1397 Green revolution

Cch mng Xanh.

1398 Gresham's Law

1399 Gross barter terms of trade

Lut Gresham.
Tng t l hng i hng.

1400 Gross domestic fixed capital formation

1401 Gross domestic product (GDP)
1402 Gross domestic product deflator
1403 Gross investment

Tng t bn c nh trong nc.

Tng sn phm quc ni.
Ch s kh lm pht cho tng sn phm
quc ni.
Tng u t.

1404 Gross margin

1405 Gross national income
1406 Gross profit

Mc chnh gi gp.
Tng thu nhp quc dn.
Tng li nhun

1407 Gross trading profit

1408 Group of Ten

Tng li nhun thng mi.

Nhm G10.

Page 62

economic

1409 Group of Seven

Nhm G7.

1410 Group of 77
1411 Growth-gap unemployment
1412 Growth path

Nhm 77.
Tht nghip do chnh lch v tng
trng.
ng tng trng.

1413 Growth-profitability function

Hm li nhun - tng trng.

1414 Growth-stock paradox

Nghch l c phn tng trng.

1415 Growth theories of the firm

Cc l thuyt v s tng trng ca

hng.

1416 Growth theory

1417 Growth rate

L thuyt tng trng.

Tc tng trng.

1418 Growth-valuation function

1419 G.7

Hm gi tr - tng trng.
Xem GROUP OF SEVEN

1420
1421
1422
1423

Tun l bo m.
Nguyn tc ch o.
Hnh vi theo hng ch dn.
Cc ch dn.

Guaranteed week
Guidelines
Guidepost following behaviour
Guideposts

1424 Haavelmo, Trygve

(1911-)

Page 63

economic

1425 Haberler, Gottfried

(1900-)

1426 Habit-creating demand function

Hm cu do thi quen.

1427 Halesbury Committee

U ban Halesbury.

1428 Hammered
1429 Hedgers
1430 Hard-core unemployed
1431 Hard currency
1432 Harmony of interests

B g ba.
Nhng ngi t bo him.
Nhng ngi tht nghip kh tm vic
lm.
Tin mnh.
Hi ho quyn li.

1433 Harrod, Sir Roy, F.

(1900-1978).

1434 Harrod-Domar growth model

M hnh tng trng Harrod-Domar.

1435 Harrod Neutral Technical Progress

1436 Havana Charter

Tin b k thut trung tnh ca Harrod.

iu l Havana.

1437 Hayek, Friedrich A.Von

(1899-1992).

Page 64

economic

Heckscher-Ohlin approach to
1438 international trade

Phung php Heckscher-Ohlin v

thng mi quc t.

1439 Hedging

Lp hng ro.

1440 Hedonic price

Gi n.

1441 Hedonism
1442 Herfindahl index

Ch ngha khoi lc.

Ch s Herfindahl.

1443 Heterogeneity

Tnh khng ng nht.

1444 Heterogeneous capital

Vn khng ng nht.

1445 Heterogeneous product

Sn phm khng ng nht.

1446 Heteroscedasticity

Hip phng sai khng ng nht.

1447 Hicks. Sir John R.

1448 Hicks-Hansen diagram

(1904-1989).
Biu Hicks-Hansen.

1449 Hicks Neutral Technical Progress

Tin b k thut trung tnh Hicks.

1450 Hidden unemployment

Tht nghip n.

1451 High-powered money

1452 Hiring rate

Tin mnh.
T l thu.

1453 Hiring standards

Cc tiu chun thu ngi.

Page 65

economic

1454 Histogram

Biu tn xut.

1455 Historical costs

Chi ph lch s.

1456 Historical model

Cc m hnh lch s.

1457 Historical school

1458 Historicism
1459 Hoarding

Trng phi lch s.

Ch ngha lch s.
u c tch tr.

1460 Hoarding company

Cng ty nm gi.

1461 Homogeneity

Tnh thun nht, tnh ng nht.

1462 Homogeneous functions

Cc hm ng nht.

1463 Homogeneous product

1464 Homogeneous product functin

Sn phm ng nht.
Cc hm sn xut ng nht.

1465 Homoscedasticity

Hip phng sai ng nht.

1466 Horizontal equity

Cng bng theo phng ngang.

1467 Horizontal intergration

Horizontal / vertical / conglomerate
1469 merger
1470 Hot money

Lin kt theo phng ngang.

Hp nht theo tuyn ngang/ dc/ kt
khi.
Tin nng.

1471 Hotelling's Rule

1472 Housing benefit

Quy tc Hotelling.
Li nhun nh .

1473 Human capital

Vn nhn lc.

1474 Hume, David

(1711-1776)

1475 Hunt Commission

U ban Hunt.

Page 66

economic

1476 Hunt Report

1477 Hiperbola

Bo co Hunt.
Hypecbn

1478 Hyperinflation

Siu lm pht.

1479 Hypothesis testing

Kim nh gi thuyt.

1480 Hysteresis
1481 Human wealth

Hin tng tr.

Ca ci ca con ngi.

1482 ICOR

T l bin t gia vn v sn lng.

1483 IBBD
1484 ICFC
1485 IDA

Ngn hng Ti thit v Pht trin.

Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip v
Thng mi.
Hip hi Pht trin quc t.

1486 Identification problem

Bi ton nhn dng.

1487 Identity

ng nht thc.

1488 Identity matrix

Ma trn n v.

1489 National Income Identities

ng nht thc ca thu nhp quc dn.

1490 Idiosyncratic exchange

1491 Idle balances

Trao i tnh cht ring; trao i t cht.

Tin nhn ri.

1492 Illiquidity
1493 Ilo

Khng tnh chuyn hon.

Vn phng Lao ng Quc t.

1494 Imaginary number

1495 IMF

S o.
Qu tin t quc t.

1496 Imitative growth

Tng trng m phng.

1497 Immiserizing growth

Tng trng lm khn kh.

1498 Impact analysis

Phn tch tc ng.

1499 Impact multiplier

1500 Impact of taxation

S nhn tc ng
Tc ng ca vic nh thu.

Page 67

economic

1501 Imperfect competition

Cnh tranh khng hon ho.

1502 Imperfect market

Th trng khng hon ho.

1503 Imperialism

Ch ngha quc.

1504 Implementation lag

tr thc hin.

1505 Implicit contracts

Cc hp ng n.

1506 Implicit cost

1507 Implicit function

Chi ph n.
Hm n.

1508 Implicit price deflator

Ch s gim pht gi n.

1509
1510
1511
1512

Gi tr tin thu n.
Hng nhp khu.
Thu nhp khu.
Hn ngch nhp khu.

Implicit rental value

Import
Import duty
Import quota

1513 Import restrictions

Cc hn ch nhp khu.

1514 Import substitution

1515 Import tariff

1517 Impossibility Theorem

Thay th nhp khu.

Thu quan nhp khu.
Cng nghip ho bng thay th hng
nhp khu.
nh l v tnh bt kh th; nh l v
iu khng th c.

1518 Impure public good

Hng ho cng cng khng thun tu.

1519 Imputed rent

1520 Inactive money

Tin thu khng quy i.

Tin nhn ri.

1521 Incentive payment systems

H thng thanh ton khuyn khch.

Phm vi tc ng ca vic nh thu,
i tng chu thu.

1516 Import substitution industrialization

1522 Incidence of taxation

Page 68

economic

1523 Income

Thu nhp

1524 Income, circular flow of

Lung lun chuyn ca thu nhp.

1525 Income consumption curve

1526 Income determination

ng tiu dng thu nhp.

Xc nh thu nhp.

1527 Income differentials

1528 Income effect
1529 Income distribution

S khc bit v thu nhp.

Hiu ng thu nhp, nh hng thu
nhp.
Phn phi thu nhp.

1530 Income elasticity of demand

Co gin ca cu theo thu nhp.

1531 Income - expenditure model

M hnh thu nhp - chi tiu

1532 Income maintenance

1533 Income effect of wages
1534 Income approach

Duy tr thu nhp.

nh hng thu nhp ca lng.
Phng php da theo thu nhp (
tnh GDP).

1535 Income-sales ratio

T s thu nhp / doanh thu.

1536 Incomes policy

1537 Income and substitution effect
1538 Income support

Chnh sch thu nhp.

nh hng ca thu nhp v nh hng
ca thay th.
Tr gip thu nhp.

1539 Income tax

Thu thu nhp

1540 Income statement

1541 Income terms of trade

Bo co thu nhp / Bn thu nhp.

T gi thng mi theo thu nhp

1542 Income velocity of circulation

1543 Increasing returns to scale
1544 Incremental capital-output ratio

Tc lu thng ca thu nhp.

Li tc tng dn theo quy m.
T s vn/ sn lng tng thm
(ICOR).

1545 Independent variable

Bin c lp.

1546 Indexation
Indexation of tax allowances and
1547 taxation.
1548 Index number

Phng php ch s ho.

Ch s ho vic tr cp thu v vic
nh thu.
S ch s.

1549 Index number problem

Vn ch s.

1550 Indicative planning

K hoch ho ch dn.

Page 69

economic

1551 Index of distortion

Ch s bin dng / bp mo / sai lch.

1552 Indifference

Bng quan

1553 Indifference curve

ng bng quan, ng ng dng.

1554 Indifference map

H ng bng quan, bn ng
ng dng.

1555 Indirect least squares (ILS)

Bnh phng ti thiu gin tip.

1556 Indirect taxes

Thu gin thu.

1557 Indirect utility function

1558 Indivisibilities

Hm tho dng gin tip.

Tnh bt kh chia; Tnh khng th phn
chia c.

1559 Industrial action

Industrial and Commercial Finance
1560 Corporation

Trng pht lao ng.

Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip v
Thng mi.

1561 Industrial bank

Ngn hng cng nghip.

1562 Industrial complex analysis

Phn tch t hp cng nghip.

1563 Industrial democracy

Dn ch cng nghip

1564 Industrial Development Certificate

Chng ch Pht trin cng nghip.

1565
1566
1567
1568

Tranh chp lao ng

S tp trung cng nghip.
Lp lun quy np.
Chnh sch cng nghip.

Industrial dispute
Industrial concentration
Inductive reasoning
Industrial policy

1569 Industrial inertia

1570 Industrialization

Tnh cng nghip.

Cng nghip ho ( cc nc ang
pht trin).

1571 Industrial organization

1572 Industrial relation

T chc cng nghip

Cc quan h lao ng.

1573 Industrial Reorganization Corporation

Cng ty ci t cng nghip.

Page 70

economic

1574 Industrial unions

1575 Industrial wage differentials

Nghip on theo ngnh.

Chnh lch v tin cng gia cc
ngnh.

1576 Industrial wage structure

C cu tin cng theo ngnh.

1577 Industry
1578 Industry-wide bargaining
1579 Inelastic

Ngnh cng nghip.

Thng lng trong ton ngnh.
Khng co gin.

1580 Inequality

Bt ng thc.

1581 Infant industry

Ngnh cng nghip non tr.

1583 Infant industry tariff argument

1584 Inference

Lun im bo h ngnh cng nghip

non tr.
Lun im v lp thu quan bo h
ngnh cng nghip non tr.
Suy lun

1585 Inferior good

1586 Infinite memory

Hng ho h ng; hng ho th cp

B nh v hn.

1587 Inflation

Lm pht.

1588 Inflation, suppressed

Lm pht b nn.

1589 Inflation accounting

1590 Inflationary gap
1591 Infinitely elastic
1592 Inflationary spiral

Hch ton lm pht.

H cch / khong trng lm pht, chnh
lch lm pht.
Co gin hon ton.
Vng xoy c ca lm pht.

1593 Inflation subsidy

Tr cp lm pht.

1594 Inflation tax

Thu lm pht.

1595 Informal sector

1596 Information

Khu vc khng chnh thc.

Thng tin

1597 Information matrix

1598 Inflation rate
1599 Inflation-adjusted budget
1600 Informative economy analysis
1601 Infra-marginal externality

Ma trn Thng tin.

T l lm pht.
Ngn sch c iu chnh theo lm
pht.
Phn tch thng tin kinh t.
Ngoi ng bin.

1602 Infrastructure

H tng c s.

1582 Infant industry argument for protection

Page 71

economic

1603 Inheritance tax

1604 Initial claims series
1605 Injections

Thu tha k.
Nhm ngi yu cu u tin.
S bm tin.

1606 In-kind redistribution

1607 Inland bill

Phn phi li bng hin vt.

Hi phiu ni a.

1608 Innovations
1609 Input

Pht kin; sng kin

u vo.

1610 Input orientation

nh hng theo u vo.

1611 Innocent entry barrier

Cn tr v tnh i vi vic nhp ngnh;

Cn tr ngu nhin i vi vic nhp
ngnh.

1612 Input - output

u vo - u ra (I-O), bng cn i
lin ngnh.

1613 Inside lag

tr bn trong.

1614 Inside money

Tin bn trong.

1615 Insider - outsider

Ngi trong cuc - ngi ngoi cuc.

1616 Insider - outsider model

M hnh Ngi trong cuc - ngi

ngoi cuc.

1617 Insolvency

Tnh trng khng tr c n.

1618 Instalment credit

Tn dng tr dn.

1619 Institutional economics

Kinh t hc th ch.

1620 Institutional training

o to th ch.

1621 Instrumental variables

Cc bin cng c (IV).

1622 Instruments

Cc cng c.

1623
1624
1625
1626
1627

Bo him
Tin ng bo him.
Ti sn v hnh.
Vn v hnh.
S nguyn

Insurance
Insurance premium
Intangible assets
Intangible capital
Integer

1628 Integerated economy

Nn kinh t lin kt.

Page 72

economic

1629 Integerated time series

1630 Integration

Chui thi gian c ly tch phn.

Tch phn ho.

1631 Intended inventory investment

1632 Intensive margin

u t vo hng tn kho c ch
Gii hn thm canh.

1633 Inter-Bank Market

Th trng Lin ngn hng.

1634 Intercept

H s chn.

1635 Interdependent utility

Interdistrict Settlement Account (or
1636 Fund)
1637 Interest

tho dng ph thuc ln nhau.

Ti khon (hay qu) Thanh ton lin
vng.
Tin li, li sut.

1638 Interest equalization tax

1639 Interest sensitivity

Thuu san bng li sut.

nhy theo li sut.

1640 Intergenerational equity

Cng bng gia cc th h.

1641 Intergovernmental grants

1642 Interlocking directorates
1643 Intermediate areas

Cc tr cp lin chnh quyn.

Cc ban gim c chung, cc ban gim
c kt hp.
Cc vng trung gian.

1644 Intermediate goods

Hng ho trung gian.

1645 Intermediate lag

tr trung gian.

1646 Intermediate technology

Cng ngh trung gian.

Intermediate Technology Development

1647 Group
1648 Intermediate variables

Nhm Pht trin Cng ngh trung gian.

Bin trung gian

1649 Internal convertibility of soft currencies

Kh nng chuyn i trong nc ca

tin yu.

1650 Internal drain

S x tin trong nc.

Page 73

economic

1651 Internal growth

Tng trng nh ni ng.

1652 Internalization

Ni ho.

1653 "internal" labuor market

Th trng lao ng ni vi.

1654 Internal finance

1655 Internal rate of return

Ti chnh bn trong.
Ni sut sinh li

1656 Internal wage differentials

1657 Internal balance
1658 External balance

Cc mc chnh lch tin cng ni ti.

Cn bng bn trong
Cn bng bn ngoi.

International Bank for Reconstruction

1659 and Development

Ngb hng Ti thit v Pht trin Quc

t.

1660 International cartel

Cartel quc t.

1661 International clearing unions

Cc lin minh thanh ton quc t.

1662 International commodity agreements

Cc hip nh hng ho quc t.

1663 International Development Association

Hip hi pht trin quc t

International Development Co-operation

1664 Agency (ID)
T chc hp tc pht trin quc t.
1665 International division of labour
S phn chia lao ng quc t.
1666 International economics

Kinh t hc quc t

1667 International Finance Corporation

1668 International debt crisis

Cng ty Ti chnh Quc t.

Khng hong n quc t.

1669 International Labuor Office

Vn phng Lao ng quc t.

1670 International liquidity

Thanh khon quc t.

Page 74

economic

1671 International monetarism

Ch ngha trng tin quc t.

1672 International monetary Fund

(IMF) - Qu tin t quc t.

1673 International payments system

H thng thanh ton quc t.

International Standard Industrial

1674 Classification
1675 International trade

(ISIC)-Phn loi Ngnh Cng nghip

theo C1683Tiu chun Quc t.
Thng mi quc t.

1676 International Trade Organization

(ITO) - T chc thng mi quc t.

1677 International Wheat Council

Hi ng la m Quc t.
So snh tho dng gia cc c
nhn.

1678 Interpersonal comparisons of utility

1679 Interquartile range

1680 Interstate Commerce Act
1681 Intersection

Khong cch gia cc t v phn v.

o lut thng mi gia cc tiu
bang.
Giao

1682 Interval estimation

c lng khong.

1683 "In the bank"

"ti Ngn hng".

1684 Inventories
1685 Inventory cycle
1686 Inventory investment

Hang tn kho, d tr.

Chu k hng tn kho.
u t tn kho

1687 Inverse function rule

Quy tc hm ngc.

1688 Investment

u t.

1689 Investment criteria

Cc tiu chun u t.

1690 Investment grants

1691 Investment trust

Tr cp u t.
T-rt u t.

Page 75

economic

1692 Investors in Industry

Cc nh u t trong Cng nghip.

1693 Invisible hand, the

Bn tay v hnh.

1694 Invisibles

Khon v hnh

1695 Involuntary unemployment

Tht nghip khng t nguyn.

1696 Iron law of wages

1697 Irredeemable loan stock

Quy lut st v tin cng.

Lng cho vay khng tr c.

1698 Irredeemable preference shares

Cc c phiu u tin khng tr c.

1701 ISIC

Tnh bt kh o; Tnh khng th o

ngc c.
ng IS
Phn loi Ngnh Cng nghip theo tiu
chun Quc t.

1702 Islamic Development Bank

Ngn hng pht trin Hi gio.

1703 IS- LM diagram

Lc IS - LM.

1704 Iso-cost curve

1705 Iso-outlay line

ng ng ph.
ng ng chi.

1706 Iso-product curve

ng ng sn phm.

1707 Iso-profit curve

1708 Isoquant

Cc ng ng nhun.
ng lng.

1709 Iso-revenue line (curve)

ng ng thu.

1710 Issued capital

Vn pht hnh.

1711 Issue department

Cc pht hnh.

1712 Issuing broker

Ngi mi gii pht hnh.

1713 Issuing house

Nh pht hnh.

1714 Issuing House Association

1715 ITO

Hip hi cc Nh pht hnh.

T chc thng mi Quc t.

1699 Irreversibility
1700 IS curve

Page 76

economic
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722

Inverse relation
Invention and innovation
Intra-industrial trade
Invention and official financing
Investment demand schedule
IOU money
IS and LM schedule

Tng quan nghch bin.

Pht minh v pht kin.
Thng mi trong ngnh.
Can thip v ti tr chnh thc.
Biu nhu cu u t.
Tin da theo n.
Biu IS v LM.

1723 J curve

ng ch J

1724 "jelly" capital

Vn "mm do".

1725 Jevon, W.Stanley

(1835-1882)

1726 Jobber

Ngi bun bn chng khon.

1727 Job cluster

Nhm ngh.

1728 Job competition theory

Thuyt v cnh tranh vic lm.

1729 Job creation

To vic lm.

1730 Job acceptance schedule

Biu s ngi chp nhn cng vic.

1731 Job dublication

Vic lm kp.

1732 Job evaluation

nh gi vic lm.

1733 Job search

Tm kim vic lm.

1734 Job search channels

Cc knh tm vic.

1735 Job shopping

Chn vic lm.

Page 77

economic

1736 Johnson, Harry Gordon

(1923-77)

1737 Joint probability distributions

Cc phn phi xc sut kt hp.

1738 Joint products

1739 Joint profit maximination

Cc sn phm lin kt.

Ti a ho li nhun chung.

1740 Joint stock company

Cng ty c phn.

1741 Joint venture

Lin doanh.

1742 Joint venture in European Countries

Lin doanh cc nc ng u.

1743 J - test

Kim nh J.

1744 Juglar cycle

1745 Justice as fairness

Chu k Juglar.
Chn l nh l cng bng.

1746 Just price

1747 Junk bonds

Gi cng bng.
Tri phiu li sut cao.

1748 Kahn, Richard F.

(1905-1989)

1749 Kaldor, Nicholas

(1908-1986)

Page 78

economic

1750 Kaldor - Hicks test

Kim nh Kaldor - Hicks.

1751 Kalecki, Micheal

(1899-1970)

1752 Kalman filtering

Php lc Kalman.

1753 Kantorovich, Leonid

(1912-1986)

1754 Kenedy Round

Vng m phn Kenedy.

1755 Key bargain

1756 Keynes, John Maynard

Thng lng ch cht.

(1883-1946)

1757 Keynes effect

1758 Keynesian cross

Hiu ng Keynes.
im ct Keynes

1759 Keynesian economics

1760 Keynesian Growth Theory

Kinh t hc trng phi Keynes

L thuyt tn trng ca trng phi
Keynes.

1761 Keynes Plan

K hoch Keynes.

Page 79

economic

1762 Key rates

Cc mc lng then cht.

1763 Kinked demand curve

ng cu gp khc.

1764 Klein Goldberger model

M hnh Klein Goldberger.

1765 Klein, Lawrence R.

(1920-)

1766 Knife edge

im ta mng manh.

1767 Knight, Frank

(1895-1973)

1768 Kondratieff, Nicolai D.

(1892-..?)

Page 80

economic

1769 Koopmans, Tjalling

(1910-1985)

1770 Koych transformation

Php bin i Koyck

1771 Kuznets, Simon

1772 Labour

(1901-1985)
Lao ng.

1773 Labour augmenting technical progress

1774 Labour economics

Tin b k thut lm tng sc lao ng.

Kinh t hc lao ng.

1775 Labour force

Lc lng lao ng.

1776 Labour force participation rate

T l tham gia Lc lng lao ng.

1777 Labour hoarding

1778 Labour force schedule
1779 Labour intensive

Tch tr lao ng.

Biu v lc lng lao ng
S dng nhiu lao ng, thm dng
nhiu lao ng.

1780 Labour market

Th trng lao ng.

1781 Labour power

Sc lao ng.

1782 Labour - saving techniques

1783 Labour's share

Cc k thut tit kim lao ng.

T trng ca lao ng.

Page 81

economic

1784 Labour standard

1785 Labour supply
1786 Labour surplus economy

Tiu chun lao ng.

Cung lao ng.
Nn kinh t tha lao ng.

1787 Labour theory of value

L thuyt lao ng v gi tr.

1788 Labour turnover

1789 Laffer curve

Mc thay lao ng.

ng Laffer.

1790 Lagged relationship

Quan h tr.

1791 Lagrangean technique

Phng php nhn t Lagrange.

1792 Laissez - faire

1793 Laissez - faire economy

Hc thuyt v nn kinh t t vn hnh.

Nn kinh t t vn hnh (chnh ph t
can thip).

1794 Land
1795 Land intensive

t ai.
S dng nhiu t.

1796 Land reform and tenure

1797 Land tax

Bo h v ci cch rung t.
Thu t.

1798 Lange, Oscar

1799 Laspeyres price index

(1904-1965)
Ch s gi Laspeyres.

1800 Latin American Economic System

H thng kinh t M Latinh.

Latin American Free Trade Association

1801 (LAFTA)

Hip hi thng mi t do M latinh.

1802 Lausanne School

Trng phi Lausanne.

Page 82

economic

1803 Law of demand

Quy lut ca cu.

1804 Law of diminishing returns

1805 Law of diminishing marginal utility

Quy lut li tc gim dn.

Quy lut tho dng cn bin gim
dn.

1806 Law of variable proprerties

1807 Law of one price

Quy lut v cc c tnh bin i.

Quy lut mt gi.

1808 Layfield Report

1809 Layoffs

Bo co Layfield.
Sa thi tm thi

1810 Leading links principle

Nguyn tc u mi hng u.

1811 Leading sector

1812 Leakages

Ngnh dn u.
Nhng khon r r.

1813 Leap - frogging

S nhy cc.

1814 Learning
learning by doing

Hc hi
Hc qua hnh

1815 Lease
1816 Least cost method of production

Thu
Phng sn xut da trn gi thnh
thp nht.

1817 Least squares

Phng php bnh phng nh nht.

1818 Le Chatelier principle

Nguyn tc Le Chatelier.

1819 Lender of last resort

Ngi cho vay cu cnh cui cng.

1820 Leontief, Wassily W.

1821 Leontief inverse
1822 Leontief paradox

(1906-)
S nghch o Leontief.
Nghch l Leontief.

Page 83

economic

1823 Lerner, Abba P.

(19031983).

1824 Lerner case

Tnh hung Lerner.

1825 Lerner index

1826 Leger tender
1827 Less devoloped countries (LDCs)

Ch s Lerner
Phng tin thanh ton hp php (lut
nh).
Cc nc chm pht trin.

1828 Letter of credit

Th tn dng.

1829 Level of significance

1830 Level field

Mc ngha.
Sn chi cng bng / cng mt sn
chi?

1831 Leverage

T phn vn vay; n by v ti chnh;

T l vn vay so vi tng vn.

1832 Lewis, Sir W.Arthur

(1919-1991).

1833 Lewis - Fei - Ranis model

M hnh Lewis - Fei - Ranis.

1834 Leveraged buy out (LBO)

1835 Leveraged financing

Tng vay bng cch thay c phn

Ti tr n by.

Page 84

economic

1836 Lexicographic preferences

1837 Liabilities
1838 Liberalism

Th hiu thin lch.

N.
Ch ngha t do.

1839 LIBOR

Li sut lin ngn hng London.

1840 Licensed deposit takers

C quan c cp giy php nhn tin

gi.

1842 Life-cycle oriented expectation

Gi thuyt v vng i, thu nhp theo

vng i / Chu k tui th sn phm.
K vng nh hng theo chu k i
ngi.

1843 "Lifeboat"

"Thuyn cu sinh".

1844 Likehood function

1845 Likehood ratio test (LD)

Hm hp l
Kim nh t s hp l.

1846 Limited company

Cng ty trch nhim hu hn.

1847 Limited dependent variables

Cc bin s ph thuc hn ch.

1848 Limited information (LI)

1849 Limited liability

Thng tin hn ch.

Trch nhim hu hn.

1850 Limit pricing

1851 Lindahl model

nh gi gii hn.
M hnh Lindahl.

1853 Linder thesis

Thuyt Linder.

1854 Linear combination

T hp tuyn tnh.

1855 Linear dependence

Ph thuc tuyn tnh

1856 Linear estimator

c lng tuyn tnh.

1857 Linear expenditure systems

Cc h thng chi tiu tuyn tnh.

1858 Linear function

1859 Linear nomogenous

Hm tuyn tnh.
ng nht tuyn tnh.

1841 Life-cycle hypothesis

Page 85

economic

1860 Linear probability model

M hnh xc sut tuyn tnh.

1861 Linear programming

1862 Liquid asset
1863 Liquid assets ratio

Quy hoch tuyn tnh.

Ti sn d hon chuyn; Ti sn lng;
ti sn d thanh tiu .
T l ti sn d hon chuyn.

1864 Liquidation

Pht mi.

1865 Liquility
1866 Liquidity

Kh nng chuyn hon.

Tnh thanh ton, thanh tiu.

1867 Liquidity preference

S a thch ti sn d thanh tiu

1868 Liquidity ratio

T s v kh nng hon chuyn

1869 Liquidity trap

By tin mt; By thanh khon.

1870 Listed securities

Cc chng khon yt gi.

1871 Little - Mirrlees method

1872 LM curve
1873 Loan

Phng php Little - Mirrlees.

ng LM.
Khon cho vay.

1874
1875
1876
1877

Cc qu c th cho vay.
Vn vay.
S vn vay.
Chng trnh cho vay.

Loanable funds
Loan capital
Loan stock
Loan facility

1878 Local authorities' market

1879 Local finance

Th trng ca chnh quyn a

phng.
Ti chnh a phng.

1880 Local labour market

1881 Local mutiplier

Th trng lao ng a phng.

S nhn a phng

1882 Local public good

Hng ho cng cng a phng.

1883 Locational integration

Lin kt theo v tr.

1884 Locational interdependence

S ph thuc ln nhau v v tr.

1885 Location quotient

Thng s v tr.

1886 Location theory

L thuyt v v tr.

Page 86

economic

1887 Locking - in effect

1888 lockout

Hiu ng kt
S ng ca gy p lc (i vi cng
nhn).

1889 Logarithm

Lgart

1890 Logistic function

1891 Logit analysis

Hm Lgistic
Php phn tch lgit

1892 Log-linear

Tuyn tnh lgarit

1893 Logolling
1894 Lombard Street

S trao i phiu bu; b phiu gian

ln.
Ph Lombard.

1895 Lom Convention

Cng c Lom.

1896 Long-dated securities

1897 Long-haul economies

Cc chng khon di hn.

Tnh kinh t theo qung ng.

1898 Longitudinal data

D liu dc.

1899 Long rate

Li sut di hn.

1900
1901
1902
1903

Di hn.
Chi ph trung bnh di hn.
Hm tiu dng di hn.
Chi ph cn bin di hn.

Long run
Long run average cost (LAC)
Long run comsumption function
Long run marginal cost

1904 Long term capital

1905 Lorenz curve
1906 Losch model

Vn di hn.
ng Lorenz
M hnh Losch

1907 Loss aversion

1908 Loss function

S khng thch mt mt.

Hm thua l.

1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914

Bn h gi trc.
Cn bng cnh tranh di hn.
ng tng chi ph di hn.
ng Phillips di hn.
ng Phillips ngn hn.
Thu gp / khon.

Loss leader pricing

Long run competitive
Lon run total cost curve
Long run Phillips curve
Short run Phillp curve
Lump - sum tax

1915 Loss offsetting provisions

1916 Low - level equilibrium trap
1917 Low wage trade

Cc iu khon b l.
By cn bng mc thp.
Thng mi lng thp.

Page 87

economic

1918 Lucas critique

1919 LUS

Lun im ph phn ca Lucas

S d tuyn tnh v hng khng
chch.

1920 Luxury

Hng xa x (cng coi l hng thng

lu).

1921 Luxury taxes

1922 M1 and M0

Thu hng xa x.
Mc cung tin M1 v M0.

1923 Macmillan Committee

1924 "Macmillan" gap

U ban Macmillan.
L hng Macmillan.

1925 Mc Guire Act

1926 Macroeconomics

o lut Mc Guire.
Kinh t hc v m.

1927 Macroeconomics demand schedule

Biu cu mang tnh kinh t hc v m.

1928 Majority rule

Quy tc a s.

1929 Malleable capital

Vn uyn chuyn

1930 Malthus, Rev. Thomas Robert

1931 Malthus's law of population

(1766-1834).
Quy lut dn s ca Malthus.

1932 Management
1933 Management buyout
1934 Management board

Ban qun l.
Thu mua bng nghip v qun l.
Ban qun l / Hi ng qun tr.
S th ni c qun l hay khng thun
khit.

1935 Managed or dirty floating

Page 88

economic

1936 Management science

Khoa hc qun l.

1937 Manager controlled firm

Hng do nh qun l kim sot.

1938 Managerial capitalism

Ch ngha t bn thin v qun l.

1939 Managerial discretion

S tu tin trong qun l.

1940 Managerial revolution

1941 Managerial slack

Cuc cch mng qun l.

S lng lo trong qun l.

1942 Managerial theories of the firm

Cc hc thuyt v hng thin v qun

l.

1943 Managerial utility function

1944 Marginal cost
1945 Marginal cost of labor

Hm tho dng trong qun l.

Chi ph cn bin.
Chi ph cn bin cho lao ng.

1946 Marginal cost pricing

1947 Marginal firm
1948 Marginal income tax rate
1949 Marginal principle

nh gi theo chi ph cn bin.

Xut bin?
Mc thu sut cn bin nh vo thu
nhp.
Nguyn l cn bin.

1950 Marginal product of labors

Sn phm cn bin ca lao ng.

1951 Marginal propensity to comsume (MPC) Thin hng tiu dng cn bin.
1952 Marginal propensity to import

Thin hng nhp khu cn bin.

1953 Marginal propensity to save (MPS)

Thin hng tit kim cn bin.

1954 Marginal rate of substitution (MRS)

T l thay th cn bin.

1955 Marginal rate of transformation

T l chuyn i cn bin.

1956 Marginal revenue

Doanh thu cn bin.

1957 Marginal revenue product of labor

Mc doanh thu cn bin ca lao ng.

1958 Managing director

Gim c iu hnh.

1959 Manoilescu argument

Lp lun Manoilescu.

Page 89

economic

1960 Manpower policy

1961 Manual workers

Chnh sch v nhn lc.

Lao ng chn tay.

1962 Margin, at the

ti bin

1963 Marginal
1964 Marginal analysis
1965 Marginal cost of funds schedule

Cn bin, gia lng.

Phn tch cn bin.
Biu chi ph cn bin ca vn.

1966 Marginal damage cost

Chi ph thit hi cn bin.

1967 Marginal disutility

phi tho dng cn bin.

1968 Marginal efficiency of capital

Hiu sut cn bin ca vn.

1969 Marginal efficiency of capital schedule

Biu hiu sut bin ca vn.

1970 Marginal efficiency of investment

Marginal efficiency of investment
1971 schedule
Marginal per capita reinvestment
1972 quotient criterio

Hiu sut cn bin ca u t.

1973 Marginal physical product

1974 Marginal product

Sn phm vt cht cn bin.

Sn phm cn bin.

1975 Marginal productivity doctrine

Hc thuyt v nng sut cn bin.

1976 Marginal propensity to tax

1977 Marginal propensity to withdraw

Thin hng nh thu cn bin.

Thin hng rt tin cn bin.

1978 Marginal rate of tax

1979 Marginal rate of technical substitution

Thu sut cn bin.

T sut thay th k thut cn bin; th
sut k thut cn bin.

1980 Marginal revenue product

Sn phm doanh thu cn bin.

1981 Marginal user cost

Chi ph s dng cn bin.

1982 Marginal utility

tho dng cn bin.

1983 Marginal utility of income

tho dng cn bin ca thu nhp.

1984 Marginal utility of money

1985 Marginal value product of capital

tho dng cn bin ca tin.

Sn phm gi tr bin ca vn.

1986 Marginal value product of labor

Sn phm gi tr bin ca lao ng.

Biu hiu sut cn bin ca u t.

Tiu chun v thng s ti u t cn
bin theo u ngi.

Page 90

economic

1987 Margin requirement

Yu cu v mc chnh lch.

1988
1989
1990
1991

Th trng.
Phn loi th trng.
im th trng bn sch.
ng cu ca th trng.

Market
Market classification
Market clearing
Market demand curve

1992 Market demand curve for labour

ng cu ca th trng i vi lao
ng.

1993 Market economy

Nn kinh t th trng

1994 Market failure

S khim khuyt ca th trng; S

trc trc ca th trng.

1995 Market forces

Cc tc nhn th trng.

1996 Market imperfection

1997 Market mechanism

S khng hon ho ca th trng.

C ch th trng.

1998 Marketing

Marketing

1999 Marketing boards.

Cc ban Marketing.

2000 Market maker

Hng lp th.

2001 Market orientation

nh hng theo th trng.

2002 Market oriented reform

2007 Market socialism

Ci cch theo nh hng th trng.

Quyn lc th trng; Sc mnh i vi
th trng.
T l chnh lch gi.
T l chnh lch gi trn th trng ch
en.
Th phn
Ch ngha x hi theo c ch th
trng.

2008 Markov process

Qu trnh Markov.

2003 Market power

2004 Market premium rate
2005 Black market premium rate
2006 Market share

Page 91

economic

2009 Markowitz, Harry

2012 Mark-up

(1927-)
T l chnh lch gi ca th trng
song hnh.
C cu th trng.
Phn thm vo gi vn; Phn thm vo
chi ph kh bin.

2013 Marshall, Alfred

(1842-1924)

2014 Marshall Aid

Vin tr Marshall.

2015 Marshallian demand curve

ng cu Marshall

2016 Marshall - Lerner condition

2017 Marshall plan

iu kin Marshall - Lerner.

K hoch Marshall

2018 Marx, Karl

(1818-1883)

2019 C.mcist economics

Kinh t hc Mac xt.

2020 Materials balance principle

Nguyn l cn bng vt cht.

2021 Material forces of production

2022 Mathematical expectation
2023 Matrix

Lc lng sn xut vt cht.

K vng ton hc.
Ma trn.

2024 Maturity

n hn, ht hn.

2010 Parallel market premium rate

2011 Market structure

Page 92

economic

2025 Maximax

Ti a ho cc i.

2026 Maximin
2027 Maximum

Ti a ho cc tiu.
Gi tr cc i.

2028 Maximum likelihood

Hp l cc i.

2029 Meade, James Edward

(1907- )

2030 Mean

Trung bnh

2031 Means tested benefits

Tr cp theo mc trung bnh.

2032 Mean-variance analysis

2033 Measurement error
2034 Median

Phn tch trung bnh - phng sai.

Sai s o lng.
Trung v.

2035 Median location principle

Nguyn l nh v trung bnh.

2036 Median Vote Theorem

nh l c tri trung dung.

2037 Mediation

Ho gii.

2038 Medium of exchange

2039 Median Voter

Phng tin trao i.

C tri trung dung.

2040 Medium term financial strategy (MTFS)

Chin lc ti chnh trung hn.

Page 93

economic

2041 Menger, Carl

(1840-1921)

2042 Mercantilism

Ch ngha trng thng.

2043 Merchant bank

Ngn hng nh bun

2044 Merger
2045 Menu cost of inflation
2046 Merit goods

St nhp.
Chi ph thc n ca lm pht.
Hng khuyn dng; Hng c li.

2047 Merit bad

Hng khng khuyn dng.

2048 Methodology

Phng php lun.

2049 Metzler case

Tnh hung Metzler.

2050 M-form enterprise

Doanh nghip dng M

2051 Microeconomics

Kinh t hc vi m.

2052 Microfoundations

Cc c s vi m.

2053 Miller - Tydings Act of 1937

2054 Minimax regret
2055 Minimum

o lut Miller - Tydings nm 1937.

Quy tc ti thiu ho mc ng tic
ti a.
Gi tr ti thiu.

2056 Minimum efficient scale

Quy m hiu qu ti thiu.

2057 Minimum employment target

Mc tiu ti thiu v vic lm.

Page 94

economic

2058 Minimum lending rate (MLR)

2059 Minimum wage

Li sut cho vay ti thiu.

Tin lng ti thiu.

2060 Minimum wage legislation

Lut v mc lng ti thiu.

2061
2062
2063
2064

Quyn kim sot ti thiu.

Nh my c tin.
Thng s sai lch.
Phng php c tnh hn hp.

Minority control
Mint
Mis-specification
Mixed estimation

2065 Mixed good

Hng ho hn hp.

2066 Mixed market economy

2067 Mode

Nn kinh t th trng hn hp.

Mt.

2068 Model

M hnh

2069 Modern quantity theory of money

Thuyt nh lng tin t hin i.

2070 Modern sector

Khu vc hin i.

2071 Mode of production

Phng thc sn xut.

2072 Modigliani, Franco

(1918-)
Hc thuyt v chi ph t bn ca
2073 Modigliani-Miller theory of cost of capital Modigliani-Miller.
2074 Modulus
Gi tr tuyt i.
2075 Moments

M men

2076 Monetarism

Ch ngha trng tin.

2077 Money multiplier

2078 Mixed economy

S nhn tin t.
Nn kinh t hn hp.
S kt hp gia chnh sch thu kho
v tin t.
Gi ca tin.
Dung lng tin.
Tnh lun chuyn ca lao ng.

2079
2080
2081
2082

Mix of fiscal and money policy

Money price
Money stock
Mobility of labor

2083 Monetarists

Nhng ngi theo thuyt trng tin.

Page 95

economic
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089

Monetary accommodation
Monetary aggregate
Monetary base
Monetary overhang
Monetary standard
Monetary Union

S iu tit tin t.
Cung tin (M1,M2,M3).
C s tin t.
S s dng qu nhiu tin mt.
Bn v tin t.
Lin minh tin t.

2090 Money supply

Cung tin.

2091 Money terms

(Biu th gi tr) bng tin.

2092 Monoculture

c canh

2093 Monopolies and Merger Act in1965.

o lut v c quyn v st nhp nm

1965.

2094 Monopolies and Merger Commission

U ban v c quyn v St nhp.

Monopolies and Restrictive Practices

2095 (Inquiry and

o lut c quyn v nhng thng l

hn ch (iu tra v Kim sot) 1948.

2096 Monopolistic Competition

Cnh tranh c quyn.

2097 Monopoly

c quyn.

2098 Monopoly power

2099 Monetized economy
2100 Money illusion

Quyn lc c quyn.
Nn kinh t tin t ho.
o tng v tin.

2101 Money market equilibrium

2102 Monopoly profit

S cn bng ca th trng tin t.

Li nhun c quyn.

2103 Monopsony

c quyn mua.

2104 Monte Carlo method

2105 Moonlighting

Phng php Monte Carlo.

S lm thm

2106 Moral hazard

Mi nguy o c; S lm tn.

2107 Mortgage

Th chp.

Page 96

economic

2108 Most favoured nation clause

2109 Moving average

iu khon ti hu quc.
Trung bnh ng.

2110 Multicollitnearity

Tnh a cng tuyn.

2111 Multilateral aid

Vin tr a phng

Multilateral Investment Guarantee

2112 Agency (MIGA)

C quan bo him u t a phng.

2113 Multilateral trade

Thng mi a phng

2114 Multinational corporation

2115 Multiplant economies

Cng ty a quc gia.

Tnh kinh t nh vn hnh nhiu nh
my.

2116 Multiplant operations

2117 Multiple correlation coefficient
2118 Multiple regression

S vn hnh a nh my.
H s a tng quan.
Hi quy bi s.

2119 Multiplier

S nhn.

2120 Multiplier - accelerator interaction

2121 Multiplier - accelerator model

Tc ng qua li gia s nhn - gia tc.

M hnh gia tc theo tha s / h s
nhn.

2122 Multiproduct firm

2123 Multiplier coefficient

Hng sn xut a sn phm

H s khuych i.

2124 Multisector growth model

M hnh tng trng a ngnh.

2125 Multivariate analysis

Phn tch a bin s.

2126 Mundell - Fleming model

M hnh Mundell - Fleming.

2127 Mutually exclusive projects

2128 Mutually exclusive
2129 Naive accelerator

Cc d n loi t ln nhau.
Loi t ln nhau.
Gia tc dng n gin.

2130 Nash solution

Gii php Nash.

2131 National accounts

H thng ti khon quc gia.

Page 97

economic

2132 National bargaining

Thng lng mang tnh quc gia.

2133 National Bureau for Economic Research Phng nghin cu kinh t quc gia.

2134 National debt

N quc gia.

National Economic Development

2135 Council (NEDC)

Hi ng pht trin kinh t quc gia.

2136 National Enterprise Board (NEB)

Ban doanh nghip quc gia.

2137 National income

2138 National income accounting
2139 National Girobank

Thu nhp quc dn.

Hch ton Thu nhp quc dn.
Ngn hng Giro quc gia.

National Institute for Economic and

2140 Social Research

Vin Nghin cu Quc gia v Kinh t

v X hi.

2141 Myrdal, Gunnar K.

(1898-1987)

2142 National Insurance Contributions

Cc khon ng gp bo him quc

gia.

2143 National Insurance Fund

Qu bo him quc gia.

2144 National Labor Relation Act

o lut quan h Lao ng Quc gia.

2145 Nationalized industry

2146 National product

Ngnh b quc hu ho.

Sn phm quc dn.

Page 98

economic

National Research Development

2147 Corporation

Cng ty nghin cu pht trin quc gia.

2148 National Saving Bank

Ngn hng tit kim quc gia.

2149 Natural law

2150 Natural logarithm

Quy lut t nhin.

Lgarit t nhin.

2151 Natural price

Gi t nhin.

2152 Natural rate of growth

T l tng trng t nhin.

2154 Natural rate of unemployment

T l tht nghip t nhin.

2155 Natural resources

Ti nguyn thin nhin.

2156 Natural selection hypothesis

Gi thuyt v s la chn t nhin.

2157 Near money

Tin cn; Chun t.

2158 Necessity

Hng thit yu.

2159 NEDC

U ban pht trin kinh t quc gia.

2160 "Neddy"
2161 NEDO

Vn phng pht trin kinh t quc gia.

2162 Need

Nhu cu.

2163 Negative income tax

Thu thu nhp m.

2164 Neighborhood effects

Nhng hiu ng n xung quanh.

2165 Neo-classical economics

Kinh t hc tn c in.

2166 Neo-classical growth theory

Hc thuyt tng trng tn c in.

Page 99

economic

2167 Neo-classical synthesis

Hp tn c in.

2168 Neo-imperialism

Ch ngha quc kiu mi.

2169 Neo-orthodoxy

Trng phi tn chnh thng.

2170 Nested hypotheses

Cc gi thuyt lng nhau

2171 Nationalized indentities

2172 Natural monopoly

ng nht thc ca thu nhp quc dn.

c quyn t nhin.

2173
2174
2175
2176
2177

S cn bng ho nhng li th rng.

T gi trao i rng.
Gi tr rng theo s sch.
Phc li kinh t rng.
Xut khu rng.

Net advantages, the equalisation of

Net barter terms of trade
Net book value
Net economic welfare
Net export

2178 Net present value

2179 Net investment

Gi tr hin ti rng.
u t rng ( Cn gi l s to vn
rng) .

2180
2181
2182
2183

Sn phm vt cht rng.

Thu nhp quc dn rng
Sn phm quc dn rng.
Li nhun rng.

Net material product (NMP)

Net national income
Net national product
Net profit

2184 Net property income from abroad

Thu nhp ti sn rng t nc ngoi.

2185 Neutrality of money

2186 Neutralizing monetary flows

Tnh cht trung lp ca tin.

Trung ho cc lung tin t.

2187 "New classical macroeconomics"

"Kinh t hc v m c in mi"

2188 New Economic Policy (NEP)

Chnh sch kinh t.

2189 New industrial state

Tnh trng cng nghip mi.

Page 100

economic

2190 New inflation

Lm pht kiu mi

2191 New issues market

Th trng cc chng khon mi pht

hnh.

2192 New microeconomics

Kinh t hc vi m mi.

2193 New-new microeconomics

Kinh t hc vi m mi-mi.

2194 New-orthodoxy

Trng phi chnh thng mi.

2195 New quantity theory of money

2196 New international economic order
2197 New protectionism

L thuyt nh lng mi v tin t.

Trt t kinh t quc t mi.
Ch ngha bo h mi.

2198 Newly industrilizing countries (NICs)

Cc nc mi cng nghip ho.

2199 New view of investment

Quan nim mi v u t.

2200 "New view" on money supply

"Quan im mi" v cung tin.

2201 New York Stock Exchange

S giao dch chng khon New York

2202 Nominal
2203 Nominal balances

Danh ngha.
S d tin mt danh ngha

2204 Nominal value

Gi tr danh ngha.

2205 Nominal yield

Non-accelerating inflation rate of
2206 unemployment

Li tc danh ngha.
T l tht nghip khng lm tng lm
pht.

2207 Nominal and real interest rates

Li sut danh ngha v li sut thc t.

2208 Nominal and real money balances

S d tin mt danh ngha v thc t.

2209 Nominal and exchange rate

2210 Nominal variables
2211 Non-market

T gi hi oi danh ngha v thc t.

Cc bin s danh ngha.
Phi th trng.

Page 101

economic

2212 Non-bank financial intermediaries

Cc t chc trung gian ti chnh phi

ngn hng.

2213 Non-competing groups

Cc nhm khng cnh tranh.

2214 Non-cumulative preference shares

C phiu u i phi tch lu.

2215 Non-excludability

Tnh khng th khu bit; tnh khng th

ngn cn.

2216 Non-labor income

Thu nhp phi lao ng.

2217 Non-linear

Phi tuyn.

2218 Non-linear function

Hm phi tuyn.

2219 Non-manual workers

Lao ng phi th cng; Lao ng tr c.

2220 Non-nested hypotheses

Cc gi thit khng b lng nhau.

2221 Non-pecuniary goals

Nhng mc tiu phi tin t.

2222 Non-price competition

Cnh tranh phi gi c.

2223 Non-profit institutions

Cc t chc phi li nhun

2224 Non-renewable resource

Ti nguyn khng ti to c.

2225 Non-rival consumption

S tiu dng khng b kn ca; S tiu

dng khng b cnh tranh.

2226 Non-tariff barriers

Cc hng ro phi thu quan.

2227 Non-uniqueness

Tnh phi c nht.

2228 Non-wage attributes

Cc thuc tnh phi tin lng.

2229 Non-wage labour costs

Cc chi ph lao ng phi tin lng.

2230 Norm

nh mc tng lng.

2231 Normal cost pricing

'nh gi theo chi ph nh mc; nh

gi theo chi ph thng thng.

2232 Normal distribution

Phn phi chun.

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economic

2233 Normal equations

2234 Normal good

Cc phng trnh chun.

Hng ho thng thng.

2235 Normal profits

2236 Normal unemployment
2237 Normal variable

Cc khon li nhun thng thng.

T l tht nghip thng thng.
Bin thng thng.

2238 Normative costs of production

Cc chi ph sn sut chun tc.

2239 Normative economics

Kinh t hc chun tc.

2240 Norm following behaviour

Hnh vi theo nh mc lng.

2241 Notional demand

Cu tm tnh; Cu nim; cu t bin.

2242 Null hypothesis

2243 Numbers equivalent index
2244 Numeraire

Gi thit Khng.
Ch s ng lng.
n v tnh ton.

2245 OAPEC

T chc cc nc A-rp xut khu du

2246 Objective function

Hm mc tiu.

2247 Occupational licensing

2248 Occupational wages differentials

Cp bng hnh ngh.

Nhng chnh lch v mc lng theo
ngh nghip.

2249 Occupational wages structure

C cu lng theo ngh nghip.

2250 OECD

T chc hp tc v pht trin kinh t.

2251 OEEC

T chc hp tc kinh t Chu u.

2252 Offer curve

ng cho hng.

2253 Offer for sale

Cho bn.

2254 Office of Fair Trading

Vn phng thng mi cng bng.

Office of Management and Budget

2255 (OMB)

Vn phng qun l v ngn sch.

Page 103

economic

2256 Offshore investment centres

Cc trung tm u t hi ngoi.

2257 Ohlin, Bertil

(1899-1979)

2258 Okun's 'law'

"lut" Okun.

2259 Oligopolistic

Hnh vi c quyn nhm bn

2260 Oligopoly

(Th trng) c quyn nhm bn

2261 Oligopsony

(Th trng) c quyn nhm mua.

2262 One sector growth model

M hnh tng trng mt khu vc.

2263 One tail tests

Kim nh mt ui.

2264 On-the-job training

o to ti ch.

2265 OPEC
2266 Open access resource
2267 Open economy

T chc cc nc xut khu du m.

Ti nguyn c t do tip cn.
Nn kinh t m.

2268 Opening prices

Gi m ca.

2269 Open market operations

Cc nghip v th trng m, th trng

t do.

2270 Open unemployment

Tht nghip m.

2271 Operating gearing

T phn chi ph nghip v c nh.

2272 Operating income

Thu nhp kinh doanh.

2273 Operating profit

2274 Opportunity cost

Li nhun kinh doanh.

Chi ph c hi.

Opportunity cost approach to

2275 international trade

Phng ph s dng Chi ph c hi

trong thng mi quc t.

Page 104

economic

2276 Opportunity cost of money holding

Chi ph c hi ca vic gi tin.

2277 Opportunity wage

2278 Optimal

Mc lng c hi.
Ti u

2279 Optimal capacity

Cng sut ti u.

2280 Optimal distribution

S phn phi ti u.

2281 Optimal level of pollution

2282 Optimum
2283 Optimum of optimorum

Mc nhim Ti u.
Trng thi ti u.
Trng thi ti u trong ti u.

2284 Optimum plant size

Quy m nh my mc ti u.

2285 Optimum tariff

Thu quan ti u.

2286 Option

Hp ng mua bn trc.

2287 Option value

Gi tr ca quyn la chn.

2288 Ordering
2289 Ordinalism

Xp th t.
Ch ngha th t.

2290 Ordinal utility

2291 Ordinary least square (OLS)
2292 Ordinary share
2293 Ordinate

tho dng theo th t.

Phng php bnh phng nh nht
thng thng.
C phiu thng.
Tung .

2294 Organic composition of capital

Thnh phn hu c ca vn.

Organization of Economic Co-operation

2295 and Development (OECD)
T chc hp tc v pht trin kinh t.

Organization for European Economic

2296 Co-operation (OEEC)

T chc hp tc kinh t chu u.

Organization of Arab Petroleum

2297 Exporting Countries
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
2298 Countries

(OAPEC) - T chc Cc nc rp
xut khu du m.
(OPEC) - T chc cc nc xut khu
du m.

Page 105

economic

2299
2300
2301
2302

Outlier
Outcome
Basic Outcome
Output

2303 Output budgeting

Gi tr ngoi lai.
Kt cc, kt qu.
Kt cc, kt qu c s.
Sn lng (hay u ra).
Lp ngn sch theo Sn lng (hay
u ra).

2304 Outside lag

tr bn ngoi.

2305 Outside money

2306 Outstanding credit

Tin bn ngoi.
Tn dng cha thanh ton.

2307 Overdraff

Chi di; Thu chi.

2308 Overfunding
2309 Overhead costs
2310 Overidentification

Vay qu mc.
Chi ph duy tu
S ng nht ho qu mc.

2311 Overnight money

2312 Overhead inputs
2313 Overall fit of regression
2314 Overpopulation

Tin qua m.
Nhp lng gin tip.
Mc ph hp tng th ca phng
trnh hi quy.
Dn s qu ng.

2315 Overshooting

Tng qu cao (t gi hi oi).

2316 Over the counter market

2317 Overtime

Th trng khng ni giao dch.

Lm vic thm ngoi gi.

2318 Overvalued currency

Tin c nh gi qu cao.

2319 Owner-controlled firms

2320 Passche price index

Cc hng do ngi ch s hu kim

sot.
Ch s gi Passche.

2321 Paid-up capital

Vn c huy ng

2322 Panel data

2323 Paper money

D liu Panel
Tin giy.

2324 Paper profit

Li nhun trn giy.

2325 Parabola

Dng Parabn.

Page 106

economic

2326 Paradox of thrift

2327 Paradigm
2328 Par value of gold

Nghch l ca tit kim.

H thuyt; Lun thuyt.
Gi tr ngang gi ca vng.

2329 Paradox of voting

2330 Paradox of value
2331 Parameter

Nghch l v b phiu.
Nghch l v gi tr.
Thng s.

2332 Paretian Liberal, Impossibility of

Tnh khng th ca t do Pareto.

2333 Pareto, Vilfredo

(1848 - 1923)

2334 Pareto conditions

2335 Pareto criterion

Cc iu kin Pareto.
Tiu chun Pareto.

2336 Pareto improvement

S ci thin Pareto.

2337 Pareto non-comparability

Tnh khng th so snh Pareto.

2338 Pareto-optional redistribution

S phn phi li ti u theo Pareto.

2339 Pareto optimum

2340 Pareto efficiency of resource allocation
2341 Pareto-relevant externality

Ti u Pareto.
Tnh hiu qu Pareto ca phn b
ngun lc.
Ngoi ng lin quan n Pareto.

2342 Paris Club

Cu lc b Paris.

2343 Parity price system

2344 Par rate of exchange

H thng gi tng ng.

T gi hi oi tng ng.

2345 Partial adjustment

iu chnh tng phn.

2346 Partial derivative

2347 Partial equilibrium

o hm ring phn.
Cn bng b phn.

Page 107

economic
2348 Paricipating preference shares
2349 Paricipation rate

C phiu u tin tham gia.

T l tham gia.

2350 Partly rational expectations

2351 Par value
2352 Patent rights

Nhng k vng hp l ring phn.

Gi tr danh ngha, mnh gi.
Quyn tc gi.

2353 Path independence

S c lp v ng tin trin; c lp
v ng i.

2354 Pattern bargaining

2355 Partnership
2356 Patents
2357 Path of government spending
2358 Patent of trade

Thng lng theo m hnh.

Bn tham gia; Hi chung vn.
Bng sng ch.
M hnh cch thc chi tiu ca chnh
ph.
M thc ngoi thng.

2359 Pauper labour

Lao ng bn cng.

2360 Payback period

Thi k hon vn.

2361 Pay ceiling

2362 Pay freeze

Mc lng trn; gii hn trn ca tin

lng; Gii hn cao nht ca tin
lng.
C nh tin lng.

2363
2364
2365
2366
2367

Tr theo kt qa.
Cn cn thanh ton.
Li ch rng.
T l tr c tc.
Tr bng hin vt.

Payment - by - results
Payments, balance of
Pay-off
Payout ratio
Pay in kind

2368 Peak-load pricing

nh gi theo mc tiu th nh; nh

gi theo tiu dng cao im.

2369 Peak period labour demand

Cu lao ng thi k cao im; Cu

lao ng k gip ht.

2370 Pecuniary external economy

2371 Peg-neo

Tnh kinh t tin t bn ngoi.

"ct vo"

2372 Pendulum arbitration

Trng ti con lc.

2373 Pension

Tin lng hu.

Page 108

economic

2374 Pension fund

2375 Per capita
2376 Per capita real GDP
2377 Percetile

Qu hu.
Theo u ngi.
THU NHP QUC DN thc t tnh
theo u ngi.
Phn v.

2378 Perestroika

i mi, ci t.

2379 Perfect competition

2380 Perfect markets

Cnh tranh hon ho.

Cc th trng hon ho.

2381 Permanent comsumption

Mc tiu dng thng xuyn.

2382 Permanent income

Thu nhp thng xuyn.

2383 Permanent income hypothesis

2384 Perpetuity
2385 Personal income

Gi thuyt thu nhp thng xuyn.

Khon chi tr vnh cu.
Thu nhp c nhn.

2386 Personal loan

2387 Personal rate of substitution

Khon vay cho c nhn.

T l thay th c nhn.

2388 Personal saving

Tit kim c nhn.

2389 Perverse migration

Di c ngc.

2390 PESC

U ban iu tra chi tiu cng cng.

2391 Petroleum revenue tax (PRI)

Thu thu nhp du la.

2392 Phillips curve

ng Philips

2393 Physiocrats
2394 Piece rates

Nhng ngi theo thuyt trng nng.

Thu nhp tnh theo sn phm.

2395 Piecework

Vic lm khon.

Page 109

economic

2396 Pigou, Arthur Cecil

2397 Pigou effect

(1877-1959)
Hiu ng Pigou

2398 Pigovian tax

Thu Pigou.

2399 Pivot effect hypothesis

Gi thuyt v hiu ng quay.

2400 Placing

Nghip v by bn.

2401 Planned economy

Planning programming budgeting
2402 system (PPBS)

Nn kinh t k hoch ho.

H thng lp ngn sch theo chng
trnh k hoch ho.

2403 Planometrics

K hoch lng.

2404 Plant bargaining

S thng lng mt nh my.

2405 Plato

(427-347BC)

2406 Plurality
2407 Point elasticity of demand

Quy tc a s.
D co gin im ca cu.

2408 Point estimation

c lng im.

2409 Point of inflexion

im un.

Page 110

economic

2410 Point utility possibility curve

ng kh nng tho dng im.

2411 Point voting

B phiu theo im.

2412 Policy instruments

Cc cng c chnh sch.

2413 Policy - off

2414 Policy coordination
2415 Policy targets

Thi k khng p dng chnh sch.

iu phi chnh sch.
Cc mc tiu chnh sch.

2416
2417
2418
2419

Kinh t chnh tr.

Chu k kinh t chnh tr.
Thu thn.
Cho vay lin hip.

Political economy
Political business cycle
Poll tax
Pooled lending / loan

2420 Polluter pays principle

2421 Pollution

Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim tr ph.

nhim.

2422 Pollution rights

Cc quyn c gy nhim.

2423 Polynomial

a thc; Biu thc i s.

2424 Polynomial lag

tr a thc; tr ca biu thc i s.

2425 Pooled data

2426 Population

D liu gp.
Dn s

2427 Population explosion

Bng n dn s.

2428 Population policy

Chnh sch dn s.

2429 Population trap

2430 Porfolio

By dn s.
Danh mc u t.

2431 Porfolio balance approach

Phng php cn i danh mc u t.

Porfolio balance approach to the

2432 balance of payments/ exchange rate

Phng php cn i danh mc u t

i vi cn cn thanh ton/ t gi hi
oi.

2433 Porfolio diversification

S a dng ho danh mc u t.

2434 Positional good

Hng ho theo v tr.

2435 Positive economics

Kinh t hc thc chng.

Page 111

economic

2436 Positivism

Ch ngha thc chng.

2437 Post-Keynesian economics

Kinh t hc Hu-Keynes; Kinh t hc

sau Keynes.

2438 Posterior distribution

Phn phi sau.

2439 Postwar credits

Cc tn dng hu chin.

2440 Potential entry

2441 Potential national income

S nhp ngnh tim nng.

Thu nhp quc dn tim nng.

2442 Potential output

Sn lng tim nng.

2443 Potential Pareto improvement

S ci thin Pareto tim nng.

2444 Poverty

S ngho kh.

2445 Poverty trap

2446 Power function

By ngho kh.
Hm lu tha.

2447 Prais - Winsten

Bin i Prais - Winsten.

2448 Prebisch thesis

Lun Prebisch

2449 Precautionary motive

ng c d phng.

2450 Precautionary unemployment

Tht nghip phng nga.

2451 Predatory pricing

2452 Prediction

nh gi bn ph gi.
D bo.

2453 Pre-emption rights

Cc quyn u tin mua c phiu.

2454 Preference

S thch; S u tin.

2455 Preference revelation

S thch.

2456 Preference shares

C phiu u tin.

Page 112

economic

2457 Preferential hiring

2458 Preferred ordinary shares
2459 Premium

S thu ngi u tin.

C phiu thng c u tin.
Tin tr thm hay ph bo him.

2460 Premium saving bonds

Tri phiu tit kim c thng.

2461 Present value

Gi tr hin ti.

2462 Price

Gi

2463 Price Commission

U ban vt gi.

2464 Price consumption curve

ng tiu dng theo gi.

2465 Price control

Kim sot gi.

2466 Price-cost margin

Mc chnh lch gi-chi ph.

2467 Price discrimination

2468 Price/earning ratio

Phn bit i x theo gi.

T l gi / Li tc (t l P/E)

2469 Price effect

2470 Price elasticity of demand

Hiu ng gi.
co gin ca cu theo gi.

2471 Price fixing agreement

Tho thun c nh gi.

2472 Price index

Ch s gi.

2473 Price leadership

S dn gi.

2474 Price mechanism

C ch gi.

2475 Price-push

Gi y.

2476 Price revolution

Cch mng gi.

2477 Price setter

2478 Price specie mechanism
2479 Price support scheme

Ngi t gi.
C ch chy vng.
K hoch tr gi.

2480 Price taker

Ngi chp nhn gi.

Page 113

economic

2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486

Price theory
Price fixing
Price volatility
Price support
High risk premia
Primary commodities

L thuyt gi.
S c nh gi
Bin ng gi c.
Tr gi.
Ph thng ri ro cao.
Hng s ch.

2487 Primary goods

Cc hng ho c bn.

2488 Primary market

Th trng s cp.

2489 Primary money

2490 Primary of targeting

Tin s cp.
Nguyn tc hng ch.

2491 Primary securities

Chng khon s cp.

2492 Primary workers

2493 Principal

Cc cng nhn s cp.

Tin gc.

2494 Principal-agent problem

Vn u thc v nhm thc; Vn

ngi c vn v ngi i din.

2495 Prior distribution

Phn phi trc.

2496 Prisoner's dilemma

2497 Private company

Th lng gii ca ngi t; Th tin

thoi lng nan ca ngi t.
Cng ty t nhn.

2498 Private good

Hng ho ring t.

2499 Privatization

T nhn ho

2500 Privatization in Eastern Europe

Private and social cost of
2501 unemployment
2502 Private sector cash-deposite ratio

T nhn ho ng u.
Thit hi / ph tn c nhn v x hi ca
tht nghip.
T s gia tin mt v s tin gi ca
khu vc t nhn.

2503 Probability
2504 Conditional Probability
2505 Cumulative Probability

Xc sut
Xc sut c iu kin.
Xc sut tch lu.

2506 Probability density function

Hm mt xc xut.

Page 114

economic

2507 Probability distribution

2508 Probit model

Phn phi Xc sut.

M hnh Probit (hay m hnh xc sut
n v).

2509 Process

Qu trnh

2510 Process innovation

Pht kin v phung php (sn xut).

2511 Producer's co-operatives

Cc hp tc x ca nh sn xut.

2512 Producer's surplus

Thng d ca nh sn xut.

2513 Product cycle

Chu k sn phm.

2514 Product differentiation

S khc bit ho sn phm.

2515 Product innovation

Pht kin v sn phm.

2516 Production

Sn xut.

2517 Production frontier

2518 Production externalities

Gii hn sn xut.
Nhng ngoi tc sn xut.

2519 Production function

2520 Production incentives

Hm sn xut.
Cc khuyn khch sn xut.

2521 Production Possibility frontier

2522 Production Possibility curve

ng gii hn kh nng sn xut.

ng kh nng sn xut.

Production sphere and budgetary

2523 sphere

Lnh vc sn xut v lnh vc ngn

sch.

2524 Production smoothing

2525 Productivity

Lm nut qu trnh sn xut; Vic lm

cho sn xut c tri chy.
Nng sut.

2526 Productivity bargaining

Thng lng theo nng sut.

2527 Product proliferation

a dng ho sn phm.

Page 115

economic

2528 Product rule

Quy tc tch s.

2529 Profits
2530 Profit, falling rate of

Li nhun.
T l st gim li nhun.

2531 Profit centre

C im li nhun; Trung tm li
nhun.

2532 Profit constraint

Rng buc v li nhun.

2533 Profit function

Hm li nhun

2534 Profit margin

2535 Profit maximization
2536 Profit motive

Chnh lch li nhun

Ti a ho li nhun.
ng c li nhun

2537 Profit rate

T l li nhun.

2538 Profits-push inflation

Lm pht do li-nhun-y.

2539 Programme budgeting

Lp ngn sch theo chng trnh.

2540 Programming methods

Phng php quy hoch.

2541 Progressive tax

Thu lu tin.

2542 Project appraisal

Thm nh d n.

2543 Property rights

Cc quyn s hu ti sn.

2544 Proportional tax

Thu tnh theo t l.

2545 Propulsive industries

Cc ngnh ng lc.

2546 Prospect theory

2547 Protection
2548 Proxy

L thuyt vin cnh.

Bo h.
Tnh i din

2549 Proxy variable

Bin s i din.

2550 Pseudo-demand schedule

Biu cu-gi.

2551 Public choice

2552 Public company

S la chn cng cng.

Cng ty cng cng.

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economic

2553 Public Expediture

Chi tiu cng cng.

2555 Public good

Hng ho cng cng.

2556 Public issue

Public Sector Borrowing Requirement
2557 (PSBR)

Pht hnh cng cng.

Nhu cu vay ca khu vc cng cng.

2558 Public Sector Debt Repayment (PSDR) Hon tr n ca khu vc cng cng.
2559 Public utility

Ngnh dch v cng cng

2560 Public utility regulation

2561 Public ownership

iu tit ngnh dch v cng cng.

S hu cng cng

2562 Purchasing power parity

Sc mua tng ng.

2563 Purchase tax

2564 Purchasing power of money
2565 Pure competition

Thu mua hng.

Sc mua ca ng tin.
Cnh tranh thun tu.

2566 Pure profit

2567 Pure inflation
2568 Put option

Li nhun thun tu.

Lm pht thun tu.
Hp ng bn trc.

2571 Pyramiding
2572 Quadratic equation

M hnh putty-clay; M hnh mt tt - t

st.
M hnh putty-putty; M hnh mt tt mt tt.
S thp ho; S chp ho; Vic hnh
thnh hnh chp.
Phng trnh bc hai

2573 Quadratic utility function

Hm tho dng bc hai.

2574 Qualitative choice models

M hnh la chn nh tnh.

2575 Quantity theory of money

2576 Quartile

L thuyt nh lng v tin t.

T phn v.

2577 Quasi-option value

Gi tr ca hp ng mua bn trc.

2578 Quasi-rent

Tin thu gi.

2569 Putty-clay
2570 Putty-putty

Page 117

economic

2579 Quesnay, Francois

(1694-1774).

2580 Quick assets ratio

T l ti sn d chuyn hon.

2581 Quits
2582 Quota

S ngi b vic.
Hn nghch.

2583 Import / Export quota

Hn nghch xut khu / nhp khu.

2584 Quoted companies

Cc cng ty c nim yt gi.

2585 Quotient rule

2586 R2

Quy tc thng s.
H s xc nh.

2587 Radcliffe Committee

U ban Radcliffe.

2588 Radical economics

Kinh t hc cp tin.

2589 Raider firm

Hng thu mua.

2590 Ramsey pricing

2591 R and D
2592 Random coefficient models

nh gi Ramsay.
Nghin cu v trin khai.
Cc m hnh h s ngu nhin.

2593 Random sample

2594 Random variable

Mu ngu nhin.
Bin ngu nhin.

2595 Random walk

Bc ngu nhin.

2596 Range

Di, khong.

Page 118

economic

2597 Range (of a good)

Phm vi (ca mt hng ho).

2598 Rank correlation

2599 Ranking of projects
2600 Rank of a matrix

Tng quan bc.

Xp hng cc d n.
Hng ca ma trn.

2601 Rank-tournament compensation rule

2602 Ratchet effect

Quy tc n b theo xp hng thi ua

Hiu ng bnh cc.

2603 Rate capping

2604 Rate of commodity
2605 Rate of interest

Hn ch t l chi tiu.
T l thay th hng ho.
Li xut.

2606 Rate of return

2607 Rate of time preference

T sut li tc.
T l u tin thi gian.

2608 Rates

Thu a c.

2609 Rate support grant

Tr cp nng mc thu.

2610 Rational expectations

K vng duy l.

2611 Rationality

Tnh duy l.

2612 Rational lags

Tr hu t; Tr hp l.

2613 Rationing

Chia khu phn.

2614 Rawlsian justice

Bng ng Rawls

2615 R,D and D

Nghin cu, trin khai v trnh din.

2616 Reaction functions

Cc hm phn ng.

2617 Real balance effect

Real cost approach to international
2618 trade

Hiu ng s d tin.
Phng php chi ph thc t i vi
thng mi quc t.

2619 Real money balances

Cc s d tin thc t.

Page 119

economic

2620 Real national output

Sn lng quc dn thc t.

2621 Real wages

Tin lng thc t.

2622 Receiver

Ngi tip nhn (ti sn).

2623 Recession
2624 Reciprocal

Suy thoi.
S nghch o.

2625 Reciprocal demand

Cu qua li.

Reciprocal Trade Argreements Act of

2626 1934 (RTA)

o lut nm 1934 v cc hip nh

Thng mi qua li.

2627 Recognition lag

Tr trong nhn thc.

2628 Recontract

Ti kh c.

2629 Recursive model

2630 Recursive residuals
2631 Redeemable loan stock

M hnh ni phn.
S d ni phn.
C phn vay c th hon tr.

2632 Redeemable securities

Chng khon c th hon tr.

2633 Redemption yield

Tng li tc o hn.

2634 Redistribution

Ti phn phi.

2635 Reduced form (RF)

Dng rt gn.

2636 Redundancies
2637 Redundancy payments

Nhn vin tha.

Tr cp thi vic.

2638 Re-export

Hng ti xut.

2639 Regional development grant

Tr cp pht trin vng.

2640 Regional economics

Kinh t hc khu vc.

Page 120

economic

2641 Regional emloyment premium

Tr cp tuyn dng lao ng khu vc.

2642 Regional multiplier

S nhn khu vc.

2643 Regional policy

2644 Regional integration
2646 Regional wage differentials

Chnh sch khu vc.

Hi nhp khu vc.
Nhng chnh lch tin lng gia cc
khu vc.

2647 Regional wage structure

C cu tin lng theo khu vc.

2648 Registered unemployed

2649 Regressand

Nhng ngi tht nghip c ng k.

Bin ph thuc (trong phn tch hi
quy).

2650 Regression

Hi quy.

2651
2652
2653
2654

K vng hi quy.
Thu lu thoi.
c tnh hi quy.
Ma trn hi tic.

Regressive expectations
Regressive tax
Regressor
Regret matrix

2655 Regulation Q
2656 Regulation
2657 Regulatory capture
2658 Regulatory policy
2659 Reintermediation

Quy ch Q.
S iu tit.
S lm quyn iu tit; "iu tit b
tri".
Chnh sch iu tit.
Ti ph trung gian.

2660 Relative deprivation

Cm gic b tc ot.

2661 Relative income hypothesis

2662 Relative price

Gi thuyt v thu nhp tng i.

Gi tng i.

2663 Relativities

Chnh lch lng trong mt ngh.

2664 Renewable resource

2665 Rent

Ti nguyn ti to c.
T, li, tin thu.

2666 Rent gradient

Gradient tin thu.

Page 121

economic

2667 Rentiers
2668
2669
2670
2671

Rent seeking
Rent seeker
Rental on capital
Replacement cost

Ch cho thu ti sn; Ch cho thu

vn.
S tm kim c li; S tm kim tin
thu.
Ngi kim s c li.
Tin thu vn.
Chi ph thay th.

2672 Replacement cost accounting

Hch ton chi ph thay th.

2673 Replacement investment

u t thay th.

2674 Replacement ratio

T s thay th.

2675 Representative firm

Hng i din.

2676 Repressed inflation

Lm pht b kim ch.

2677 Required reserves

2678 Required rate of return on capital

D tr bt buc.
Sut sinh li cn c ca vn.

2679 Required real rate of return on capital

2680 Required reserve ratio

Sut sinh li thc t cn c ca vn.

T l d tr bt buc.

2681 Resale price mainternance

Vic duy tr gi bn l.

2682 Resale Prices Act 1964

o lut nm 1964 v Gi bn l.

2683 Research and development (R&D)

Nghin cu v trin khai.

2684 Reservation wage

Mc lng bo lu; Mc lng k vng

ti thiu.

2685 Reserve assets ratio

T l ti sn d tr.

2686 Reserve base

C s d tr.

2687 Reserve currency

ng tin d tr.

2688 Reserve ratio

T l d tr.

Page 122

economic

2689 Residual
2690 Resiliency
2691 Resource

S d.
Tnh nhy bn.
Ngun lc; Ngun ti nguyn.

2692 Restricted least squares (RLS)

Bnh phng nh nht hn ch.

2693 Restrictive Practices Court

2694 Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1956

To n v cc hot ng hn ch.
o lut nm 1956 v nhng Thng l
thng mi hn ch.

2695 Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1968

o lut nm 1968 v nhng Thng l

thng mi hn ch.

2696 Reswitching

Ti chuyn i.

2697 Retail

Bn l.

2698 Retail banking

Nghip v ngn hng bn l.

2699
2700
2701
2702
2703

Ch s gi bn l.
Thu nhp c gi li.
T l gi li.
Cc khon gi li.
Li tc t vn c s dng.

Retail price index (RPI)

Retained earnings
Retention ratio
Retentions
Return on capital employed

2704 Returns to scale

Li tc theo quy m.

2705 Revaluation

S nng gi tr; s tng gi.

2706 Revealed preference

2707 Revenue
2708 Revenue maximization

S thch c bc l.
Doanh thu.
Ti a ho doanh thu.

2709 Reverse dumping

Bn ph gi th trng nc ngoi.

2710 Reverse yield gap

Chnh lch nghch o ca li tc.

2711 Ricardian equivalence theorem

nh l Ricardo v tnh tng ng .

Page 123

economic

2712 Ricardo, David

(1772-1823).

2713 Right-to-work laws

Cc lut v quyn c lm vic.

2714 Rights issue

Pht hnh quyn mua c phiu.

2715 Risk

Ri ro.

2716 Risk aversion

S s ri ro, khng thch ri ro.

2717 Risk capital

2718 Risk attitude
2719 Risk character

Vn ri ro.
Thi i vi ri ro.
Thi i vi ri ro.

2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725

Tin b cho ri ro, ph ri ro

Dn tri ri ro.
Phn tn ri ro.
Thch ri ro.
Phn mm Risk Master
Bng quan vi ri ro.

Risk premium
Risk-spreading
Risk-diversification
Risk-loving
Risk Master
Risk-neutrality

2726 Risk-pool
2727 Risk-sharing
2728 Rival

Chung ri ro; Gp chung ri ro.

Chia x ri ro.
Tnh hu tranh; Tnh cnh tranh (trong
tiu dng).

2729 Robbins, Lionel

(1898-1984).

Page 124

economic

2730 Robinson, Joan V.

(1903-1983).

2731 Robinson-Patman Act

o lut Robinson-Patman.

2732 Roosa effect

Hiu ng Roosa.

2733 Roots

Cc nghim, cn s.

2734 Rostow model

M hnh Rostow

2735 Roundaboutness

Phng php sn xut gin tip.

2736 Royalty
2737 Royalties
2738 RPI

Thu ti nguyn.
Tin hoa hng (cn c vo kt qu lm
vic c nhn).
Ch s gi bn l.

2739 Rule-of-thumb

Quy tc t t.

2740 Rybczcynski theorem

nh l Rybczcynski.
Tnh thit thc ca mt ch t gi hi
2741 Robustness of an exchange rate regime oi.
2742 Run (a)
(mt) cn st rt tin.
2743 Sackings
Con s sa thi.

2744 St. Louis model

2745 St Petersburg paradox

M hnh St. Louis.

Nghch l St Petersburg.

Page 125

economic

2746 Salary

Lng

2747 Sales maximization hypothesis

2748 Sales tax

Gi thuyt v ti a ho doanh thu.

Thu bn hng.

2749 Salvage

Gi tr thanh l.

2750 Sample
2751 Sample space

Mu.
Khng gian mu.

2752 Samuelson, Paul

(1915-)

2753 Samuelson test

2754 Satiation

Kim nh Samuelson.
Bo ho.

2755 Satisficing behaviour

2756 Savings

Hnh vi tho mn.

Tit kim.

2757 Savings and loan associations

2758 Savings function

Cc hip hi tit kim v cho vay.

Hm Tit kim.

Savings-investment approach to the

2759 balance of payments

Phng php tit kim - u t i vi

cn cn thanh ton.

Page 126

economic

2760 Say, Jean-Baptiste

(1767-1832)

2761 Scarcity
2762 Scarce currency

S khan him.
ng tin him.

2763 Scatter
2764 Scatter diagram

Biu tn x.
th ri.

2765 Schooling functions

Cc hm gio dc.

2766 Schultz, Theodore W.

(1902-)

2767 Schumpeter, Joseph A.

(1883-1950)

2768 Scientific tariff

Thu khoa hc.

2769 Scitovsky paradox

Nghch l Scitovsky.

2770 Scitovsky reversal criterion

Tiu ch nghch o Scitovsky.

2771 Screening hypothesis

Gi thit sng lc.

C phiu pht hnh cho c ng hin
hnh.
Quyn rt tin c bit.
Chi ph tm kim (vic lm).

2772 Scrip issue

2773 SDR
2774 Search costs

Page 127

economic

2775 Search unemployment

Tht nghip do tm kim vic lm.

2776 Seasonal adjustment

iu chnh thi v.

2777 Seasonal unemployment

Tht nghip thi v.

2778 Secondary banks

2779 Secondary market

Cc ngn hng th cp.

Th trng th cp.

2780 Secondary worker

Cng nhn hng hai.

2781 Second-best

(Tnh trng) tt nh.

2782 Second order condition

iu kin o hm bc hai.

2783 Secular supply curve

2784 Secular trend
2785 Secured

ng cung lao ng trng k.

Xu hng lu di
Nhng khon vay c bo lnh.

2786 Securities
Securities and Exchange Commission
2787 (SEC)

Chng khon.

2788 Securities and Invesment Board (SIB)

Hi ng chng khon v u t.

2789 Securitization

Chng khon ho.

2790 Seignorage

Thu c tin, ph c tin.

2791 Self-liquidating

T thanh ton.

2792 Self-liquidating advances

Cc khon ng trc t thanh ton.

2793 Self-regulating organzations (SROs)

2794 Semi log

Cc t chc t iu tit.
Phng php bn Lgarit ho.

2795 Senior, Nassau W.

(1790-1864)

U ban chng khon.

Page 128

economic

2796 Seniority practices

Phng php thm nin.

2797 Sensitivity analysis

Phn tch nhy cm.

2798 Separability of preferences

2799 Separation of ownership from control

Tnh phn chia ca s a thch.

S tch bit gia quyn s hu v
quyn kim sot.

2800 Serial correlation

2801 Service of debt

Tng quan chui.

Tr li sut n.

2802 Services

Cc dch v.

2803 Severance pay

Bi thng mt vic.

2804
2805
2806
2807

Shadow economy
Shadow price
Shadow wage rate
Share

Nn kinh t bng.
Gi bng
Mc tin cng bng.
C phiu.

2808
2809
2810
2811

Share economy
Share price
Sharpe, William F.
Sherman Act

Kinh t phn phi.

Gi c phiu.
(1934-)
o lut Sherman.

2812 Shift effect hypothesis

Gi thuyt v hiu ng dch chuyn.

2813 Shift share analysis

2814 Shirking model

Phn tch cc phn gy dch chuyn.

M hnh v tnh li; M hnh v tnh
ln trnh.

2815 Shock effect

Hiu ng sc

2816 Shop steward

i biu phn xng.

2817 Short-dated securities

Cc chng khon ngn hn.

2818 Short run

2819 Short run average cost

Ngn hn.
Chi ph trung bnh ngn hn.

2820 Short run average fixed cost (AFC)

2821 Short run fixed cost (AFC)

nh ph bnh qun ngn hn.

nh ph ngn hn.

Page 129

economic

2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827

Short run consumption function

Short run marginal cost (SMC)
Short run total cost (STC)
Short run variable costs (SVC)
Short run adjustments
Long run adjustments

Hm tiu dng ngn hn.

Chi ph bin ngn hn.
Tng ph ngn hn.
Bin ph ngn hn.
Nhng iu chnh gi ngn hn.
Nhng iu chnh gi di hn.

2828 Short run aggregate suply schedule

Biu cung gp ngn hn.

2829 Short-time working

2830 SIC

Lm vic t gi.
Phn loi nghnh chun.

2831 Side payments

Cc khon tr thm.

2832 Sight deposits

Tin gi v k hn.

2833 Simon, Herbert A.

2834 Simplex alglorithm

(1916-)
Thut ton n hnh.

2835 Simulation

S m phng.

2836 Simultaneous equation bias

lch do phng trnh ng thi.

2837 Simultaneous equations

Cc phng trnh ng thi.

2838 Single European Atc (SEA)

o lut chu u.
Gi ng ca, cui ngy (th trng
chng khon).
Pht tn hiu v sng lc.
Mc c thng k ca h s.

2839 Shut down price

2840 Signaling and screening
2841 Significance of coefficients

2842 Singular matrix

2843 Single market
2844 Single-peaked preferences

Ma trn n.
Th trng n nht.
Cc s thch hi t; Nhng iu mun
la chn c chung.

2845 Sinking fund

Qu d phng hon tr.

Page 130

economic

2846 Sismondi, Jean

2847 Situation utility possibility frontier

(1773-1842)
ng gii hn kh nng tho dng
tnh th.

2848 Size distribution of firms

2849 Skewed distribution

Phn phi theo quy m v hng.

Phn phi lch.

2850 Skill differentials

Cc chnh lch theo k nng lao ng.

2851 Slack plans

2852 Slump

Cc k hoch lng; Cc k hoch tr tr.

(Giai on) suy thoi; Khng hong kinh
t.

2853 Slutsky, Eugen

(1880-1948).

2854 Slutsky equation

Phng trnh Slutsky.

2855 Smith, Adam

2856 Snake

(1723-1790)
Con rn.

Page 131

economic

2857 Snob effect

2858 Social cost of monopoly

Hiu ng ua i.
Ph tn x hi do c quyn.

2859 Social benefit

2860 Social choice

Li ch x hi.
S la chn ca x hi.

2861 Social Contract

Tho thun x hi.

2862 Social cost

Ph tn x hi; Chi ph x hi.

2863
2864
2866
2867

Social decision rule

Social discount rate
Social economics
Social Fund

Nguyn tc quyt nh x hi.

T sut chit khu x hi.
Kinh t hc x hi.
Qu x hi.

2868 Socialism
2869 Socially necessary labour

Ch ngha x hi.
Lao ng cn thit cho x hi.

2870 Social Marginal productivity criterion

Tiu chun nng sut x hi cn bin.

2871 Social opportunity cost of capital

Chi ph c hi x hi ca vn.

2872 Social optimum

Ti u i vi x hi.

2873 Social relations of production

Cc quan h x hi ca sn xut.

2874 Social returns to education

2875 Social time preference rate

Li tc x hi ca gio dc.
T sut s thch theo thi gian ca x
hi.

2876 Social welfare

Phc li x hi.

2877 Social welfare function

Hm phc li x hi.

2878 Soft currency

2879 Soft loan

ng tin yu.
Vn vay u i.

2880 Solow, Robert

2881 Sole trader

(1924-)
Ngi bun bn c th.

Page 132

economic

2884 Spatial monopoly

C tn nhim, c kh nng thanh ton

n.
Kinh t hc khng gian.
c quyn nh khng gian; c quyn
vng.

2885 Spatial price discrimination

S phn bit gi c theo khu vc.

2886 Spearman's rank correlation

Tng quan v th bc Spearman

2887 Special Areas

2888 Special drawing rights (SDRs)

Cc khu vc c bit.
Quyn rt vn c bit.

2889 Special deposits

Cc khon k qu c bit.

2890 Special Development Areas

Cc Khu vc Pht trin c bit.

2891 Specialization

Chuyn mn ho.

2892 Specialization, coefficient of

2893 Specie

H s chuyn mn ho.
Tin xu.

2894 Specie flow mechanism

C ch chy vng.

2895 Specie points

Im chy vng.

2896 Specification error

Sai st k thut.

2897 Specifix tax

Thu c th.

2898 Specifix training

o to c th.

2899 Spectral analysis

PHn tch quang ph.

2900 Speculation
2901 Speculative balances

u c.
Tin u c.

2902 Speculative boom

2903 Speculative bubbles
2904 Speculative demand for money

S bng n do u c.
Cc bong bng do u c.
Cu v tin do u c.

2905 Speculative motive for holding money

ng c u c tin.

2882 Solvent (= creditworthy)

2883 Spatial economics

Page 133

economic
2906 Speculative unemployment
2907 Spillover

Tht nghip do u c.
Hiu ng lan to.

2908 Spillover hypothesis

Gi thuyt v hiu ng lan to.

2909 Spot market

Th trng giao ngay.

2910 Spread effects

Hiu ng lan trn.

2911 Spurious regression problem

2912 Sraffa, Piero

Bi ton hi quy gi.

(1898-1938)

2913 Stability

S n nh.

2914 Stabilization

S n nh ho.

2915 Stabilization function

Chc nng n nh ho.

2916 Stackelberg's duopoly model

2917 Stabilization policy

M hnh lng c quyn ca

Stackelberg.
Chnh sch n nh ho .

2918 Stag
2919 Stages of growth
2920 Stagflation

K ong hoa; Ngi bun bn chng

khon ht ngn.
Cc giai on tng trng.
Suy thoi km lm pht.

2921 Stamp duty

Thu tem .

2922 Standard commodity

Hng ha tiu chun.

2923 Standard deviation

lch chun.

2924 Standard error

Sai s chun

2925 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)

Phn loi Cng nghip theo Tiu chun.

2926 Standard of living

Mc sng.

2927 Standard Regions

Cc khu vc chun.

2928 Standard weekly hours

S gi lm vic chun hng tun.

2929 Standard working week

Tun lm vic chun.

Page 134

economic

State organization of production in

2930 Eastern Europe
2931 Static expectations
2932 Stationarity

T chc sn xut quc doanh ng

u.
Cc k vng tnh.
Tnh cht tnh ti.

2933 Stationary point

im tnh ti.

2934 Stationary state

2935 Statistic

Trng thi tnh ti.

Thng k.

2936 Statistical cost analysis

Phn tch chi ph thng k.

2937 Statistical inference

S suy lun thng k.

2938 Statistical significance

2939 Steady-state growth

ngha thng k.
Tng trng mc n nh; Tng
trng u n.

2940 Steady-state models

Cc m hnh v tnh trng n nh.

2941 Stepwise regression

Hi quy theo bc .

2942 Stereotypes
2943 Sterilization

Cc nh kin.
Ht tc ng, v hiu ho (bng chnh
sch tin t).

2944 Sterling area

Khu vc ng sterling .

2945 George, Joseph Stigler

(1911-1991).

2946 Stochastic

Tnh ngu nhin thng k.

Page 135

economic

2947 Stochastic process

Qu trnh ngu nhin thng k.

2948 Stock

C phn, c phiu, dung lng vn, tr

lng.

2949 Stock-adjustment demand function

Hm cu iu chnh theo lng vn.

2950 Stock appreciation

S ln gi hng tn kho.

2951 Stockbroker

Nh mi gii chng khon.

2952 Stock diviend

C tc bng c phn.

2953 Stock exchange

2954 Stock market

S giao dch chng khon.

Th trng chng khon.

2955 Stock option

2956 Stocks

Quyn mua/ bn chng khon.

D tr.

2957 Stolper-Samuelson Theorem

nh l Stolper-Samuelson.

2958 Stone, Sir Richard

(1913-1991).

2959 "stop-go"

"Hn ch - thc y".

2960 Store of value

Tch tr gi tr.

2961 Strategic voting

B phiu chin lc.

2962 Strike insurance

Bo him nh cng.

2963 Strike measures

Cc thc o v nh cng.

Page 136

economic

2964 Strikes
2965 Strongly exogenous
2966 Strongly stationary

Cc cuc nh cng.
Nng v ngoi ngoi sinh.
Rt tnh ti.

2967 Structural form

Dng c cu.

2968 Structural unemployment

Tht nghip c cu.

Structure-conduct-performance
2969 framework

M hnh c cu -thc thi -kt qu.

2970 Structure of interest rates

Biu khung li xut; C cu li sut.

2971 Structure of taxes

Biu khung thu; C cu thu.

2972 Subsidy

Tr cp.

2973 Subsistence
2974 Subsistence expenditures
2975 Subsistence wage

Mc sng.
Chi tiu cho mc sng.
Tin cng sng.

2976 Substitute

Hng thay th.

2977 Substitution effect

Hiu ng thay th.

2978 Sum of squares

2979 Sunk costs

Tng cc bnh phng.

Cc chi ph chm.

2980 Superconsistency
2981 Super-environment
2982 Superior goods

Siu nht qun.

Siu mi trng.
Siu hng ho.

2983 Super-neutrality

Siu trung lp.

2984 Super-normal profits

Li nhun siu ngch.

2985 Supernumerary expenditure

Siu chi tiu.

2986 Supplementary benefit

Tr cp b sung.

Page 137

economic

2987 Supplementary special deposits

2988 Supply curve

Tin gi c bit b sung

ng cung.

2989 Supply of effort

Cung n lc.

2990 Supply of inflation

Cung lm pht.

2991 Supply of labour

Cung lao ng.

2992 Supply-side economics

Kinh t hc trng cung.

2993 Surplus unit

n v thng d.

2994 Surplus value

Gi tr thng d.

2995 Surrogate production function

Hm sn xut thay th.

2996 Survivor technique

K thut sng st.

2997 Sustainable development

Pht trin bn vng.

2998 Swap arrangements

Cc tho thun hon i.

2999 Paul Sweezy

(1910-)

3000 System estimator

c lng h thng.

3001 Taft-Hartley Act

3002 Take-Home pay
3003 Take-off

B lut Taft-Hartley.
Thu nhp kh chi.
Ct cnh .

3004 Takeover
3005 Takeover and mergers

Thu mua.
S mua t v hp nht .

3006 Takeover bid

Tr gi thu mua.

Page 138

economic

3007 Tangible assets

3008 Tangible wealth
3009 Tangency equilibrium

Ti sn hu hnh.
Ca ci hu hnh.
Tip im cn bng.

3010 Tap issue

Bn l chng khon lin tc.

3011 Targets
3012 Tariff

Mc tiu (nh lng).

Thu quan.

3013
3014
3015
3016

Nh my trnh thu quan.

Khung biu thu quan.
D dm.
Thu nhp chu thu.

Tariff factory
Tariff Structure
Tatonnement
Taxable income

3017 Taxation
3018 Tax base
3019 Tax burden

S nh thu.
C s thu.
Gnh nng thu.

3020 Tax credit

Ghi c thu.

3021 Tax credit scheme

C ch ghi c thu.

3022 Tax disincentive

S lm gim khuyn khch ca thu.

3023 Tax expenditure

Chi tiu () trnh thu.

3024 Tax-push inflation

Lm pht do thu y.

3025 Tax shifting

3026 Tax yield

Chuyn y thu.
Tin thu thu.

3027 T-distribution

Phn phi T.

3028 Technical progress

Tin b k thut.

3029 Technological dualism

M hnh nh nguyn v cng ngh.

3030 Technological external effects

Ngoi ng ca cng ngh.

3031 Technological progress

Tin b cng ngh.

3032 Technological unemployment

Tht nghip do cng ngh.

3033 Technology, choice of

S la chn cng ngh.

Page 139

economic

3034 Technology matrix

Ma trn cngngh.

3035 Technology transfer

3036 Technology

Chuyn giao cng ngh.

Cng ngh.

3037 Technostructure

Cu trc cng ngh.

3038 Temporary layoffs

Sa thi tm thi.

3039 Term loan

3040 Terms of trade

Khon vay k hn.

T gi thng mi.

3041 Term structure of interest rates

C cu k hn ca li xut.

3042 Test discount rate

3043 Test statistic

Li xut chit khu kim nh.

Thng k kim nh.

3044 Threat effect

3045 Threat of pay off

Tc ng e do.
Li ch e do.

3046 Three stage least squares

Bnh phng nh nht ca ba giai

on.

3047 Threshold

Ngng.

3048 Threshold analys

Phn tch ngng.

3049 Threshold effect

Tc ng ngng.

3050 Threshold of a good

Ngng ca mt hng ho.

Page 140

economic

3051 Thunen, Johann Heinrich von

(1783-1850)

3052 Tiebout model

M hn Tiebout.

3053 Tight money

Tht cht tin t.

3054 Time, allocation of

Phn b thi gian.

3055 Time deposit

Tin gi c k hn.

3056 Time preference

S thch theo thi gian.

3057 Time series

3058 Time varying parameter models

Chui s/d liu theo thi gian.

Cc m hnh bin s thay i theo thi
gian.

3059 Tinbergen, Jan

(1903-)

3060 Tobin, James

(1918-)

3061 Todaro model

M hnh Todaro.

Page 141

economic

3062 Token money

Tin quy c.

3063 Tokyo Round

3064 Total cost

Vng m phn Tokyo.

Tng ph; chi ph tng.

3065 Total remuneration

3066 Total Revenue

Th lao tng.
Doanh thu tng.

3067 Trade

Thng mi (hay mu dch).

3068 Trade bill

Hi phiu thng mi.

3069 Trade creation

S to lp thng mi.

3070 Trade credit

Tn dng thng mi.

3071 Trade cycle

Chu k thng mi.

3072 Trade-off

S nh i.

3073
3074
3075
3076
3077

Cc khu vc truyn thng.

Phng php giao dch.
Cc s d giao dch.
Cc chi ph giao dch.
Giao dch / thng v.

Traditional sectors
Transactions approach
Transactions balances
Transactions costs
Transaction

3078 Transactions demand for money

Cu v tin giao dch.

3079 Transactions motive for holding money

ng c gi tin giao dch.

3080 Transactions velocity of circulation

Transcendental logarithMIC production
3081 function

Tc lu thng giao dch.

3082 Transcendental production function

Hm sn xut tru tng.

3083 Transferable rouble

Rp chuyn i c.

3084 Transfer costs

Chi ph vn chuyn.

3085 Transfer deed

Chc b chuyn giao.

Hm sn xut tru tng dng logarit

Page 142

economic
3086 Transfer earnings

Thng d kinh t.

3087 Transfer incomes

Thu nhp do chuyn nhng.

3088 Transfer of technology

Chuyn giao cng ngh.

3089 Transfer payment

Thanh ton chuyn nhng.

3090 Transfer pricing

nh gi chuyn nhng.

3091 Transfer problem

3092 Transformation function

Vn chuyn nhng.
Hm chuyn i.

3093
3094
3095
3096

Bi ton chuyn i.
Tnh bc cu ca s thch.
Tiu dng qa .
Thu nhp qu .

Transformation problem
Transitivity of preferences
Transitory consumption
Transitory income

3097 Translog production function

3098 Trans-shipment points
3099 Treasury, the

Hm sn xut chuyn dng l-ga-rt.

Cc im chuyn i phng tin vn
chuyn.
B ti chnh Anh.

3100 Treasury US department of

B ti chnh M.

3101 Treasury bill

Tn phiu b ti chnh.

3102 Treasury Deposit Receipt (TDR)

Bin nhn tin gi B ti chnh.

3103 Treasury - Federal Reserve Accord

3104 Treasury note

Tho thun gia b ti chnh v Cc d

tr lin bang.
ng tin ca b ti chnh.

3105 Treasury view

3106 Treaty of Rome

Quan im ca b ti chnh.
Hip c Rome.

3107 Trend
3108 Trend stationary process (TSP)

Xu hng.
Qu trnh tnh ti ca xu hng.

3109 Trigonometric functions

Cc hm lng gic.

Page 143

economic

3110 Truncated earnings function

Hm thu nhp rt gn.

3111 Trust

T-rt.

3112 t-statistic

Thng k t.

3113 Turning point

3114 Turnover

im ngot
Doanh thu, kim ngch.

3115 Turnover tax

Thu kim ngch.

3116 Turnpike theorems

3117 Twelve-month rule

Cc nh l cng ngn.
Quy tc mi hai thng.

3118 Two sector growth model

M hnh tng trng hai khu vc.
Two stage leatst squares (TSLS hoc 2
3119 SLS)
Bnh phng nh nht hai giai on
3120 Tying contract
3121 Type I/ type II
3122 U-form enterprise

Hp ng bn km.
Sai s loi I / loi II.
Doanh nghip dng ch U.

3123 Unanimity rule

Quy tc nht tr hon ton.

3124 Unianticipated inflation

Lm pht khng c lng trc.

3125 Unbalanced economic growth

3126 Unbiased estimator
3127 Uncalled capital

S tng trng kinh t khng cn i.

c lng khng chch.
Vn cha huy ng.

3128 Uncertainty

S khng chc chn.

3129 Unconvertible loan stock

C phn khng th chuyn i c

3130 Unconvered interest parity

Li sut ngang bng cha tnh.

Din n ca Lin hip quc v thng
mi v Pht trin.
Chng khon khng ghi ngy.

3131 UNCTAD
3132 Undated securities

Page 144

economic

3133 Underdeveloped countries

3134 Underdevelopment

Cc nc chm pht trin.

S chm pht trin.

3135 Underemployed workers

Cc cng nhn phim dng.

3136 Underemployment
3137 Underidentification

S phim dng.
S cha nhn dng.

3138 Undervalue currency

ng tin nh gi thp.

3139 Underwriter

Ngi bo him.

3140 Undistributed profits

Li nhun khng chia.

3141 Unearned income

Thu nhp phi tin lng.

3142 Unemployment
3143 Unemployment benefit

Tht nghip.
Tr cp tht nghip.

3144 Unemployment equilibrium

Cn bng tht nghip.

3145 Unemployment rate

T l tht nghip.

3146 Unequal exchange

S trao i khng ngang bng.

3147 UNIDO guidelines

3148 Unintended inventory disinvestment

Cc hng dn ca UNIDO.
Gim u t vo tn kho khng d
kin.

3149 Unintended inventory investment

u t vo tn kho ngoi d kin.

3150 Union density

3151 Union market power

T l tham gia cng on.

Sc mnh ca cng on i vi th
trng.

3152 Union/non-union differential

Chnh lch tin lng gia cng nhn

tham gia v khng tham gia cng on.

3153 Union pushfulness

Tnh thch tranh u ca cng on.

3154 Union shop

"quy tri buc"

3155 Uniqueness

Tnh c nht.

3156 Unit root tests

Kim nh n v.

Page 145

economic

United Nations Capital Development

3157 Fund

Qu pht trin vn ca Lin hp quc.

United Nations Conference on Trade

3158 and Development (UNCTAD)

Hi ngh Lin hip quc v Thng mi

v Pht trin.

United Nationns Development

3159 Programme (UNDP)

Chng trnh pht trin ca Lin hp

quc.

United Nationns Industrial Development

3160 Organization (UNIDO)
3161 Unit of account
3162 Unit tax

T chc pht trin cng nghip ca

Lin hp quc.
n v k ton.
Thu n v.

3163 Unit Trust

3164 Unlisted Securities Market (USM)
3165 Unsecured loan stock

c quyn n v.
Th trng chng khon khng nim
yt.
C phn vay khng bo lnh.

3166 Unvalidated inflation

Lm pht khng cho php.

3167 Urban economics

Kinh t hc th.

3168 Urbanization economies

3169 Uruguay Round

Tnh kinh t ca th ho.

Vng m phn Uruguay.

3170 User cost of capital

Chi ph s dng vn.

3171 Use value and exchange value

Gi tr s dng v gi tr trao i.

3172 U-shaped cost curves

Cc ng chi ph hnh ch U.

3173 Utility

tho dng.

3174 Utility function

Hm tho dng.

3175 Utilitarianism
3176 Vacancies
3177 Vacancy rate

Ch ngha v li.
Ch lm vic cn trng.
T l ch lm vic cn trng.

3178 Validated inflation

3179 Valuation curve
3180 Valuation ratio

Lm pht cho php.

ng nh gi.
T s nh gi.

Page 146

economic

3181
3182
3183
3184

Value, money, a standard of

Value, theory of
Value added
Value-added tax

Tiu chun gi tr ca tin.

L thuyt v gi tr.
Gi tr gia tng.
Thu Gi tr gia tng.

3185 Value judgement

3186 Value marginal physical product

nh gi ch quan.
Sn phm vt cht gi tr bin.

3187 Variable capital

3188 Variable cost

Vn (t bn) kh bin.
Cc chi ph kh bin.

Variable elasticity of substitution

3190 production function

(VES production function) - co gin

kh bin ca hm sn xut thay th.

3191 Variable labour costs

Cc chi ph lao ng kh bin.

3192 Variable parameter models

Cc m hnh thng s kh bin.

3193 Variance

Phng sai

3194 Variance-covariance matrix

3195 Variation

Ma trn phng sai - hip phng sai.

Bin ng.

3196 Veblen, Thorstein B.

(1857-1926)

3197 Veblen effect

Hiu ng Veblen.

3198 Vector

Vc-t.

3199 Vector autoregression (VAR)

T hi quy vc t.

3200 Vehicle currency

3201 Veil of ignorance
3202 Veil of money

ng tin phng tin.

Mng che ngu dt.
Mng che tin.

Page 147

economic

3203 Velocity of circulation

3204 Venture capital

Tc lu thng.
Vn mo him.

3205 Vertical equity

Cng bng theo chiu dc.

3206 Vertical integration

Lin kt dc.

3207 Vertical merger

Sp nhp chiu dc.

3208 Vertical Phillips curve

3209 VES production function

ng Phillips thng ng.

co gin kh bin hm sn xut thay
th.

3210 Vicious circles

3211 Victim company

Cc vng lun qun.

Cng ty nn nhn.

3212 Vintage growth models

3213 Virtuous circles

M hnh tng trng theo thi gian.

Vng thot.

3214 Visibility hypothesis

Gi thuyt v tnh minh bch.

3215 Visible balance

Cn cn hu hnh.

3216 Voluntary-exchange model

M hnh trao i t nguyn.

3217 Voluntary export restraint

Hn ch xut khu t nguyn.

3218 Voluntary unemployment

Tht nghip t nguyn.

3219 Von Neumann-Morgenstern utility

Tho dng Von Neumann-Morgenstern.

3220 Von Neumann ratio

T s Von Neumann.

3221 Vote maximizer

3222 Vote trading
3223 Voting and non-voting shares

Ngi mun ti a ho phiu bu.

Trao i phiu bu.
Cc c phiu c quyn b phiu v
khng c quyn b phiu.

3224 Voucher
3225 Voucher schemes

Tem phiu.
Cc chng trnh theo phiu.

3226 Wage competition model

3227 Wage contour

M hnh cnh tranh bng tin cng

Vng tin cng.

3228 Wage contracts

Hp ng tin cng

3229 Wage differentials

Chnh lc tin cng

3230 Wage discrimination

Phn bit i x tin cng.

Page 148

economic

3231 Wage drift

Mc trt tin cng.

3232 Wage fund

3233 Wage inflation
3234 Wage leadership

Qu lng.
Lm pht tin cng.
Xc nh tin cng theo mc tham
kho.

3235 Wage-price spiral

Vng xoy tin cng-gi

3236 Wage-push inflation

Lm pht do tin cng y.

3237 Wage rates

3238 Wage restraint

Cc mc tin cng.
Hn ch tin cng.

3239 Wage round

Vng quay tin cng.

3240 Wage boards

Ban iu hnh tin cng.

3241 Wages Councils

3242 Wages freeze
3243 Wages fund doctrine

Cc hi ng tin cng.
Hn mc tin cng.
Hc thuyt qu lng.

3244 Wages structure

Cu trc tin cng

3245 Wage theory

3246 Wage-wage sprial

L thuyt tin cng.

Vng xoy tin cng-tin cng.

3247 Wagner's law

3248 Wait umemployment

nh lut Wagner
Tht nghip do ch vic.

3249 Wall Street

Ph Wall

3250 Walras, Lon

(1834-1910)

3251 Walras' law

nh lut Walras.

Page 149

economic

3252 Want creation

To ra mong mun tiu dng.

3253 Warrant

S m bo.

3254 Warranted rate of growth

3255 Warranted unemployment rate
3256 Waste

Tc tng trng m bo.

T l tht nghip m bo.
Cht thi.

3257 Ways and means advandces

3258 Weakly stationary

Tm ng.
Khng chuyn ng hng tun.

3259 Weath

Ca ci.

3260 Weath effect

Hiu ng ca ci.

3261 Weath tax

3262 Wear and tear
3263 Weberian location theory

Thu ca ci.
Khu hao.
L thuyt Weber v v tr .

3264 Weighted average

Bnh qun gia quyn.

3265 Weighted least squares

3266 Weighted mean

Bnh phng gia quyn nh nht.

Trung bnh gia quyn.

3267 Welfare economics

Kinh t hc phc li.

3268 Welfare function

Hm phc li.

3269 Welfare state

Nh nc phc li.

3270 Well-behaved

C hnh vi tt.

3271 Wharton model

M hnh Wharton.

3272 Whipsawing

Ca ko.

Page 150

economic

3273 White-collar worker

Cng nhn c trng, bn giy.

3274 White noise

Nhiu trng.

3275 White plan

3276 Wholesale

K hoch White.
Bun bn, bn s.

3277 Wholesale banking

Dch v ngn hng bn bun.

3278 Wicksell, Knut

(1851-1926)

3279 Wicksell effects

Cc hiu ng ca Wicksell.

3280 Wieser, Friederich von

(1851-1926)

3281 Wildcat strike

3282 Willingness to pay

Bi cng "khng chnh thc"

Mc sn sng tr.

3283
3284
3285
3286

U ban Wilson.
Thu nhp bt thng.
L bt thng.
S pht mi.

Wilson Committee
Windfall gain
Windfall loss
Winding up

3287 Window dressing

S "lm p" bo co ti chnh.

3288 Withdrawals

Cc con s tn rt.

Page 151

economic

3289 Withholding tax

Thu chuyn li nhun v nc.

3290 Workable competition

3291 Workers' co-operative

Cnh tranh c th th thc hin c.

Hp tc x ca cng nhn.

3292 Workers' partipation

3293 Working capital
3294 Working capital ratio

S tham gia ca ngi lao ng.

Vn lu ng.
T s vn lu ng.

3295 Working population

3296 Work in progress

Lc lng lao ng.

Sn phm ang gia cng.

3297 Work-leisure model

M hnh lao ng - ngh ngi.

3298 Work sharing

Chia s cng vic.

3299 Work to rule

3300 World Bank
3301 Writing-down allowance

Lm vic theo quy nh.

Ngn hng th gii.
Khu hao, s xung gi.

3302 X-efficiency
3303 Y-efficiency

Hiu qu X.
Hiu qu Y.

3304 Yeild

Li tc.

3305 Yeild gap

Chnh lch li tc.

3306 Yeild gap on securities

Chnh lch li tc chng khon.

3307 Zellner-Giesel

Quy c Zellner-Giesel.

3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313

Cc hng ho c mc thu bng 0.

Bin s Z.
S lng lo v t chc.
Thng tin hon ho.
Gi thuyt v thu nhp lu di.
Phn phi thu nhp cho c nhn.

Zero-rate goods
Z variable
Organization slack
Perfect information
Personal income Hypothesis
Personal income distribution

3314 Sterilization impact of capital inflow

3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322

Substitution effect of wages

Time series data
Accounting price
Accumulated depreciation
Scenario analysis
Sensitivity analysis
Appraisal
Appreciation (currency)

Tc ng v hiu ho thm ht cn cn
thanh ton bi dng vn chy vo.
nh hng/Tc ng thay th ca tin
cng.
Dy s liu theo thi gian.
Gi k ton.
Khu hao tch lu.
Phn tch tnh hung.
Phn tch nhy.
Thm nh.
Tng gi.

Page 152

economic
3323 Appreciation and depreciation

Tng gi v gim gi tr.

3324 Arbitrage
3325 Balanced (GDP)
3326 Balanced equilibrium (GDP)

Kinh doanh da vo chnh lch t gi.

(GDP) c cn i.
(GDP) cn bng.

3328 Black market premium

3329 Blue-chip stock

Ch s tnh s bin ng li tc ca mt
c phiu cng vi s bin ng li tc
ca ton b th trng chng khon.
Mc/ Khon chnh lc ca th trng
ch en.
C phiu sng gi.

3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335

Gild-edged bonds
Border price
Multi-collinearity
Combination
Compensating differentials
Constant returns to scale

Tri phiu chnh ph c gi tr cao.

Gi ca khu.
a cng tuyn.
T hp.
Cc mc b thm lng.
Sinh li c nh theo quy m.

Constrain informal/ formal

Consumer sovereignty
Consumer surplus
Consumption

Hn ch/ rng buc (khng chnh thc/

chnh thc; ngoi quy nh/ theo quy
nh).
Ch quyn ngi tiu dng.
Thng d ngi tiu dng.
Tiu dng.

3327 Beta

3336
3337
3338
3339

3340 Independent/ induced consumption

3341 Consumption function

Tiu dng ph thuc / thay i.

Hm Tiu dng.

3342
3343
3344
3345

Contestable market
Conversion factor
Cornor solution
Criminalization

Th trng c th cnh tranh c.

H s chuyn i.
Gii php kh x.
Quy l ti phm.

3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352

Cross price elasticity of demand

Cross-section data
Crowding-out effect
Dead weight loss
Dead weight tax burden
Debt rescheduling
Decile

co gin theo gi cho ca cu.

S liu cho/ mu/ c trng.
Tc ng ln p, chn p.
S/ mc mt mt v ch.
Gnh nng v ch ca thu kho.
Hon n/ gia hn n.
Thnh mi nhm bng nhau.
Hng ho cng loi mang nt c trng
ring.
Chnh ph can thip.
Cc bin dng v tht bi ca th
trng.
Phn phi.
Phn phi lin tc.
Phn phi tt nh.
Tng sn lng cn bng.
Cn bng cc mc chnh lch tin
cng.
Vn c phn.

3353 Differentiated goods

3354 Dirigiste
3355
3356
3357
3358
3365

Distortions and market failure

Distribution
Continuous distribution
Deterministic distribution
Equilibrium aggregate output

3366 Equilizing wage diffirentials

3367 Equity

Page 153

economic

3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373

Evolving market condition

Exogenuos expectations
Expected inflation
Unexpected inflation
Fiat (or token) money
Final goods

3374
3375
3376
3377

Finance deepening
Fine turning
Intermediate goods
F-test

S tin trin ca tnh hnh kinh t.

Nhng d tnh ngoi sinh.
Lm pht d tnh c.
Lm pht bt thng..
Tin php nh.
Hng ho cui cng.
Tng cng ti chnh; pht trin h
thng ti chnh.
Tinh chnh.
Hng ho trung gian.
Kim nh Fisher.

3378 Automatic fiscal policy

Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch t ng.

3379 Discretionary fiscal policy

Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch ch ng.

3380 Expasionary fiscal policy

Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch m rng.

3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386

Contractionary fiscal policy

Flow variable
Future value
Sharp gyration
Maturity
Non performings assets

3387
3388
3389
3390

Non performings loans

Non trade
Offer price
Opportunity cost of capital

Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch thu hp.

Bin s mang tnh dng chy.
Gi tr tng lai.
Chu k vng xoay r rt.
n hn thanh ton.
Nhng ti sn khng sinh li.
Nhng khon vay khng thc hin ng
hp ng.
Phi ngoi thng
Gi cho.
Chi ph c hi ca vn

3391
3392
3393
3394

Open economy economics

Other thng equal
Perceived Wealth
Percentage change

3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409

Perfect capital mobility

Performance
Physical and financial capital
Positive bais
Pre-commitment
Conditional probality
Cumulative probality
Pure inflation
Quadrant
Quasiliquid asset
Quick-disbursing fundss
Quintile
Ramdom events
Range of values
Rate of return on investment

3410 Interna Rate of return

3411 Rateable value

Kinh t hc v m ca nn kinh t m.
Cc iu kin khc khng i.
Ca ci d tnh c.
Chnh lch tnh bng phn trm.
Kh nng lu chuyn hon ho ca
vn.
Thnh qu.
Vn hin vt v vn ti chnh.
Thin lch ng bin.
Cam kt trc.
Xc sut c iu kin.
Xc sut tch lu.
Lm pht thun tu.
Gc to / gc phn t.
Ti sn bn thanh ton.
Tin k pht nhanh.
Thnh nm phn bng nhau.
Cc bin c ngu nhin.
Min gi tr.
Sut sinh li t u t.
Ni sut thu hi vn/ t l hon vn ni
b.
Gi tr c th nh thu.

Page 154

economic
3412 Real / relative price
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421

Real balance effect

Real interest rate.
Real prices and real income
Receipt
Recessionary gap
Secular stagnation
Self-financing
Shareholder
Shoe-leather cost of inflation

3422 Stand-by arrangement/ agreement

3423 Standard paradigm
3424 Strategic entry barrier

Cc gi thc t/ tng i.
nh hng ca s d tin thc/ hiu
ng tin thc.
Mc li sut thc t.
Gi thc t v thu nhp thc t
S thu.
H, khong trng suy thoi.
S nh tr v lu di.
T ti tr.
C ng.
Chi ph giy da ca lm pht.
Hp ng d phng.
thc h/ m hnh/kiu mu tiu
chun.

3433 Sunrise and sunset industries

Cn tr chin lc i vi nhp ngnh.

Ngn chn nhp ngnh c tnh chin
lc.
Chin lc.
Cc khon vay iu chnh c cu
kinh t.
Nng nghip t cung cp t liu.
V ma t tiu.
Lng va sng.
Hng thay th v hng b tr.
S hiu lm v chi ph chm.
Cc ngnh mi mc ln v cc ngnh
sp ln (ht thi).

3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442

Supernormal profits
Supplementary benefit
Supply-side economics
Symmetric
Non-symmetric
Syndicate loan
Taste
Tax incident
Tax wedge

Siu li nhun/ Li nhun siu ngch.

Tr cp b sung.
Kinh t hc trng cung.
i xng
Phii / bt i xng
Cho vay lin hip.
S thch, th hiu.
Ai phi chu thu.
Chnh lch gi do thu.

3443
3444
3445
3446

Tax-base incomes Policy

Technical change through R&D
Technical efficiency
Technical knowlwdge

Chnh sch thu nhp da vo thu.

Thay i cng ngh qua R&D.
Tnh hiu dng v mt k thut.
Tri thc, kin thc, k thut

3447
3448
3449
3450

Testing an economic model

The Corset
Tradable
Trade balance

3451
3452
3453
3454

Traded and non-traded (goods)

Trade unions
Transaction motives
Precaution motives

Kim nghim mt m hnh thc t.

K hoch Corset.
Kh thng.
Cn cn thng mi.
Hng ngoi thng v phi ngoi
thng.
Cng on.
Nhng ng c giao dch.
Nhng ng c d phng.

3425 Strategic entry deterrence

3426 Strategy
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432

Structural adjustment loans

Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence crop
Subsistence wage
Substitutes and complemnt
Sunk cost fallacy

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economic
3455 Assets motives
3456 Transfer in kind
3457 Transmission mechanism

Nhng ng c ti sn.
Tr cp bng hin vt.
C ch lan chuyn.

3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468

3469 Velocity of money

3470 Volatility

ng biu th xu th sn lng.
B ti chnh, ngn kh.
(h thng) gi hai phn.
T l, s tht nghip bt buc.
Ti a ho tho dng.
Bin s.
bin thin.
Bin s gi.
Bin s ngu nhin.
Cc yu t sn xut thay i.
Kh nng thnh tu, tnh kh thi.
Vng quay ca tin, tc lu chuyn
ca tin.
Tnh d bin ng.

3471
3472
3473
3474
3475

Wage and price flexibility

Wage-rental ratio
Yield on external debt
Yield on investment
Z-score

Tnh linh hot ca gi c v lng.

T s tin cng- tin thu vn.
Li trn n nc ngoi.
Li nhun t u t.
Gi tr ca Z.

3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499

Zero growth proposal

Above the line
Accrued
Ad valoremAggregates rebate
Avoidable costs
Backwardation
Balacing allowance
Balacing item
Bank overdraft
Banking and currency schools
Battle of the sexes
Bearer securities
Below the line
Benelux
BES
Beveridge
Bilateralism
Bil of sale
BIMBO
Bundesbank
Business angels
Business finance
Business taxation
By-product

xut tng trng bng khng.

Trend output path

Treasury
Tow-path tariffs
Unvoluntary unemployment
Utility maximization
Variable
Variability
Dummy Variable
Stochastic Variable
Variable factor
Viability

Page 156

economic
giaithich
Chi ph lm gim s kh chu nh nhim hay tc ng.
Thc o v kh nng v trnh (hc vn) c tng quan cht ch vi nhau, lm tng kh nng
l phn ln li tc c c tnh do gio dc trn thc t cng chnh l li tc do nng lc

Mt l thuyt v cch nh thu theo gnh nng v thu nn c phn b theo kh nng chi
tr; v mt h thng thu kiu lu tin, t l hay lu thoi, tu thuc vo thc o c s dng v
dc gi nh ca th tho dng bin ca thu nhp.
Xem SUPER-NORMAL PROFITS
Gi tr trn trc honh (trc X) ca mt im trn th hai chiu.
S ngh lm, mc d cc iu khon ca hp ng lao ng yu cu ngi lao ng phi i lm
v hp ng vn cn gi tr.
Ngi ch s hu t hoc nh sng mt ni xa bt ng sn ca mnh, thu tin thu v qun
l vic kinh doanh ca mnh thng qua trung gian hay ngi i din.
Xem Comparative Advantage.
Mt khi nim cp ti nhng li th ca cc hng thit lp, v th cc hng ny c th duy tr
chi ph trung bnh thp hn so vi cc hng mi nhp ngnh khng ph thuc vo mc sn lng.
(Xem Barriers to entry)
Gi thuyt ny cho rng cc chi ph cho tiu dng (C) l mt hm s ca thu nhp kh dng ca c
nhn (Yd): C = C (Yd).
Xem Monopoly.
Gi o bng tin ngc vi vi gi tng i. l gi ca cc hng ho, dch v c biu din
trc tip di dng s lng ca n v tin t. Xem Price
Xem Scarcity
Gi tr ca mt bin b qua du ca n.
Phng php phn tch tc ng ca s ph gi hoc gim t gi hi oi ca mt nc i vi
cn cn thng mi.
Mt thut ng miu t s cn thit gim bt tiu dng hin ti tch lu t bn.
Xem DEPRECIATION
S tng vt t l lm pht. Nu chnh ph c gi t l tht nghip di mc t l tht nghip t
nhin th vic s dn ti lm pht gia tc.
Xem Accelerator principle.
Mt bi s theo u t mi s tng ln khi c s thay i v sn lng.

Nguyn l cho rng mc u t rng ph thuc vo mc thay i d kin v sn lng.

Hnh vi chp nhn mt hi phiu do c nhn hay c quan nhn hi phiu thc hin, bao gm k
hi phiu v thng k trn mt hi phiu.
Mt trong s cc NGN HNG THNG MI c tr s ti London, vi mc ch thu tin hoa
hng ngn hng ny nhn tr cc hi phiu, ngha l chp nhn thanh ton chng khi o hn.
S lng nhng ngi thu mi mi thng tnh theo t l phn trm tng s vic lm do B lao
ng M thng k.
Thu nh vo qu tng v ti sn tha k.
Mt m hnh l thuyt c s dng (ch yu) trong phn tch a im dn c cc vng th,
gii thch cc hnh thi v tr do nh i gia kh nng tip cn ca mt a im ti trung tm ca
vng v khng gian ca a im .
Xem VALIDATED INFLATION

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economic

Trong CN CN THANH TON, mt loi giao dch t bn do CC C QUAN TIN T p dng

hoc iu hnh lm i trng li tnh trng tn dng hoc tnh trng n nn ny sinh trong cc
GIAO DCH T NH.
1.Mt ghi chp giao dch gia hai bn giao dch c th l hai b phn ca mt doanh nghip v l
yu t c bn trong tt c cc h thng giao dch kinh doanh. 2.Cc giai on, thng l hai tun,
theo nm kinh doanh ca S CHNG KHON LONDON c chia ra v qua cc giai on
ny, vic thanh ton cc giao dch tr giao dch chng khon vin vng c tin hnh.
Thng mc trong ti khon ca mt cng ty c ghi nh mt khon n ca cc dch v s
dng nhng cha c thanh ton.
y l tiu ca mt cun sch do gio s David C. Mc. Clelland ca trng i hc Harvard
(Princeton, NJ, 1962) xut bn, trong ng nh ngha khi nim ng c thnh t o ngh
tng tng v mc ca cc tng mi m ng coi l nhn cch cn thit i vi cc CH
DOANH NGHIP v v vy c ngha i vi S PHT TRIN KINH T.
Mt tnh hung khi tt c thu quan ca mt nc c tng hoc gim theo t l phn trm
ngang bng.
Mc tr gia vic quyt nh mt chnh sch (c bit trong kinh t hc v m) v vic thc hin
chnh sch .
Trong l thuyt tin t, mt vi m hnh gi thit chia mt cung ng tin t thnh D NGHCH,
l tin d tr c a vo quay vng trong cc thi k c xc nh bi cc khong thi gian
gia cc k thanh ton, v NGHCH NHN RI l tin d tr khng c s dng thanh ton
thng xuyn.
Xem LINEAR PROGRAMMING.
Xem LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE.
S hnh thnh k vng v gi tr tng lai ca mt bin s ch da trn cc gi tr trc ca
bin lin quan.
Xem EULER'S THEREM
Theo lp lun ny, thu nhp thc t ca gia nh gim trong thi k suy thoi theo chu k s gy ra
HIU NG THU NHP.
Mt quy tc xc nh O HM ca mt hm i vi mt bin s, trong hm ny bao gm
php cng tuyn tnh ca 2 hm ring bit hoc nhiu hn tr ln ca cc bin.
Mt dng hm tho dng : U=Ua +Ub+Uc . Trong U l tho dng a,b,c ;a hng ho thay th
trong cc h thng chi tiu tuyn tnh, cc nhm hng ho ny khng th thay th cho nhau.
Trong nn kinh t K HOCH HO nh Lin X trc y, mi mc tiu chin lc u c mt
t chc hoc "a ch" chu trch nhim thc hin mc tiu

H thng ny c qu tin t quc t (IMF) a ra ti hi ngh Bretton Woods v cp n mt

b T GI HI OI C NH hay c "neo" m v c bn l c nh nhng cho php iu
chnh hoc thay i vi lng nh theo c 2 hng.
Thi gian cn thit mt bin, v d nh DUNG LNG VN, iu chnh theo nhng thay i
trong cc yu t quyt nh ca n. (Xem PARTIAL ADJUSTMENT, CAPITAL STOCK
ADJUSTMENT PRINCIPLE).
Thut ng chung ch cc c ch iu chnh hot ng trong nn kinh t th gii nhm loi b
nhng mt cn i trong thanh ton vi nc ngoi. Nhng c ch lin quan n BN V VNG,
CH BN V HI OI, THA S NGOI THNG, T GI HI OI TH NI.
Cc mc gi c hnh thnh do quyt nh c thc ca c nhn hay hng no ch khng
phi do cc yu t tc ng ca th trng.

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economic

Mt trong nhng tr v thi gian nh hng n hiu lc ca mt CHNH SCH TIN T.

l khong thi gian t lc cc c quan c thm quyn nhn thy cn c hnh ng n khi tin
hnh thc s hnh ng .
Mt loi thu da trn gi tr giao dch. thng l t l phn trm khi gi bn l, s, hay qu trnh
sn xut, v l dng ph bin ca THU DOANH THU.
Mt khon vay hoc da vo lung tin xc nh hoc d kin. (Xem BANK LOAN).
L mt khon ng trc THU DOANH NGHIP v c ghi vo ti khon bn n ca doanh
nghip i vi loi thu ny. l mt phng tin c th thu thu doanh nghip sm hn.
K THUT QUN L CNG N mi c chnh ph lin bang, cc chnh quyn a phng v
tiu bang ca M s dng.

THM HT CN CN THANH TON.

Vn gp phi trong nghnh bo him.
Hot ng ca mt hng nhm thc y vic bn sn phm ca mnh, mc tiu chnh l tng s
lng ngi tiu dng thch nhng sn phm ca hng hn nhng hng khc.
T l chi ph qung co ca cc hng trn tng doanh thu bn hng.

Mi quan h gia thu nhp v tui. Biu din qu trnh thu nhp theo tui n gin nht l mt
ng nm ngang i t s 0 n tui ri trng hc, khong cch ca cc bc c quyt
nh bi trnh hc vn.
Xem INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION AGENCY
Yu cu cng nhn tham gia tuyn dng khng phi gia nhp cng on nhng phi ng cng
on ph.
Cc khon tit kim chi ph trong mt hot ng kinh t do cc x nghip hay cc hot ng gn v
tr ca nhau.
Biu chi tit v S LNG CA SN PHM QUC GIA RNG c th c mua mi mc
gi chung.

L tng s chi tiu danh ngha cho hng ho v dch v trong mt nn kinh t.
Xem INTERNATION INCOME
Xem INTERNATION INCOME
Mi quan h gia lu lng sn lng trong ton nn kinh t (Y), tng lc lng lao ng (L) v
tng lng vn (K), cc u vo tham gia trc tip vo sn xut. Hm ny c th c m rng
bao hm c T AI v CNG NGH VI danh ngha l u vo.

Vn xc nh hnh vi kinh t v m c th t d bo t hnh vi ca cc n v kinh t vi m

ni bt.
Tnh hung trong sn lng nng nghip tng ln r rt nh nhng thay i v t chc v k
thut.

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economic

Khon thu t nng nghip thng kh nh lng, c bit trong nn nng nghip t tc hoc
nhng ni thu nhp pc tr bng hin vt ngha l nng sn.
Cc sn phm nng nghip lm ra xut khu ch khng phi cho mc ch t cung t cp hay
cho th trng trong nc
L thi gian gia sn xut nng nghip thc t v sn xut nng nghip tim nng CC NC
ANG PHT TRIN.
Xem EC Agricultural levies.
Mt trong nhng hn ch i vi PHT TRIN KINH T l vic s dng cc bin php s khai,
khng hiu qu trong nng nghip. Cc ngnh nng thn nhng nc km pht trin cung cp
thc phm ngy ngy cng tng cho dn c thnh ph. Cc phng php c, th s th km hiu
qu , cn k thut c gii ho hin i th khng thch hp. V vy mt dng ci cch l p dng
loi cng ngh nng nghip thch hp.
Khu vc hoc mt b phn dn s tham gia vo ngh nng, cung cp lng thc, nguyn liu th
nh bng, g cho tiu dng trong nc v xut khu.
C quan qun l a phng ca CNG TY TN DNG HNG HO CA M
Khon tin tr cho nng dn vi mc ch khuyn khch sn xut lng thc thc phm v tr
gip thu nhp ca nng dn.
Cc c quan do php lut quy nh mc lng ti thiu i vi nhng ngi lm nng nghip
Anh, x Wales v Scotland cng mt cch chnh thc nh cc hi ng tin cng.
Xem FOREIGN AID.
Xem Generalized Least Squares.
Thut ng c C.MC s dng miu t tnh trng tinh thn ca cng nhn trong mt x hi t
bn.
mt k s, bng cch t hc v kinh t ch yu trong thi k c xm chim Php sut Chin
tranh th gii th 2, khi ng t c tip cn vi cc n phm nc ngoi. Mc d vy, ng
thnh cng trong vic t xy dng c nhng nn tng to ln v l thuyt CN BNG TNG
TH HIN I v KINH T HC PHC LI. ng c coi l ngi cha v ngi dn u tr
tu ca trng phi bin hc Php, sn sinh ra nhiu nh kinh t hc ni ting nh Debreu.
Mc cho xu hng thin v l thuyt mnh m, Allais vn cho rng cc m hnh l thuyt c xy
dng tr li nhng cu hi thc tin v nn c kim nghim qua thc t. Thnh tch ca ng
c nhn gii Nobel ch yu l thnh tu nghin cu s bn v kinh t hc v ng gp c bn
ca ng l cc cng thc ton hc v i v cn bng th trng v tnh cht hiu qu ca cc th
trng. Nghin cu ca ng v phn tch ng thi v m tin t v l thuyt ri ro cng rt ni bt.
Mi n khi kim tra thc nghim v hc thuyt tho dng k vng ca VON NEUMANNMORGENSTERN ng mi c ni ting, thc nghim c tiu l nghch l Allais. ng ch
ra rng s la chn ca cc c nhn khi c yu cu sp xp mt cp d n ri ro u sp xp
mt cch h thng v lp li (nh cc nghin cu khc la chn) mu thun vi d on ti a
ho tho dng d kin. Cc cng trnh ca ng l Nghin cu v nguyn l Kinh t -1943 (sau
cn c ti bn vi tiu X l Kinh t n thun-1952) v Kinh t v li nhun(1947).
ng dy trng kinh t London t nm 1928, lm vic b Ti Chnh Anh v nm 1944 c
phong l gio s thng k hc ti trng i hc London. Cc n phm ch yu ca ng bao
gm: Phn tch ton hc cho cc nh kinh t hc(1938); Thng k hc cho cc nh kinh t
hc(1949); Kinh t hc thuc ton (1956); Hc thuyt kinh t v m - X l bng ton hc (1967).
Nm 1934 ng c ng gp to ln cho hc thuyt ngi tiu dng khi ng cho xut bn mt bi
bo cng vi J.R.HICKS, bng cch s dng cc ng bng quan, bi bo ch ra rng gii
thch s dc xung di ca ng cu s l vic gi nh y rng hng ho c th c
phn loi theo th t.
Mt b phn ca chnh sch chi tiu v thu ca chnh ph lin quan ti vic chi phi cung cp
hng ho v dch trong mt nn kinh t.

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economic

Vi sn xut ra t hp sn phm tt nht hay ti u cc sn phm bng cc kt hp hiu qa nht

cc u vo.
Nhng chi ph cho php nht nh khi c khu tr t doanh thu ca cng ty l phn thu nhp b
nh thu.
H thng thu thu nhp bao gm h thng cc khon khu tr v chi ph. Chng c tr t tng
thu nhp xc nh chu thu.
Mt kiu tr phn phi trong trng s cc gi tr lin tc ca bin s tr theo sau mt do mt a
thc gy ra.
Xem CAPITAL ASSET PRINCING MODEL.
Thut ng dng ch kiu cng ngh c mt vi hoc tt c thuc tnh sau: s dng ti thiu ti
nguyn khng ti to c, gy nhim thp nht i vi mi trng, t cp t tc theo vng
hoc theo a phng khng c s bc lt hoc c lp cc c nhn. (Xem INTERMEDIATE
TECHNOLOGY, APPROPIATE TECHNOLOGY, INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
GROUP).
S quan tm ti phc li ca ngi khc.
Xem MERGER.

Chng khon m mt ngn hng M thng pht hnh cho cc c dn M, da vo vic c quan
NM GI CC C PHIU thng ca mt cng ty ngoi quc. Ngi gi ADR c quyn hng
c tc ca cng ty ngoi quc. Bn thn ADR c th trao i c. u im ca vic lm ny l
TH TRNG VN c m rng i vi cc cng ty khng phi ca M trong khi c th p
ng c mong mun ca ngi M v mt loi c phiu "nng" trao i. (Mt ADR c th
c ng trn gi c quyn vi nhiu chng khon thng).
c thnh lp trong thi k t nm 1881 n 1886, lin on ny tp trung cc cng on ln
M li vi nhau.
y l mt h thng trong thu quan ca M i vi mt s mt hng nhp khu c tnh trn
c s gi tr ca mt hng thay th trong nc so vi gi tr ca hng nhp khu. (Xem GENERAL
AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE).

S GIAO DCH c t chc ln th hai M, tin hnh mua bn gn 1/10 tng s c phiu c
mua bn M. S giao dch l c s vt cht cho cc giao dch CHNG KHON din ra. S giao
dch chng khon M c t lu v bt u t khi nhng ngi mi gii gp nhau ngoi ph
mua bn cc c phn chng khon. l ngun gc ca mt ci tn khc ca n :"S giao
dch l ng". Tn hiu bng tay c dng thng bo cho nhn vin giao dch. n tn th k
XX, S giao dch chng khon M mi chuyn vo phng.(Xem STOCK MARKET).
Phng thc thanh ton n trn c s tr dn. Thnh thong chi tr tng k c s dng nh
thut ng thay th cho khu hao.
Thut ng s dng trong mt CHU K KINH DOANH miu t khong cch gia im cc i
v cc tiu ca bt k chu k no.
C quan ngoi thng ca Lin X trc y. C c quan chi nhnh ti nhiu nc.
Phn chia bin ng tng th trong mt bin s ph thuc (vi bin ng tng th c nh
ngha l tng ca bnh phng ca cc lch so vi trung bnh ca bin) thnh cc cu thnh
c tnh cho bin ng ca cc bin s ring hay NHM BIn GII THCH v nhng bin khng
c gii thch hay bin ng D/
Hc thuyt cho rng cc s kin chnh tr v x hi ca cc c nhn khng nn b km hm bi bt
c s can thip no ca chnh ph. l mt quan im cc oan hn quan im ch ngha t
do, vn cn cho php s dng quyn lc c ti iu hnh cc hot ng m cc c nhn
khng th t hon thnh mt cch c hiu qu c.

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economic

Mt trong cc vn lin quan n bin ng t do ca T GI HI OI l lun im cho rng

t gi hi oi t do s lm gim thm ht vi bn ngoi v v vy tc ot ca cc c quan tin
t ci neo (chnh tr) nhm hn ch tin t m rng. i lp vi lun im ny l vic b chic neo
tin t ca t gi hi oi c nh l mt vic tt v n ch cc tr nhng nh hoch nh chnh sch
mi c bu bng cch khng cho h hon ton t do vi CHNH SCH TIN T.
Mt cch k gii cho U T phn bc cc m hnh ton hc v chng t tc dng. Thay vo l
phn tch u t bt ngun t thuc tnh lm theo ca cc ch doanh nghip. Cm thut ng ny
c J.M.Keynes s dng ln u tin trong L THUYT TNG QUT V VIC LM, LI SUT
V TIN (1936). Nhng t c Joan Robinson ph bin rng ri.
Risk analysis: phn tch ri ro. Scenario analysis:Phn tch kch bn. Sensitivity analysis: Phn tch
nhy.
Vng th hai (1949) ca cuc m phn thng mi theo HIP C CHUNG V THU QUAN
V MU DCH (GATT).
Xem CAPITAL ALLOWANCE.
Mt k thut thm nh d n vn c s dng chit khu v cng nhn rng vic s dng vn i
hi tr tin li i vi lng vn s dng v khu hao.
Li ha tr mt khon no mi thi k trong mt s cc thi k m khon tr cho mi thi k l
c nh.
S ngt qung trong mi lin kt chnh thc gia mc lng ca cc nhm thng lng khc
nhau nh p dng CHNH SCH THU NHP.
Xem EXPECTED INFLATION.
Mt cm thut ng ca M ch h thng php lut nhm kim sot s tng trng quyn lc i
vi th trng ca cc hng. Cm thut ng ny khng ch lin quan ti chnh sch chng c
quyn m c cc hot ng km hm ca cc hng ring l, cc nhm cng ty hp nht (Trt) v
nhm cc cng ty cng tc (Catel).
Tng v gi tr ca ti sn, i lp li l s mt gi tr. Mt ti sn c th tng gi tr bi v gi ca
n (v do gi th trng ca n) tng do lm pht hay thay i v cu ti sn dn ti mc
khan him. (Xem MONEY APPRECIATION).
Xem GENERAL TRAINING.

Ni chung c dng ch nhng sn phm thch hp cho s dng cc nc ang pht trin.
Vic ng dng mt cng ngh thch hp vi yu t sn c. (Xem ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY.
INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY, INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP).
Cc doanh nghip duy tr cc ti khon ny cho thy li nhun sau khi tr thu c phn phi
hay s dng nh th no. (Xem ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES CORPORATION TAX,
ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES INCOME TAX, TAXABLE INCOME.
Mt dng ra quyt nh trong mi c nhn b phiu cho mt nhm phng n m ngi tn
thnh. (Xem BORDA COUNT, CONDORCET CRITERION, SOCIAL DECISION RULE. SOCIAL
WELFARE FUNCTION).
Mt cm thut ng miu t qu trnh suy lun phn on t gi thuyt ban u cho n kt lun.
Phng php ny c th i lp vi cch tip cn da trn nhng c liu rt ra t thc t quan
st.

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economic

Mt hc gi ngi , ng l ngi c ng gp chnh vo t tng kinh t ca hn lm vin. Xt

v kinh t hc, ng tha nhn phn ln hc thuyt ca Aristotle, bao gm khi nim v gi cng
bng. ng cng phn bit GI C v GI TR, i tng ca rt nhi cch din gii khc nhau.
tng v gi tr hay gi cng bng khng khc hn gi thng thng (cnh tranh) vn c mt
mt hng v gi c a ra vt qu mc gi ny l s vi phm quy tc o c. Thng mi
vn xu xa nhng c bo cha bi HNG HA CNG CNG. Tng t, ca ci ti sn v
hnh ng ca chnh ph c bin h bi hng ho cng cng. Cho vay nng li b ch trch l
khon thu cho vic s dng tin m khng c gi tr s dng. Nhng ng gp ch yu ca ng
i vi lch s t tng kinh t c bao qut trong cun SUMMA THEOLOGICA ca ng.
Mt nghip v bao gm vic mua bn mt ti sn, v d mt hng ho hay tin t hai hay nhiu
th trng, gia chng c s khc nhau hay chnh lch v gi.
S can thip ca mt bn th ba vo mt TRANH CHP V CNG NGHIP theo yu cu ca cc
bn tranh ci v a ra nhng gi cho vic gii quyt tranh chp, sau s rng buc c hai
bn (Xem CONCILI-ATION, FINAL OFFER ARBITRATION).
Xem ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
ch phng sai ca sai s thay i iu kin t nhin gim, l mt trc nghim phn bit
gia tng quan chui trong iu kin xo trn v hiu ng ny sinh t s bin i ca xo ng
c gi l hiu ng ARCH.
Xem ARCH.
Nh trit hc HY LP, cc cng trnh ca ng bao gm c cc vn kinh t v trong nhng bi
vit ca ng c th thy nhng phn tch v sn xut, phn phi v trao i. Trong phn tch v
trao i, ng phn bit gia gi tr s dng v gi tr trao i
Xem MEAN.
Mt dy s hay nhng biu thc i s trong mi thn phn mang mt mi lin h cng thm
i vi mi thnh phn ng trc v sau n.
Nh kinh t hc ngi M ng gii Nobel v kinh t hc vi hun tc John Hicks nm 1972.
ng c bit n nhiu nht do cng trnh v cc h thng CN BNG TNG QUT v trnh by
v cc iu kin ton hc cn thit cho mt h thng nh vy c nghim c ngha v kinh
t. ng cng c cng trnh tin phong v vic ra quyt nh trong nhng iu kin khng chc
chn. Trong cun S LA CHN X HI V CC GI TR C NHN (1951), ng trnh by kinh
t hc phc li vi mt tnh trng tin thoi lng nan, khi da trn c s nhng gi nh m bo
s t ch ca ngi tiu dng cng thm s hp l, ng chng minh rng khng th xc nh
c s xp hng x hi v cc phng n la chn tng ng vi s xp hng ca cc c
nhn, v nh vy cng khng th a ra c CHC NNG PHC LI X HI . Chc nng ny
lin quan mt cch tch cc ti la chn c nhn, x hi khng th quyt nh n mun g. Arrow
cng c cng trong vic a vo hc thuyt tng trng gi thuyt hc qua hnh vi t cch l
mt ngun tng nng sut. Cc n phm chnh ca ng l : Nghin cu trong l thuyt ton hc v
d tr v sn xut (1958); S la chn x hi v cc gi tr c nhn (1951); Cc tiu lun v l
thuyt chu ri ro (1970); Phn tch da trn tng hp (vi F.H.Hahn) (1971).
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
U ban kinh t chu v Vin ng ca Lin hp quc khuyn co thnh lp ngn hng ny
khuyn khch tng trng kinh t v hp tc chu v Vin ng, thc y kinh t cc nc
ang pht trin trong vng. Ngn hng pht trin chu c thnh lp nm 1966. Ngun vn
ban u l nh ng gp ca cc nc trong khu vc vi s gip ca M, CHLB c, Anh v
Canada.
Xem TAXABLE INCOME, ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES FOR CORPORATION TAX,
ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES FOR INCOME TAX.
Xem TAXABLE INCOME.

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Mt thc th c gi tr th trng hoc gi tr trao i, v l b phn cu thnh CA CI hay ti sn

ca ch s hu.
Vic mt cng ty thn tnh bn nhng ti sn ca CNG TY NN NHN sau khi thu mua. iu ny
c th thc hin c mc li nhun ng k khi ti sn b nh gi thp S GIAO DCH
CHNG KHON.
Tn c t cho cu hi liu vic kt ni mt bin chnh sch, v d CHNH SCH TIN T mt
cch duy nht t c mt mc tiu chnh sch, v d cn cn thanh ton quc t di cc
ch v t gi HI OI c th c hay khng. Kt lun l khng th lm c nh vy.
Cc vng trong nc m hot ng kinh t hot ng kinh t c h tr bi chnh sch chi
tiu v thu ca chnh ph. Xem DEPRESSED AREAS, REGIONAL EMPLOYMENT PREMIUM,
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT GRANT.
C quan thnh lp nm 1969, thu thp v cho nim yt li nhun v bo gi th trng hin hnh
vi cc loi pht hnh ca TRI KHON CHU U.
Hip hi c cc B trng ngoi giao Indonesia, Malaysia, Phillipines, Singapore v Thi Lan
thnh lp nm 1967. Mc ch chung ca hip hi l thc y tng trng kinh t, tin b x hi v
pht trin vn ho khu vc ng Nam .
Mt loi bo him lin quan n tnh hung trong bo him cho s kin khng th trnh khi.
iu ny c th do hp ng lin quan ti vic tr mt khon xc nh vo mt ngy no hoc
l v "ci cht" ca ngi c bo him.
S khc nhau v thng tin m cc bn tham gia giao dch trn th trng c c. Xem INSIDER OUTSIDER MODELS.
Gi tr m bin ph thuc ca mt hm tin n khi bin t do tr nn rt ln hoc rt nh.
PHN PHI XC XUT m mt bin THNG K hng ti khi kch thc ca mu tin ti v
cng. Khi nim rt hu ch trong nh gi cc c th ca chn mu trong kinh t lng.
Mt c cu th trng trong s lng cc hng rt ln, do mi hng cnh tranh mt cch
c lp. (Xem PERFECT COMPETITION).
Mt nt c trng hay thuc tnh ca hng ho. Xem CHARACTERISICS THEORY.
Mt thut ng chung ch nhn vin bn u gi, ti nhng ngi mua tng lai u vi nhau
bng cch t gi, vt u gi s thuc v ngi no t gi cao nht.
Mt th trng c t chc ti gi c c iu chnh lin tc theo bin i ca cung v cu. Nt
c trng c bn ca cc th trng u gi l cc hng mc hng ho c chun ho, mua bn
v danh v s lng m bo hnh vi cnh tranh.
Mt kiu th trng trong ngi mua tim tng t gi cho hng ho ch khng phi n thun
tr theo.
Kim nh ny l mt phin bn ca kim nh Dickey Fuller i vi mt n v gc khi tiu thc
xo ng l tng quan theo chui sau khi xem xt s khc nhau trong qu trnh tnh khc
(DSP).
Vic a bin gi c vo ng Phillips gc dch chuyn hc thuyt mt cc hiu qu t mt
gii thch v tin cng bng tin thnh cch gii thch theo ngha thc t.
Tn trng phi ny c s dng ch cc nh kinh t hc t Menger, Wieser v Bohm-Bawerk
tr i, h phn ln nghin cu Vin v theo mt kiu phn tch ring bit.
Tnh trng trong mt nc t tch khi thng mi quc t bng nhng hn ch nh thu quan
nhm t tc, thng do nguyn nhn lm vic hoc chnh tr.

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Xem SERIAL CORRELATION.
Cc mi quan h lm gim bin ca bin ng chu k trong mt nn kinh t m khng cn hnh
ng trc tip ca chnh ph.
Trong khi c s dng theo nhiu cch, cm thut ng "t ng ho" ni chung c coi l ng
ngha vi vic thay th lao ng bng qu trnh t ng.
Cc khon chi tiu c coi l c lp vi mc thu nhp.

Cm thut ng ny c dng trong hc thuyt v CN CN THANH TON xc nh nhng

loi giao dch din ra t pht v l do li nhun t pha cc hng hoc tho dng c tng t
pha cc c nhn .
Xem EXOGENOUS VARIABLES.
S HI QUY ca mt bin s trn gi tr hay cc gi tr tr ca n. Xem SERIAL CORRELATION
AND ARIMA.
Cc tc ng ca nhng thay i v s lng tn dng c sn, ch khng phi tc ng thng
qua gi, ngha l li sut.
Xem MEAN.
Chi ph trn mt n v sn lng trong bao gm chi ph ca tt c u vo (cc yu t sn
xut).
Quy tc nh gi cng nhn rng cc hng cng chi ph kh bin vo chi ph trung bnh trang
tri tng chi ph trung bnh ca n.
Xem PERMANENT INCOME.
Chi ph c nh trn mi n v sn lng.
Tng sn lng c c t vic s dng mt tp hp u vo chia cho s lng ca bt c mt
loi u vo no c dng.
Xem PRODUCTIVITY.
Phn ca tng thu nhp Y c chi cho tiu dng hng ho hoc dch v C, thay v u t I.
Phn ca tng thu nhp Y c a vo tit kim S, tc khng c s dng cho mc ch tiu
dng. Khuynh hng tit kim bnh qun bng S/Y. Xem SAVING FUNCTION, MARGINAL
PROPENSITY TO SAVE.
c s dng khi ni v THU THU NHP C NHN nhng cng c th p dng vi cc loi
thu khc. Thng c dng ch tng thu thu nhp di dng mt phn ca thu nhp.
Doanh thu trn mt n v sn lng.
Sn phm doanh thu trung bnh ca mt u vo (yu t sn xut) nhn vi doanh thu bnh qun.
Xem AVERAGE COST.
CHI PH KH BN trn mt n v sn lng.
ch s phn ng ti a ho li nhun ca cc hng b kim sot, khi phi t c t l li tc
xc nh v vn c ng lc la chn kt hp u vo nng v vn hn c th khng c s
dng khi khng phi t t l li tc xc nh .
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.

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economic

Trong l thuyt CU CA NGI TIU DNG, cc c nhn c gi nh l tun th cc nguyn

tc v hnh vi duy l v cc tin khc v hnh vi.
L tp qun theo c quan chnh ph M vay b Ti chnh M ch khng yu cu biu quyt
ngn sch ca quc hi.
Cc ph hay vn chuyn thp hn i vi vn chuyn theo mt hng ny so vi hng khc.
Mt cng ngh thay th tr nn kh thi v mt kinh t khi gi ca ti nguyn THIN NHIN
KHNG TH TI TO tng n mt mc no do s khai thc tng dn.
Quan h gia cung lao ng, bt lun c xc nh bng cch no, v tin lng lao ng.
Xem VERTICAL INTERGRATION.
Mi lin h gia mt nghnh hay mt hng vi nhng nh cung cp u vo ca h.
Hiu ng ngc xy ra khi tng trng kinh t mt vng ca mt nn kinh t c nhng tc ng
ngc ti tng trng ca cc vng khc.
Mt mt hng hay sn phm gy ra PHN THO DNG i vi ngi tiu dng. (Xem
EXTERNALITY).
Xem GRESHAM'S LAW.
L bin tp vin v ng bin tp vin ca t The Economist t 1860-1877. ng l nh bnh lun
c nh hng ln ng thi v tc phm ca ng hin vn c trch dn rng ri. Tc phm ni
ting nht ca ng l Ph Lombard: Miu t v th trng tin t(1873).
Thu nhp hin ti ng bng chi tiu hin ti ca CHNH PH.
T s bin ng thu nhp ca thu nhp thc t so vi bin ng chi tiu chnh ph khi chi tiu ca
chnh ph thu t thu thay i mt lng bng nhau.
Quan nim cho rng tt c cc thnh phn ca nn kinh t nn c pht trin mt cch ng thi
t c mt dng pht trin cn i. Xem BALANCED GROWTH, BIG PUSH.
Trong HC THUYT TNG TRNG, iu kin nng ng ca nn kinh t trong tt c cc
bin thc t tng ln lin tc cng mt t l (c th bng 0, hay m). Xem STAEDY GROWTH.
Cm thut ng ny c s dng vi hn mt ngha, hai cch din gii ph bin nht l: "Cn cn
thanh ton th trng" v "Cn cn thanh ton k ton".
Thng ch cn cn mu dch "hu hnh", l bun bn hng ho trong mt giai on nht nh.
Trn thc t cn cn mu dch ch l mt yu t, cc yu t khc l v hnh trong "Cn cn thanh
ton vng lai" m n ch l mt phn ca ton b CN CN THANH TON ca mt nc.
Mt phng php c bn ca k hoch X Vit l k ton s kp bng gi c hay vt cht.Mc
ch ca cn i l m bo s ng b trong cc k hoch. Cc cn i ny t phc tp hn
trong bng cn i LIN NGNH thc hin vai tr tng t trong lp k k hoch. V ngha ring
xem MATERIALS BALANCE PRINCIPLE.
Mt bng bo co ti sn ca mt thng nhn hoc mt cng ty vo mt ngy nht nh.
Mt ci tn c Keynes a ra ch tin t quc t m ng cho rng nn c to bi mt
ngn hng quc t, c s dng thanh ton cc khon n quc t v mt phn to nn nng
lc chuyn ho quc t nhng b phn i.
Hiu ng nh khi gi c hng ho gim v cu ca mt vi b phn hay cc c nhn trong
cng ng tng, cc c nhn hoc b phn "bt chc" cch phn ng ny v cng tng cu ca
h.

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Mt trung gian ti chnh huy ng qu gc v c bn thng qua nhng khon tin c th hon tr
theo yu cu hay trong thi gian ngn v dng ng trc bng khu chi v cc khon vay v bng
cc hi phiu chit khu, nn gi cc khon khc ch yu l tch ti sn ti chnh nh chng
khon khng bun bn c. Mt chc nng quan trng ca ngn hng l duy tr h thng chuyn
i tin bng cch chp nhn tin gi vo ti khon vng lai v iu hnh h thng chuyn qu
bng chuyn sc, chuyn khon hay chuyn tin in t.Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT
CNTL, RETAIL BANKING, WHOLE SALE BANKING.
Mt cm thut ng chung dng cho bt k mt loi vay ngn hng no. Xem BANK LOAN.
Theo truyn thng, trn th trng hi phiu London, mt HI PHIU c chp nhn bi mt
NGN HNG NHN THANH TON, MT NGN HNG THANH TON B TR hay mt nhm
cc ngn hng ca Anh hoc cc ngn hng Dominions hp thnh, thay mt khch hng m
tn dng chp nhn. Xem ACCEPTANCE, DISCOUNT HOUSE.
Thng ch o lut ngn hng nm 1844 do chnh quyn ca hun tc Robert Peel thng
qua.
Vic cho vay t h thng ngn hng bng bt k phng thc no:TIN CHO VAY CA NGN
HNG, HI PHIU CHIT KHU hay chng khon mua. Xem MONEY MULTIPLIER, MONEY
SUPPLY, "NEW VIEW".
Theo ngi gin n, l cc khon tin gi trong ti khon ngn hng. Trong thc t chng n
gin l nhng ghi chp v tnh trng n ca mt ngn hng i vi nhng ngi gi, v chng
ny sinh t tnh cht ca ngn hng vi vai tr l TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH.
Mt nh ch ti chnh lin chnh ph thnh lp u tin vo nm 1930 h tr v iu phi vic
chuyn khon thanh ton bi thng chin tranh th gii th nht gia cc ngn hng quc gia
trung ng. Ngn hng ny cng tp hp v ph bin thng tin v cc ch kinh t v m v cc
vn tin t quc t.
Mt tnh hung trong c s mt t tin ca mt hay nhiu ngn hng gy nn s " x" bt ng
v lan rng ca cng chng ti cc ngn hng ni chung rt tin gi hoc vo nhng lc khi
pht hnh lnh phiu t nhn l ph bin yu cu thanh ton cc hi phiu ny bng phng
tin khc.
Mt tp hp cc kin lin quan n cuc tranh lun v quy tc iu tit pht hnh giy bc ca
ngn hng Anh trong na u th k XIX.
ch bt c khon ng trc no ca ngn hng, nhung c s phn bit trong vic cho vay ca
ngn hng gia iu kin MC THU CHI v iu kin cho vay.
Mt dng tin t pht hnh bi mt ngn hng v v bn cht lm bng chng "c th thng
lng" (ngha l c th chuyn i n gin bng cp pht) v tnh trng n ca ngn hng i vi
mnh gi ca giy bc. Giy bc ca ngn hng c pht trin t HI PHIU, v v nguyn tc
l hi phiu c th tr "trc tip" (theo yu cu) bng phng tin khc.
L ngn hng TRUNG NG ca Anh. Do thng nhn London xng nh mt ngn hng
thng mi v c thnh lp theo o lut ca Quc hi nm 1694.
T nm 1791-1811 v t nm 1816-1836 mt s chc nng ngn hng trung ng M c ln
lt do ngn hng th nht th hai thc hin. Trong mt thi gian khong 30 nm (n khi c o
lut ngn hng quc gia nm 1864) hu nh khng c chc nng ngn hng trung ng M.
Trn thc t, phi n lc c o lut d tr lin bang nm 1913 m mi c mt ngn hng trung
ng thc s.
Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CONTROL, MONETARY POLICY.

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Mt th tc php l trong ti sn ca con n khng tr c n b tch thu v li ch ca cc ch

n ni chung.
Thu c p t bi mt nc cng c v tr ca n trong m phn thng mi vi cc nc
khc, khi cc nc ny s dng li ha chit khu thu t c s nhng b trong thng
mi.
Tin cng c c nh trong mt qu trnh thng lng tp th, mt s dn xp v mt c ch
so vi qu trnh iu chnh cung cu chnh thng. L thuyt thng lng v tin cng ch nhng
m hnh ca qu trnh thng lng p dng cho mi quan h ca s qun l ca cng on vt
ra ngoi m hnh C QUYN SONG PHNG, trong kt qu cui cng ca thng lng
vn cn m h, rt ra mt gii php r rng.Xem STRIKES, WAGE THEORY.
Mt n v i din cho quyn li ca ngi lao ng trong thng lng v qun l lao ng
M. Cc n v ny c th l rt nh, l cc nhn vin c tuyn trong mt hng n l hay rt
ln, tt c nhng ngi c tuyn dng trong mt ngnh trn khp t nc. Cc n v thng
lng khc nhau v quy m v c cu.

Nhng kt qu phn tch ca mt u ban hong gia Anh v s phn b a l ca ngnh cng
nghip Anh v c nh hng mnh m n s pht trin ca chnh sch khu vc hu cng nghip
Chin tranh Anh.
Xem PRICE LEADERSHIP.
Cc yu t y nhng ngi mi nhp ngnh vo mt mc gi khng thun li so vi cc hng
thit lp trong mt ngnh. Chng no cc hng thit lp t gi mt mc di im ti thiu
ca chi ph trung bnh di hn ca hng tim tng hiu qu nht, cc hng thit lp c th t
c mc siu li nhun v lu di m khng phi lo s v s gia nhp ngnh mi.
Phng php trao i hng ho v dch v trc tip ly cc hng ho v dch v khc, khng s
dng mt n v k ton hay phng tin trao i no c.
Hip nh gia cc quc gia, thng gp kh khn v CN CN THANH TON, id vi vic trao
i trc tip cc lng hng ho
Nn kinh t m hng ho v dch v c thc hin thng qua vic I HNG, iu dn ti rt
t chuyn mn ho hoc phn cng lc lng lao ng do yu cu ca s trng lp mun.
Mt thi im c dng tham kho khi so snh vi giai on sau.
Sau khi bi b nhng hip nh v tin gi v tin vay nm 1971, CC NGN HNG THANH
TON B TR CA ANH p dng tp qun xc nh v thng bo "li sut gc".Xem
COMPETITION AND CREDIT CONTROL.
Xem ECONOMIC BASE.
Tn gi ca cc hng xut khu s ch ca cc nc km pht trin.
Xem ECONOMIC BASE.

L chin lc pht trin c tho lun nhiu trong nhng nm gn y. Khc vi cc l thuyt
tch lu c in, n nhn mnh rng c mt s mc cn phi u tin. l (1) cung cp cc hng
tiu dng c bn nh thc n, qun o v ch , (2) cc dch v cn thit nh nc, gio dc, y
t, (3) quyn c vic lm vi thu nhp m bo cc nhu cu c bn, (4) c s h tng p ng
cho nhu cu c bn v hng ho v dch v v (5) tham gia vo qu trnh ra quyt nh. Chin lc
ny hng vo sn xut. Trit l ny c c cc trit gia bo th v cc trit gia cp tin ng h.
N cng vp phi cc ch trch l khng y v khng c g thc s l mi m.
Xem Wage Rate.

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economic

Mt cch nh gi trong nhng ngi bn hng khc nhau trong mt th trng thng nht rng
mc gi i vi mt hng ho s c tnh bng tng gi c nh v mc ph vn chuyn c
thng nht lin quan n khong cch gia ngi tiu dng v im gn nht trong mt s cc a
im c tho thun gi l "cc im nh v c s".
Cc phng php phn tch thng k (bao gm C LNG v SUY LUN THNG K) trong
thng tin trc y c kt hp vi s liu mu a ra nhng c tnh hay cc gi thuyt
kim nghim.
Mt loi tri khon khng yu cu c chng th chuyn nhng v ngi gi c quyn s hu
hp php.
Nhng c nhn tin rng gi chng khon hoc tri khon s gim v do bn nhng chng
khon hy vng rng c th mua li mc gi thp hn.
Nhng bin php kinh t m mt nc thc hin nhm ci thin tnh hnh trong nc, thng l
gim tht nghip v c nhng tc ng bt li vi cc nn kinh t khc.
Mt mi quan h ton hc trong mt m hnh kinh t hay kinh t lng, phn nh s phn ng ca
mt c nhn hay mt tp hp cc c nhn i vi cc khuyn khch kinh t (v d HM TIU
DNG).
Mt quan im v s hnh thnh cc k vng da trn cc yu t tm l v x hi.
Mt nhm cc l thuyt coi hng nh mt lin minh ca cc phn nhm m mc ch ca chng
vn d mu thun nhau. Xem XEFFICIENCY.
Xem COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS.
Xem COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS.
Mt l thuyt truyn thng v NH THU cho rng gnh nng v thu nn c phn b gia
nhng ngi tr thu theo li ch m h nhn c t vic cung cp hng ho cng cng.
Mt lin minh v hi quan ban u c thit lp do cng c vo nm 1932 gia chnh ph
B,Luch Xm Bua v H Lan. T chc hin ti c thnh lp theo hip nh lin minh kinh t
Benelux vo nm 1958.
Mt nh khoa hc x hi ngi anh
HM PHC LI X HI Bergson l mt hm gi tr thc m bin s ca n bao gm cc i
lng th hin cc mt khc nhau ca tnh trng x hi, thng l o tho dng ca mi c
nhn hay mi h gia nh.
Daniel Bernoulli l mt nh ton hc th k XIX a ra mt li gii cho mt nghch l c ca
ngi. Bi ton ny l mt trong s cc bi ton gii thch ti sao cc c nhn s khng tr mt
khon cc ln chi tr chi xp nga ca mt ng xu.
M hnh v mt th trng c hai hng do J.Bertrand a ra nm 1883.
ON S (C LNG S) ny c PHNG SAI nh nht trong tt c cc c lng TUYN
TNH v cng khng chch (ngha l gi tr k vng ca n bng vi gi tr tham s thc). Xem
GAUSS-MARKOV THEOREM, ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES.
Ch s tnh s bin ng li tc ca mt c phiu cng vi s bin ng li tc ca ton b th
trng chng khon.
Bn bo co v chnh sch x hi ca Anh c nhan "Bo him x hi v cc dch v lin kt" do
Hun tc William Beveridge chun b cho chnh quyn lin minh thi chin nm 1942.
Mc m gi tr k vng ca mt ON S (C LNG S) khc so vi gi tr tham s thc
ca n. Xem (BEST LINEAR UNBIASED ESTIMATOR).

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Mt ngh tr m mt c nhn hay t chc a ra s hu hoc kim sot ti sn, cc u

vo, hng ho hay dch v.
Mi quan h ch ra khon tin m mt gia nh hoc hng c th tr s dng mt mnh t nht
nh vi cc khong khc nhau so vi trung tm ca mt vng th trong khi vn duy tr mc
khng i THO DNG hay L NHUN.
Gi thuyt cho rng trong khi mc di do v chi ph TI CHNH NGOI HI l yu t quyt
nh quan trng ti u t trong thi k bng n tng trng, cn thu nhp gi vai tr quan trng
nht khi suy thoi.
Mt cm thut ng ph bin dng miu t nhng thay i v cc quy ch London- trung tm
ti chnh ca Anh vo thng 10/1986.
mt ng gp vo cuc tranh lun din ra vo thp k 1950 v 1960 v vic tng trng cn
i hay khng cn i l ph hp nht cho cc nc ang pht trin.
S tr gip hay vin tr da trn mt tho thun trc tip gia hai nc; khc vi vin tr a
phng n t mt nhm cc nc hay t mt t chc quc t. Xem FOREING AID, TIED AID.
Th trng trong mt ngi mua n c i mt vi ngi bn n c.
Mu dch, thng l cc ch m phn chnh ph gia hai nc, bng cch mt nc xut
khu mt lng hay gi tr hng ho nht nh sang cc nc i tc i ly mt lng hay gi
tr hng nhp khu tho thun t nc i tc.
Cng c ngn hn di dng lnh tr yu cu ngi b k
Ngi chuyn chp ni ngi mua v ngi bn hi phiu li vi nhau ly tin hoa hng. Xem
DISCUONT HOUSE.
Hi phiu c rt cp tin cho giao dch ngoi thng.

Ch thuyt thnh hnh M nhng nm 1950, cho rng khi tham gia vo CC NGHIP V TH
TRNG M, H THNG D TR LIN BANG ch tin hnh cc nghip v mua bn hi phiu.
iu ny da trn quan im rng bng cc tp trung vo th trng vn ngn hn, nhng nghip
v ny s t c nh hng d tnh trc i vi kh nng chuyn hon ca ngn hng vi t
xo trn nht i vi th trng ti chnh ni chung. ng thi nhng thay i din ra vi li sut
ngn hn s nh hng n cc th trng khc thng qua phng tin "thng thng" ca cc
iu chnh danh mc u t ca ngi nc ngoi nm gi.
Mt bin s ch c th c 2 gi tr (v d 0 v 1), thng s dng xc nh nhng nh hng
mang tnh nh tnh hay nh lng trong phn tch HI QUY. Xem DUMMY VARIABLE.
Mt gi tr cho li sut trong thuyt tng trng, trong gia tt c ng TNG TRNG CN
I, th TIU DNG theo u ngi co nht t c v duy tr c bng mt ng trn
nng sut vn bin (bng T L LI NHUN trong CNH TRANH HON HO) bng t l tng
trng khng i ca lc lng lao ng c xc nh bng cch ngoi sinh. Xem GOLDEN
RULE OF ACCUMULATION.
c nh ngha l s ngi sinh sng st trung bnh trn 1000 dn mi nm.
Xem BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
Phn tch ch lin quan n hai bin s
Bt c th trng bt hp php no c thnh lp trong mt hon cnh m thng c chnh
ph c nh gi mc ti a hoc ti thiu.
Thng ch CN BNG TIU DNG trong ngi tiu dng hon ton tho mn i vi
hng ho c tiu dng v im ny nm trong GII HN NGN SCH ca anh ta.
Ni chung l mt khon tr cp khng t cc ca chnh ph cp cho chnh quyn a phng

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Mt cm thut ng ch C PHN hng nht c t ri ro v mt vn.
Mt ci tn quen thuc cho n phm ca Cc thng k trung ng bao gm ng ti nhng ti
khon chi tiu v thu nhp quc dn hng nm ca Anh.
Ngi lao ng tham gia vo cng vic no m v bn cht l lao ng chn tay, v cng khc
vi cng nhn c trng.(Xem MANUAL WORKERS)
Cc s d khng chch, tuyn tnh, tt nht v vi mt ma trn hip phng sai v hng
Mt nh kinh t hc v chnh khch ngi o. ng l ngi c hoan nghnh nht trong trng
phi o. ng b sung mt phn nh hc thuyt ca Menger v Wieser v gi tr v gi c, nhng
ng pht trin ton din din bin kinh t trong cng trnh ca mnh v vn v tin li, t tc phm
ny ng c ngi ta gi l "nh t sn C.Mc". Trong cng trnh ny ng ng thi xc nh
lng hng ho, giai on sn xut, tin lng v tin li. S quan tm c tp trung ch yu
vo vn v li. ng gii thch rng, li sut l s tng tc gia S A THCH THEO THI GIAN
v HIU SUT U T VT CHT. ng a ra 2 l do: mi ngi mong mun c kh gi hn
trong tng lai v h cng nh gi qu thp nhng nhu cu trong tng lai. C hai iu trn lm
gim tho dng bin ca hng ho tng lai.Bohm-Bawerk gii thch hiu sut u t vt cht
di dng tnh u vit ca phng php sn xut vng trn, v d bt c th dng cn cu hu
hiu hn l bt trc tip bng tay. ng cho rng, S VNG VO l hiu qa nhng phi chu mc
li tc gim dn. S vng vo c m rng n khi nng sut bin t s ko di cho php cui
cng ca qu trnh sn xut bng li phi tr t c cc khon cho hng ho lng ca
ngi lao ng ko di qu trnh sn xut. Khi nin s vnh vo l c tnh ca hc thuyt trng
phi o v vn, chu rt nhiu tranh ci, v khng c thc o no r rng v n.
Mc d n c mt s ngha hp hn v chnh xc hn v mt php l, cm thut ng ny c
dng chung hn v lng lo hn ch bt c chng khon li sut c nh (n) no, v d: chng
khon VIN VNG hay TRI KHON CNG TY.
Cm thut ng ny miu t bt c ni no hoc s giao dch no, trong bt k loi tri khon
no c chuyn qua tay: v d r nht l S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON
ch c phiu pht hnh bi mt cng ty cho cc c ng hin ti khng phi dui dng mua vn
mi m l VN HO d tr.
Cm thut ng ny dng trong k ton. xc nh gi tr trn s sch ca mt c phiu, tt c
tqi sn ca cng ty c cng li, tt c cng n v n c tr i, bao gm gi pht mi ca c
phiu u i
GIAI ON M RNG ca CHU K KINH DOANH. Cm thut ng ny ch p dng vi tc i
hng i ln nhanh chng no so vi CHIU HNG TRNG K.
Mt h thng v s LA CHN TP TH trong mi c tri xp hng tng v tr trong nhm.(Xem
APPROVAL VOTING, CONDORCET CRITERION, SOCIAL DECISION RULE, SOCIAL WELFARE
FUNCTION)
Qu trnh thng lng tp th v cc iu khon v iu kin tuyn dng thng l tho hip v
nhng b.
Mt khi nim c H.A.SIMON a ra cho rng mc du cc c nhn c x theo l tr theo s
sp t s thch cho d l hon chnh, nht qun v kn k, nhng kh nng thu nhp v x l
thng tin ca h li b hn ch, ngha l n b gii hn bi kh nng tnh ton ca tr c con ngi.
Cm thut ng ny c s dng ch mt b phn ca x hi cng nghip thng th trong cuc
cch mng Cng nghip nh ch hng v cc nh chuyn mn.
Mt phng php d bo da trn m hnh CHUI THI GIAN ARIMA.
S di c ca nhng ngui lao ng c trnh v tay ngh t cc nc ngho sang cc nc
giu hn.
Vic cung cp cc dch v ngn hng thng qua mng li ngn hng chi nhnh s hu bi mt
cng ty ngn hng.

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S trung thnh v tm l i vi s kt hp biu tng ca mt sn phm c nhn hiu.

Chi ph sn xut mt hng ho c th chia thnh hai phn chnh: CHI PH C NH v CHI PH
KH BIN. t quan im ca ngi k ton v chi ph, s lng doanh thu ti im ho vn l s
lng m bo rng tt c chi ph c nh v kh bin u c trang tri mc gi bn c th.
Mt im ti chi tiu cho tiu dng ng bng thu nhp nh c minh ho ti im m HM
TIU DNG ct ng 45 trong M HNH THU NHP CHI TIU. (Xem CONSUMPTION
FUNCTION)
Khu du lch New Hampshire M, ti y Hi ngh ti chnh ca Lin hp quc c t chc
vo nm 1944 tho lun vn thanh ton quc t sau chin tranh.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
mt ngha hp l ngi trung gian chp ni ngi bn v ngi mua vi nhau, hoc ngi
hot ng nh mt i in cho ngi ny hay cho ngi kia, tin hnh mt giao dch mua bn v
nhn tin th lao hoa hng hay mi gii. Tuy nhin, my s trng phi khi nim ny ch ngi
mua hoc ngi bn gc, d cch dng ny xut pht t giai on ban u ca ngi mi gii
thc s.
Mt khon tin c yu cu bi mt ngi mi gii v thc hin vic mua bn thay mt mt
khch hng.
M hnh ny c s dng phn tch cu trc ca CHU K KINH DOANH v cho nh gi
CHNH SCH TIN T, TI CHNH v TNG TRNG KINH T. M hnh nh du mt bc
quan trng trong vic thng nht nhiu thnh phn khc nhau ca nn kinh t thnh mt quy m
ln nhng qun l c, y l mt ct mc trong vic pht trin cc m hnh kinh t lng.
Mt hip c h tr ln nhau gia Anh, php v cc nc Benelux k nm 1948. Hip c c
xem nh mt bc tin trong nh hng hi nhp ca chu U i trc Hip nh Roma (1957)
v s khi u ca CNG NG KINH T CHU U (EEC), ngy nay l cng ng CHU U
(EC).
Xem EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
Hi ngh tin t quc t c t chc Brussel nm 1920 di s bo tr ca cc nc ng
minh, nu ln vn n nh ngoi hi. Xem GENEVA CONFERENCE.
S phn loi tiu chun hng ho, c chp nhn bi a s cc nc trn th gii, v nhng
mc ch v thu quan.

Nh kinh t hc ngi M t gii Nobel v kinh t hc nm 1986 v nhng ng gp ca ng i

vi l thuyt ra quyt nh chnh tr v S LA CHN CNG CNG. Trong khi l thuyt kinh t
truyn thng c th l gia cch thc NHNG NGI TIU DNG v cc nh sn xut ra quyt
nh v mua hng ho v CC YU T SN XUT,l thuyt ny li khng cp ti vic a ra
quyt nh kinh t trong KHU VC CNG CNG. B nh hng bi M HNH TRAO I T
NGUYN CA WICKSELL, Buchanan coi din bin chnh tr nh mt phng tin hp tc t
c nhng li th c i c li. ng thi v kt qu ca qu trnh ny s ph thuc vo "lut
chi", do Buchanan nhn mnh tm quan trng ca s la chn nhng quy tc t chc ny:
Kt qu c th ca cc chnh sch u c th on c v c nh trc bi chnh cc quy
tc trn. Buchanan c hn 20 cun sch v 300 bi bo c xut bn.
Mt ngn sch c 3 b phn l B PHN PHN B, B PHN PHN PHI v B PHN T N
NH. Chng c kt thnh mt ngn sch v nhng l do v phng din qun l. Mi b phn
i hi c phng php qun l ring ca n.
Chi tiu hin ti vt thu nhp hin ti. Thng c s dng nhiu nht c miu t tnh
trng trong thu nhp ca chnh ph, thu t thu khng trang tri chi tiu ca chnh ph.

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Mt ng trong Khng gian hng ho ch ra nhng t hp m ngi tiu dng c th mua c

mc thu nhp nht nh.
Thu nhp hin ti vt chi tiu hin ti. Thng c s dng nhiu nht c miu t tnh
trng trong thu nhp ca chnh ph, thu t thu vt chi tiu ca chnh ph.
Mt h thng qua kim tra c tin hnh i vi cc ngun thu v chi cho cc mc tiu c
nh ra trong ngn sch. Mc ch l khm ph xem kt qu chch hng mc tiu mc
no c nhng hnh ng vo thi gian thch hp nhm a cc lung ph hp vi mc tiu
mong mun.

Cc lng hng ho c d tr khc phc bin ng gi c i vi cc mt hng c bn.

Mt nh ch ti cnh chp nhn cc qu di dng "c phn" v tin gi cho ch s hu vay
li hu nh ton b mua nh hoc cn h.
Xem AUTOMATIC STABILIZERS
Kim loi qu nh vng hoc bc c gi vi s lng ln di dng thi hay thanh. Thoi vng
c dng giao dch tin t gia cc quc t gia cc ngn hng v chnh ph.
Cc c nhn tin rng chng khon hoc tri khon s tng gi v do mua chng v hy vng c
th bn vi gi cao hn sau . Ngi u c gi xung gi l NGI BN KHNG.
M hnh ny gi nh rng cc c quan nh nc s c x nh nhng tc nhn ti a ho ngn
sch. Ngn sch ln hn cho php cc cng chc tho mn thch ca mnh v lng, chc
tc, bo m vic lm v nhng li ch phi tin t nh quyn lc, danh ting v c hi phn b
cc hp ng.
Trong HC THUYT KINH T V S QUAN LIU, nhng t chc phi li nhun c ti tr, t
nht mt phn t tr cp nh k v cung ng mt tng sn lng i ly mt ngn sch ch
khng phi nhng n v sn phm theo gi.
Xem TRADE CYCLE.
Mc ti mt nghnh t c kt qu hay mc tiu m cc hng thnh vin theo ui. Xem
STRUCTURE - CONDUCT - PERFORMANCE - FRAMEWORK).
Xem CORPORATE RISK.
ch mc m tng giao dch trn mt th trng b thng tr bi mt vi ngi mua ln nht.
Mt th trng c c trng l d cung, trong ngi bn v vy phi gp kh khn khi bn tt c
sn phm ca h theo gi d kin.
Mt php tnh ca nghnh ton hc lin quan n vic tnh ton cc o hm hay tch phn.
Cc khon tin m cc NGN HNG CHIT KHU vay t cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr v
ngn hng khc London v chng c s dng gi cc danh mc u t ti sn. Rt nhiu
khon tin gi ca cc ng tin Chu u cng dng ny.
Mt hp ng cho php la chn mua c phiu vo mt ngy trong tng lai gii hn c nh
trc. Xem PUT OPTION, OPTION.
Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
Mt nhm cc nh kinh t hc b nh hng ca nhng bi vit v mi lin h vi A.MARSHALL.
Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
Xem COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY.

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M hnh gii thch s t l u t c quan h mt thit vi m hnh GIA TC v c bit vi m

hnh IU CHNH LNG VN.
L t l sn lng thc t so vi sn lng tin nng. Xem EXCESS CAPACITY.
1)Mt t dng ch mt yu t sn xut do h thng kinh t to ra. 2)Mt t cng c s dng
lm thut ng ch cc ti sn TI CHNH. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL, CAPITAL CONTROVERSY,
FINANCE.
Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENT.
Qu trnh tch lu vn qua u t rng dng. Xem GOLDEN RULE OF ACCUMULATION
Min thu i vi thu cng ty lin quan n chi tiu cho vn ca hng.
Mt ti sn khng c mua bn nh mt phn ca cng vic kinh doanh hng ngy. V d: nh
xng, my mc, t ai hoc chng khon.
M hnh ra i vo nhng nm 1960 v a ra mt dng c th ca khi nim chung v s nh
i gia ri ro v li tc.
Qu trnh phn b vn c th u t cho cc vn d n.
Cc chi ph m cc cng ty v c nhn a vo ti khon ca h tr li vn vay, khu hao ti
sn v tr n vay. Xem ANNUAL CAPITAL CHARGE.
Xem CAPITAL - OUTPUT RATIO
Mc chnh lch gia tng sn phm quc dn (GNP) v sn phm quc dn rng trong khun kh
hch ton thu nhp quc dn M. Xem NATION IMCOME
Mt cuc tranh lun gia trng phi Cambridge (c trung tm ti trng i hc Cambridge,
Anh ) v trng phi tn c in ca vin Cng ngh Massachusetts (MIT), Cambridge v tnh xc
ng ca cc quan im tn c in v kinh t hc.
Qu trnh tch lu vn vi tc nhanh hn so vi mc tng trng ca lc lng lao ng. Xem
CAPITAL WIDENING.
Xem CAPITAL
Chi tiu cho t liu sn xut ca cc hng, chnh ph, cc c quan chnh ph hay h gia nh,
nhm mc ch thay th vn khu hao hay to vn mi. Xem CAPITAL INVESTMENT.
Lng b sung vo DUNG LNG VN sau khi khu hao. Xem INVESMENT.
Chnh lc gia gi mua mt ti sn v gi bn li vo mt ngy no m chnh lch ny l
dng.
Thu nh vo s tng thm ca ti sn
Xem GEARING.
Xem CAPITAL.
T s vn so vi lao ng c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut. Xem PRODUCTION
FUNCTION.
Mt k thut sn xut A c coi l s dng nhiu vn hn so vi k thut tng ng B nu t
s vn so vi CC YU T SN XUT khc ca A ln hn B.
Mt nn kinh t trong a s cc k thut sn xut l s dng NHIU VN.(Xem CAPITAL
INTENSITY)
Mt ngnh kinh t trong cc k thut sn xut ch yu BAO HM NHIU VN (Xem CAPITAL
INTENSITY, CAPITAL INTENSIVE TECHNIQUES, APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY).
Mt phng php sn xut c t trng VN cao hn bt c yu t sn xut no khc. (Xem
CAPITAL, FACTORS OF PRODUC-TION).
Xem MARGINAL EFFICIENCY OF CAPITAL

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Mt h thng chnh tr, x hi v kinh t, trong phn ln l ti sn bao gm ti sn vn c s

hu v kim sot bi cc c nhn.(Xem MARKET ECONOMY, MIXED MARKET ECONOMY AND
FREE ENTERPRISE).
Tng s v c cu VN c phiu ca mt cng ty
Xem BONUS ISSUE
Mt khi nim lin quan n t trng ca mi loi c phiu hay vn n trong mt cng ty so vi
tng VN C PHN trn th trng ca n.
Tr gi c nh cho mt ti sn theo mc li nhun hin ti v li sut th trng hin hnh.
T s m LAO NG v VN c kt hp trong qu trnh sn xut.(Xem INVESTMENT).
Xem CAPITAL GAIN
L th trng, hay ng hn l mt nhm cc th trng lin quan ti nhau, trong , vn dng
ti chnh (tin t) c em cho vay, vay hoc "huy ng" vi cc iu kin khc nhau v trong
thi hn khc nhau.(Xem TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES).
Cc lung vn quc t c th c c nhn hay chnh ph tin hnh
T l ca lng vn trn sn lng m vn to ra. (Xem INCREMENTAL CAPITAL- OUTPUT
RATIO).
c dng xc nh mt tnh hung, trong s hn hp ngn sch v lng tin sn c cho
u t v cc d n trn mc rng buc th trng thng thng c quyt nh bi mi lin h
gia chi ph vn v li tc d kin.
Vic c tnh cc yu cu v vn l cn thit xc nh T S VN GIA TNG SN LNG,
tc l mi lin h gia u t v tng thu nhp nh u t .
Vic p dng mt phng php sn xut khi gi tr ca lng vn lin quan v t sut li nhun
cng tng ln.
Lung dch v qua thi gian bt ngun t dung lng vn thit b (Xem CAPITAL).
Tng s T LIU SN XUT trong mt nn kinh t.(Xem CAPITAL CONTROVERSY)
Mt l thuyt cho rng mc U T RNG l mt phn chnh lch gia DUNG LNG VN
mong mun v dung lng vn thc t, n phn nh kh nng iu chnh khng hon ho ti mt
mc ti u trong bt c khong thi gian c hn no . (Xem ACCELERATOR PRINCIPLE).
Thnh phn VN ca mt cng ty (Xem COST OF CAPITAL)
Xem WEALTH TAX
Mt cch tip cn kinh t hc xem tt c cc ngun lc nh VN , ngha l gi tr hin ti rng ca
lung thu nhp tng lai ca chng.
Xem CAPITAL CONTROVERSY
Thu nh vo vic chuyn giao TI SN p dng Anh t nm 1974 thay th THU BT
NG SN v c t tn li l thu tha k nm 1986.Thu chuyn giao vn bao gm thu
qu tng cho sut i v thu tha k.
Mt tiu chun u t c xut t lu s dng CC NC ANG PHT TRIN.
xut ny cho rng cc d n c la chn ph hp vi T S VN GIA TNG - SN LNG
ca chng v nhng d n c t s thp nht s c u tin.
Qu trnh tch lu VN tng cng vi tc gia tng LC LNG LAO NG T S VNLAO NG khng i (Xem CAPITAL DEEPENING)
Xem POOL TAX.
L thuyt v iu tit do Geogre Stigler a ra. V c bn, mt ngnh b iu tit c th thu li t
s iu tit bng cch "nm gi" c quan iu tit c lin quan.

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Thu nh vo cc nhin liu ho thch nhm gim lng thi CO2 gim s nng ln ca ton
cu. Xem EXTERNALITIES, INTERNALIZATION.
Trng phi cho rng THO DNG c th o lng c bng cc n v s m. Xem
CARDINAL UNTILITY.
C th phn bit hai ngha ca cm thut ng ny.1)t c s dng hn l tho dng gn vi
mt nhm hng ho c th o c mt cch tuyt i bng n v nh 'util' (mt thut ng c
Jevons dng trong thuyt kinh t chnh tr ca ng nm 1871). 2)c s dng rng ri hn, lin
quan ch n khong cch gia cc mc tho dng.
Tho thun chnh thc gia cc hng trong mt th trng c quyn nhm kt hp cc th tc
c thng nht v cc bin nh gi c v sn lng. Xem OLIGOPOLY.
Cc hnh pht p t bi cc thnh vin ca Cartel nhm t c s kt dnh vi mc tiu chung
ca c nhm.
Theo ngha chung nht, thut ng ch tin bao gm TIN MT v TIN GI NGN HNG.
Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
Cm thut ng ny ch cc loi hoa mu c nng dn trng bn trn th trng ch
khng phi tiu dng trc tip CHO CC MC CH T CUNG T CP.

Tng thu nhp gi li v khon khu hao cn li ca mt hng.

Mt dng kim sot CHI TIU CNG CNG thc hin Anh.
T s m cc ngn hng duy tr gia s tin mt v tng s tin gi ca chng, v thnh thong
c gi l t l d tr tin mt.
Tnh trng c vic lm tm thi m khng c gi lm u dn hay hp ng lng.
Xem GRANT
Mt khi nim ny sinh t vic xem xt cc gi nh ni bt ca m hnh kinh t lng c lng
t s hiu chui thi gian m bn cht l khng th nghim.
Xem CONFEDERATION OF BRITISH INDUSTRY.
Gii hn tng sn lng trong thuyt CHU K KINH DOANH. Trn t c khi tt c cc yu t
sn xut t ti mc ton nng.
Ban hnh M nm 1950 vi t cch l mt sa i O LUT CLAYTON. Mc ch ca o lut
ny l tng cng php lut chng li s st nhp phn cnh tranh.
Mt c quan c trch nhim kim sot h thng ngn hng v tin t ca mt nc, mc d c
chc ng khc ph thuc vo mi trng v c cu ti chnh.
Xem BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS v INTERNATIONAL MONETATY FUND.
Mt khu vc trung tm cc thnh ph v a s th trn ln c s dng cho cc hot ng
thng mi. Xem ACCESS/SPACE TRADE - OFF MODEL.
nh l ni rng tng (v trung bnh) ca mt nhm cc bin ngu nhin s tun theo phn phi
chun nu mu chn ln, khng ph thuc vo dng phn phi m cc bin ring bit c.
Xem LOCATION THEORY.

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Xem PLANNED ECONOMY.
Mt vn phng c thnh lp Anh nm 1970 chu trch nhim tin hnh cc vn chnh sch
kinh t chnh cho vn phng ni cc.
Mt cc ca chnh ph Anh c trch nhim thu thp, tng hp xut bn cc s liu thng k do vn
phng chnh ph v cc c quan khng chnh thc v bn chnh thc Anh cung cp.
Trong nhng bi cnh RI RO hay khng chc chn, cc bin s s mang cc gi tr vi t nht 2
c tnh:
Mt chng t do mt ngn hng pht hnh chng nhn khon tin gi ngn hng v l mt
li ha tr li khon tin cho ngi cm phiu vo mt ngy xc nh trong tng lai.
Xem CONSTANT ELASTICITY OF SUBTITUTION PRODUCTION FUNCTION.
Mt cm thut ng la tinh ngha l "mi th khc khng i". Phn tch kinh t thng tin hnh
bng cch xem xt nh hng ca mt vi bin c lp trong khi cc yu t khc khng i.
Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm vi mt bin s, trong hm l hm ca mt bin
s.

Mt nh kinh t ngi M ni ting vi L thuyt cnh tranh c quyn (1933). Trong l thuyt ny,
ng phn tch tnh hnh th trng gia cnh tranh HON HO v C QUYN c lp vi
cng trnh Anh ca Joaobinson. ng cho rng cc hng cnh tranh vi nhau v cu ni vi sn
phm ca h b tc ng bi s tn ti ca cc hng khc, nhng mi hng li c mc c
quyn no v chng c cc sn phm ring mnh. Cnh tranh c th di dng cnh tranh sn
phm, trong qung co rt quan trng cng nh i vi cnh tranh bng gi vy. Chanberlin
nhn mnh tnh bin d sn phm i lp vi s khng hon ho ca th trng, bao gm yu t
nh tn nhn mc, cht lng c bit, mu, bao b v dch v bn hng. Mt trong nhng kt
lun ni ln t s phn tch ca ng l cnh tranh c quyn c th c c trng tha nng lc,
mt kt qu b thch thc v n c v ph thuc vo gi nh rng tt c thnh vin ca mt nhm
hot ng di nhng iu kin chi ph ging nhau.
L thuyt ny lin quan ti l thuyt cu tiu dng v cng trnh ca K.lancaster. tng chnh l
nhng ngi tiu dng khng yu cu sn phm m l c tnh ca sn phm. Xem HEDONIC
PRICES.
Mt phng tin tn dng ngi bn l dnh cho khch hng.
Ch mt giai on trong cc khon vay sn c li sut thp hay mt chnh sch to nn tnh
hung ny.
Vic ch thu tr trc tip ph cng on t lng nhn vin. Ph ny sau c tr cho cng
on.
Th do cc ngn hng cp cho cc khch hng c TI KHON vng lai m bo vic thanh
ton sc c rt bi cc khch hng ny theo nhng gii hn nht nh.
Mt loi chng t thng c cp di dng in sn bi mt ngn hng, yu cu ngn hng
chuyn t ti khon VNG LAI ca ngi rt sang ngi nh danh c tr.

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Tn ch cc nh kinh t hc c chung 4 nim tin c bn sau. Th nht, h tin rng kinh t hc l

(hoc c th l ) khng gi tr theo cch tng t nh cc ngnh khoa hc vt l. Th hai, h tin
rng l thuyt gi c Tn c in l mt l gii chnh xc v cch thc hot ng ca cc h thng
kinh t. Th ba, h tin rng s hot ng ca th trng cnh tranh, t do l gii php kh d nht
cho vn phn b cc ngun lc. Cui cng, h l nhng ngi trung thnh vng vng vi CH
NGHA TRNG TIN. Tt c nhng iu ny a h n ch ng h s can thip hn ch ca
chnh ph vo h tng kinh t. Tn gi ny bt ngun t thc t l nhiu thnh vin ni bt ca
"trng phi" ny (v d FRIEDMAN, KNIGHT, SCHULTZ v STIGLER) gn b vi trng i
hc Chicago.
Trong hu ht cc h thng THU THU NHP u tr cp cho tr em n theo. tng ny l gim
nh gnh nng chi ph nui dy con ci m gia nh phi gnh chu.
Mt phn b xc sut vi tham s n bc t do ca tham s. Xem CONTINGENCY TABLES.
Xem TECHNOLOGY, CHOICE OF.
Mt bin trong bi ton ti u m gi tr ca bin c "chn" ti u ho gi tr ca HM MC
TIU. Cc bin la chn thng l bin c lp ca hm mc tiu.

Xem AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOUR.

Lung tin thu v chi gia cc hng v h gia nh trong nc.

Xem WORRKING CAPITAL.

c phong gio s ti trng i hc Columbia nm 1895. Nhng n phm chnh ca ng bao

gm Trit l v ca ci (1885), Phn phi ca ci (1899),Cc yu t ct yu ca thuyt kinh t
(1897), v Cc vn c quyn (1904). ng c ng gp trong vic khm ph c lp v nguyn
l phn tch bin v c coi l ngi sng lp ra HC THUYT NNG SUT BIN M. Con
ng ring ca ng tin ti l thuyt nng sut bin l i t vic khi qut ho khi nim ca
RICARDO v gi thu. ng tin xa hn VON THUNEN, JEVONS, MENGER v WALRAS bng
vic tuyn b rng phn phi thu nhp theo quy lut nng sut bin l "cng bng".
Vic xc nh ring bit v c lp gi tng i v tuyt i trong KINH T HC C IN v
TN C IN.(Xem NEO-CLASSICAL SYNTHESIS).
Mt t tng kinh t t gia th k XVIII n gia th k XIX, m phn ln t tng ny ni ln t
Anh.
Xem Classical economics.
Xem CORPORATION TAX
Mt cm thut ng dng miu t k thut thng k chun nhm phn bit chng c th vi cc
k thut BAYES.

Mt kha cnh ca HM SN XUT trong THUYT TNG TRNG khng cho php t l vn lao ng bin i trc hoc sau khi thc hin u t. Cm thut ng "t st" dng ch vn,
do t st c cho l km tnh cn mng hn so vi "mt tt" (Xem PUTTY-CLAY and PUTTYPUTTY).

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economic

c thng qua M nm 1914. Mc ch ca o lut l xc nh c th nhng vi phm chng

c quyn nhm lm cho o lut Sherman r rng hn. (Xem CELLER- KEFAUVER ACT and
ROB INSON- PATMEN ATC).
Khi T GI TH NI c bin i mt cch t do khi bt c nh hng can thip no cc CO
QUAN QUN L TIN T. (Xem DIRTY FLOAT)
Anh, cm thut ng ny dng ch cc NGN HNG THNG MI theo truyn thng iu
hnh v c th tip cn vi mt PHNG THANH TON B TR hay cc c quan tng ng
vi mc ch thanh ton b tr cc t SC ca nhau.
Mt a danh ca London m cc NGN HNG THANH TON B TR LONDON, NGN HNG
ANH v Edinburgh, ngn hng c phn Scotland tin hnh thanh ton b tr sc v cc khiu
n khc vi nhau
Tn mn lch s kinh t "mi", s dng KINH T LNG nghin cu v cc vn c
cc nh s hc cp
Khi nim s dng ch yu trong cc m hnh l thuyt ch mt nn kinh t khng c quan h
ngoi thng m hon ton t tc v tch bit vi cc tc nhn bn ngoi.
Theo ngha s dng M, cm thut ng ny ch mt tho thun yu cu cc cng nhn tr thnh
thnh vin ca cng on trc khi c mt hng thu lm vic. Anh, mt khc, cm thut
ng ny thng phn bit gia cc hnh thc ca hng ng trc khi vo lm v sau khi vo
lm li.
c s dng ph bin cng vi TH TRNG CHNG KHON ch gi CHNG KHON v
C PHIU ti thi im kt thc bun bn ca mt ngy.
Mt dng trung gian gia HNG HO CNG CNG thun tu v hng ho t nhn (Xem CLUBS,
THEORY OF)
Thuyt cu lc b l mt phn ca thuyt HNG HO CNG CNG KHNG THUN TU
Mt nh kinh t hc sinh ti Anh c tng gi thng Nobel kinh t hc nm 1991 cho cng trnh
chuyn ca ng v L THUYT V HNG v kinh t hc v NGOI NG. Coase, ngi c
dy trong mt thi gian ti Trng kinh t London, lm vic ti trng i hc Chicago trong
hu ht qung i ca ng. Nm 1937 trong bi bo "Bn cht ca hn" (tp ch Economica s
IV), ng nu ra cu hi ti sao cc hot ng kinh t nht nh b ph mc cho s trao i ca
th trng, cn s khc li c tin hnh bn trong hng. Khi th trng v cc hng l cc cch
t chc c th thay th nhau, th ci g s quyt nh cch no c s dng? Coase tr li cu
hi ny bng cch cho rng hng s m rng ti mt im ti chi ph tin hnh hot ng trong
hng bng vi chi ph thc hin qua giao dch th trng. y chnh l xut pht im xem mt
t chc cng nghip t gc chi ph giao dch, tc l kiu t chc c chn l kiu t chc
lm ti a ho chi ph ca mt giao dch kinh t. Nm 1906, trong bi bo "Vn la chn x
hi", Tp ch Php lut v Kinh t hc s 3, Coase lp lun ci tr thnh NH L COASE rng
tnh ti u Pareto vn c th c khi c cc ngoi ng v khng c can thip ca nh nc, nu c
th thng lng c gia nh sn xut v ngi tip nhn tc ng ngoi ng QUYN S
HU TI SN c xc nh r.
nh l ny da trn lp lun rng cc NGOI NG khng gy ra s phn b sai cc ngun lc
khi khng c CHI PH GIAO DCH v khi quyn s hu ti sn c s hu r rng v c hiu
lc.

Dng n gin nht ca M HNH NG trong , cung ca mt hng ho trong nm t l mt

hm ca gi hng ho trong nm t-1 v trong bt k giai on no th gi c u c iu
chnh "cn i th trng".
Tn dng ph bin cho th tc c thit k c tnh cc thng s ca mt phng trnh m
s d ca n tun theo TNG QUAN CHUI. Xem PRAIS-WINSTEN.
S tham gia ca cng nhn vo qu trnh a ra quyt nh chnh sch trong cc hng.

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economic

Mt thng k tm tt nng lc gii thch ca mt phng trnh.

Thng dng o mc phn tn ca cc bin xung quanh gi tr trung bnh ca n.
S so snh gia cc mc lng ca nhng nhm cng nhn khc nhau v c ngi i din
ca ca cc nhn vin s dng nh l s kim chng v tng lng. Xem COMPARABILITY.
ng h s ca mt phn t trong mt ma trn l NH THC ca ma trn mi c to nn
bng cch xo hng v ct ca ma trn gc c cha phn t .
Mt phn ca tin trao tay gm cc ng tin kim loi.
Mt dy s liu kinh t bin ng theo cng chu k kinh doanh, ngha l tng ln cng mt lc vi
giai on tng ln ca chu k kinh doanh v tt xung khi chu k kinh doanh tt xun.
y l mt phng php xc nh mi quan h di hn gia mt nhm cc bin CHUI THI
GIAN.
Xem ESCALATORS.
Khi c ngha rng, c dng ch bt c vt th chp no (nhng khng phi m bo c nhn
nh bo lnh) m mt ngn hng nhn khi n cho mt khch hng vay v ngn hng c quyn i
trong trng hp v n.
m phn gia ch v cc cng nhn v vic hnh thnh cc th tc v lut l bao hm cc iu
kin v lm vic v lng. Xem NATIONAL BARGAINING, COMPANY BARGAINING v PLANT
BARGAINING.
i khi c gi l s la chn x hi. Mt quyt nh do mt nhm hay nhng ngi thay mt
cho mt nhm a ra.
Hng ho hay dch v mang tnh cht KHNG LOI TR. Xem PUBLIC GOODS
Xem MULTICOLLINEARITY, LINEAR DEPENDENCE.

Tho thun gia cc hng trnh cnh tranh phng hi ln nhau. Xem PRICE LEADERSHIP.
Xem COLLUSION.
Xem PRICE LEADERSHIP.
Xem COUNCIL FOR MUTUAL ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE.
Xem PLANNED ECONOMY.
Mt cm thut ng chung, khng xc nh, ch nhng ngn hng thng trong khu vc kinh
t t nhn tin hnh kinh doanh tng hp ch khng chuyn doanh.
Mt HI PHIU c rt ti tr cho cc hot ng sn xut, bun bn hoc thng mi khc.
N khc vi HI PHIU B TI CHNH hay hi phiu ca chnh quyn a phng v l cng
c ca cc nghip v ti chnh cng cng.
Mt cm thut ng chung ch HI PHIU THNG MI
Cc quy tc c mt nc p dng iu hnh hay qun l chi tiu v cc hot ng ngoi
thng ca mnh

Bt k vt no c sn xut ra phc v tiu dng hay trao i trn th trng

Tp qun bn hng hay dch v trn gi.
Mt cng ty ca M c thnh lp nm 1933 nhm to ra mt th trng c trt t v n nh hn
cho hng ho nng sn. (Xem PARTY PRICE SYSTEM)
Mt h thng tin t da trn mt hng ho c th.
Gii hn gia hai trc biu th lng hng ho hay dch v sn c tim nng ngi tiu dng
mua.

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economic

Xem TERM OF TRADE.

H thng chung v tr gi v tr cp nng nghip do CNG NG CHU U p dng. Chnh
sch ny nhm khuyn khch iu kin th trng nng nghip n nh, m bo li ch cng bng
cho nng dn, duy tr gi c hp l cho ngi tiu dng v p dng cc chnh sch c xy
dng tng sn lng v nng sut lao ng trong ngnh nng nghip ca cng ng.
Mc THU QUAN ngoi b chung ca CNG NG CHU U (EC).
Mc THU QUAN do cc thnh vin ca mt lin minh thu quan, mt TH TRNG CHUNG hay
mt CNG NG KINH T p dng mt mc c thng nht v ging nhau i vi hng
nhp khu t cc nc khng phi l thnh vin.
Mt bin php chnh sch c xy dng nhm to iu kin cho vic tng cng cng ngh tin
tin bng cch thnh lp cc hp tc x s dng nhng trang thit b chung hay cc cng xng
sn xut chung nng cao nng sut ca th th cng lnh ngh a phng v ngnh cng
nghip. Xem ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY.
Mt khu vc thng kt hp mt s nc, trong tt c u c th mua bn theo nhng iu
kin ngang nhau. Xem EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET.
Mt cng c ti chnh (tho thun ti chnh) mang li quyn s hu v quyn b phiu trong mt
cng ty cho ngi ch cng c ny. Xem PREFERENCE SHARES, EQUITIES.
Theo mt ngha hp, y l mt giai on pht trin kinh t c cho l din ra khi tt c cc tng
lp trong x hi b thu ht vo GIAI CP V SN. Cm thut ng ny, d vy, thng c dng
ch mt h thng kinh t k hoch ho c iu hnh ti cc nc thuc HI NG TNG
TR KINH T (trc khi cc cuc cch mng ng u n ra vo cui thp k 80).
Mt loi thu p dng Anh cui thp k 80 thay th cho cc loi thu khc.
Mt ng da trn mi c nhn trong mt cng ng nhn c mt mc tho dng khng
i.
Thng ch cng ty C PHN, y l mt thc th php l c thnh lp tin hnh cc
hot ng cng nghip, thng mi vn c chia thnh C PHIU do cc thnh vin ca cng ty
nm gi.
M PHN TP TH gia cc i din ca mt cng ty, c th c mt hoc nhiu hn cc nh
my trn khp t nc v nhng ngi i din cho cng nhn vin chc, a ra mc lng
v iu kin lm vic trong cng ty. Xem PLANT BARGAINING.
Ngi do cc c ng bu ra tham gia cng cc gim c khc iu hnh cng ty.
So snh chnh thc hay khng chnh thc do cc nhm lao ng rt ra v mc lng ca v ca
nhng ngi cng nhn khc. Xem RELATIVE DEPRIVATION, COERCIVE COMPARISIONS.
Mt s tin tng rng cc c nhn lm cng cng vic v sn xut cng lng sn phm nn
c tr cng mt mc lng.
Lng ngang nhau tr cho cng vic c gi tr ngang nhau.
David RIVIRDO khm ph ra l thuyt v li th tng i. y l c s ca CHUYN MN
HO cho mt b phn cc quc gia, cc c nhn v cho t do thng mi. L thuyt hin i,
khng cn da vo l thuyt v lao ng ca RICARDO, to lp iu kin cn duy nht cho kh
nng thu li t THNG MI l t s gi c phi khc nhau gia cc quc gia. T gi hi oi sau
khi bun bn gia cc hng ho m s xc nh ca n Ricardo khng th gii thch c, thit
lp bi QUY LUT CU QUA LI.
Xem COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.

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Mt phng php s dng trong KINH T HC NG vi nt c bit l mc thay i v gi

tr ca cc THAM S v v gi tr cn bng ca cc bin l khng i.
So snh mt v tr CN BNG mi vi v tr cn bng c sau khi c thay i no trong cc bin
s m khng i chiu vi cch t c v tr mi v thng khng c kha cnh nh lng.
Mt ng cu trong HIU NG THU NHP ca thay i gi c loi b thu nhp
thc t dc ng cu khng i.
Xem CONSUMER'S SURPLUS.
Xem COMPENSATION TESTS.
Mt cng thc xc nh thu nhp ca c nhn. 1)Da trn thi gian lm vic ca c nhn. 2)Da
trn kt qu hon thnh cng vic ca c nhn. 3)Da trn c s kt qa thc hin ca mt i
nh trong ch chia li nhun hay thng theo i. 4)Da trn kt qu thc hin so snh ca c
nhn nh i vi quy tc TH LAO THEO XP HNG TRONG THI U.
Nhng cuc kim nghim nh vy t ra cu hi liu nhng ngi gy thit hi do thay i no
c c n b cho thit hi ca h hay khng trong khi vn nhng ngi c li khm kh
hn trc khi c thay i . Kim nghim c bit n nhiu nht l KIM NGHIM KALLDOR
- HICHS.
o lut ny nhn mnh tm quan trng trong chnh sch cnh tranh ca cc tp qun v iu
kin kinh doanh.(Xem RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1956, MONOPOLIES AND
MERGERS ACT 1965, RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1968, FAIR TRADING ACT 1973,
COMPETITION ACT 1980 )

Tn ca mt ti liu tham vn do NGN HNG ANH pht hnh gia nm 1971, ti liu ny tm
lc nhng xut cho vic xem xt nhng tho thun tn dng p dng i vi cc NGN HNG
v c quan ti chnh khc v bt u p dng vo cui nm . Bn cht ca nhng thay i ny
l ch chng cho php kt thc vic kim sot v s lng cho vay dc bit ca cc NGN
HNG THANH TON B TR v chng p dng vi cc ngn hng v CNG TY TI CHNH
theo cch thc cng ln v cng khng phn bit cng tt (Xem MONETARY MANAGEMENT).
Mt th trng trong mt s ln nhng ngi mua v bn nh bun bn mt cch c lp v do
, khng ai c th chi phi gi c mt cch ng k.(Xem PERFECT COMPETITION).
Mt hng ho c xu hng c mua theo km vi hng ho khc c mua v n "b tr"
cho hng ho th nht
Cc s bao gm nhng phn t TNG TNG, ngha l n cha cn bc hai ca m mt.
Theo J.R.HICKS (Gi tr v t bn, i hc Oxford,1939), nh l ny ni rng nu c mt s hng
ho m gi tng i ca chng (tc l gi ca hng ho ny so vi gi ca hng ho kia) khng
i th nhng hng ho c th coi l mt hng ho c tn "hng ho a hp"
Trnh t m theo TIN LI tng lai c tr trn mc li trong qu kh (li m li con).

Mt hm lm v v trs gc, v vy O HM BC 2 ca n l m. mt hm nh vy cng c th li

t gc to .
1).Mt cm thut ng ch tnh trng cc iu kin cnh tranh ph bin trong mt ngnh. 2).Mt
khi nim s dng khi ni ti PHN PHI QUY M CA HNG trong mt ngnh ca nn kinh t,
hoc lin quan n v tr ca ngnh cng nghip.

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economic

Mt s o thng k v mc hot ng kinh t hay mt c tnh kinh t c tp trung v mt

a l, chng hn trong mt quc gia. Xem LOCATION QUOTIENT, SPECIALIZATION,
COFFICIENT OF.
T l phn trm tng quy m cng nghip do mt vi hng ln trong ngnh chim. Xem
STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSICATION.
y l tn t cho mt phng n ca CHNH SCH THU NHP CA C m chnh ph, mc
d khng phi l mt bn tham gia qu trnh m phn tp th, t ra nhng tiu chun gn tng
tin lng vi mc ch n nh v tng trng.
Mt qu trnh gim thu quan, ct gim thu sut cao trong khi khng thay i thu sut thp, do
chnh lch gia cc mc thu quan gim i. Xem ACROSS-THE-BOARD TARIFF CHANGES.
S can thip vo mt TRANH CHP V LAO NG theo yu cu ca cc bn lin quan bng mt
bn th ba c lp v khng thin v nhm ho gii cc quan im ca hai bn. Xem MEDIATION,
ARBITRATION.
Mt h thng la chn tp th, trong phng n c la chn l phng n nh bi tt c
nhng phng n khc trong chui cc cuc la chn tng i mt s dng nhng quy tc a s.
Mt t chc ca gii ch Anh thnh lp nm 1965 bng cch st nhp 3 hip hi trc y i
din cho cc li ch ca ngnh cng nghip.
Khong tin cy alpha ca mt tham s gm 2 con s m gia chng ta c tin cy alpha%,
ngha l gi tr thc ca tham s nm . Xem STATISTICAL INFERENCE, INTERVAL
ESTIMATION.
Mt trong nhng vn ca h thng tin t quc t ny sinh khi ngi ta cho rng mt ng tin
s b ph gi, vn ngn hn sau s b rt khi nc , xut hin s mt lng tin vo ng tin
ca nc .
Khi vic s dng mt phng tin hay dch v ang c nhiu ngi dng tng ln, s xut hin
mt chi ph (khng nht thit bng tin) i vi ngi ang s dng chng, th phng tin gi
l "tc nghn".
Mt hng bao gm cng ty m v cc cng ty con m chng khng lin quan vi nhau trong cc
hot ng v th trng.
Xem CONJECTURAL VARIATION.
Ch hnh vi ca hng trong TH TRNG C QUYN NHM. Xem OLIGOPOLY.
Mt tnh cht mong mun ca cc c lng kinh t lng.
Mt cm thut ng khc cho NGN KH Anh. l mt ti khon ca chnh ph bao gm thu
nhp t thu.

Ngy nay, thut ng ny ch loi cng tri 2,5% li sut.

Mt kiu ngn hng quc t hnh thnh bng cch tp hp cc ngn hng vn ang tn ti t cc
nc khc nhau. Xem LIBOR.
Xem VEBLEN.
Theo hc thuyt ca C.Mc, t bn bt bin l mt phn ca T BN c th hin bng phng
tin sn xut, nguyn liu th v cng c lao ng. Xem VARIABLE CAPITAL.
Hm sn xut CES l mt hm sn xut NG NHT TUYN TNH c co gin thay th u
vo khng i.
Mi quan h gia lng bn v gi m hng phi i mt nu tt c cc i th cnh tranh ca n
thch ng vi bt c s thay i v gi no do hng ny a ra.(Xem ELASTICITY)

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economic

Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE, RETURNS TO SCALE

Cc i ho hay cc tiu ho mt HM MC TIU, trong CC BIN LA CHN tun theo mt
s RNG BUC no . (Xem LINEAR PROGRAMMING).
Thng l mt mi quan h ton hc gia CC BIN LA CHN ca mt bi ton ti u ho;
trong mt hm no ca bin (v d HM TUYN TNH) khng bng mt hng s.
Bt c n v kinh t no c nhu cu tiu dng hng ho v dch v cui cng.
Mt cm thut ng chung ch vic cho NGI TIU DNG vay mua hng ho dch v, nhng
thng khng bao gi gm vic mua nh.
Lnh vc ca mn kinh t hc xc nh nhng l thuyt c th kim nghim v cch ngi tiu
dng phn ng li vi nhng thay i trong cc bin nh gi c, cc gi khc, thay i v thu
nhp
L bt c hng tiu dng no c "tui th di", do khng c tiu dng ngay lp tc (nh thc
n).
Tnh hung m ngi tiu dng ti a ho THO DNG ca mnh theo RNG BUC NGN
SCH.
Xem CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE.
HNG HO hu hnh v v hnh c tiu dng theo li ch ca bn thn tho mn nhng nhu
cu hin ti.
Xem RETAIL PRICE INDEX

tng cho rng NGI TIU DNG l quan to tt nht i vi bn thn h.

c dng ph bin ch khu vc nm di ng cu MARSHALL ca mt c nhn gia hai
mc gi.
Hnh ng s dng hng ho v dch v tho mn nhu cu hin ti.
Tng chi tiu vo hng ho v dch v nhm tho mn nhu cu hin ti (Xem CONSUMPTION).
Mt th chi tit ho v quan h gia tng CHI TIU TIU DNG v THU NHP, ngha l C =
C(Y).
Thu ny c th c hai dng: mt l, khi bn thn ngi tiu dng b nh thu nh vi THU CHI
TIU v hai l, khi hng ho v dch v ngi tiu dng mua b nh thu. Trong trng hp u
thu c nh vo hng cung cp dch v hay hng ho.
Mt TH TRNG trong c s t do nhp th, s gia nhp v rt lui khng mt chi ph.
D tr khng phn b dnh cho s c bt thng v cc nhu cu khc, n khng th c nh
lng khi xem xt cc k hoch chi tiu nh lng ca Anh.
Mt cng c m theo mc lin h hay ph thuc gia hai bin s hay hai c tnh c
nh gi.
Vic lm r gi tr tiu dng ca hng ho v dch v khng c trao i trn th trng.
Mt bin s c th ly bt c gi tr no (ngha l n c th thay i m khng gin on) gia
nhng gii hn xc nh (c th l v hn) (Xem DISCRETE VARIABLE).
Trong trng hp hai ngi tiu dng trao i hai mt hng, ng ny l qu tch cc im ti
T L THAY TH BIN gia hai mt hng l nh nhau i vi hai ngi tiu dng (Xem
EDGEWORTH BOX).
Giai on ca CHU K KINH DOANH sau khi t n im cao nht v ko di cho n im thp
nht sau . N nh du s suy gim ca hot ng kinh t.

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economic

tng cho rng cc nn kinh t x hi ch ngha v t bn ch ngha i ra khi cc dng "l

tng" tng ng ca chng v tin ho theo nhng hnh thi, suy ngh, th ch v phng php
ngy cng ging nhau.
Xem DAMPED CYCLE.
Tp qun pht hnh CHNG KHON v C PHIU mi thay th ci c.
Mt thuc tnh ca mt ng tin c th trao i mt cch thoi mi vi mt ng tin khc hay vi
vng. (Xem EXCHANGE RATES, GOLD STANDARD, EXCHANGE RESERVES, GOLD
RESERVES).
Xem CONVERTIBLE SECURITY.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Mt loi chng khon, tc l mt khiu n i vi ngi pht hnh, c th chuyn i sang cc
loi khc trong c tin mt.
Mt hm li so vi gc to , do , O HM bc hai ca n l dng.
Mt giai on tr hon c tin hnh hp php trc khi hot ng nh cng c th bt u
gim bt cng thng hay lm lng ng cm xc v do n c cho thi gian nh gi hp
l hn v vn c tranh ci.
S phi hp gia gii ch v cng on gii quyt ln lt nhng ngh hay yu cu v
lng ca cng on.
Xem GAME THEORY.
Trong bi ton ti u, mt tnh th m mt hoc hn cc bin LA CHN c gi tr bng 0 ti mc
TI U.
Cc b lut p dng Anh t nm 1815 v c bi b t nm 1846 nhm duy tr gi ng cc
bng cch cm nhp khu khi gi trong nc gim xung di mt mc nht nh.
Mt quan im ng thi v cc nn kinh t pht trin phng Ty, trong khu vc sn xut do
cc cng ty ln thng tr m c im cc cng ty ny l s tch ri gia quyn s hu v qun l.
Xem MANAGERIAL THEORIES OF THE FIRM.
Vi s tch ri gia quyn s hu v qun l, mt s nh phn tch lp lun rng, cc nh qun l
ca cc cng ty ln tch khi "lng tm v c ng" v thay vo p dng mt thc ph
bin v trch nhim i vi cng chng ni chung. Xem Corporate capitalism.
Ton b ri ro lin quan ti mt doanh nghip.

Xem COMPANY.
Thu nh vo doanh thu ca cc cng ty sau khi tr i chi ph hot ng, LI SUT, PHN
GIM THU CHO U T VN v MC GIM VN.

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economic

Mc m hai bin tng quan vi nhau mt cch tuyn tnh, hoc l thng qua quan h nhn
qu trc tip, gin tip hay xc sut thng k. Xem Rank Correlation.

Mt th biu th H S TNG QUAN gia gi tr hin ti ca mt bin v cc gi tr tr ca

chnh n so vi tr di.
Mt ngn hng hot ng nh mt i l cho mt ngn hng khc ni m ngn hng ny khng
c vn phng hoc v l do no ngn hng khng th tin hnh cho cc nghip v ca bn thn
n.
Mt tn lng thng thng trn th trng ch yu cu phi c cc khon TIN GI C BIT
B SUNG, c p dng t nm 1973 nhm tng cng kim sot ca NGN HNG ANH i
vi cc khon gi ngn hng. Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CONTROL.
Ni chung y l mt thc o nng g phi tr c c mt ci g , hoc bng cch mua,
trao i hay sn xut.
Khung khi nim nh gi cc d n u t trong khu vc chnh ph, mc d n c th c
m rng sang bt c d n khu vc t nhn no.
Gn ging nh Phn tch chi ph - li ch nhng khc ch n i hi mt yu cu khc. l,
nu xt v mt mc tiu, lm cch no t c mc tiu mc chi ph thp nht.
Xem CIF.
i vi bt k mc sn lng no, l vic la chn t hp u vo sn xut mt lng u
ra nht nh vi mc ph thp nht.
L chi ph c tnh bng t l phn trm, ca cc ngun VN khc nhau cn thit tr cho vic
chi dng vn.Tt c cc ngun vn u c gi v c th tnh c trc tip nh lhon vay n.
Xem RETAIL PRICE INDEX.
Vic bo h nn cng nghip trong nc bng thu quan, hn nghch hoc hn ch khc thng
p t chi ph ln nn kinh t c bo h di 2 hnh thc: s phn b sai ngun lc v bp mo
c cu tiu dng.

L nh gi bng cch cng thm mt khon li nhun vo CHI PH KH BIN BNH QUN nhm
trang tri CHI PH C NH v mt mc li nhun hp l no .
L s gia tng c duy tr ca mc gi chung do s gia tng t nh ca cc chi ph. Xem
DEMAND-FULL INFLATION, THE WAGE-WAGE SPIRAL.
L mt phn tch CHI PH - HIU QU trong kinh t hc y t, trong kt qu hay li ch c tnh
bng Tui th iu chnh theo cht lng hoc mt s o phi tin t ch phc li ca bnh nhn.
L c quan tha hnh ca chnh ph M c thnh lp theo LUT V LAO NG nm 1946. T
chc ny hot ng vi t cch l c vn cho tng thng M.
L mt Hi ng lin chnh ph c thnh lp theo s tho thun vo nm 1949 gia Bungary,
Tip Khc, Hungary, Balan, Rumani v Lin X. Mc ch l tng cng s pht trin kinh t v s
hi nhp ca cc nc thnh vin. Hi ng nay tan r vo thng 2/1991. Xem PLANNED
ECONOMY, TRANSFERABLE ROUBLE.
Vn ng ngc chiu vi mt pha no trong CHU K KINH DOANH.

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L cc hinh thc thng mi quc t, khng bnh thng t nhng hnh thc n gin nhng t
gp nh HNG I HNG cho n cc hnh thc cn bng cng nghip phc tp.
Th lc lm cn bng thng thy khi sc mnh th trng ca mt nhm n v kinh t hay ca
mt hng c cn bng bi sc mnh th trng ca mt nhm cc n v kinh t khc mua
hoc bn cho cc nhm k trn.

L mt loi chng thc dng cho vic nhn tin li i vi mt chng khon c li c nh nh tri
phiu thu m t tri phiu , phiu li c th c x ra.
Xem YIELD.

M hnh ny da trn gi thit hnh vi cho rng mt trong hai hng s ti a ho li nhun nu sn
lng ca i th cnh tranh vn gi mc gi khng i. Xem PROFIT MAXIMIZATION,
BERTRAND'S DUOPOLY MODEL, STACKELBERG'S DUOPOLY MODEL.
Thc o mc tng quan ca 2 bin. Xem VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRIX.
Xem STATIONARITY.
Trong mt CH T GI HI OI LINH HOT, l khi mc li sut hai nc c lm
cn bng nh mt t l chit khu hp l hoc mt khon ph i vi t gi hi oi di hn. Xem
FORWARD RATE.

Nghip on tp hp tt c cc cng nhn c mt k nng hay mt s k nng c lin quan vi

nhau bt k h lm trong ngnh no.
L phng php dng gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh ng thi.
L phng php t gi hi oi. y l mt cm thut ng chung p dng cho bt k mt ngh
no c c trng NGANG GI - t gi hi oi chnh thc do qu tin t quc t a ra - c th
iu chnh theo thi gian, mc thay i cn thit c th phn nh v ko d trong sut mt thi
k nht nh. Xem DEVALUATION.
L mt cm thut ng ngha rng lin quan n hot ng kinh doanh hay cc bn k khai c lin
quan n vic cho vay tin, thng l cho vay ngn hn. Xem BANK CREDIT, MONEY SUPPLY.
Xem CHARGE ACCOUNT.
L mt th do mt ngn hng, mt nhm cc ngn hng, hay mt t chc pht hnh ti chnh pht
hnh cho khch hng ca n m ngi ny c th s dng TN DNG trc tip chu tin mua
hng mt ngi bn l, chu tin khch sn
Trong CHNH SCH TIN T, mt gii hn c thng bo i vi lng tn dng m cc th
ch, thng l cc ngn hng m rng cho khch hng trong cc giai on hn ch tin t.
L mt cm thut ng chung ch mt lot cc bin php do cc t chc tin t s dng kim
sot s lng tin do mt nhm hoc do cc t chc ti chnh cho vay.
Qu trnh m cc t chc gi tin v rt tin, cc t chc cho vay hot ng da trn T L D
TR, trn c s tng cc ti sn d tr ca chng, c th tng s lng tin m chng cho vay,
v cc khon n tin gi tng ln mt lng ln hn mc tng ca d tr.
L loi hnh bo him m mt hip hi bo lnh tn dng ng ra bo him khi khng tr c n.

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Ni mt cch cht ch, s nhn tn dng l t s gia s thay i s lng tin do mt nhm cc
t chc TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH gi tin, rt tin cho vay i vi mc thay i trong ti sn d
tr gy ra thay i .

Mt nc c coi nh mt n v, l ch cho vay rng hoc nh u t rng vo cc nc khc

bng cch tch lu s khiu n i vi cc nc ny.
L cc c nhn hay cc t chc cho vay tin c ngi hoc t chc vay ha tr mt khon
tin nht nh hng nm theo LI SUT v hon tr GC vo mt ngy no trong tng lai.
L vic phn b tin vay bng cc phng tin phi gi c trong cc trng hp vt cu tn dng
ca cc TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH. Cm thut ng ny c ngha l t chc c lin quan, v d nh
ngn hng hoc ngn hng pht trin c x, khng c gng lm gim d cu bng cch tng li
sut.
Cc bin php do cc c quan tin t a ra, bin php ny c th l cc nghip v nhm hn ch
hoc gim lng tn dng do cc ngn hng hoc cc t chc ti chnh khc m rng ra (Xem
COMPETITION AND CREDIT CONTROL).
L mt giai on ca chnh sch hn ch tn dng (Xem MONETARY POLICY, OPEN MARKET
OPERATIONS).
L mt h thng qua tin c chuyn trc tip qua h thng ngn hng ti mt ti khon c
th ca ngi nhn (Xem CLEARING).
L tnh trng lm pht trong mc chung ca gi c tng ln chm nhng lin tc, c th do tng
TNG CU (Xem DEMAND-PULL INFLATION, COST-PUSH INFLATION).
Gi tr ti hn
L t l thay i trong lng cu i vi mt hng theo thay i gi ca mt hng ho khc.
L mt khi nim ch cc hng mi nhp ngnh nhng c thit lp trong cc nghnh s
dng cc cng ngh tng t vi cng ngh m cc hng mi nhp th ny tin hnh.
O HM ca mt hm s ln th nht ly theo mt BIN C LP v sau ly theo mt bin
khc.
L vic phn tch mt lot cc s liu ca nhng quan st c lin quan xy ra ti mt thi im
(Xem TIME SERIES).
L mi quan h hm s gia tiu th v thu nhp c tnh cho cc nhm c thu nhp khc
nhau ti mt thi im (Xem CONSUMPTION FUNCTION, LONG-RUN CONSUMPTION
FUNCTION, SHORT-RUN CONSUMPTION FUNCTION).
Khi s dng i vi cc doanh nghip a sn phm, l s tr cp l ca mt mt hng ny
bng SIU LI NHUN trong khi kinh doanh cc mt hng khc.
Cho rng cc hng ro NGN CN NHP NGNH v s thiu hon chnh thng tin s c khuynh
hng nhi nht mt vi nhm ngi, ch yu l ph n v ngi da en, vo cc ngh b hn
ch v c nhn lng thp hn t cc ngh nghip ny.
Vic gim TIU DNG hay U T ca t nhn do tng chi tiu ca chnh ph (Xem FISCAL
POLICY).
Xem CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE
Phng trnh lp phng l phng trnh m trong s m cao nht ca BIN C LP l 3
(c ngha l lp phng ca n).
Mt trong nhng ph phn v cc loi hnh pht trin kinh t l n ph hu nn vn ho bn a.
Nhng s thay i cng ngh v PHT TRIN KINH T c th t c m khng cn ti thay
i vn ho c bn.
Xem FEEDBACK/ ENTRAPMENT EFFECTS

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economic

Mt phng php phn tch tng trng kinh t khu vc do G.MYRDAL a ra. M hnh ny cho
rng cc lc lng th trng c khuynh hng lm tng bt bnh ng v kinh t gia cc khu
vc ca mt nn kinh t. N cng cho rng nu mt khu vc c t l tng trng cao hn cc khu
vc khc s khin cho cc yu t sn xut trong khu vc tng tng chm chy sang khu vc
tng trng nhanh.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Theo ngha hp, thut ng ny ch mt lng tin ca mt nc thc s c trao i qua tay
(Xem CASH).
S tng gi tr ca mt NG TIN ny so vi gi tr ng tin khc, c ngha l tng T GI HI
OI trong iu kin T GI HI OI TH NI. (Xem CURRENCY DEPRECIATION).
L nhng kim sot v quyn hn ca NGN HNG TRUNG NG hay c quan pht hnh tin
t trong vic pht hnh tin (Xem CASH BASE).
L s gim gi tr ca mt ng tin so vi ng tin khc, c ngha l s gim T GI HI OI
trong h thng T GI HI OI TH NI.
V mt lch s, tin giy l giy bc 1 bng v 10 shilling do B Ti chnh Anh pht hnh sau khi
xy ra cuc chin tranh vaod nm 1914 bo tn s vng trong kho v p ng nhu cu v
ng tin vng hay m vng ca cng chng trong cn hong lon ban u.
L hc thuyt v tin t thnh hnh gia th k XIX do TRNG PHI TIN T xng, hc
thuyt cho rng s n nh tin t c c tt nht bng vic kim sot s lng tin t, nht l
lng tin giy, ang lu thng bng cc bin php ca cc quy tc t ng (ngha l khng th
tu ).
Quyn mt s nc xut khu, phn ln l cc nc XHCN, c mua li mt t l nht nh s
thu nhp NGOI HI ca mnh, do m khng b l thuc vo vic phn b nhp khu t trung
ng.
L mt nhm cc nh chnh tr, cc nh kinh t v cc ch ngn hng quan tm n chnh sch
tin t Anh na u th k XIX.
L hnh thc thay i cc ng tin c th chuyn i trong cc ng tin t quc t vi mc ch
sinh li hay trnh s tn tht trong vic thay i gi tr TIN T.
Trong ngnh Ngn hng Anh, mt ti khon m khch hng rt SC ln ti s d tn dng hoc
vt qu s d tn dng gii hn THU CHI C THO THUN. M, y l tin gi ngn
hng linh hot nht v c trong tt c cc nh ngha v cung tin.
Gm 3 loi ti sn chnh: 1)"D tr" bao gm cc hng ho c hon thin, ang c sn
xut v cc nguyn vt liu th. 2)Khon tin s thu c hay khon n ngn hn. 3)Tin mt v
u t ngn hn.
Xem INFLATION ACCOUNTING.
Xem PERMANENT INCOME HYPOTHESIS.
Dng ch nhng khon n ca cng ty s phi thanh ton trong nm sau.
L doanh s tr i ton b CHI PH C HI thu c trong giai on k hoch hin ti ca hng.

L nhng quy tc khng chnh thc v v tr lm vic chi phi vic phn cng v thc hin cc
nhim v.
L cc th trng trong gi c khng nh gi bng cung v cu.
Mt u ban c thnh lp nm 1950 nhm ci thin v lm ho hp cc hot ng hi quan.

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y l cc loi thu p dng cho nhp khu hay vic bn cc hng ho c th. Nhng th tc c
bit c p dng cho vic nhp khu cc hng ho nng nghip. Xem EC ARRICULTURAL
LEVIES.
L mt t chc gm mt s nc, trong hn ch v mu dch gia chng c loi b.
L loi tht nghip do THIU CU NGN HN.
Xem PARADOX OF VOTING.

L chi ph phi tr cho thit hi gy ra, thng l thit hi do nhim.

Cn gi l chu k ng quy. Mt trong mt lot cc bin ng chu k vi mt bin GIM DN
theo thi gian.
Cc quan st v ln ca cc hin tng kinh t nh THU NHP QUC DN, THT NGHIP,
MC GI BN L
Cc chng khon oc ghi thnh chng khon hon tr ngn hn, trung hn v di hn tu thuc
vo thi gian o hn
Xem DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW ANALYSIS.
L khon n khng c bo lnh bng mt ti sn thc no c, n ny c dng tr cho
cc chi tiu thng xuyn.
Cm thut ng thng c s dng ch s mt mt thng d ca ngi tiu dng m ngi
mua phi chu ch khng phi ngi sn xut.
LI SUT cao hn so vi gi tr trung bnh vn c ca n.
Xem COINAGE, GRESHAM'S LAW, BAD MONEY DRIVES OUT GOOD.
Cc chng khon N c li sut c nh thng do mt cng ty pht hnh v bo lnh bng ti
sn. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.

Nh kinh t ton hc ngi M gc, Php, ngi ginh gii Nobel v kinh t hc nm 1983 nh
cng trnh nghin cu v thuyt "Cn bng tng th". Debreu xem xt chi tit vn m SMITH
v WALRAS nu ra, c th l mt h thng th trng phi tp trung c th em li s phi hp
mong mun ca cc k hoch c nhn nh thno. Trong nghin cu cng vi ARROW, ng
chng minh c s tn ti ca cc gi c to ra cn bng, bng cch khng nh logic trong
quan im ca SMITH - WALRAS. Debreu tr li c 2 vn tip theo trong lnh vc ny.
Th nhtt ng xc nh c cc iu kin m BN TAY V HNH ca NN KINH T TH
TRNG s m bo HIU QU PHN PHI. Th hai, ng phn tch vn n nh cn
bng ca mt nn kinh t th trng ch ra rng trong cc nn kinh t ln c nhiu tc nhn th
trng th cn bng th trng c th n nh c. Cun sch chnh ca ng HC THUYT V
GI TR (1959) gy c ting vang ln v tnh ton th v cch tip cn phn tch vn . i vi
Debreu, mt m hnh cn bng tng th nh th c th ho nhp vi l thuyt phn b, l thuyt
v vn v l thuyt hnh vi trong iu kin khng chc chn.
Trch nhim hoc khon tin n ny sinh do vay mn v ti chnh hay nhn cc hng ho hoc
dch v di dng tn dng tc l s tr sau.
Xem CONVERSION
Khi nim ny c hai ngha ring bit nhng u lin quan n vic vay mn. Khi nim ny
ch cc cng ty i vay ti tr cho cc nghip v ca mnh. Cc chnh ph cng i vay ti tr
cho cc hot ng ca mnh v iu chnh cc hot ng tngt th ca nn kinh t.
K thut c ra gip cc nc thuc khi pha ng v cc nc km pht trin gim bt
gnh nng n nn bng cch chuyn i cc khon n ca mt hng hay chnh ph thnh vn c
phn.
Cm thut ng ny c s dng thng lin quan n cng n, ch cc hot ng ca c
quan cho vay n ca NGN HNG trung ng, thay mt cho c quan vay n, iu chnh quy
m v c cu cc khon n cha tr.

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economic

Nc vay rng t cc nc khc hoc nhn u t t cc doanh nghip nc ngoi v do tng

s lng n rng v cc ngha v khc i vi nc ny.
Xem GEARING.
L s liu mu hoc l s o v tr ca mt phn phi.
H thng tin t da vo c s s mi.
ng ngha vi HM MC TIU.
Khong thi gian gia vic nhn bit nhu cu phi hnh ng gii quyt mt vn kinh t
(c bit l kinh t v m) vi vic quyt nh chnh sch v vn .
Mt tiu chun s dng trong vic chn la, nh c tin hnh mt d n hay khng hoc nh gi
cc sn phm u ra nh th no.
L thuyt lin quan n vic hnh thnh cc qu trnh hnh ng thch hp nhm t c cc
mc tiu trong cc hon cnh c th c th khng n nh.
Mt ngnh m ng cung di hn dc xung. iu ny xy ra nu c nhng yu t to hiu qu
kinh t nm ngoi hng m li nm trong ngnh.
Xem LAW OF DIMINSHING RETURNS, RETURNS TO SCALE.

Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE, RETURNS TO SCALE.

Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
Tnh trng chi tiu vt qu thu nhp, trong mt bi cnh hin hu no , hoc khon n vt
qu ti sn ti mt thi im no .
Khon ti tr cn thit trong tnh hung cc khon chi tiu c c cho vt qu thu nhp.
Cc n v kinh t m thu nhp trong mt giai on no khng th p ng chi tiu trong giai
on .
L s gim st lin tc trong mc gi chung.
Tnh trng m trong TNG CHI TIU thp hn mc chi tiu cn phi c to ra mt mc
THU NHP QUC DN c th m bo TON DNG NHN CNG.
Mt CH S GI C r rng hay hm c s dng phn bit gia nhng thay i trong gi
tr bng tin ca tng sn phm quc dn do c mt thay i v gi v nhng thay i do mt thay
i ca sn lng vt cht.
Xem HOMOGENNOEUS FUNCTIONS.
S lng cc thng tin c th thay i mt cch c lp vi nhau.
S pht trin trong mt nn kinh t quc dn theo hng tng t trng ca nghnh dch v trong
tng sn phm quc ni hoc trong s vic lm trong cc ngnh dch v.
Bn bo co ny c trnh ln Hi ng Chu u ti cuc hp Madrid thng 6/1989, l mt
phn k hoch LIN MINH TIN T giai on hin ti trong CNG NG CHU U.
Lng hng ho hoc dch v m mt c nhn hay mt nhm ngi mun c mc hin hnh.
Mt minh ho th v s cu hay hm cu vi iu kin th ny ch c v trong mt
khng gian hai hoc ba chiu, biu hin mi quan h gia cu v ch mt hoc hai bin s nh
hng n cu, cc nhn t khc khng i.
Xem SIGHT DEPOSITE.
Trng hp trong tng cu qu thp khng to vic lm cho tt c nhng ai mun lm
vic ti mc lng thc t hin hnh bt k trnh o to hoc b tr nh th no i na.
Mt khi nim cho rng c nhng khon thu li tim tng i vi mt s nhm ngi no nh
cc chnh sch tng lm pht.

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Mt biu thc i s ca BIU CU c din t bng cc s hng tng qut hoc vi cc

gi tr bng cc con s c th cho cc tham s khc nhau v thng bao gm cc yu t nh
hng n cu.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Vic kim sot mc tng cu trong mt nn kinh t thng qua vic s dng CHNH SCH TIN
T, CHNH SCH TI CHNH.
S gia tng bn vng ca tng cu dn n s gia tng bn vng ca mc gi chung.
Mt bng cho thy mc cu i vi mt lai hng ho no ti cc mc gi khc nhau.
Mt l thuyt kt hp cc yu t ca lm pht cu ko vi lm pht chi ph y, cho thy rng lm
pht l do thay i c cu ca tng cu.
Nghin cu c im ca dn s.
T l m cng s dng t thay i theo khong cch hng knh t trung tm ca mt vng
th.
Cc nc th gii th ba l mt phn ca cu trc rng ln v s ph thuc kinh t, x hi v
chnh tr gia cc nhm quyn lc cc nc tin tin, c bit l cc cng ty a quc gia v
nhm li ch ch yu cc nc ngho.

Mt tnh hun trong t l tr em rt cao trong ton b dn s sng ph thuc vo mt t l

ngi ln nh hn nhiu.
Mt bin bn tri du bng ca mt phng trnh, gi nh vy bi v gi tr ca n "ph thuc"
hay c nh bi cc gi tr ca cc BIN C LP hay BIN GII THCH bn phi.
Mt u i v thu cho php ngi ch s hu cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin c tr khi
tng thu nhp khon gi tr b suy gim ca mt ti sn khng ti sinh nh qung, du m, kh
t
Khon tin cho cc nh ch ti chnh no vay, v d nh cc NGN HNG, NGN HNG
PHT TRIN GIA C v CNG TY TI CHNH, vi iu kin rt c bo trc hoc khng, hay
hon tr sau mt thi gian nht nh.
Trong nghip v ngn hng Anh, mt kiu ti khon c thit k thu ht cc s d t hot
ng ca khch hng, v hot ng nh l mt phng tin tit kin.
ch mt bp phn ca dung lng tin di dng tin gi ngn hng.
o lut ny c Quc hi M thng qua nm 1980, DIDMCA, c coi l o lut v th trng
ti chnh v ngn hng k t sau khi o lut v d tr lin bang nm 1913 v cc o lut ngn
hng 1933 v 1934. o lut ny ra i sau tnh hung gn khng hong thp k 70, khi li sut
M lm cho cc nh ch ti chnh to lp mt lot cng c ti chnh cnh tranh v c gng
thu ht vn.
S gim gi tr ti sn ni chung pht sinh t s hao mn hay h hng.
Xem Slump.
Vic d b cc lut v di lut ca chnh ph trung ng hay a phng hn ch s tham gia
vo cc hot ng nht nh. Xem PRIVATIZATION.

Mt vng a l hay khu vc trong mt nc t kt qu hot ng kinh t km hn mt cch ng

k so vi c nc.
Mc thay i ca BIN PH THUC ca mt hm trn mt n v ca thay i trong BIN C
LP c tnh trong mt khong v cng nh vi bin c lp.

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economic

Cu i vi mt yu t sn xut. Diu ny c ngha l cu pht sinh t nhu cu i vi hng

ho cui cng m yu t gp phn sn xut ra.
Qu trnh loi b nhng nh hng ca ma v, nhng hin tng xy ra thng xuyn theo ma
lm mo m xu th ni bt khi cc s liu. Xem FILTER.
Dung lng di hn ti u.

Qu trnh m mt khuynh hng v thi gian c loi b khi s liu, thng bng vic trc
tin c tnh mt khuynh hng theo thi gian v tnh ton cc s d. Xem FILTER.
Gim t gi hi oi c nh gia mt ng tin v cc ng tin khc.
miu t tnh trng kinh t ca cc nc ngho hn ca th gii, c bt u s dng trong
nhng nm 1960 thay th cc cm thut ng t hon chnh hn nh "km pht trin" hoc "lc
hu". Xem ADVANCED COUNTRIES.
Cc vng Anh c nhiu hnh thc h tr ca chnh ph i vi cng nghip.
Mt k hoch vi mt lot cc mc tiu nhm pht trin tim nng kinh t v x hi ca ton b
nn kinh t hay mt vng nht nh.
Cch tip cn vn chm pht trin, ph thuc vo m hnh tng trng no c s dng.
Mc chnh lch gi gi tr ca mt bi s v TRUNG BNH ca n. Xem Standard deviation,
Variace.
Mt tp hp cc kim nh s tn ti ca n v gc trong chui thi gian.
Mt phng trnh trong gi tr hin ti ca BIN PH THUC c biu din di dng mt
hm ca cc gi tr trc ca n.
Phng php dng nhn din mt phng trnh vi phn tnh.
Xem RAWLSIAN JUSTICE

Xem WAGE DIFFERENTIALS.

Mt kha cnh ca tng trng ca hng bng A DNG HO, ch s tng trng c thc y
bi a ra nhng sn phm khc bit vi nhng sn phm khc v c khch hng cng nh
hng c coi l mi.
1) Xem PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION. 2) Qu trnh tnh o hm ca mt hm.
Trong bi cnh ph bin k thut, cm thut ng ny ch mc truyn b cc sng ch sang cc
hng.
Tn thng dng cho vng dm phn thng mi th nm t chc di s bo tr ca HIP
NH CHUNG V THU QUAN V MU DCH GENEVA (1960-1961)
Hin tng theo gi nh rng tho dng gia tng i vi mt n v hng ho gim khi cng
nhiu hng ho c mua hn.
Xem LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS.

Xem VARIABLE COSTS.

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Mt h thng pht trin mi y v thanh ton qua h thng ngn hng. Theo ngn hng ca
mt ngi giao dch sp nhn mt khon thanh ton s a ra khiu n cu trc tip i vi ngn
hng ca bn phi tr n thanh ton, n lt mnh ngn hng ca bn n s ghi n vo ti
khon ngi tr.
L thu nh trc tip vo c nhn hay hng. Thu ny ngc vi thu gin thu.
Xem COMPANY DIRECTOR.
Mt gi thuyt do Aaron Director a ra, cho rng trong mt h thng dn ch, chnh ph c xu
hng theo ui nhng chnh sch phn phi li thu nhp t nhng ngi kh giu v ngi
ngho sang nhng nhm thu nhp trung bnh.
Mt loi hnh T GI HI OI TH NI nhng khng c hon ton t do, bi v cc NGN
HNG TRUNG NG thnh thong li can thip nhm lm cho t gi lch khi t gi ca th
trng t do.
Nhng ngi cng nhn m xt v tay ngh h a ra th trng lao ng hoc cc "tn hiu" h
chuyn ti nhng ngi ch tng lai tnh th tng i bt li.
Tng s ngi ri b cng vic mt cch khng tnh nguyn trong bt k mt thi k no.
Mt phng php nh gi cc d n da trn tng CHIT KHU chi ph v li nhun tng
lai xung gi tr hin ti ca chng.
Xem RATE OF RETURN.
Mt TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH trong th trng tin t London thu v cc ti sn ngn hn cng vi
tin s tr khi c thng bo ngn hn
Qu trnh p dng mt li sut i vi khon vn.
Theo ngha hp l th trng London m ti HI PHIU THNG MI v HI PHIU B TI
CHNH c mua bn .
T l m li nhun hay chi ph tng lai s c chit khu do S THCH HIN TI HN
TNG LAI hoc v s tn ti ca LI SUT DNG.
Nhng cng nhn ri b th trng lao ng khi tht nghip tng ln.
Mt bin ch nhn mt s gi tr nht nh.
Li nhun vt qu mc ti thiu cn thit t c s chp nhn ca cc c ng.
S can thip trc tip ca chnh ph thng dng CHNH SCH TI CHNH hay CHNH SCH
TIN T nhm n nh tng trng hay mc THU NHP QUC DN. (Ngc li vi AUTOMATIC
STABILIZERS).
Xem PRICE DISCRIMINATION.
i s khng cng bng i vi nhng th nh nhau.
Xem PRICE DISCRIMINATION.
Nhng rng buc mnh m pht sinh khi tc tng trng cao hn mt mc no v lm mt
tnh hiu qu ca cc hot ng ca hng.
Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE.
Tin b k thut t c m khng tn km tin u t, nh mt dng "lc tri cho", hon ton
khng ph thuc tch lu vn hay bt k bin no khc trong h thng kinh t.
Mt trng thi khng cn bng.
Xem HIDDEN UNEMPLOYMENT.
Xem TAX DISINCENTIVE.
Qu trnh lm mt dn hay gim LM PHT.
Qu trnh theo vn m t trc i t ngi cung cp cui cng n ngi s dng cui
cng thng qua TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH, c bit l cc ngn hng v cc l do lin quan n li
sut tng i hay kim sot kh nng m rng cc khon tin gi ca cc ngn hng, by gi
oc tin hnh trc tip.

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Vic c gim mt phn DUNG LNG VN hay s tht bi c d nh hoc khng d inh v
u t thay th trang tri khu hao.
Xu hng quan st c v tng chi tiu cng cng trong sut mt cuc chin tranh hay cuc
khng hong quc gia khc nhng khng tr v mc ban u sau khng hong.
Thu nhp cn li sau khi tr thu. Xem PERSONAL INCOME.
Tiu dng vt thu nhp hin ti.
Xem TRANSFER COSTS.

S xc nh v cc mi quan h kinh t lng thng i hi rng mt bin gii thch khng ch

tn ti di gi tr hin ti m cn di dng mt chui trc (tr).
Phn li nhun rng do hng phn phi di dng tr li c tc cho nhng ngi s hu vn c
phiu cng ty. Xem DIVIDEND PAY.
Cc l thuyt lin quan n c ch theo THU NHP quc dn c phn phi gia cc c
nhn v cc nhm trong nn kinh t.

S ng mc hay cng bng theo cch m sn phm ca mt nn kinh t c phn phi gia
cc c nhn.
Mt h s bng s p dng i vi nhng thay i trong thu nhp ca cc c nhn hay nhm c
nhn v bao gm s BIN MINH PHN PHI no vi mc ch nh gi hiu qu ng gp
ca mt chnh sch hay d n.
Mt phn ca chnh sch chi tiu v thu ca chnh ph lin quan ti iu chnh phn phi thu
nhp hoc ca ci trong x hi.
Khi cc nh kinh t nh gi cc chnh sch hay d n, h gp phi nhng kh khn nh cc
chnh sch nh hng khng ch i vi tng sn lng ca nn kinh t m c cch thc sn
lng v li ch c phn phi gia c c nhn.
Mt khi nim hay nguyn tc nh gi cc phng n phn phi thu nhp hoc ca ci gia cc
c nhn. Xem Distributive judgement.
Sai s trong mt phng trnh hi quy (hay cn gi l nhiu ngu nhin).
S khng tho mn hoc khng hi lng do mt sn phm hay "hng xu" gy ra.Xem Utility.
Xem EXPLOSIVE CYCLE.

Hoc c nhiu ngnh trong mt khu vc hoc c mt lot sn phm do mt hng bn ra.

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economic

Mt nh u t gi mt phn ca ci ca mnh di dng tin v phn cn li l cng tri hp

nht.
Phn tr cho c ng di dng tin hay c phiu.
T s li nhun trn c phiu thng thng so vi tng li tc trn c phiu.
Phn li tc thanh ton C TC.
Li c tc cho thy t l % li tc m nh u t c th thu ti mc gi hin hnh.
Qu trnh phn b lao ng cho hot ng no c nng sut cao nht, tc l vo hot ng s
dng tt nht cc k nng ca n.
Giy chng nhn tin gi (CD) ghi bng ola v c pht hnh c pht hnh i ly tin
gi bng la.
Nh kinh t ngi M gc Ba Lan, ni ting v cng trnh ca ng v THUYT TNG TRNG
KINH T. ng nhn mnh rng chi tiu u t c hai hiu ng, c th l hiu ng to thu nhp v
hiu ng tng nng lc. Kinh t hc KEYNES ch cng nhn hiu ng th nht v Domar a ra
khng nh v nhng iu kin cn tng cu v tng nng lc pht trin mt cch cn i. Kt
qu m ng thu c ging vi nhng g HARROD thu c mt cch c lp n ngy nay
chng c bit n nh nhng iu kin ca Harrod/Domar. Tc phm chnh ca ng l Cc tiu
lun v thuyt tng trng kinh t (1957).
Mt ch s v thay i tin t trong mt nn kinh t, do QU TIN T QUC T a ra v ng h
trong nhng nm 1960, nh mt thc o hin hnh ng hn v cc tc nhn m rng trong h
thng tin t so vi nhng thay i tnh c trong dung lng tin.
Xem Price leadership.
Mt cch tip cn c h thng gii cc h phng trnh c 4 phng trnh hoc c 4 phng
trnh tr ln do M.H.Doolittle a ra.
Nu vic mua bn c tin hnh theo PHNG PHP HNG I HNG th cn thit phi c s
trng hp hai ln nhu cu gia hai bn tham gia trao i.
Vic tnh mt yu t chi ph hay li ch nhiu hn mt ln trong PHN TCH CHI PH- LI CH.

Xem TERMS OF TRADE.

Xem RESWITCHING.
Mt c nhn hay t chc c thu nhp nc ngoi c th phi chu THU thu nhp c nc
ngoi v nc bn a.
S CH BO gi c phiu trn S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON PH WALL. l thut ng
tng ng ca M cho CH S C PHIU THNG CA THI BO TI CHNH.
Trong nhng pht trin hin i ca KINH T HC KEYNES c lp lun cho rng hm cung v
cu thng thng khng cho thy nhng tn hiu xc ng v im cn bng trn th trng.
Thuyt ny ban u do Mathus xng, ng xem nn kinh t gm 2 khu vc chnh: nng nghip
v cng nghip; chia nn kinh t thnh 2 khu vc v xem xt s tc ng qua li gia chng c
coi l lm tng s hiu bit v qu trnh pht trin.
Phng ph dn xut cc h phng trnh cu phi sinh ph hp vi hnh vi ti u ho ca
ngi tiu dng hay sn xut bng cch n gin l vi phn ha mt hm thay th cho vic gii
mt bi ton ti u c rng buc.

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economic

Gi thuyt cho rng th trng lao ng c phn thnh 2 cp: Cp mt v cp hai.Nhng cng
vic c lng cao, c trin vng v bt, an ton v tr cp cao, to thnh khu vc cp mt ca
mt nn kinh t lng cp. Trong khu vc cp hai, tin lng c hnh thnh do cnh tranh,
cng vic nhiu c th s dng ht tt c cng nhn, tuy nhin nhng cng vic ny c
lng thp, khng n nh v ni chung l khng hp dn. Nhng cng nhn trong khu vc cp
hai do phi chu tnh trng hu nghip phim dng.

Mt bin nh phn (c - khng) c a ra xem xt nhng dch chuyn (dch chuyn gi) hay
thay i ngoi sinh ca dc ( c gi) trong mi quan h kinh t lng.
Vic bn mt hng ho nc ngoi mc gi thp hn so vi mc gi th trng trong nc.
Mt c cu th trng ch c 2 hng. Cc m hnh l gii c gii thch s xc nh sn lng v
gi c trn c cu th trng ny t c s phn tch ca mnh ln nhng gi nh xem xt n
vic a ra quyt nh trong c s ph thuc ln nhau c thy r.
Mt th trng ch c hai ngi mua cng mt loi sn phm hay dch v em trao i.
Khong thi gian trung bnh m mt c nhn tri qua khi ng k tht nghip.
S thng k d bo bi ton TNG QUAN CHUI hay cc h s sai s trong php hi quy, bao
gm mt bin ni sinh tr hon trong trng hp s thng k Durbin - Watson-d thng dng hn
khng th p dng c.
Mt s thng k d bo v bi ton TNG QUAN CHUI ca cc h s sai s trong php hi
quy.
Phn tch lin thi gian v h thng kinh t. Nn kinh t c th i t mt im cn bng ny sang
im cn bng khc (tc l hai im CN BNG TNH SO SNH) hoc c th lin tc khng t
n im cn bng tnh no.
Xem Dynamic economic.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
Mt tp hp cc k thut ton hc gii cc loi bi ton chui ra quyt nh.
Cc l thuyt mi v thng mi quc t, nhn mnh vai tr ca tnh r rng v s truyn b thnh
tin trong vic gii thch hnh thi thng mi quc t v sn xut.
Vic gn nhng yu t c th trong CHI TIU CNG CNG vi cc khon thu nhp huy ng t
mt s c th. Xem BENEFIT PRINCIPLE.
Cn thut ng c s dng theo hai cch: mt miu t phn li tc i vi n lc ca con
ngi, th lao cho u vo ca yu t lao ng sn xut v ngha th hai miu t thu nhp ca
mt doanh nghip.
Tng thu nhp hng tun vt mc tng MC LNG tho tho thun.
Mi quan h hm s gia cc mc thu nhp v cc yu t quyt nh chng.
Tnh trng chung ca vic vay tin d dng v r trong h thng ti chnh.

Thu do cc thnh vin ca CNG NG CHU U (EC) nh vo hng nng phm nhp khu
t cc nc khng phi l thnh vin.

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economic

Mt M HNH ton hc ca mt nn kinh t hay mt b phn ca mt nn kinh t m cc tham s

ca n c c tnh bng phng php kinh t lng.
Mt nghnh ca thng k hc lin quan ti kim nghim cc gi thuyt kinh t v c tnh cc
tham s kinh t ch y thng qua phng php HI QUY BI S, mc d i khi thng qua vic
s dng phng php lun phc tp hn.
Nhng hot ng kinh t m s tng trng v pht trin ca chng c coi l c vai tr quyt
ng i vi tng trng kinh t ca mt vng hay ca mt th trn.
Mt dng ca NHN T KHU VC c tnh nh hng ca nhng thay i trong mt C S
KINH T vng i vi ton b nn kinh t ca vng.
Mt lin minh kinh t gia cc nc c biu thu quan v chnh sch thng mi chung d b
cc hn ch i vi thng mi gia cc nc thnh vin.
Mt c quan vin tr kinh t, thnh lp nm 1948 do o lut Tr gip nc ngoi ca M, qun l
K HOCH MARSHALL i vi vic phc hi kinh t Chu u sau chin tranh th gii th hai.
Qu trnh ci thin mc snngs v s sung tc ca dn chng ca cc nc ang pht trin bng
cch tng thu nhp trn u ngi.
Xem NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL.
Xem INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Xem DYNAMIC ECONOMICS
Xem ALLCATIVE EFFICIENCY

Thng ch mc tng sn lng thc t ca SN PHM QUC DN RNG, mc d thc o

ny s nhy cm vi cch tnh sn phm quc dn. Xem GROWTH THEORY
Mt mt hng khan him v mt hng m ngi ta s la chn nhiu hn nu c th. Xem FREE
GOOD.
Xem IMPERIALISM
Hc thuyt ng h kh nng s dng nhiu nht cc th trng v cc tc nhn cnh tranh iu
phi hot ng kinh t.
Tn t cho "vt oc c sng to" trong kinh t hc, bng cch , cc c nhn c gi nh
l c s nh th h ti a ho tho dng, chu chi phi bi nhng rng buc, trong hin
nhin nht l thu nhp.
S phi hp mt cc c t chc cc hot ng kinh t.
S iu hnh ca nh nc i vi nn kinh t ca mt quc gia.

Khon tri tr cho mt yu t sn xut vt mc cn thit gi yu t mc s dng hin ti.

Mt ngnh nghin cu v cch thc con ngi t t chc gii quyt vn c bn v s khan
him.
Chnh lc gia sn lng ca mt nn kinh t v chi ph cn thit sn xut ra sn lng ,
m chi ph cn thit l TIN CNG, KHU HAO VN, chi ph nguyn vt liu.
Gim chi ph trung bnh ca mt sn phm xt trong di hn nh tng sn lng.

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Mt m hnh v hnh vi chnh tr gi nh rng l c tri l nhng ngi ti a ho THO DNG

v cc ng phi chnh tr l nhng T CHC TI A HO PHIU BU.
Xem ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
Phn phc li ca con ngi xut phts t vic tiu dng hng ho v dch v.
Xem LEARNING
Mt nhn nh rng, tin cng cao s dn n nng sut cao; tin cng v sn phm lao ng bin
c coi l c lin h thun vi nhau.
Xem EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
Gio s kinh t chnh tr hc trng i hc Oxford 1891-1922 v l ngi theo ch ngha v li,
l ngi pht minh ra cng c v ng bng quan v ng hp ng m s dng trong thuyt
hng i hng. ng cng ni ting vi cng trnh v cc phng php thng k v c bit l quy
lut chung ca sai s, ch s v hm s. ng m rng QUY LUT LI TC GIM DN t nng
nghip sang ch to nh mt nguyn l chung.
Xem EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
Tng cu i vi hng ho v dch v c h tr bi cc ngun lc mua chng. Xem DUAL
DECISION HYPOTHESIS.
c nh ngha l phn gi tr gia tng, do c cu thu quan mang li, l mt phn gi tr gia tng
ca thng mi t do.
Xem AVERAGE RATE OF TAX

Mt cm thut ng c cc nh kinh t ng U s dng ch T S SN LNG/ VN GIA

TNG.
Thu nhp trn mt N V HIU QU. Khi cc nh kinh t hc ni v khuynh hng cnh tranh
cn bng thu nhp trn cng mt TH TRNG LAO NG TRONG NC ngha l h mun
ni n thu nhp hiu qa.
Mt phng php o lng lc lng lao ng thng qua u vo dch v lao ng c s
dng.

Theo hc thuyt ny, SN PHM BIN ca ngi lao ng v tin cng m h c tr c lin
quan vi nhau.

Mt quan im cho rng gi c phiu trn th trng chng khon l nhng c tnh tt nht v
gi tr thc ca c phiu v th trng chng khon c c ch nh gi tt nht.

Mt khi nim chnh thc dng biu th gi nh rng s n lc l mt bin s c tc ng m

trong HM THO DNG ca cc c nhn, tc l s n lc to ra trong s PHI THO DNG
BIN.

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economic

Mt thc o t l phn trm thay i ca mt bin s i vi mt t l % thay i ca mt bin s

khc. Xem PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND.
Thng dng ch CO GIN CA CU THEO GI, nhng cn phi xc nh r ca gin
ca cu no ang c cp n.
Mt thc o s phn ng ca s kt hp lao ng TI U i vi thay i gi tng i ca hai
u vo ny (hoc ch hai yu t u vo bt k).
Xem RESERVE ASSET RATIO.
Cc TI SN ti chnh m NGN HNG TRUNG NG sn sng mua (ti chit khu) hay chp
nhn lm vt th chp cho cc khon vay, trong mt s trng hp c bit, v thng l khi giao
dch vi cc c quan oc nh r.
Xem Luxury

Tin b k thut m khng th c c nu khng hm cha ngun vn mi.

c nh ngha l mt phn tin lng ca ban qun l v cc li ch PHI TIN T m li ch ny
khng phi l mt phn gi cung cp ca doanh nghip (lng chnh ).

Mt k hoch cho php cc nhn vin trong cc hng ca M c hng li nhun v s tng
trng ca doanh nghip bng cch s hu cc c phn trong c phn chung ca cng ty.
Tit mt ca o lut ny quy nh rng, trong quyn hn ca mnh, chnh ph lin bang M lm
mi vic to ra v duy tr c hi v vic lm, tng trng bn vng v sc mua n nh cho
ng tin ca M.
Cc vn phong nh nc hay t nhn c gng sp xp nhng ngi xin vic vo cc ch trng
hin c.
Xem JOB CREATION

Php kim nghim khng tp trung ny da trn nguyn tc cho rng mt m hnh nn c cc c
im ni bt ca cc m hnh khc nhau v c th l cc m hnh nghch.
Mt gi thit cho rng tho dng l mt hm ca chi tiu TIU DNG v CA CI.
Theo quan im ny, mc cung tin c quyt nh bi cc tc nhn bn trong nn kinh t,
chng hn nh li sut v mc hot ng kinh doanh.
Mt bin s m gi tr ca n c xc nh trong khun kh ca mt m hnh kinh t hay kinh t
lng.
Cc c nhn i hi nhiu hn c th li ko h t b mt hng ho m h c so vi s tin
m h sn lng tr c c hng ha tng t.
Mt ch bo v tnh hiu qu trong vic s dng nng lng c bn trong sn xut mt n v tng
sn phm quc ni.
Mt cch tip cn khng chnh thc v khng r rng i vi qu trnh T NHN HO nhanh
chng ti sn nh nc cc nc x hi ch ngha trc y (v mt vi nc khc), qua
cc nh hot ng ng phi trc y v quan chc nh nc c th mua ti sn nh nc vi
gi thp hn gi th trng. Thut ng nomenklatura ch nhng ngi c la chn vo cc
chc v cao, nhng khng phi do cng trng m do s phn quyt ca ng cm quyn.
Tng s ngi tham gia i ng c vic l trong bt c thi k no.

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economic

Mt ng biu th mi quan h gia thu nhp v tiu dng ca mt c nhn v mt hng ho c

th.
Mt "quy lut" tiu dng thc nghim do Ernst Engel xng. tng y l phn thu nhp
quc gia c chi tiu cho lng thc l mt ch s tt v phc li ca quc gia .
Mt phng php c dng trong PHN TCH CHI PH THNG K, trong nhng c tnh
ca ngi k s v mi lin h u vo- u ra l c s tnh ton chi ph sn xut ti thiu ti
cc mc sn lng khc nhau.
Mt nguyn tc v s cng bng trong phn phi cho rng, cc c nhn c coi l "c quyn" i
vi nhng vt s hu chng no s hu c c nh, do trao i t nguyn hay do qu biu.
Mt nhn t t chc trong mt qu trnh sn xut. Ch doanh nghip chu trch nhim v cc quyt
nh kinh t nh sn xut ci g, sn xut bao nhiu v phng php sn xut no c p dng.
Li tc va gi mt ngi iu hnh vi mt s phm cht no li vi cng vic hin
ti ca ngi .
Xem Entrepreneur.
Xem BARRIERS TO ENTRY.
Xem LIMIT PRICING.
Gi m cc hng thit lp trong mt ngnh nh ra mc khng s nhng doanh nghip m
nhp ngnh.
Mc d trnh hiu bit khoa hc v k thut ca th gii ang gia tng, vn cn chnh lch ln
v kin thc ny, c bit lin quan n iu kin mi trng CC NC ANG PHT TRIN.
Gi thuyt cho rng mi trng vt cht l yu t chnh quyt nh ti trnh pht trin kinh t
ca mt quc gia.
Mt phn tch tm cch xc nh r rng nhng nh hng ln ton b mi trng ca mt d n
u t.
Xem EUROPEAN PAYMENTS UNION.
Xem COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.
Mt o lut m rng vi phm ca mc VII ca o lut Quyn dn s ca M nm 1964 sang cc
chnh quyn tiu bang v a phng v cho php U ban c hi vic lm ngang nhau lp h s
kin tng cho bn thn h.
Mt u ban c thnh lp gii quyt nhng khiu ni bt ngun t s thng qua o lut
Quyn dn s ca M nm 1964. o lut ny nghim cm hnh ng phn bit i x ca cc
ng ch.
Cc qu do mt chnh ph cp cho cc chnh quyn a phng vi mc ch gim mc khng
cn bng trong thu nhp hay doanh thu do chnh quyn a phng thu c.
Xem NET ADVANTAGES.
S cng bng gia cc gii v iu khon v iu kin vic lm: mt khi nim v tr lng ngang
nhau cho cng vic c gi tr ngang nhau, mc d nh ngha v "tr lng" v "cng vic ngang
nhau" khng ging nhau gia cc nc.
S hy sinh cng THO DNG ca nhng ngi tr thu.
Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
Mt cm thut ng mn t mn vt l miu t tnh hung, trong cc tc nhn kinh t hay
tng tc nhn kinh t nh th trng, khng c ng lc g thay i hnh vi kinh t ca mnh.

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economic

Khi mt nhm cc bin s c lin kt vi nhau trong mt m hnh HI QUY l ng lin kt

(xem COINTEGRATION) th thnh phn nhiu c gi l sai s cn bng.
Mc cn bng ca THU NHP QUC GIA khng biu hin cc xu hng thay i.
Gi ti TH TRNG trng thi CN BNG.
T l LM PHT c hon ton d bo trc. T l lm pht gi c m ti cc k vng c th
tr thnh hin thc.
Cn c gi l c phiu thng, l nhng c phiu dng vn pht hnh ca mt cng ty.
Cng l hay l phi.
Xem EQUYTIES.
Mt h s hoc mt "quyn s" c dng nh gi mc thu nhp hoc tiu dng m cc gia
nh bt buc phi c trong cc hon cnh khc nhau t c mt "mc sng" nht nh.
Mt h s biu th bng s p dng cho mc tiu dng cc hng ho nht nh ca cc gi nh
trong cc hon cnh khc nhau ch ra mc tiu dng m mi gia nh cn c t c mc
sng nht nh.
Mt h s bng s p dng i vi mc thu nhp ca cc gia nh cn c t ti mc sng
nht nh.
Xem CONSUMER'S SURPLUS.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE MECHANISM.
Trong phn tch v hi quy mt ECMs kt hp cc s tc ng qua li ngn hn v di hn gia
cc bin s,
Xem ADAPTIVE EXPECTATIONS.
Mt bi ton kinh t lng, theo cc bin gii thch trong phn tch HI QUY c o mt cch
khng hon ho do gi tr thc t ca chng khng th quan st c, hay do s khng chnh xc
khi ghi chp.
Cc iu khon v ph sinh hot trong cc ghi tho thun thng lng tp th. Cc iu khon l
mt c ch iu chnh nh k mc lng da trn nhng bin ng ca mt ch s gi c nht
nh.
Dng ch yu ca thu ca ci Anh trc khi n c thay th bng thu CHUYN GIAO VN
nm 1974. Thu ny c dnh gi theo sut lu tin vo cc ti sn ca ngi ch khi ngi ny
qua i. Thu lu tin c p dng cho ton b ti sn ch khng ch cho lng gia tng ca
ci.
Thut ng ni v mt khu vc hay ton b nn kinh t mt nc chm pht trin c s dng
sn xut i quy m ln nng sn xut khu, thng do cc th lc nc ngoi s hu hoc
qun l; nn kinh t ny rt ph bin trong thi k thuc a.
S xc nh mang tnh nh lng cc tham s trong cc m hnh kinh t thng qua cc s liu
thng k.
Mt cng thc hay mt quy trnh c lng cc con s thng k (chng hn nh TRUNG BNH
hay PHNG SAI ca mt bin s) hoc cc tham s ca mt phng trnh nhn c t s liu.

Mt th trng quc t nc ngoi ca cc ng tin ca cc nc cng nghip ln (phng

Ty).
Xem EUROCURRENCY MARKET.
Mt qu c bit ca CNG NG CHU U c thnh lp nm 1962 nhm ti tr vn cho
chnh sch nng nghip chung ca cng ng.
c thnh lp nm 1991 vi s vn 10 t n v tin t Chu u nhm thc y s pht trin
cc nc thuc khi ng u.

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economic

T chc thc hin v qun l TH TRNG CHUNG v than & thp gia 6 nc thnh vin sng
lp ca CNG NG CHU U.
Mt ngn sch do cc nc thnh vin ca cng ng Chu u ng gp nhm ti tr cho cc
hot ng ca cng ng. Cc khon ng gp t cc thnh vin dng 90% l doanh thu t
thu NNG NGHIP v BIU THU QUAN CHUNG v di 1% doanh thu t thu GI TR GIA
TNG c tnh cho mc ch lm hi ho thu gia cc nc thnh vin.
Xem European Economic Community.
Mt tn gi chung ca 3 t chc: Cng ng Than v thp Chu u, Cng ng kinh t chu u v
cng ng nng lng nguyn t Chu u.
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM.
Mt qu c bit do CNG NG KINH T CHU U thnh lp cung cp vin tr ti chnh v
k thut cho cc nc lin kt vi Cng ng Chu u theo Hip c ROME, cc hip nh
YAOUND v LOM. Xem EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK.
Cng ng Kinh t Chu u c cnhthwcs thnh lp ngy 25-3-1957 theo hip c Rome do
chnh ph cc nc B, H Lan, Cng ho lin bang c, Italia, Lucxmbua. Hip c ny a li
s pht trin t do lin minh thu quan, loi b mi ro cn i vi s vn ng t do ca VN,
LAO NG v DCH V v hnh thnh cc chnh sch vn ti v nng nghip gia cc nc
thnh vin.
c thnh lp nm 1960 sau Hip nh Stockholm, c o, an mch, Nauy. B o Nha,
Thu in, Thu S, Anh thng qua. Hip hi t c cc mc tiu ban u ca mnh l thit lp
bun bn hng ho cng nghip t do gia cc mc tiu ban u ca mnh l thit lp bun bn
hng ho cng nghip t do gia cc thnh vin v m phn mt hip c thng mi ton din
vi cng ng chu u (EC).
HIP C TIN T CHU U c hi ng OEEC thng qua vo nm 1955, cho php qu
Chu u gip ti tr thm ht CN CN THANH TON tm thi pht sinh t quyt nh ca cc
nc thnh vin lm cho ng tin ca mnh c kh nng chuyn i vi ng la.
Mt ngn hng pht trin c thnh lp nm 1957 theo HIP C ROME, cho ra i CNG
NG KINH T CHU U. Chc nng c bn ca ngn hng ny l thc y s pht trin ca h
trng chung Chu u bng cch cp cp cc khon vay di hn, bo lnh cc khon vay to
iu kin ti tr u t cho cc vng km pht trin, cc k hoch hin i ho cng nghip v cc
d n cng nghip.
Hip nh c Hi ng T CHC HP TC KINH T CHU U thng qua nm 1955. Hip
nh l quyt nh ca cc nc Chu u nhm lm cho ng tin ca cc nc dn dn chuyn
i c i vi ng la, bng cch thay th LIN MINH THANH TON CHU U bng mt
h thng thanh ton quc t mi, trong mi giao dch phi c tin hnh bng vng hoc cc
ng tin c th chuyn i.
Mt qu c bit ca EC hnh thnh nm 1973 nhm p dng HIP NH BASLE 1972, hip nh
ny quy nh cc mc dao ng trong trao i ca cc ng tin c qun l, oc bit n nh
"con rn tin t" chu u.
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY FUND.
c p dng vo thng 3-1979, h thng ny (EMS) l mt n lc nhm to nn mt khu vc n
nh v t gi hi oi gia cc nc thnh vin, v hu ht cc thnh vin u tin hnh vic hn
ch bin ng t gi hi oi ca mnh mc (+) hoc (-) 2,25% gi trung tm, thng nht cho
ng tin ca h.
Xem EUROPEAN UNIT OF ACCOUNT.

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economic

Nm 1950, T CHC HP TC KINH T CHU U thnh lp Lin minh Thanh ton Chu u,
thay th cho h thng cc t chc thanh ton Chu u do cc hip nh thanh ton trong Chu u
nm 1948 v nm 1949 a vo p dng. Mc ch ca lin minh ny to iu kin choa thanh
ton thng d hay thm ht a phng gia cc nc Chu u (v cc khu vc tin t nc
ngoi tng ng ca chng) v khuyn khch cc chnh sch t do ho mu dch bng cch a
ra cc phng tn tn dng t ng cho cc thnh vin gp phi thm ht cn cn thanh ton.

Nm 1947, B trng ngoi giao M, tng George Marshall pht biu trong mt bi din vn
ti trng i hc Harvard, ngh gip ca M i vi chng trnh phc hi nn kinh t
Chu u do cc nc Chu u iu phi. Sau bi din vn ny, cc i din ca 16 nc Ty u
thnh lp U ban v Hp tc Kinh t Chu u, T CHC HP TC KINH T CHU U c
thnh lp nm 1948 iu hnh mt chng trnh phc hng chu u cng vi U BAN HP
TC KINH T CA M. Chng trnh ny thng c gi l VIN TR MARSHALL.
Mt qu c bit ca CNG NG CHU U, thnh lp nm 1975, nhm lm gim s chnh lch
v pht trin kinh t gia cc khu vc trong cng ng.
Mt qu c bit ca CNG NG CHU U, nhm mc ch tng cng c hi tm kim vic
lm trong cng ng bng cch m bo h tr ti chnh o to li cng nhn, c bit l
nhng ai b thu hp cng vic do hot ng ca Th trng chung Chu u.
L n v k ton c s dng trong CNG NG CHU U cho cc mc ch nh chun b
ngn sch cng ng v nh gi sn phm nng nghip thng qua CHNH SCH NNG NGHIP
CHUNG. V cc nc thnh vin ca C dng cc ng tin khc nhau, nn cn thit phi to ra
mt n v k ton chung trao i bun bn cng ng.
Cc Thng k ca CNG NG CHU U.
Khi PHN PHI XC SUT ca mt thng k kim nh c bit mt cch chnh xc, thay cho
vic mt phn phi ch bit dng gn ng, nh vy vng ti hn c th xc nh c th kim
nh y c gi l kim nh chnh xc.
L mc c d tnh, d nh hay mong mun ca mt hot ng no .
Ni mt cch cht ch, khi mt doanh nghip c coi l sn xut tha nng lc l khi mc SN
LNG c sn xut ra thp hn mc sn lng ti chi ph trung bnh thp nht.
c dng miu t d bo m hnh CNH TRANH C QUYN, trong cc hng trong iu
kin cn bng di hn sn xut trn on xung dc ca NG CHI PH TRUG BNH di hn,
do sn xut mc chi ph cao hn chi ph ti thiu.
L tnh trng CU vt CUNG mt mc gi no .

Mc chnh lch gia tng s d tr m ngn hng gi tin M ang gi v D TR BT BUC

do lut php yu cu tr n.
L tnh trng CUNG vt CU mt mc gi no .

L thu a ra chng vic tng lng qu cao nhm lm gim lm pht.

Xem TRADE.
L mt h thng m nh nc s dng kim sot cc giao dch bng ngoi t v vng.

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economic

L mt h thng hay dn xp c NGN HNG hnh thnh nm 1932, nhm qun l nhng bin
ng khng mong mun trong t gi hi oi ca ng bng, sau khi Anh b CH BN V
VNG vo nm 1931.
L gi ca ng tin mt nc c tnh bng ng tin ca mt nc khc.
C ch t gi hi oi (ERM) l mt h thng m theo cc thnh vin ca H THNG TIN T
CHU U (ENS) buc phi duy tr t gi hi oi ca h trong nhng mc nht nh.
Xem EXTERNAL RESERVES
L ti khon trung ng ca chnh ph Anh c B ti chnh gi trong ngn hng Anh. Xem
CONSOLIDATED FUND.
Xem CUSTOMS, EXCISE AND PROTECTIVE DUTIES.
L mt tnh trng m ngi tiu dng "b loi tr" khng c mua mt loi hng ho no v gi
m ngi sn sng tr thp hn gi th trng.
Xem EXCLUSSION PRINCIPLE.
L mt tiu chun chng ta phn bit HNG HO CNG CNG v hng ho phi cng cng.
Khi mt ngi sn xut hay mt ngi bn c th ngn cn mt s ngi no khng cho h
mua hng ca mnh - ni chung l nhng ngi khng tin mua hng - th hng ho c
cung cp theo cch ca th trng.
L mt c nhn chu trch nhim i vi mt mt hay kha cnh no trong cc hot ng ca
mt hng.
Xem VALUE - ADDED TAX
L hnh thc la chn tp th m trong ngi b phiu th hin phng n t thch nht ca
mnh.
Bt k mt nh l no tm cch lp lun rng, trong bi cnh cn bng tng th, tn ti mt lot gi
v lng cn bng. Xem EQUYLIBRUM, GENERAL EQUIBRIUM.
L s phn loi cc h thng, m cc c nhn s dng by t thch ca h phn bit
nhng ngi mun tham gia vo hay rt lui khi nhng th cn s giao tip bng li ni.

Nu cc bin s gii thch trong mt phng trnh M HNH KINH T LNG c th c coi l
c nh trong cc mu c lp li, chng c coi l cc bin ngoi sinh.
Xem MONEY SUPPLY.
L mt cm thut ng miu t bt k ci g c quy nh hoc cho trc ca mt phn tch kinh
t.
L mt bin s m gi tr ca n khng c xc nh trong m hnh kinh t, nhng li ng vai tr
quan trong trong vic xc nh gi tr ca cc bin ni sinh.
L mt giai on trong CHU K KINH DOANH tip theo sau mt im thp nht ca chu k v ko
di n im tip theo cao nht ca chu k.
Lin quan n HNG, y l ng ni cc la chn yu t u vo mi mc sn lng nh
trong th, ngha l qu tch ca cc tip im gia NG NG PH v NG NG
LNG.
L thut ng chung ch ngi mang quc tch nc ngoi, thng dng ch nhng ngi t
CC NC PHT TRIN n lm vic ti CC NC KM PHT TRIN.
L cc quan im hay s tin tng vo cc gi tr tng lai ca cc bin s kinh t.

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economic

L cc bin i i vi mt m hnh kinh t tnh n hiu ng ca cc d tnh.

tr trong vic xem xt li gi tr k vng ca mt bin s do cc thay i trong gi tr hin ti ca
n. tr d tnh thng c gii thch bng GI THIT K VNG PHNG THEO.
T L LM PHT no c d tnh trong tng lai.
L tng cc thu nhp d tnh tr i cc chi ph d tnh, tc l li nhun d tnh ca mt d n u
t.
L thuyt v cc hnh vi c nhn trong iu kin KHNG CHC CHN ca VON NEUMANN v
MORGENSTERN. Thuyt a ra s m t logic rng mi ngi duy l c th c x nh th no
trong mt th gii khng chc chn. Phn chnh ca thuyt ny cho thy rng mt c nhn c
nhng s thch tho mn mt s nh (thng l v trt t, tip tc v dc lp) s la chn
ti a ho tho dng d tnh.
Cn c gi TRUNG BNH, k vng ton hc.Gi tr k vng ca mt BIN S NGU NHIN l
gi tr trung bnh ca phn phi ca bin y.

L mt trong cc chnh sch cn thit loi b s khng cn bng thng mi quc t.

L loi thu nh vo chi tiu ca ngi tiu dng.N l hnh thc thay th cho THU THU NHP
v c th c nh mc da trn c s lu tin.
iu chnh li s mt cn bng kinh doanh bng cch thay i mc v thnh phn ca ngn sch
v bng cch kim sot quy m v chi ph ca tn dng.
L mt khi nim ni v s hi lng ca cc nh qun l tc trong vic chi tiu cho mt s
cng vic ca hng nh chi tiu cho vic Marketing v cho i ng nhn vin.
L bin s ng vai tr trong vic "gii thch" s bin i ca mt bin c lp trong phn tch hi
quy, bin s gii thch xut hin bn phi ca phng trnh hi quy.
Dng thng thng nht ca mt hm s trong bin s PH THUC c vit bn tri ca du
bng v cc BIN C LP vit bn phi, thng ch mi lin h nhn qu hoc xc nh.
Trong kinh t hc, thut ng ny c hai ngha. Th nht, l vic s dng ti nguyn thin nhin
hay nhn lc. Th hai, mt cng nhn c gi l b bc lt nu s tin chi tr cho cng vic
lm t hn gi tr ca cng vic .
L chu k c trng bi vic bin tng theo hm m, v d, qua thi gian. N c xem nh
chu k phn k.
Hm s m l mt HM LU THA, thng ch s lin quan gia bin s c lp v s e tng ln
mt lu tha cha BIN S C LP khi e = 2,718, v l c s ca LOGARIT T NHIN.
Mt hng ho hoc dch v sn xut ti mt nc c bn v tiu dng nc khc. Xut khu
hu hnh l xut khu hng ho, cn xut khu v hnh l xut khu dch v cho ngi nc
khc mua.
Ngn hng do chnh ph M thnh lp nam 1937, nhm thc y ngoi thng ca M bng cch
cung cp vn di dng cc khon tin cho vay trc tip c bo m cho cc cng ty nc ngoi.
L s tng trng c thc y bi s gia tng hng xut khu.
L s pht trin ca nhng ngnh m thtng chnh l nc ngoi. y l mt chin lc thay
th chnh i vi CHIN LC THAY TH NHP KHU cc nc km pht trin.

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economic

L mt t chc c chnh ph Anh thnh lp nm 1930, a ra cc hnh thc BO HIM khc

nhau nhm chng li nhng ri ro m cc nh xut khu Anh pha chu ng.

Sau khi xy ra mt s kin no hoc sau mt quyt nh thc hin mt vic g . Xem EX
ANTE.
L tnh trng LI TC GIM DN i vi t ai.
Thng c nh ngha l mt tnh trng trong CN CN THANH TON ca mt nc l
CN BNG, theo ngha lung tin vo t nh bng vi lung ra t nh m khng cn iu chnh
cc lung b sung vo hoc rt ra t d tr NGOI HI hay d tr vng.
Thm ht CN CN THANH TON.

Xem EXTERNALITIES.
Nhng nh hng c li hay c hi m cc hot ng sn xut ca mt hng ny gy ra cho cc
hot ng sn xut ca hng khc.
Xem EXTERNALITIES.
Qu c huy ng bi cc hng bng cch pht hnh C PHIU (vn c phn) hoc i vay
ti tr cho cc hot ng ca hng.
Chnh ph Anh t gii hn i vi cc NGUN TI CHNH T BN NGOI m cc cng ty quc
doanh c th huy ng trong nc.
S m rng ca mt hng c mang li do SP NHP hay thu mua.
c bit n vi nhng tn khc nhau, nh tc ng ngoi lai, nh hng t bn ngoi, bt li
t bn ngoi,nh hng tro ra bn ngoi v NH HNG N VNG LN CN. Ngi ta
phn bit ngoi ng bin v ngoi ng trong bin.
Mt th trng cho mt s ngi lao ng nht nh, hoc l sn ngay hoc tim tng cho cc
cng vic mi.
Thng ch mc nm gi cc phng tin thanh ton ca mt nc c quc t chp nhn,
vi mc ch trang tri lm thm ht ngn hn v trung hn ca CN CN THANH TON VI
BN NGOI, ng thi nhm mc ch kim sot s thay i T GI HI OI ng tin ca
nc ny.

Nhng thng tin ban u (c th l c lng v tham s trc ) c kt hp vi thng tin

mu vi mc ch suy lun thng k hay c tnh tham s trong phn tch hi quy thng ci
thin d bo hay khc phc nhng vn nh A CNG TUYN TNH.

Cc gi tr thp nht v cao nht ca mt hm s.

Tin b k thut dn n vic gia tng mc sn lng khi VN v LC LNG LAO NG

KHNG I.

Mc sn c cc yu t sn xut trong mt vng hay mt nc thng l t ai, lao ng, vn

v k thut.

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economic
Thu nhp trc tip c c nho sn xut hng ho v dch v hin ti.
Phng php gii thot s n thng mi thng qua mt cng ty c th "bn" c s n ny
cho mt th ch ti chnh.
Mt nh ny sinh t CCH TIP CN HECKSCHER - OHLIN V THNG MI QUC T
cho rng vi mt s gi thit hn ch, THNG MI T DO l s thay th hon ho cho vic di
chuyn yu t sn xut v s c tc dng san bng mc thanh ton cho bt k mt yu t sn xut
no trn phm vi ton th gii, chng hn nh mc tin cng ca tt c cc nc phi bng nhau.
Thut ng ny do PAUL SAMUELSON a ra, ch mi quan h t l nghch gia mc tin cng v
li nhun trong l thuyt tng trng.

T l kt hp cc YU T CA SN XUT.
Mt trong cc gi thit caCCH TIP CN HECKSCHER - OHLIN V THNG MI QUC T
l cc hm sn xut hng ho khc nhau t s, cng s dng cc yu t sn xut v mt
hng ho s dng.
Cc ngun lc ca x hi c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut.

Lng cc yu t c th s dng trn thc t.

So snh tin cng da trn c s cho rng cng nhn lm nhng cng vic gn tng t nh
nhau phi c tr cng mc tin cng.
Nguyn tc ch o trong vic iu tit ngnh cng ch M l t l thu li hp l i vi gi tr
ca vn c s dng trong vic sn xut cc dch v dn dng.
M c mt s n lc nhm thit lp cc mc gi bn l ti thiu theo khun kh php lut
(cc tho thun c duy tr mc gi bn li) i vi cc hng ho c nhn hiu v tn gi.
o lut ny ca Anh m rng chnh sch cnh tranh i vi cc th trng c quyn, v trch
nhim tp trung trong vic thc hin lut c qun v hot ng hn ch vi vn phng mi ca
Tng gim c Vn phng Thng mi Cng bng.
c ra i theo o lut thng mi bnh ng 1973, vn phng ny c trch nhim thu thp
thng tin lin quan n c cu ca cc nghnh v vic tin hnh kinh doanh.
NHn chung, tin cng cng bng l tin cng c c nh theo LUT TIN CNG TI THIU
quc gia.

Hot ng thng mi theo mc gi phi cn bng.

Mt cuc iu tra chn mu hng nm v xu hng chi tiu ca cc h gia nh do chnh ph Anh
tin hnh.
XemBEVERIGDE REPORT

H thng nng nghip ph bin cc vng chm pht trin da trn c s gia nh.

Nhng cch to vic lm bng cch dng qu nhiu sc lao ng v/ hoc khng dng cng ngh
tin tin.

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economic

Mt cng ty M c trch nhim bo him cc khon tin gi trong cc NGN HNG THNG
MI v cc hip hi tit kim v cho vay ln ti 100.000 la trong mt ti khon ti mt th ch.
Th trng M, trong "nhng khon tin c th c s dng ngay lp tc" c em cho
vay hay i vay, ch yu l qua m gia cc Ngn hng thnh vin ca H THNG D TR LIN
BANG, cc th ch ti chnh ch yu khc cc chi nhnh v c quan ca cc ngn hng khng
phi ca M.
C quan ca chnh ph M s dng quyn lc ca mnh trn th trng tin t cung cp cc
khon thanh khon cho Hip hi tit kim v cho vay.
Mt t chc do chnh ph M thnh lp nm 1938, nhm tr gip th trng i vi cc ti sn
cm c c chnh ph ti tr
Xem FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM.
Mt cng c chng n do H THNG D TR LIN BANG pht hnh di nhiu hnh thc khc
nhau.
H thng ny c thnh lp M nm 1913 thc hin chc nng ca mt NGN HNG TRUNG
NG v xy dng mt khun kh mnh nhm kim sot h thng ngn hng thng mi. H
thng ny c cu trc quy m lin bang, gm c 12 Ngn hng d tr Lin bang, mi ngn hng
c trch nhim v cc hot ng hng ngy trong khu vc v hot ng ging nh knh lin h hai
chiu gia h thng ny v cng ng lin doanh.
o lut ny c ban hnh M vo nm 1914, nhm thit lp mt hi ng (FTC) c kh nng
trong cc cng vic kinh doanh iu tra "vic t chc, ch o kinh doanh, th tc v qun l"
ca cc cng ty hot ng thng mi gia cc tiu bang v chng li "cc phng php cnh
tranh khng cng bng". FTC cng c nhim v chng li "cc hot ng hoc th tc khng cng
bng, di tr hoc c lin quan n thng mi".
Gi thit cho rng nhng iu kin trong th trng lao ng th cp (cp hai) lm cho cng nhn
c nhng thi quen lao ng xu.
Mt dng h thng chnh tr v kinh t thng tr Chu u thi k trung c. Ch ngha phong kin
c c trng bi mt thp x hi bt u t ngi nng dn l thuc thng qua cc cha t v
tc hu "thi p" ln n tn nh vua.
Tin c v th c lut php quy nh.
Mt b phn ca tin do ngn hng Anh pht hnh theo O LUT QUY CH NGN HNG ca
Hun tc Robert Peel nm 1844, c kh nng i ly tri phiu ca chnh ph, v khc vi tin
vng (v tin bc trn mt phm vi nht nh) v thoi vng.
Tn gi ca mt cng thc hay mt phng thc nhm loi b nhng bin ng khng mong
mun ca s liu.
Mt cm thut ng c s dng trong KINH T HC TH m t qu trnh thay i v cht
lng nh , nhn chung l din ra thng qua vic chuyn nh ca nhm ngi c thu nhp cao
sang nhm ngi c thu nhp thp hn.
Xem FULL INFORMATION MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD.
Nhng hng ho c s dng cho mc ch tiu dng ch khng dng nh l U VO trong
qu trnh sn xut cc cng ty. Do hng ho cui cng khc vi SN PHM TRUNG GIAN.
S can thip vo TRANH CHP LAO NG ca mt bn th ba c lp v cng bng, bn th
ba ny xem xt cc l l ca hai bn v xut kin cui cng, quan im cui cng ca mt
trong cc bn tranh chp s c thc hin.

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economic

(Cn c gi l tng sn phm quc ni) Tt c cc loi hng ho v dch v c ngi cui
cng mua. Tng sn lng ca mt nn kinh t sau khi tr i SN PHM TRUNG GIAN.
Theo ngha hp, n c ngha l VN di dng tin, tc l di dng s tin cho vay hoc i vay
nhm mc ch to vn thng qua cc thi trng hay th ch ti chnh. Theo cch ni thng
thng th cm thut ng ny dng ch s tin t bt k mt ngun no c s dng cho bt
k mt khon chi tiu no.
Mt tng cng ty c phn c lp vo nm 1973 t Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip (FCI) v Cng
ty Ti chnh Cng nghip v Thng mi (ICFC), FCI v ICFC c thnh lp nm 1946 bi Ngn
hng Anh, cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr London v cc Ngn hng Scotland nhm cung cp
cc khon vay cho trung v di hn cho cc cng ty ang gp kh khn trong vic tng s vn t
cc ngun khc.
Mt t chc trung gian ti chnh, khng phi Ngn hng, c th huy ng cc ngun tin t vn
ca ring mnh, thng qua vic tip nhn tin gi (thng l trong khong thi gian c nh), hay
thm ch bng cch vay t cc th ch khc, ri cho vay vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau, c bit l
cp tin cho cc hp ng thu mua v cng c th l cho thu.

Mt nhm Th trng tin t c lin quan vi nhau v xut hin London vo nhng nm 1960.
Ti sn c kh nng chuyn hon khc vi ti sn vt cht ca mt cng ty.
Bt k mt loi giy t no c s dng vi t cch l bng chng n v vic bn v chuyn
nhng n cho php ngi bn c c mt ngun ti chnh.

Theo mt ngha rng, l bt k mt ngi no c vai tr phi hp ngi cung cp c bn v ngi

s dng c bn ngun vn TI CHNH.

Xem CORPORATE RISK

Tp hp cc ch s gi v thu nhp trung bnh v tin li ca cc chng khon Anh trong s giao
dch chng khon.
Trc khi xut hin ch s FT - SE 100 vo nm 1984, th ch s ny l ch s gi c phiu c s
dng ph bin nht vi t cch l ch tiu tng qut v tnh hnh ca Th trng chng khon ca
Anh.
Cc c quan khc nhau s dng cc nm ti chnh khc nhau hch ton ti chnh v khng cn
phi trng hp vi nm lch s tiu chun.

Mt tnh cht ca QU TRNH XU TH TNH.

Trong kinh t hc tn c in, l tn gi c tnh cht phn tch ca mt th ch thc hin nhim
v chuyn cc u vo thnh u ra.
L thuyt v hng l ch quan trng trong KINH T HC VI M cp n vic gii thch v
d on hnh vi ca hng, c bit l trn phng din cc yu t quyt nh gi c v sn lng.

Hiu s gia mt bin v gi tr tr mt bc v thi gian ca n.

Nhn chung, iu kin ny ni rng cc o hm bc nht ca HM MC TIU theo BIN LA
CHN phi bng 0 xc nh GI TR CC TR.

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economic

Ni chn cp n vic s dng thu v chi tiu chnh ph iu tit tng mc cc hot ng
kinh t.
Xem FISCAL FEDERALISM.
nh hng ca Lm pht i vi thu sut hu hiu hay trung bnh.
Mt h thng thu v chi tiu cng cng trong nhng khi kh nng thu nhp tng v quyn kim
sot chi tiu c giao cho cc cp khc nhau trong mt quc gia, t chnh ph n cc n v
nh nht chnh quyn a phng.
Tnh hung trong nhng li ch ca chi tiu chnh ph c nhng ngi hng chi tiu ny
xc nh mt cc r rng nhng chi ph khng xc nh r c, nhng chi ph ny b phn tn
theo thi gian v trong cng ng dn c.
H s cho bit mt mc gia tng ca chi tiu ti chnh tc ng n mc thu nhp cn bng nh
th no.
Xem TAX EXPENDITURES
Nh kinh t
Xem Fisher, Irving; CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL, FRIEDMAN, QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.

Bt k ti sn vn phi ti chnh no ca cng ty c tui th kh di, chuyn dng cho cc qu trnh

sn xut nht nh v chi ph ca n thn c trang tri ch sau mt thi k hot ng tng i
di, v d nh my mc, nh xng.
Hm sn xut, trong cc u vo phi c kt hp theo cc t l c nh.
i vi mt hng ngn hn c nh ngha l mt khong thi gian trong mt s YU T SN
XUT khng th thay i c.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
Nhng yu t sn xut khng th thay i v s lng.
Bao gm cc chi ph v vic lm v thay i theo t l t hn so vi s gi lm vic.
Cc m hnh gi thit rng cc giao dch c thc hin ti nhng mc gi khng cn bng v
nhng mc gi ny c gi c nh.
Phn nh qu trnh trong , t s VN/ LAO NG l c nh, ngha l chng ch c th c s
dng theo nhng t l c nh.
S phn bit ln u tin do J.R.HICKS a ra gia nhng gi khng phn ng vi nhng thay
i c bn trong cung v cu.
Mt khon tin hng nm c tnh vo tin li ca mt chng khon biu hin bng t l % ca
gi mua.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
L thuyt kinh t ch ra rng nu thc hin thi gian linh hot s c li v cc cng nhn khc nhau
c nhng khu v v s thch khc nhau.
Ch s chuyn CA CI t tin mt thnh cc ti sn sinh li.
S chnh lch gia khon tin cha thu c hay khon tin ang trong qu trnh thu v khon
tin phi n nhng chm.
Cm thut ng c cng ngha c cng ngha nh vn lu ng, ch s tin c u t vo cng
vic ang c thc hin, tin cng cn tr hay bt k mt loi u t no khc khng phi l ti
sn c nh.
Mt dng m bo ca ngi i vay i vi cc khon vay hay cc khon n khc, v d nh c
phiu cng ty.

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Mt phn N QUC GIA c vay di dng cc CHNG KHON ngn hn thng thng dng
ch b phn c th hin bi HI PHIU B TI CHNH. S n ny l "th ni" theo ngha l
n lin tc gim cho qu trnh thanh ton n.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE
Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
Gii hn s i xung ca sn lng theo l thuyt CHU K KINH DOANH.
Hot ng pht hnh c phn cho cng chng nhm huy ng VN mi.
Lng ca mt bin kinh t c o lng trong mt khong thi gian.
S phn tch trn cc gic tng hp khc nhau, lung tin qu t cc khu vc thng d v ti
chnh ti cc khu vc thm ht.
Cm thut ng ny ch gi hay gi tr ca mt hng ho c tnh trn c s qu trnh sn xut v
khng bao gm chi ph vn chuyn hng ho n ngi tiu dng.
c thnh lp nm 1954, FAO c tr s Rome. Vi nh ci tin vic sn xut v phn phi
lng thc v cc sn phm nng nghip, t chc ny c giao nhim v thu thp v nghin
cu cc s liu thch hp v thc y cc hip nh trao i hng ho quc t v tr gip k thut.
Nhng ngnh khng b rng buc vo mt ni nht nh nhm p ng yu cu v v tr a l v
do vy c th b tr bt c ni no.
Tn gi thng dng ca CH S C PHIU FT-SE 100.
Hnh nh ngc ca NGI XI CHA (free-rider). Ngi hng li bt buc l nhng ngi
nh gi li ch bng tin v khng phi bng tin ca vic tr thnh thnh vin ca mt t chc
thp hn chi ph bng tin v chi ph khng phi bng tin.
Mt dng tit kim pht sinh do ngi tiu dng khng c kh nng tiu tin ca mnh vo nhng
hng tiu dng m mnh mun, n thun l v nhng hng ho ny khng c.
Chnh lch gia gi tr d on ca mt bin thu c bng cc phng php d on kt qa t
thc t.
Mt phng php c h thng nhm c c c lng v gi tr tng lai ca mt bin, thng
l da trn vic phn tch cc quan st v bin ng qu kh ca n.
Mt lung vn vo hoc mt s tr gip no cho mt nc khng do cc tc nhn th trng
t nhin cung cp.
Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENT.
TIN hoc cc TRI PHIU sinh li ca mt nc khc.
Th trng quc t trong cc ng tin c chuyn giao gia cc nc.
Xem EXTERNAL RESERVE.
Thng ch l u t ca mt nc khc do cc cng ty hay c nhn tin hnh v khc vi vin
tr chnh ph.
Bt k khon thanh ton no c tin hnh vi nc ngoi d i ly hng ha v dch v,
hay thanh ton n; vic thanh ton ny phi c thanh ton bng tin mnh. Xem Foreign aid.
T s phn nh s thay i ca thu nhp c c t s thay i ca xut khu so vi s thay i
ca thu nhp.
Cn gi l hp ng tng lai. Xem Forward market.
Th trng trong cc ng tin c mua v bn theo nhng t gi hi oi c c nh t
by gi v giao vo mt thi gian nht nh trong tng lai.
Xem VERTICAL INTERGRATION.
Mi h gia mt ngnh hay mt cng ty v cc ngnh hay cng ty v cc ngnh hay cc cng ty
khc s dng u ra ca mt ngnh hay cng ty ny nh l U VO ca mnh.

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economic

Bt k mt giao dch no c lin quan n mt hp ng mua hay bn hng ho, hoc chng
khon vo mt ngy c nh theo mc gi c tho thun trong hp ng, l mt b phn ca th
trng k hn.
T gi hi oi theo mt ng tin c th c mua hay bn c giao trong tng lai trn
th trng k hn.

Mt dng tr cp gia cc chnh quyn c s dng rng ri M nhm mc ch san bng chi
ph i vi tng cng ng a phng (v phng din thu sut t ra cho tng a phng)
trong vic cung cp mt mc dch v cng cng ti thiu.
Mt phng php c th chuyn s liu CHUI THI GIAN thnh khong tn s.
Hot ng m cc ngn hng THNG MI thc hin duy tr d tr cc ti sn c kh nng
chuyn hon cao mt mc no , thng l mc thp nht trong tng danh mc ti sn ca
h.
Nhn chung l ch thu nhp chu thu cng ty v v vy khng l i tng tnh thu cng
ty na, thu nhp ny l thuc v cng ty nhn n.
Xem EXCHANGE RATES.
Kh nng ca mt cng ty mi gia nhp mt th trng hng ho v dch v. Nu hon ton khng
c cc HNG RO GIA NHP th vic gia nhp l t do.
Mt hng ho m cung ca n t nht l bng cu ti mc gi bng khng.
Th trng khng c s can thip ca chnh ph v ti cc tc nhn cung v cu c php
hot ng t do.
Xem MARKET ECONOMY.
Xem FOB.
Tng d tr php nh ti mt th ch nhn tin gi tr i lng d tr yu cu v tr i lng d
tr vay c t Qu D tr Lin bang.
Mt hin tng ny sinh t c im ca HNG HO CNG CNG.
Chnh sch khng can thip ca chnh ph trong thng mi gia cc nc nhng nc m
thng mi din ra theo PHN CNG LAO NG quc t v l thuyt LI TH SO SNH.
Mt s phn nhm khng cht ch gia cc nc loi b THU QUAN v cc hng ro thng
mi khc.
Th hin tm tt thng l di dng bng s hoc BIU TN SUT, th hin s ln m mt
BIN NGU NHIN nhn mt gi tr nht nh hay khong gi tr trong mt mu quan st.
Thng c hiu l THT NGHIP TM KIM, ngha l s lng tht nghip tng ng vi ch
khuyt vic lm trn cng mt loi vic lm v TH TRNG LAO NG A PHNG.

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economic

c phong l gio s kinh t ti trng i hc Chicago nm 1948 v l ngi lnh o ca

TRNG PHI CHICAGO.ng c tng gi Nobel kinh t nm 1976. Cc tc phm ch yu
ca ng v kinh t h gm: nh thu phng nga lm pht (1953), L thuyt v yu t tiu
dng (1957), L thuyt v gi c (1962), Lch s tin t ca M 1867-1960, Nhng nguyn nhn v
hu qu ca lm pht (1963). Friedman l ngi i tin phong trong vic pht trin t tng v
VN NHN LC v cng trnh ca ng v hm tiu dng a n vic hnh thnh GI THIT
THU NHP SUT I. Lp trng phng php lun KINH T HC THC CHNG, h t
tng t do v vic xy dng nn T L THT NGHIP T NHIN ca ng gp phn ch ra
cc hn ch ca cc chnh sch N NH HO ca trng phi Keynes. Cng vi Anna Schwartz,
ng vit nn mt lch s tin t s ca M gp phn cung cp c s cho vic pht trin L
THUYT NH LNG TIN T v lm sng li s tin tng vo cc hc thuyt trc Keynes
vo s n nh t ng ca h thng kinh t. ng m rng PHNG TRNH FISHER bao
hm cc bin nh ca ci, li sut v t l lm pht, gi c d kin v iu ny dn n s pht
trin ca vn chng theo ch ngha trng tin v kinh t hc v m.
Tt c cc yu t phi tin cng hay tin lng trong tng li ch bng tin m mt ngi i lm
nhn c t cng vic ca mnh.

Nh kinh t hc ngi Na uy v l ngi chung gii Nobel kinh t ln u tin vo nm 1969 cng
vi Jan Tinbergen nh nhng kt qu ca ng trong vic din t L thuyt kinh t chnh xc hn v
ton hc v a ra dng th hin ca n to kh nng nghin cu thc nghim bng s lng v
tin hnh kim nh thng k. Vo u nhng nm 1930, Frisch i u trong nghin cu s
hnh thnh dng ng cc chu k thng mi, trong ng chng minh mt h thng ng vi
mt s c tnh ton hc to ra mt bin ng c tnh chu k tt dn vi chiu di bc sng l
4 n 8 nm. Khi h thng ny gp phi nhng c scngu nhin th nhng dao ng hnh sng
tr thnh hin thc v lu di. Cc thnh tu ca Frisch l ch ng l ngi tin a ra cc
phng php kim nh cc gi thuyt thng k. Trong lnh vc chnh sch kinh t, ng a ra
h thng hch ton quc gia rt c ch cho cc chnh sch n nh ho v k hoch ho kinh t,
gii thiu cc phng php quy hoch ton hc s dng trong cc k thut my tnh in t hin
i. Nhng cng trnh ch yu ca ng l Phn tch hp lu thng k bng cc h thng hi quy
hon chnh (1943), Cc i v cc tiu (1966), L thuyt v sn xut (1965).
Thng k tun theo phn phi F. Thng c s dng kim nh ngha chung ca mt tp
hp cc bin gii thch trong phn tch hi quy.
Mt ch s gi ca 100 c phiu quan trng nht c nim yt ti S giao dch chng kon
London, Ch s ny c a ra vo nm 1984 vi ch s gi gc l 1000, bi v lc ngi ta
c cm gic rng Ch s cng nghip ca bo Financial Times b thin lch qu nhiu v pha cc
cng ty thuc nghnh ch to.
Xem TOKEN MONEY.
Ti bt k mc sn lng no, chi ph y l tng chi ph kh bin trung bnh, chi ph c nh
trung bnh v phn li nhun rng.
Quy tc nh gi theo cc cng ty tnh thm phn li nhun rng vo chi ph n v trong khi
vic tnh chi ph n v th bao gm tt c cc chi ph.

S o tc ng ca chnh sch ti chnh, khng ch n thun da vo quy m ca thng d ngn

sch.

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economic

L s o cc gi tr thc t ca hng ho v dch v c th c sn xut ra khi cc yu t sn

xut ca t nc c s dng ht, khi nn kinh t mc tht nghip t nhin.

Xem NATURAL RATE OF UNEMPLOYMENT.

Mt k thut c lng h thng cc phng trnh ng thi, tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn tnh. Xem
maximum likehood.
Mt cng thc ton hc c th ho mi lin h gia cc gi tr ca mt tp hp cc bin c lp
xc nh gi tr cc bin ph thuc.
Xem OUTPUT BUDGETING.
Xem CHAIN RULE.
Thng thng n ca chnh ph khng nh ngy tr li theo hp ng. Lc u, cm thut ng
ny ch hot ng ca thay th n c ti tr cho n vi mt ngy tr nht nh. Gi y, n
c s dng rng ri hn ch s thay th ca cc khon n di hn cho cc khon n ngn
hn.

Nh Forward contract. Nhng c kh nng chuyn nhng hoc hu b. Xem Forward contract.
Xem Forward market.

Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.

Phc li tng ln ca nn kinh t th gii ni chung hay i vi mt nc ring, tu thuc vo
quan im, do kt qu ca vic tham gia vo thng mi quc t.
Xem HYPER INFLATION.
L thuyt v vic ra quyt nh hp l ca c nhn c thc hin trong nhng iu kin khng
thnh tin lin quan n nhng kt qu ca cc quyt nh ny.
Xem GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE.
Xem GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
Ch tiu th hin t l tng i ca vn n v vn c phn.
T s ca ti chnh n vi tng s ca n v ti chnh vn c phiu thng thng.
Hip nh c k ti Hi ngh Geneva nm 1947 v c hiu lc t ngy 1/1/1948. y l mt hip
nh thng mi a phng ra cc quy tc tin hnh cc quan h thng mi quc t v cung
cp mt din n cho s m phn a phng v cc gii php cho cc vn thng mi v
gim dn THU QUAN v cc rng buc khc i vi thng mi.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
S phn loi cng nghip ca cc hot ng kinh t trong Cng ng chu u l cch khc ca s
phn loi cng nghip theo tiu chun quc t.
Tnh hung trong tt c cc th trng trong nn kinh t ng thi trng thi cn bng, ngha
l gi c v s lng khng i.
Xem GRANT.

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economic

Cn gi l c lng Aitken. Mt dng c lng theo kiu BNH PHNG NH NHT p dng
cho cc trng hp trong Ma trn phng sai - Hip phng sai ca Thnh phn nhiu ca
phng trnh hi quy khng c s 0 trong cc v tr ngoi ng cho, v/ hoc khng c cc phn
t thuc ng cho ging nhau.
Dng hm s c s dng ph bin nht trong phn tch kinh t lng, n c bit coi bin ph
thuc l mt hm tuyn tnh ca tp hp cc bin c lp.
Theo GSP, c ngh ti hi ngh ca Lin hp quc v thng mi v pht trin ln u tin
nm 1964 v c chp thun ti hi ngh ln th hai vo nm 1968, cc nc cng nghip ng
khng nh thu nhp khu t cc nc ang pht trin, trong khi vn nh thu nhp khu i
vi cc nc cng nghip khc, do to ra mt chnh lch u i cho cc nc ang pht
trin.
Mc gi chung ca tt c hng ho trong nn kinh t.
Xem Keynes.

Nghip on l t chc tp hp cng nhn cc ngnh v bao gm nhiu ngh nghip khc
nhau.
Xem GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE.
Tn thng gi cho c vng m phn th nht (1947) v ln m phn th t (1955-56) trong
khun kh v Hip nh chung v thu quan v thng mi.
Cm thut ng c s dng trong l thuyt pht trin kinh t m t mt khu vc trong s
vi s dn, kh nng k thut, s thch v khu v nht nh, s xut hin li tc tng dn t lao
ng v t bn.
Cn gi l tr gim dn theo s m.
R.Grilbrat (cc nn kinh t khng cn i, Paris, 1931) c cng xy dng mt m hnh m t
qu trnh tng trng ngu nhin bng cch no c th to ra c phn b chun LOG quy
m hng.
Mt hng m cu v n c xu hng gim khi gi gim, v vy, r rng l mu thun vi quy lut
cu. Hng ho ny mang tn ca Robert Giffen (1937-1910), ng quan st thy rng ngi ngho
mua bnh m nhiu hn khi gi tng. Tnh hung ny xy ra khi tr s tuyt i ca NH HNG
THU NHP (so vi gi) ln hn nh hng thay th. Co gin ca cu i vi thu nhp i vi
hng ho th cp l m.
Xem CAPITAL TRANSFER TAX.
Tt c s n chnh ph, khng tnh tri phiu B ti chnh, di dng cc chng khon c th trao
i c, (ngha l c th bn c trn th trng chng khon).
Ch s v mc bt bnh ng (thng l) ca phn phi thu nhp.
Mt h thng thanh ton thng qua chuyn khon cc khon tin gi "ghi s", c th thng thch
vi h thng SEC ngn hng truyn thng nhng khc v c cu.
Php kim nh c s dng nhn dng vn phng sai KHNG THUN NHT trong S
d ca mt phng trnh hi quy.
Xem GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT.
S hn ch sn lng do cng nhn gy ra trong khun kh H THNG THANH TON KHUYN
KHCH trnh vic p dng cc tiu chun n lc lm vic cao hn trn mt n v thanh ton.
Mt phng tin ghi n hay giy bc do B ti chnh pht hnh th hin mun ca B ti chnh
bin mt lng vng nht nh thnh tin.

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economic

Trong l thuyt tng trng, l mt tnh hung TNG TRNG CN I trong T L

TNG TRNG C BO M bng vi T l tng trng t nhin khi c vic lm.
Con ng tng trng ti u a ra mc tiu dng u ngi l bn vng v ti a trong mt
nn kinh t.
Con ng tng trng cn i trong mi mt th h tit kim th h mai sau phn thu nhp
m cc th h trc tit kim c.
Mt dng BN V VNG, theo mt nc neo gi tr ng tin ca mnh theo gi tr ng tin
ca mt nc trung tm.
Xem Gold point.
Xem Gold point.
Tn ca mt php kim nh c s dng nhn dng vn Phng sai khng thun nht
trong S d ca mt phng trnh Hi quy.
Th trng bun bn vng kim loi, tin vng hay vng nn.
Cc mc t gi trao i m ti khi mt ng tin mt BN V VNG, th vic mua vng t
Ngn hng trung ng v xut khu vng (im xut khu vng) hay nhp khu v bn n cho
ngn hng trung ng (im nhp khu vng) l c l nhun.

H thng t chc tin t theo gi tr tin ca mt nc l c xc nh theo lut bng mt lng

vng c nh, v ng tin trong nc c dng tin vng v/ hoc tin giy khi cn c th chuyn
i thnh vi t l c xc nh theo lut.

Mt quy lut mang tn nh kinh t Goodhart cho rng bt c tng lng tin no c chn lm
bin mc tiu th cng u b bp mo bi chnh nhng hnh ng vo mc tiu .
Mt cm thut ng chung m t mc ph hp s liu ca mt phng trnh kinh t lng c
c lng.
Cc hng ho hu hnh c ng gp tch cc vo PHC LI KINH T. Phn bit vi hng xu.
Mt thut ng c s dng trong hch ton ti sn v hnh thng c o bng s chnh lch
gia gi tr cho mt cng vic ang tin hnh v gi tr trn giy ca n.
Mt thut ng ting Nga ch U ban k hoch nh nc trc y Lin X. N c trch nhim
ra cc k hoch sn xut v chuyn cho cc t chc thch hp thi hnh.
Xem BUDGET DEFICIT.
Mun tm hiu chi tit hn, xem CHI TIU CNG CNG. Nhng chi tiu ny to nn mt phn
quan trng ca TNG CHI TIU v may mc d c coi l ngoi sinh trong M HNH CHI TIU
THU NHP n gin, vn chim gi mt vai tr quan trng trong m hnh Keynes trong vic xc
nh MC THU NHP QUC DN CN BNG.
C quan ca chnh ph M tr gip th trng cm c nh .
Mt cm thut ng chung ch s n c th trao i c ca chnh ph trung ng, t thi hn
ngn nht, ngha l HI PHIU B TI CHNH ti thi hn rt di v nhng khon n khng xc
nh ngy.

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Mt quan im ca chnh sch pht trin kinh t cho rng qu trnh pht trin kinh t l mt hin
tng tng trng t t, chc chn, chm chp v do vy cc bin php chnh sch cn thit cng
phi mang c trng nay.

Mt k hoch ti tr cho gio dc i hc thng qua sinh vin c vay tin p ng cc chi
ph v gio dc v/ hoc cuc sng trong khi nghin cu v s thanh ton li mt phn bng thu
nhp trong tng lai.
Mt khi nim do P.SAMUELSON S DNG nhm khi phc li vic s dng tng t bn trong
cc m hnh kinh t tn c in.
Mt s dn xp qua cc thnh vin hin hnh thuc mt ngh nghip c min p dng cc
bn v CP BNG NGH NGHIP cao hn t ra cho ngh nghip ny.
Xem CAUSALITY.
Khon tin do mt t chc hay c nhn cp cho cc t chc v cc c nhn khc m n khng to
thnh mt b phn trao i no , nhng ch l mt thanh ton chuyn khon mt chiu.
Xem INTER-GOVERNMENTAL GRANTS.
Mt cch tip cn c s dng rng ri nhm gii mt s bi ton trong Kinh t hc khu vc v
nghin cu vn ti, th hin c s lng quan h tng tc ln nhau gia 2 v tr v c xc
nh bi quy m tng tc hoc tm quan trng ca cc v tr ny v khong cchgia chng. Mt
dng tng tc ny l s di chuyn v dn s. Cc quan h tng tc khc l i li bng t hay
i li bng my bay.
Tn gi ca mt chnh sch pht trin c pht ng Trung Quc vo cui nm 1957 nhm
y nhanh qu trnh pht trin vi t l tng trng cng nghip l 20-30%. Rt kh nh gi
thnh cng ca chnh sch mo him ny do c nhng s kin khc xut hin ng thi vo
qung thi gian ny.
T gi hi oi ca ng bng Sterling s dng chuyn i gi c nng nghip c chp
thun bi chnh sch nng nghip chung tnh theo n v tin t chu u thnh gi c nc Anh.
Mt cm thut ng c s dng trong trng hp c s tng mnh trong nng sut nng nghip
cc nc ang pht trin bng cch a vo p dng cc loi ging chng c bnh tt, c
nng sut cao.
Mt quy lut do Hun tc Thomas Gresham (1591-1579), nh kinh doanh v vin chc ngi
Anh a ra.
Xem TERMS OF TRADE.
Xem GROSS INVESTMENT
Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
Mt ch s gi c s dng iu chnh gi tr bng tin ca tt c hng ho v dch v tham
gia vo tng sn phm quc ni khi gi c thay i.
Tng u t ny sinh trong nn kinh t trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.
Mc chnh lch gia gi tr cho ngi bn bun cung cp v gi nhn c ca ngi bn l.
Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
Xem PROFIT.
Li nhun kim c t nhng nghip v trc khi tr i KHU HAO v li i vi ti chnh n v
mc tng gi c phn.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.

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economic

By nc cng nghip ch yu (Canada, Php, c, Italia, Nht, Anh v M), nhng ngi ng
u chnh ph cc b trng kinh t ca nhng nc ny thng xuyn gp nhau nhm phi hp
chnh sch kinh t v m, c bit l v t gi hi oi ph hp gia cc nc. Hin nay c
thm Nga gia nhp thnh cc nc G8.
Mt lin minh lng lo ca hn 100 nc ch yu l ang pht trin, lc u l do 77 nc thnh
lp ti HI NGH LIN HP QUC THNG MI V PHT TRIN vo nm 1964 biu th
hn na mi quan tm tp th ca h v s pht trin th ch ca h thng kinh t th gii.
Tht nghip do thiu ht cu di hn.
y l mt hnh thi thay i ca mt bin theo thi gian.
cp n T sut li nhun ti a m mt hng c th duy tr c cc t l tng trng khc
nhau.
cp n mt tnh hung trong do T l chit khu hin hnh nh hn t l tng trng ca
c tc hng nm khng i d kin ca mt hng, gi tr c phn s tin n v hn.
Nh cng trnh i u ca E.T. Penrose (l thuyt tng trng ca hng, Blackwell, Oxford,1959)
v R.L.Marris (l thuyt kinh t ca ch ngha t bn "qun l", Macmillan, London, 1964) cc l
thuyt tng trng tr thnh mt ngnh ca cc l thuyt v QUN L HNG v c coi l ph
hp i vi mt nn kinh t hng trong cc nh qun l ca cc hng c quyn t do trong vic
ra cc mc tiu m h mun theo ui.
Cc m hnh ny sinh t vic nghin cu nn kinh t khi c s thay i v lng t bn, quy m
dn s v ko theo p lc v s lng v c cu tui ca lc lng lao ng v tin b k thut.
C 2 nhm l thuyt chnh: 1)L thuyt tng trng tn c in. 2)L thuyt tng trng ca
Keynes (v Keynes mi).

Hm ny to ra T S GI TR cc i m mt hng c th duy tr c ti cc mc t l tng

trng khc nhau v l mt c im chung ca cc L THUYT TNG TRNG CA HNG.
Thanh ton tr cho nhng cng nhn ch lm vic trong thi gian ngn m khng phi do li ca
h.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Xem NORM FOLLOWING BEHAVIOUR.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Nh kinh t ngi Nauy, c gii thng Nobel kinh t nm 1989 v cng trnh nghin cu v c
s mn kinh t lng. ng gp quan trng nht ca ng th hin trong bn lun n lm ti trn
i hc Harvard, sau c xut bn di nhan : "Nghin cu xc sut trong kinh t lng".
Tp ch Econometrica tp 12, tr.118 (1944). Tc phm cho thy trong vic lp cng thc l
thuyt kinh t bng ngn ng xc sut c th s dng cc phng php suy lun thng k rt
ra cc kt lun chnh xc v cc quan h c bn t mt "mu ngu nhin" trong nhng quan st
theo thc nghim. iu ny cho php rt ra nhng m hnh kinh t, kim nghim v s dng
chng trong d bo. Lun n ca ng cng a ra nhng tin b trong vic gii bi ton v s ph
thuc ln nhau gia cc bin s kinh t, v ng ngh cc phng php xc nh r vic
nhn dng v nh giaccs quan h kinh t khi c s ph thuc ln nhau. Phng php ca ng
c cc nh kinh t lng khc cng nhn v pht trin. Ngoi cng trnh v l thuyt kinh t
lng, Haavelmo cn c nhiu ng gp quan trng v l thuyt u t v tng trng kinh t.
Ngoi bn lun n, nhng sch xut bn ca ng l: Nghin cu v l thuyt pht trin kinh
t(1954), Nghin cu v l thuyt u t (1960).

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economic

Nh kinh t hc ngi M sinh ra o, ni ting v nghin cu thng mi quc t. Trong cun

L thuyt thng mi quc t (1936), ng a ra mt cch chng minh khc v li ch thng
mi bng chi ph c hi ca sn xut cc hng ho v xem nh hng ho khc khng c s
xut. iu ny b qua trng hp gi thc t trong nghin cu ca Ricardo. Mt tc phm khc
ca ng l Thnh vng v nh n (1935), trong c xem xt ti liu v chu k kinh doanh. Cc
tc phm ln khc ca ng l Thng mi quc t; Cc chuyn kho gy ting vang; Nghin cu
v l thuyt thng mi quc t (1961) v Tin t trong nn kinh t (1965).
Mt HM CU i vi hng ho khng lu bn, cho thy rng cu trong bt k giai on no cng
c th b nh hng bi vic mua hng t trc.
U ban t vn ca chnh ph Anh c lp ra t vn v t chc mt h thng TIEN T BI S
MI. Thnh lp nm 1961 v ngng hot ng nm 1963.
Trc s kin Big Bang nm 1986, khi mt cng ty mi gii chng khon khng o kh nng tr
n cho khch hng hoc NHNG NGI MI GII CHNG KHON th quyn kinh doanh trn
th trng chng khon ca cng ty b nh ch.
Nhng ngi tht nghip c ng k cm thy do cc iu kin v th cht v tinh thn, do thi
i vi cng vic hoc do tui tc nn rt kh tm vic lm.
Mt loi tin t c mc cu cao lin tc so vi cung trn trn th trng hi oi.
Xem INVISIBLE HAND.

Sau khi dy trng dng Oxford t nm 1922, ng c b nhim lm ph gio s Vin kinh t
quc t nm 1952. ng l biien tp t Economic Journal t nm 1945-1961. Cc sch xut bn
ca ng bao gm: Chu k thng mi (1936), Tin ti kinh t hc ng (1948), Cuc i ca John
Maynard Keynes (1951), Mt b sung vo thuyt kinh t ng (1952), Chnh sch chng lm pht
(1958), Tham lun th hai v l thuyt kinh t ng (1961) v ng lc kinh t (1973).
M hnh tng trng mt khu vc do R.F.Harrod v E.Domar pht trin vo nhng nm 1940, v
c bn xut pht t cc cuc cch mng Keynes, v n c lin quan ti s n nh kinh t v tht
nghip cng nh nhng gi thit cng nhc dng cho phn tch ngn hn.
Mt loi tin b k thut c lp so snh cc im trong qu trnh tng trng t l sn lng
so vi vn khng thay i.
Xem INTERNATIONAL TRADE ORGANIZATION.

Sinh ra v hc ti Vin, Hayek l ngi lnh o mt s c s ca trng kinh t London v cc

trng i hc Chicago, Freiburg v Salzburg. Nm 1974, ng c trao gii Nobel kinh t cng
vi G.MYRDAL. Li dn khi trao gii Nobal cng nhn cng hin m ng ca ng v l
thuyt tin t v lao ng, v hiu qu lao ng ca cc h thng kinh t khc nhau, v lnh vc
nghin cu ca ng bao gm c c cu lut php trong h thng kinh t. Trong cun Gi c v
sn xut (1931), ng kt hp l thuyt tin t vi l thuyt ca trng phi o v vn. Vi tc
phm The Road to Serfdom (ng Xung Kip Lao T) (1944), ng chuyn sang lnh vc trit
hc chnh tr v lut php, trong ng phn tch vn t do, mt ch c nng ln trong
(Constitution of Liberty) Hin Php T do (1960). Ngoi ra, Hayek c nhiu ng gp trong lch
s t duy tr tu nh trong tc phm John Stuart Mill v Harriet Taylor (1951) v trong phng
php lun nh Cuc phn cch mng khoa hc. (Xem AUSTRIAN SCHOOL)

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economic

Nghin cu ny do nh kinh t ngi Thu in Heckcher khi xng, sau c ngi ng

hng ca ng l Ohlin pht trin (trong Thng mi quc t v gia cc vng, 1935), cng nhn
rng thng mi quc t da trn s khc nhau ca chi ph tng i nhng c gng gii thch
cc yu t to ra s khc nhau trong gi tng i ny.
Mt hnh ng do ngi mua hoc ngi bn thc hin t bo v thu nhp ca mnh khi c s
tng gi xy ra tong tng lai.
Gi n hay GI BNG l tnh cht ca mt hng ho. Mt phn gi ca loi hng ho c lin
quan n mi tnh cht ca n v do vy c th nh gi s thay i v cht lng.
Trit l cho rng hnh vi ca con ngi b chi phi bi su tm kim th vui. Tuy nhin, vi t cch
l mt trit l, ch ngha khoi lc b thay i rt nhiu bi khi nim v ngha v, trch nhim
Mt thc o tp trung ca th trng cng nghip.
Cht lng ca hng ho, dch v hoc cc yu t to ra s khc nhau trong quan nim ca ngi
tiu dng v ngi sn xut.
VN vt cht thuc nhiu loi c trng ring cho tng qu trnh sn xut v khng c chuyn
sang qu trnh khc. Khi nim ny tr nn lng lo vi tng rng mt hng ho vn d chia
nh c th s dng cho sn xut nhiu hng ho trong nhiu qu trnh.
Cc hng ho hay dch v do cc i v kinh t a ra trn mt th trng nht nh m c t hp
thuc tnh khng ging nhau di con mt ca ngi mua sn phm .
Mt bi ton kinh t lng trong phng sai ca sai s trong mt m hnh hi quy khng ng
nht gia cc quan st.
Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, ng gii Nobel kinh t 1972, cng vi Kenneth ARROW ng dy ti
trng Kinh t London v cc trng i hc: Cambridge, Manchester v Oxford. ng nhn c
gi Nobel do nghin cu v l thuyt CN BNG TNG TH trong Gi tr v t bn (1939), c
bit v vn n nh h thng cn bng tng th trc cc c sc t bn ngoi; v nghin cu
trong KINH T HC PHC LI, THNG D CA NGI TIU DNG. Tuy nhin, Hicks cn
nghin cu nhiu lnh vc khc. L tuyt tin lng (1932) ca ng nu ra phng php NNG
SUT BIN ng dng trong xc nh tin lng theo quan nim c in. Trong bi Keynes v cc
phng php c in (1937), ng khc phc c vn bt nh ca thu Keynes v qu c
th cho vay v LI SUT bng cch a vo cc ng IS/LM, cc ng IS/LM tr thnh cng
c dng trong phn tch l thuyt Keynes. Nm 1950, ng tng hp cc tng Keynes (Phng
php QU TRNH S NHN) ca cc nh kinh t lng ( tr) ca qu trng gia tc v ca
Harrod (tng trng v h thng khng n nh) vo m hnh ca chu k kinh doanh trong Mt
ng gp vo l thuyt vo chu k kinh doanh. ng cng xut bn cc cun sch v L thuyt
cu v hin trng ca kinh t hc Keynes.
Xem IS - LM DIAGRAM.
Mt phn loi ca tin b k thut pht trin c lp so snh cc im trong qu trnh tng trng
m t l VN/ LAO NG l khng i.
Cn gi l tht nghip tr hnh. V lc lng lao ng bin i tun hon, nn ngi ta lp lun
rng s ngi tht nghip c thng bo phn nh khng ht lng ngi tht nghip thc s
do khng tnh nhng cng nhn chn nn.
Trong l thuyt truyn thng v s nhn tn dng, ti sn d tr m da vo h thng ngn
hng to ra tin gi ngn hng rng buc cc hot ng cho vay ca ngn hng v dn n to ra
tin gi gp chung c gi l "tin mnh".
Xem ACCESSION RATE.
Kh khn trong tuyn ngi i vi ngi ch khng phi l tip xc vi nhiu ng c vin nht,
m vn l tm s ng c vin xng ng dnh thi gian xem xt.

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economic

Mt minh ho bng th ca phn phi theo tn xut ( hay PHN PHI XC SUT), trong tn
sut (hay xc sut) l mt bin ly gi tr gia cc gii hn c tnh bng chiu cao ca mt ct
trn trc honh gia cc gii hn .
Chi ph xy ra vo thi im mt yu t u vo hoc ngun liu c mua vo v v vy khng
bng chi ph thay th u vo (chi ph thay th) nu gi tng ln vo thi im .
Cc m hnh kinh t c kh nng phn tch cc bin i vtnh hnh trong th gii hin thc, i lp
vi cc m hnh CN BNG thng nng tnh l thuyt.
Mt nhm cc nh kinh t c th k XIX m phng php lun v phn tch ca h c nh
hng ln trong cc nc ni ting c.
Xem Historical school.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Mt cng ty kim sot mt s cng ty khc thng qua s hu mt t l trong vn c phn chung
ca cc cng ty .
Tnh cht ca hng ho dch v hoc cc yu t ging nhau theo cch suy ngh ca nh phn phi
v ngi tiu dng.
Mt hm c coi l ng nht bc n nu nhn tt c cc bin C LP vi mt hng s Lamda
c kt qu bng BIN PH THUC nhn vi Lamda.
Khi cc n v kinh t a ra trn mt th trng nht nh mt lot cc sn phm v dch v ging
nhau di con mt ca ngi mua th sn phm c gi l ng nht.
Xem PRODUCTION FUNCTION.
Mt tnh cht ca phng sai ca thnh phn nhiu trong cc phng trnh hi quy khi n c nh
trong tt c cc quan st.
Tnh cng bng hoc cng l p dng vi cc c nhn trong cng mt hon cnh.
Lin kt theo phng ngang xy ra khi hai hng cng mt giai on trong qu trnh sn xut st
nhp vi nhau lp ra mt doanh nghip duy nht. Xem MERGER.

Mt quc gia c li sut cao s thu ht tin t nc ngoi vo.

Mt quy tc v s dng ti u cc ti nguyn thin nhin khng ti to c do H.Hotelling a ra
nm 1931 (Kinh t hc v ti nguyn c th b cn kit, Tp ch kinh t chnh tr , tp 39, trang 137175).
Xem BEVERIDGE REPORT.
Ct yu ca vn nhn lc l ch u t co ngun nhn lc s lm tng nng sut lao ng.

Nh t tng ln ngi Scotland. ng c nhiu ng gp i vi kinh t chnh tr trong tc phm

Thuyt trnh chnh tr (1752). ng nhn mnh (theo sau LOCKE) rng khi lng tin t trong
nc khng c vai tr g i vi ca ci thc t ca nc v hon thin THUYT TIN T
NH LNG. ng b sung v cng ph nhn l thuyt ca LOCKE rng mt quc gia c th
cao thng d hoc thm ht thng mi thng xuyn. C CH CHY VNG m bo rng
thng mi quc t lun cn bng. L thuyt cung cu ca ng rt c quan tm. Nhu cu v
vay tin thng b nh hng mt phn bi cc k vng v kinh doanh v do vy t l li nhun
v li sut c quan h mt thit vi nhau. ng cho rng phng php lun khoa hc x hi l mt
ngnh ca tm l hc ng dng. Trit l ny v quan im ca ng v li ch ring v nhu cu tch
tr vi t cch l ng lc thc y cho cc hot ng kinh t c nh hng quan trng n
A.SMITH v cc nh kinh t hc tip theo.
U ban ca tng thng v c cu v lut l ti chnh a ra bo co nm 1972, ku gi ci t
dn dn cc nghnh dch v ti chnh M.

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economic

Kt qu lm vic ca u ban Hong gia Anh, c lp ra xem xt kh khn ca a phng

nc Anh c gi l trung gian - tc l nm gia cc vng thnh vng v cc vng tr tr v
c nhn tr cp nh CHNH SCH A PHNG U ban hong gia (HMSO) v cc vng trung
gian Cmnd, 3998, London, 1969.
Tnh trng lm pht tng nhanh khi c siu lm pht, gi c tng ln 10 ln, thm ch 100 ln ch
trong vng 1 thng.
Mt cm thut ng chung miu t cc th tc thng k xc nh tnh ng n ca mt gi
thuyt.
Cc nh khoa hc s dng thut ng ny miu t mt trng thi trong cn bng ca mt h
thng ph thuc vo lch s ca h thng .

Xem INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT.

Xem INVESTOR OF INDUSTRIES.
Xem INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION.
Bi ton kinh t lng ny sinh trong qu trnh c lng cc tham s ca cc phng trnh ng
thi.
Mt phng trnh ng theo nh ngha hay c tc dng xc nh mt bin no .
Thng k hiu l I. L mt ma trn c cc phn t nm trn ng cho bng 1 cn cc phn t
nm ngoi ng cho bng 0.

Bn cht c o ca cc nhim v v do vy cc k nng ca tng cng nhn gip cho cc cng

nhn v cc ng ch c c cc t do nht nh khi ra mc tin cng.
Tin c rt ra khi lu thng v c lu di dng tin tch tr ca ci.
Vic thiu tnh chuyn hon ca mt ti sn nht nh hoc ca mt danh mc ti sn do mt
ngi giao dch nm gi.
Xem INTERNATIONAL LABOR OFFICE.
Con s c cn bc hai ca m mt, v thng k hiu l i. Xem COMPLEX NUMBER.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
Mt hng tng trng ca HNG thng qua A DNG HO chi mt qu trnh tng trng
c kch thch bng cch a vo nhng sn phm c c tnh sao cho ngi tiu dng khng
nhn thc c sn phm ny l mi; ngha l chng khng thc tnh v tho mn CC NHU
CU TIM N.
Mt trng hp c th xy ra nhng khng chc chn, trong mt s gia tng sn lng kinh t
trong mt nc thng qua tc ng phn hi ca thng mi s dn n mt tnh hung trong
PHC LI KINH T b gim st.
Mt tn gi chung cho nhng k thut dng o lng nh hng ca mt thay i nht nh
trong hot ng kinh t n mt nn kinh t cp vng hay cp a phng.
Tc ng ngay tc th ca mt thay i trong BIN NGOI SINH ln BIN NI SINH, tng phn
vi tc ng tng hp hay di hn ca s thay i ny.
cp n mt ngi, mt cng ty hay mt giao dch b nh thu.

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economic

Mt cm thut ng chung c th c s dng theo 2 cch. 1)Dng ch bt k mt dng c cu

th trng no khng pah l cnh tranh hon ho v do vy n bao gm CNH TRANH C
QUYN, C QUYN NHM v C QUYN. 2)Dng ch bt k mt c cu th trng no
khng phi l CNH TRANH HON HO v C QUYN.

L th trng trong cc iu kin sau y ca mt th trng hon ho khng c tho mn:

1)Sn phm ng nht. 2)Mt s ln ngi mua v ngi bn. 3)Ngi mua v ngi bn c
quyn t do nhp v ra khi th trng. 4)Tt c ngi mua v ngi bn u c thng tin hon
ho v thy c trc tp hp cc mc gi hin ti v tng lai. 5)Lng mua v lng bn ca
tng thnh vin th trng l khng ng k so vi tng khi lng giao dch. 6)Khng c s kt
cu gia ngi bn v ngi mua. 7)Ngi tiu dng cc i ho tng THO DNG v ngi
bn cc i ho TNG L NHUN. 8)Hng ho c kh nng chuyn nhng.
Theo t tng Mac-xt hay t tng X hi ch ngha th Ch ngha quc l mt chnh sch
ca nc ngoi nhm tm cch p dng s kim sot v chnh tr v kinh t i vi khu vc lc
hu m bo cho nc ch c c mt th trng tng i vi nhng khon tin tit kim
nhn ri v cc hng ho ch to d tha nhm i ly cc nguyn vt liu chin lc.
Thi gian cn c thc thi CHNH SCH TIN T, v cn c gi l tr bn trong.
Khi nim hp ng n c s dng nhm cung cp mt c s cho vic tn ti tin cng v gi
c t bin i v c da trn nhng c tnh KHNG THCH RI RO khc nhau ca chu doanh
nghip v ngi lm thu.
Chi ph c hi ca vic s dng cc yu t sn xut m mt nh sn xut khng phi mua hay
thu m li s hu chng.
Hm s c biu din di dng khng c BIN PH THUC.
Mt ch s gi c s dng gim pht mt hay nhiu thnh phn ca ti khon thu nhp quc
dn.
Gi c m ngi ch mt yu t sn xut di dng vt cht chng hn nh t bn, tnh i vi
mt hng cho vic s dng yu t ny. Xem USER COST OF CAPITAL.
Hng ho hay dch v c tiu dng mt nc nhng mua t nc khc.
Xem TARIFFS.
Xem QUOTA.
Cc hn ch v s lng hoc chng loi hng ho c nhp khu vo mt nc thng qua vic
s dng thu quan hay hn ngch.
Mt trong nhng chin lc pht trin ch yu c cc nc ang pht trin la chn.
Xem TARIFFS.

Xem SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTION.

Xem MIXED GOOD.
Khi nim tin thu do doanh nhip t tr cho mnh trong vic s dng t ai m doanh nghip
s hu. Xe, IMPLICIT COST.
Xem IDLE BALANCES.
Xem PAYMENT BY RESULTS.
Ch s phn phi cui cng gnh nng ca mt khon thu. Cm thut ng ny cp n nhng
ngi c thu nhp thc t b gim do vic nh thu.

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economic

S lng tin, hng ho hoc dch v do mt c nhn, hay cng ty hay mt nn kinh t nhn c
trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.
Xem Circular flow of Income.
Tip im ca ng BNG QUAN ca ngi tiu dng v NG NGN SCH xc nh v tr
cn bng ca ngi tiu dng.
Xem INCOME - EXPENDITURE MODEL.
S khc nhau v mc thu nhp gia nhng ngi khc nhau. S khc nhau ny thng l do cc
loi cng vic nh s khc bit v k nng lm vic, v v tr a l trong mt s vng c th c
mc tin cng cao hn vng khc, hay c th c s khc nhau gia mc tin cng thnh th v
nng thn.
Mt s thay i gi c ca mt hng ho s lm gim hay tng thu nhp thc t ca ngi tiu
dng.
o lng mc phn ng ca lng cu v mt hng ho i vi mt mc thay i v mc thu
nhp ca nhng ngi c yu cu v hng ho ny.
M hnh mt khu vc dng Keynes n gin cho php xc nh c MC THU NHP QUC
DN CN BNG.
Cc chnh sch c ra nhm nng mc thu nhp ca mt s nhm ngi hay c nhn no
.

T s gia gi tr gia tng v tng doanh thu ca mt doanh nghip hay mt ngnh.
nh ca chnh ph mun kim sot tin cng bng mt hnh thc can thip no vo qu trnh
thng thuyt v tin cng.

Xem BEVERIDGE REPORT.

y l mt loi thu quan trng nht Ah v ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc ch ti
chnh ca tt c cc nc phng Ty.

Xem TERM OF TRADE.

S o tc lu thng ca tin c ngun gc t s phn tch ca trng phi Cambridge (xem
QUANTITY, THEORY OF MONEY ), trong s lng tin mt trung bnh c quan h vi mc thu
nhp trong mt thi k nht nh.
Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE, RETURNS TO SCALE.
S n v VN tng thm cn thit sn xut ra mt n v sn lng tng thm.
Bin xut hin v phi ca du phng trnh, gi l bin khng ph thuc bi v gi tr ca n
c xc nh "mt cch c lp" hoc c xc nh ngoi phng trnh ny.
Mt c ch iu chnh theo tng thi k gi tr danh ngha ca cc hp ng theo s bin ng
ca CH S GI c xc nh.
Ch s ho cc khon tr cp thu l qu trnh gi cho s lng tr cp thu khng i tnh theo
gi tr thc t.
Con s th hin gi tr ca mt i lng no .
Vn ch s c th ny sinh khi mun so snh hai tp hp bin s ti hai thi im khc nhau
nhng s dng mt ch s thi v c nhiu cch khc nhau tng hp cc bin s vo cng mt
s o.
Vic s dng cc mc tiu c xc nh t trung ng phi hp cc k hoch sn lng,
U T CA KHU VC CNG CNG v u t t nhn.

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economic

Mt nhn nh cho rng mt HNG HO, mt s kin hay mt d n va c a thch hn va

khng c a thch hn mt hng ho khc

Tp hp cc ng BNG QUAN, trong mi ng k tip nm pha ngoi ng trc

theo hng ng bc. Cc ng bng quan cao hn ch mc tho dng cao hn.
Mt cch c lng cc tham s ca cac PHNG TRNH NG THI trnh c S CHCH
CA CC PHNG TRNH NG THI.
Thng thng, y c coi l nhng loi thu nh vo hng ho v dch v v do vy, vic tr
thu ch l gin tip.
Hm tho dng biu hin tho dng thu c t mt tp hp hng ho c xc nh bi gi
c ca nhng hng ho ny v mc thu nhp.
c tnh ca mt yu t sn xut hay mt hng ho khng cho php s dng n di mt php ti
thiu no .
Hnh pht do mt s c nhn hay cc nhm ngi mu toan gii quyt BT NG V LAO
NG trong doanh nghip ca h.
Xem INVESTORS INDUSTRY.
Mt tn gi khc ca mt CNG TY TI CHNH, chng hn nh mt t chc to tn dng THU
MUA.
Mt k thut c s dng trong k hoch ho vng lnh th, n tp trung vo phn tch mi quan
h tng tc gia cc hot ng cng nghip c thc hin trn cng mt vng a l.
Mt s m rng qu trnh ra quyt nh trong phm vi mt x nghip t mt nhm nh theo hng
cho ton th lc lng lam vic.
Mt s kim sot trc y v xy dng cng nghip c hnh thnh theo o lut K hoch
ho qun v th x nm 1947, i hi phi c mt chng ch (IDC) trc khi xy dng hay m rng
mt khu cng nghip qu mt quy m nht nh. Sau khi thng qua Lut Cng nghip nm 1972,
IDCS khng cn cn cho s pht trin trong CC KHU VC CN PHT TRIN hay cc KHU VC
C BIT CN PHT TRIN v IDCS thc t b b t nm 1982.
Mi s bt ng hay s bt ho hoc l gia ch v ngi lm thu hoc l gia nhng ngi
lm thu v thi hn v iu kin lm vic ca mt ngi, mt nhm ngi hay l tnh trng khng
c vic lm ca mt ngi.

Mt cm thut ng c s dng m t mt hin tng, cc doanh nghip khng thay i

c v tr a l khi v tr hin ti khng cn l mt v tr mang li nhiu li nhun nht na.
S pht trin ca cc ngnh cng nghip c coi l chin lc pht trin chung.
Thng thng, y l lnh vc ca L THUYT GI C NG DNG. N quan tm n s vn
hnh ca nn kinh t th trng v nhn chung l n tip cn theo c cu th trng, s iu hnh
v kt qu ca th trng.
Nghin cu v thc hnh cc quy tc chi phi vic lm.
Mt t chc c lp c mt chnh ph Anh lp ra vo nm 1966 ri sau b mt chnh ph Anh
khc gii tn vo nm 1971. Mc ch ca t chc l tng hiu qu ca khu vc cng nghip trong
nn kinh t thng qua vic khuyn khich hp l ho v hp nht cc doanh nghip "nh" thnh cc
n v ln hn v hy vng c hiu qu ln hn.

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Nghip on l t chc ca tt c cc cng nhn trong mt ngnh bt k chuyn mn ca h l g.

Xem GENERAL, UNION AND CRAFT UNIONS.
Cc chnh lch v mc tr cng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn c phn loi theo ngnh
m h lm vic.
Vic xp hng mc tr cng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn khc nhau c phn loi theo
ngnh m h lm vic.
Mt ngnh trong khun kh C CU TH TRNG CNH TRANH HON HO c th c nh
ngha l mt s ln doanh nghip cnh tranh vi nhau trong vic sn xut MT SN PHM NG
NHT.
Xem NATIONAL BARGAINING
Xem Elasticity.
Quan h ni ln mt hm s ca mt bin (hay mt tp hp cc bin) ln hn hay nh hn mt s
no .
Ngnh cng nghip trong thi k u pht trin, th phn ni a ca n hin cn nh do s cnh
tranh ca cc i th nc ngoi.
Mt trong nhng l l bo h lu i nht cho rng mt ngnh cng nghip l mi i vi t nc
v nh hn quy m ti u c th khng c kh ng ng vng trong cnh tranh vi nc ngoi
trong thi k non tr.

Xem STATISTIC INFERENCE.

Hng c nh thu nhp m, ngha l khi thu nhp tng ln, cc yu t khc khng i, lng cu
i vi hng ho gim.
Mt C TNH CA QU TRNH TNH SAI PHN .
S gia tng ng k trong mc gi chung hay t l tng ca mc gi chung trn mt n v thi
gian.
Lm pht b nn ny sinh nu vic kim sot gi gi gi c mc thp trong khi nn kinh t ang
c xu hng lm pht ni chung. Xem Inflation.
Ch cc k thut xc nh tc ng ca lm pht n cc ti khon v cc th tc hch ton.
Tng chi tiu vt qu mc sn lng ti a c th t c dn n kt qu gy sc p lm cho
gi c tng ln.
Xem HYPERINFLATION, INFLATION.
Do tnh khng linh hot v th ch m li sut v thanh ton n c th khng cng tng vi lm
pht, do LI SUT THC T v gi tr thc t ca n gim xung.
Tnh hung khi chnh ph thc hin chnh sch tng lm pht thay cho vic tng thu thanh
ton cho cc khon chi tiu ca mnh.
Ch mt s lng ln nhng ngi t lm vic cho mnh trong mt nc ang pht trin, nhng
ngi ny tham gia vo cc cng vic quy m nh, chng hn ch may v, dch v n ung, bun
bn, sa cha giy dp.
Xem PERFECT INFORMATION.
Ma trn gm cc o hm bc hai ca HM XC SUT trong c lng xc sut ln nht ca m
hinh kinh t lng.

Xem EXTERNALITIES.
Cc yu t c cu ca mt nn kinh t to iu kin thun li cho vic lun chuyn hng ho v
dch v gia ngi mua v ngi bn.

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y l mt loi thu nh vo ca ci Anh v n tn nm 1986 vn c coi l THU CHUYN

NHNG VN, thu ny thay th cho THU BT NG SN nm 1974.
Bo co thng k s ngi ln u tin xin tr cp tht nghip M.
S b sung ngoi sinh vo s thu nhp ca cc doanh nghip v h gia nh.
Bao gm tt c cc dng phn phi li khng phi bng chuyn tin mt hay thu nhp.
Mt hi phiu c rt nhm ti tr cho sn xut v bun bn trong nc.
Thng c s dng thay cho t "pht minh" v ch nhng tin b v cng ngh trong qu trnh
sn xut cng nh vic to ra nhng thuc tnh khc nhau v kt hp cc thuc tnh trong cc sn
phm c th trao i c.
Xem FACTOR OF PRODUCTION.
Xu hng ca mt s phng thc sn xut v ch to mun gn ngun nguyn vt liu hay
u vo.

Mt phng php phn tch trong nn kinh t c th hin bng mt tp hp cc HM SN

XUT TUYN TNH m t mi quan h tng tc gia cc ngnh.
S chm tr gia vic nhn thc ra nhu cu phi c hnh ng chnh sch v s thc hin chnh
sch.
Cc dng tin da trn s n ca khu vc t nhn , v d quan trng nht l tin gi ngn hng
thng mi ng vi s tin ngn hng cho khu vc t nhn vay.

Cc m hnh phn bit nhng ngi hin ang lm vic, gi l nhng ngi bn trong - nhng
ngi ny c coi l c mt t sc mnh i vi th trng - vi nhng ngi khng c vic lm
nhng ang mun lm vic, gi l nhng ngi bn ngoi.
Mt ngi hay cng ty khng tr c n, sau khi qua cc khu xem xt v lut php, c th c
tuyn b Ph sn hay h c th dn xp vi nhng ngi cho vay xo n.
Cm thut ng chung ch ti chnh cho vay theo cc iu kin v vic tr gc v li lm nhiu ln.
Mt loi phn tch kinh t nhn mnh n vai tr ca cc t chc x hi, chnh tr v kinh t trong
vic hnh thnh cc s kin kinh t.
Thng c s dng m t s o to vic lm do chnh ph trc tip cung cp.
Bin s thay th BIN GII THCH THC T lm trng s trong phn tch hi quy.
Cn gi l cc CNG C CHNH SCH. Thut ng ny xut pht t vic phn loi cc bin trong
qu trnh n nh ho kinh t thnh cc cng c chnh sch, mc tiu chnh sch v cc bin ngoi
sinh.
Bo him cho php mi ngi i ri ro ca vic thua thit ln ly s chc chn ca vic thua
thit nh.
Xem INSURANCE.
Xem TANGIBLE ASSETS, GOODWILL.
Mt s trn, khng c phn thp phn hay phn s.
Cm thut ng ch tnh hung khi m cc khu vc t nhn khc nhau ca mt nn kinh t, thng
l cc khu vc cng nghip v nng nghip, hot ng phi hp vi nhau mt cch c hiu qu v
ph thuc ln nhau.

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economic

y l qu trnh ngc li ca vi phn. Xem DERIVATIVE.

S gia tng d tr c ch tm. Xem INVESTORIES.
Trng hp gim li tc vt cht i vi vn v lao ng khi t ai l c nh.
Mt trong cc nhm TH TRNG TIN T c quan h ln nhau London. Th trng ny pht
trin vo nhng nm 1960 v l mt th trng trong CC NGN HNG KHNG THANH
TON B TR cho vay ln nhau, nhng ri n tr thnh mt th trng tin ln c rt nhiu
th ch ti chnh s dng trong vic cho vay v i vay.
Trong HM TUYN TNH h s chn l mt hng s, ngha l s hng khng cha BIN C
LP.
Nu tho dng ca mt nhi b tc ng bi s lng hng ho v dch v m nhng ngi
khc tiu dng th ny sinh trng hp tho dng ph thuc ln nhau.
Mt ti khon c bit ca s thanh ton b tr c s dng iu tit s chuyn tin gia 12
Ngn hng vng thuc H THNG D TR LIN BANG.
Xem RATE OF INTEREST.
Vo u nhng nm 1960, nc M tri qua mt thi k cn cn thanh ton lin tc thm ht vi
s lng ln do vn chay khi t nc. Thu san bng li sut l mt nh nhm ngn lung
vn i ra ny bng cch nh thu vo vic cng dn M mua tri phiu v ti sn nc ngoi.

Tnh cng bng trong vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin gia cc th h khc nhau.
S tin do mt cp chnh ph mt nc (v d chnh ph trung ng) cp cho mt chnh ph
nc khc.
Ch tnh hung trong mt hay nhiu ngi tham gia vo ban gim c ca hai hay nhiu cng
ty.
Xem HUNT REPORT, ASSISTED AREAS.
Hng ho c s dng vo mt thi im no trong qu trnh sn xut cc hng ho khc
ch khng phi cho tiu dng cui cng.
y l mt phn tr ca tr hot ng c lin quan vi CHNH SCH TIN T.
Tp hp cc k thut v qu trnh cng ngh nm gia cng ngh DNG NHIU VN ca th
gii phng Ty v cc k thut ni sinh, th s ca cc nc ang pht trin.

Nhm do E.F.Schumacher thnh lp vo nm 1965 London. C 3 hot ng chnh. 1)K hoch

thu thp v th mc ho s liu v cc k thut DNG NHIU LAO NG c hiu qu ph hp
vi vic p dng quy m nh. 2)Xut bn cc tng v CNG NGH TRUNG GIAN thng qua
cc bi bo, sch, bi ging, tp ch ring v thng qua c n lc gy nh hng i vi chnh
sch vin tr ca cc chnh ph v cc t chc quc t. 3)C mt chng trnh cung cp vin tr
cho cc d n c bit cc nc chm pht trin, cc d n ny nhn mnh n qu trnh t
gip thng qua vic s dng cng ngh thch hp cho cc cng ng dn c nh.
Xem Intermediate lag.
iu kin d dng cho cng dn mt nc mun i ni t vi khi lng tin khng hn ch ly
ngoi t theo mt t gi do ngn hng trung ng quy nh nhng ni v vic s dng ngoi t
c hn ch trong cc giao dch thuc TI KHON VNG LAI.
S vn ng ca tin mt, tc l mt phng tin lu thng, t cc ngn hng vo lu thng trong
nc.

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Phn m rng ca mt doanh nghip c to ra bi u t trong ni b doanh nghip ch khng

phi u t c c thng qua thu mua ca cc doanh nghip khc v hot ng hp nht, ngha
l TNG TRNG T BN NGOI.
Mt tnh hung trong mt ngoi ng, thng l ngoi ng phi kinh t, c tnh ton n v
SN LNG ca hng ho gy ra tc ng khng tt c gim xung mc ti u, ng thi vn
tn ti mt lng ngoi ng ti u, ngha l chi ph ca vic gim ngoi ng i thm mt n v
na ln hn li ch thu c t vic lm nh vy.
Mt dn xp qua lao ng c cung v cu trong phm vi mt doanh nghip m khng c s
tham gia trc tip vo TH TRNG LAO NG BN NGOI.
Khon tin gi li t LI NHUN RNG s dng cho vic ti tr cc hot ng ca mt doanh
nghip. Xem External finance.
Xem RATE OF RETURN.
Xem RELATIVITIES.

Mt ngn hng pht trin quc t c thnh lp vo nm 1945 cng vi Qu tin t quc t IMF
theo cc iu khon ca hip nh c k trong Hi ngh v Ti chnh v Tin t ca Lin hp
quc t chc ti BRETTON WOODS, New Hampshire thng 7 nm 1944.
Mt hip nh gia cc nh sn xut, khi s lng sn xut ca h cn nh, phn chia vi nhau
th trng th gii v mt loi hng ho nhm thu c li nhun trn mc cnh tranh v khi suy
thoi th li trnh c cnh tranh khc lit.
Xem KEYNES PLAN
Cc hip nh gia cc nc sn xut v tiu dng, nhng i khi ch l hip nh ca cc bn sn
xut, nhm bo m n nh gi c cc hng ha s ch.
Mt c quan chuyn mn ca Lin hp quc c thnh lp vo nm 1960 vi t cch l mt
phn hiu ca NGN HNG TI THIT V PHT TRIN QUC T hay Ngn hng th gii.
Mt t chc hnh chnh c thnh lp nm 1970 nhm gim st tt c cc hnh thc tr gip ca
M i vi cc nc chm pht trin, bao gm tin vin tr nc ngoi, cc khon cho vay u i,
vin tr lng thc, thc phm theo Lut cng chng 480, tr gip k thut v chuyn giao nhn
lc (v d nh cc i qun gn gi ho bnh).
Chuyn mn ho trong sn xut trn c s quc gia.
B phn ca kinh t hc nghin cu cc giao dch gia cc nc trong lnh vc hng ho v dch
v, lu thng ti chnh v di chuyn cc yu t sn xut.
Mt t chc pht trin quc t c thnh lp vo nm 1956 v sau tr thnh mt c quan
chuyn mn ca Lin hp quc vo nm 1957.

Mt t chc lin chnh ph c thnh lp nm 1919 theo hip c Versaille, sau tr thanh
mt c quan chuyn mn ca Lin Hp Qucvo nm 1946. T chc ny mong mun xc tin s
hp tc quc t theo cc chnh sch c ra mhm mc ch t c mc tiu vic lm,
ci thin iu kin lm vic, m rng bo him x hi v nng cao mc sng ni chung.
Phn tch n cng, cc khon n gia cc nc khc nhau c gii quyt bng cch chuyn
giao cc phng tin thanh ton c quc t chp nhn nh: vng, mt hoc nhiu NG TIN
D TR ch yu, hoc trong phm vi hp hn l cc QUYN RT TIN C BIT (SDRs).

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economic

Mt trng phi t tng cho rng nhng thay i ca MC CUNG TIN th gii l ngun gc c
bn to ra sc p lm pht v gim pht trong nn kinh t th gii.
(IMF) - Qu tin t quc t c thnh lp vo 12/1945 theo s ph chun cc iu khon ca
Hip nh v qu, c lp ra ti Hi ngh Ti chnh v Tin t ca Lin hp quc t chc ti
BRETTON WOODS, New Hampshire, 1944. Mc ch ca qu l khuyn khch s hp tc v tin
t quc t, to iu kin cho vic m rng tng trng cn i trong THNG MI QUC T,
gip cc nc thnh vin trong vic khc phc CN CN THANH TON v xc tin vic n
nh NGOI T.
Mt cm thut ng chung ch cch thc tin hnh cc giao dch ti chnh quc t, ngha l cc
thanh ton gia cng dn ca cc nc ang gi cc ng ni t khc nhau.
S phn loi cng nghip v cc hot ng kinh t c ra nhm tng cng kh nng so
snh quc t ca cc s liu thng k do Lin hp quc tp hp v xut bn.
Trao i bun bn hng ho v dch v gia cc quc gia.
Nm 1947, Hi ng Kinh t v X hi ca Lin hp quc nhm hp Havana, Cuba, mt hi ngh
quc t v Thng mi v Pht trin "nhm mc ch thc y sn xut, trao i v tiu dng hng
ho".
Mt t chc hnh ho quc t c thnh lp nm 1979 theo Hip nh v la m Quc t ln th
nht nhm iu hnh Cng c Bun bn la m theo Hip nh v la m quc t nm 1971.
Xem WELFARE ECONOMICS.
Mt thc o s phn tn ca s liu mu hoc phn phi, thut ng ny c nh ngha nh s
chnh lch gia gi tr cao nht v thp nht ca cc t phn v, v v vy n cha 50% gi tr
trung tm cc quan st ca cc bin s lin quan.
o lut ny thit lp U ban Thng mi gia cc Bang (ICC) M nm 1887. ICC l t chc
iu tit lin bang u tin.

c lng mt khong trong gi tr ca THAM S thc t c kh nng ri vo.

TH TRNG CHIT KHU LONDON c gi l "ti Ngn hng" khi tt c hay mt s TR S
CHIT KHU buc phi vay hay gim chit khu hi phiu ti Vn phng Chit khu ca NGN
HNG ANH do cc ngn hng rt tin THEO YU CU ca chng.
D tr hay mc duy tr hnh ho ca cc doanh nghip p ng nhng dao ng tht thng
tm thi trong sn xut hay kinh doanh.
Nhng dao ng ca mc sn lng do nhng thay i ca LNG TN KHO.
S tch lu hng tn kho khi sn xut vt qu sn lng bn thc t.
Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm s, trong bin s m chng ta mun ly o hm
c biu din di dng bin ph thuc.
Thut ng ny c s dng ph bin nht m t lu lng chi tiu c dng tng hay
duy tr DUNG LNG VN thc t.
(i vi cc nc ANG PHT TRIN). Cc tiu chun c ra nhm lm c s cho vic
phn b cc ngun lc u t.
Cc khon tin do chnh ph hay cc t chc khc cung cp nhm mc ch khuyn khch cc
doanh nghip chi tiu mua VND vt cht.
Mt cng ty vi chc nng u t vo cc t chc khc.

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Mt cng ty ti chnh pht trin c ngn hng Anh v Ngn hng thanh ton London v Scotland
thnh lp nm 1946 gi l HIP HI TI CHNH CNG NGHIP V THNG MI (ICFC) vi s
tr gip ca chnh ph Anh nhm lp mt trong nhng "l hng" ca th trng vn Anh do u ban
MACMILLAN xc nh.
Mt cm thut ng ch mt qu trnh phi hp khng trng thy c nhm m bo cho s nht
qun ca cc k hoch c nhn trong nn kinh t th trng phi tp trung.
Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, BALANCE OF TRADE, CURRENT ACCOUNT, EXPORTS.
Tht nghip s c loi b khi tng cu tng ln, tng cu lm cho gi c tng ln v tin cng
thc t thp i.
Gi thit rng, vi bt k kh nng tng tin cng trong ngn hn, tin cng chc chn s tr li
mc va sng trong di hn.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Xt v phng din TI NGUYN THIN NHIN v mi trng, thut ng ny ch mt hnh ng
no c nhng tc ng khng th o ngc c mt cch tuyt i hoc do chi ph lm
nh vy l qu ln.
Xem IS - LM DIAGRAM
Xem INTERNATIONAL STANDARD INDUSTRAL CLASSIFICATION
Mt ngn hng pht trin khu vc c T chc Hi ngh o hi thnh lp nm 1974 nhm
khuyn khch tng trng kinh t cc nc v cng ng hi gio.
Lc m t vic xc nh ng thicc gi tr cn bng ca li sut v mc thu nhp quc dn
do kt qu thc hin cc iu kin trong th trng hng ho v tin t.
ng cong hay ng thng m t t hp ca hai u vo bt k c th mua c vi mt s
tin c nh.
(Cn c gi l ng cong ng chi). Xem ISO-COST CURVE.
(Cn c gi l ng bng quan ca ngi sn xut hay ng ng lng). Mt ng ng
sn phm l tp hp cc t hp ca hai hay nhiu U VO to ra cng mt mc SN LNG.
Qu tch cc t hp ca hai hay nhiu bin ph thuc ca HM LI NHUN to nn mt mc li
nhun nh nhau.
Xem Iso-profit curve.
Qu tch cc t hp SN LNG v ph tn tip th to nn mt mc TNG DOANH THU nht
nh.
Khi mt cng ty c hn ch v c phn c thnh lp, cng ty ny c php tng vn bng
cch pht hnh c phiu vi mt s lng nht nh.
Mt cc thuc Ngn hng Anh c trch nhim trong vic pht hnh giy bc ngn hng.
Mt s loi chng khon pht hnh mi ca cc cng ty v cc t chc khc c nhng ngi
mi gii chng khon iu khin v trn phng din ny th h hot ng ging nh nh pht
hnh.
Mt t chc, thng l mt ngn hng thng mi, bn cnh cc hot ng khc cn chuyn mn
ho trong qun l vic pht hnh c phn mi, tri phiu cng ty hoc tri phiu nhn danh cc
cng ty hoc cc t chc khc c nhu cu v ti chnh, v d nh chnh ph v cc cp chnh
quyn a phng.
Mt hip hi c thnh lp vo nm 1945 t chc mt din n nhm tng cng nhng li
ch ca cc ngn hng thng mi v cc t chc khc hot ng vi t cch l cc nh pht
hnh.
Xem INTERNATIONAL TRADE ORGANIZATION.

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economic

Thi k ngay sau khi ng tin ca mt quc gia b mt gi hay ph gi, quc gia c th tri qua
mt thi k thm ht CN CN THANH TON.
Cm thut ng miu t vn khi phng din l thuyt ngi ta gi nh rng T S VN - LAO
NG c th c thay i ngay lp tc.
Mt cng chc v sau l mt gio s u tin ti trng i hc Owens, Manchester v sau
ti trng i hc tng hp London, Jevon l mt nh kinh t y nng lc c tng ban u rt
v i, mc du ng khng pht trin ht nhng tng ca mnh mt cch rt y . Trong
cc tc phm chnh ca mnh, Hc thuyt kinh t chnh tr (1871), Jevon ch yu vit v nhng
tng ca TRNG PHI O v phn tch gi tr tho dng bin v l thuyt v vn v li. L mt
trong ba nh sng lp phng php tho dng bin, (nhng ngi khc l Merger v Walras),
Jevon l ngi u tin cng b hc thuyt ny vo nm 1862. ng cng a ra khi nim phi
tho dng ca lao ng. ng gn thi gian vo qu trnh sn xut v vo l thuyt v vn trc
Bohm Bawerk. ng coi u t c hai kha cnh, dung lng vn v thi gian u t. ng cho rng
tng vn ng ngha vi vic ko di thi gian u t v rng nng sut ca vn l mt hm s
thi gian. Li sut th ph thuc vo sn phm bin ca vn. Jevon cng ng gp nhiu vo vn
cc s ch s. ng xy dng ch s gi c bnh qun gia quyn v thuyt chu k thng mi vi
thuyt "vng nng nng" ca mnh. Vng nng nng b nh hng n thi tit v nh hng n
ma v cy trng v do vy nh hng n nn kinh t ni chung.
Thut ng trc khi c khi nim v n ln vo nm 1986, ch mt nh lp th trng ti s chng
khon London.
Mt nhm n nh cc ngh nghip hay cng vic nm trong mt th trng lao ng ni b lin kt
cht ch vi nhau n mc chng c cng cc c im quy nh v lng bng.
Mt nh thay th cnh tranh lng bng chnh thng m trong cng nhn cnh tranh vi
nhau ginh ly vic lm bng vic thay i mc lng m h sn sng lm vic.
Hnh ng c hiu theo ngha rng nht l gim s ngi tht nghip trong thi k suy thoi,
hoc bng cch gim tc ngi b sa thi do d tha hoc bng cch tng tc ngi tht
nghip tm kim c vic lm.

iu ny din ra khi mt c nhn ng thi c hn mt vic lm v do vy khng ph thuc vo

mt ngun thu nhp duy nht.
Mt qu trnh m trong cc yu t khc nhau ca mt vic lm lm nh k nng, kin thc tch
lu, trch nhim v cc iu kin lm vic - c nh gi, cho im v a ra mt im chung
cho vic lm .
L qu trnh thu thp thng tin v nhng c hi vic lm v mc lng ca mi c hi c hi vic
lm trong th trng lao ng.
Cc phng php tm vic hoc nhn vic lm c phn loi thnh "chnh quy" v "khng chnh
quy".
Mt xu hng trong gii cng nhn tr, v c bit trong s nhng ngi v thnh nin tm kim
vic lm thch hp trn c s th nghim.

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economic

L nh kinh t hc ngi Canada c b nhim l ch nhim cng trnh v thuyt kinh t ti

Manchester nm 1956. nh dy hc ti Chicago, Trng Kinh t London v Geneva. ng l bin
tp vin ca nhiu thi bo khc nhau nh Thi bo kinh t, Tp san Kinh t chnh tr v Kinh t
hc quc t. Cc tc phm ni ting ca ng bao gm Thng mi quc t v tng trng kinh t,
Nhng nghin cu v l lun thun tu (1958), cc tiu lun tip theo v kinh t hc tin t (1972),
Kinh t hc v X hi (1975). L thnh vin ca TRNG PHA CHICAGO, ngoi nhng ng
gp ban u vo lnh vc cn cn thanh ton, thu quan v thanh ton cho cc yu t sn xut,
ng tng hp nhiu tc phm ng thi v kinh t hc quc t v kinh t hc tin t quc t.
Cc phn phi xc sut m cho bit xc sut vi hai hay nhiu hn cc bin s nhn ng thi
nhng gi tr nht nh (hoc nm trong nhng khong nht nh).
Cc hng ho c c tnh l nu c s thay i trong tc sn lng ca mt sn phm th s
em li s thay i tng t i vi cc sn phm kia.
Ti a ho li nhun kt hp ca mt nhm doanh nghip.
Cng ty c phn c thnh lp m khng phi tun theo nhng i hi phi cam kt nhiu vn ti
chnh.
Mt tnh hung trong c khu vc cng cng v t nhn hp tc vi nhau trong mt hot ng
kinh t; iu ny c bit ph bin trong cc nc km pht trin ni m vn rt khan him trong
khu vc t nhn v cc qu ca chnh ph thng c dng pht trin cng nghip hay dch
v ngn hng
Mt hnh thc hp tc kinh doanh quc t gia cc cng ty Phng Ty v cc cng ty ng u
v l m hnh u t nc ngoi chnh cc nc ng u.
Mt php kim nh c to ra gii quyt cc gi thit khng c bin chung trong khun kh
ca m hnh hi quy.
Mt chu k trong thng mi trong mc hot ng kinh t vi thi gian t 9 ti 10 nm.
Xem RAWLSIAN JUSTICE.
Mt tiu chun o c v gi tr ca mt hng ho hay dch v - ngha l mt mc gi m c
coi l "ng v o l".

Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, ngi c nh hng ln ti Cambridge, t nhng nm 1930 ti nhng

nm 70. Uy tn v nh hng ca ng vt xa nhng tc phm xut bn ca mnh m trong
tc phm Cc tiu lun la chn v vic lm v tng trng (1973) miu t nhng ng gp ch
yu ca ng.ng c cho l ngi a ra khi nim s nhn v c ghi nhn v nhng
ng gp quan trng trong nhng nm 1930 v KINH T HC PHC LI trong vic xc nh
nhng iu kin c mt S TI U V X HI.
sch kinh t. ng c ng gp vo l thuyt kinh t trong lnh vc KINH T HC PHC LI m
theo ng cng vi J.R.Hicks pht trin m hnh KIM NH N B phc li thu c. ng ta
l ngi ng h chnh i vi cuc tranh ci v vn v cng vi Joan Robinson v nhng ngi
khc ng tn cng hc thuyt tn c in v phn phi thu nhp v tin b k thut da trn
phn tch bin thay th chng vi cc m hnh da trn phn tch ca J.M.Keynes, David Ricardo
v Pireo Sraffa. Trong khi lm c vn cho b trng b ti chnh Anh v cc chnh sch thu kho
t nm 1964-1968 v 1974-1976, ng ngh s dng THU LI VN phn phi li thu
nhp v thu s dng lao ng chn lc khuyn khch thuyn chuyn lao ng sang ngnh ch
to. L ngi bo v chung thnh kinh t hc Keynes, ng c nh hng rt ln trong mt s lnh
vc c bit trong cc tc phm ca Nhm chnh sch kinh t Cambridge, ch yu l ca Kaldor
v CU HIU LC v s cn thit ca chnh ph cn phi can thip vo nn kinh t n nh
nn kinh t v c bn trong v bn ngoi v khuyn khch tng trng. Cc tc phm chnh ca
ng bao gm: Thu chi tiu (1955), Cc tiu lun v tng trng v n nh kinh t (1960), Cc
tiu lun v gi tr v phn phi (1960), Tch lu vn v tng trng kinh t (1961), Nguyn nhn
ca t l tng trng chm Anh (1966), Mu thun ca cc mc tiu chnh sch (1971), Cc tiu
lun v kinh t c thu thp, tp 5 (1978).

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Kim nh ny c Kaldor v Hicks a ra trong cc bi bo c in Tp ch Kinh t nm

1939. Xem COMPENSATION TESTS.
Nh kinh t hc ngi Balan, trong u nhng nm 30 ng c lp pht trin thuyt ca
Keynes. Kalecki cng l ngi a ra khi nim "mc c quyn" c xc nh bi t l gia
mc li sut trn gi bn, iu ny cho thy khng c s cnh tranh v gi c. Khi nim ny
c dng gii thch ti sao gi c li khng gim xung trong thi k suy thoi v cng gii
t trng ca li nhun v lng trong THU NHP QUC DN. Kelecki cng l ngi a ra khi
nim "ngi cng nhn tiu ci g m h kim c v cc nh t bn kim ci g h chi tiu".
Nu ngi cng nhn tiu ton b tin lng ca vo mua hng ho th phn cn li ca thu nhp
quc dn, li nhun phi c sn cho u t v tiu dng ca nh t bn. Nu cc nh t bn tng
tiu dng ca mnh th n s tr li vi h di dng li nhun cao hn. Nm 1943, Kalecki cng
d on chu k ngng tng trng chnh tr. iu xy ra Anh t cui Chin tranh th gii
th hai. Ti cui i mnh, Balan, Kalecki quan tm n NG HC KINH T v s tng
trng cc nc X hi ch ngha. Cc n phm chnh ca ng bao gm: Cc tiu lun v l
thuyt giao ng kinh t (1939), L thuyt ng hc kinh t (1945), L thuyt tng trng mt
nn kinh t X hi ch ngha (1969) v cc tiu lun la chn v ng hc ca nn kinh t t bn
ch ngha (1971).
y l phng php ti u d on CC BIN S NI SINH v cp nht nhng THNG S
C LNG trong cc phng trnh d on.

Nh kinh t hc v ton hc ngi Nga l ngi khi xng QUY HOCH TUYN TNH trong
nhng nm 1930. Kantorovich ng dng thuyt ny khng nhng i vi vn kt hp cc yu
t sn xut sn c trong mt nh my ti a sn lng, m cn p dng thuyt ny vo vn
k hoch ho kinh t v m mt nn kinh t x hi ch ngha. Kt lun ca ng l c th phi tp
trung ho cc quyt nh sn xut m vn duy tr hiu qu nu gi c bng (dn xut t p s ca
cc bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh) c s dng cc mc thp ca qu trnh quyt nh. Lun
im chnh trong tc phm ca ng v cc nh kinh t khc Nga, nhng ngi chu nh hng
ca ng l: mt nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung thnh cng cn phi s dng h thng gi c
xy dng bao gm t l chit khu x hi hay li sut x hi. ng ngh ci cch k thut k
hoch ho khi ang c dng Lin X. ng c tng gii Nobel v kinh t hc nm 1975
(cng vi T.KOOPMANS). Cc tc phm chnh ca ng bao gm: Cc phng php ton hc
trong lp k hoch t chc sn xut (1939), Cc s dng tt nht cc ngun lc kinh t (1965) v
Quyt nh ti u trong kinh t hc (1972) (vi A.G.Gorstko).
Vng thng thuyt mu dch a phng ln th su, tin hnh di s bo tr ca HIP NH
CHUNG V THU QUAN V MU DCH din ra Geneva t 1964-1967. Khng ging cc vng
thng thuyt mu dch trc thng khuyn khch gim hng ro mu dch a phng, vng
Kenedy dn ti vic thng lng gim thu quan i vi nhng nhm hng ho c th ch
khng thng lng v mt mt hng.
Mt hnh thc ch o tin lng c th m trong mt khon thanh ton tin lng c dng
lm tham chiu cho ton b nhng khon lng phi tr sau .
L mt hc tr ca Alffred Marshall.
Mt thay i ca cu i vi hng ho l kt qu ca s thay i trong mc gi chung.
Xem INCOME - EXPENDITURE MODEL.
Mt cm thut ng dng miu t cc l thuyt kinh t v m v mc hot ng kinh t s
dng cc k thut do J.M.Keynes a ra.
Xem HARROD DOMAR GROWTH MODEL.
B ti chnh Anh a ra nhng ngh v vic thit lp mt lin minh Thanh ton B tr quc t ti
Hi ngh Ti chnh v tin t ca Lin hp quc BRETTON WOOD, New Hampshire nm 1944.
John Maynard Keynes l ngi chu trch nhim ch yu v vic to lp cc ngh nn c
gi chung l K hoch Keynes.

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Cc mc lng ca ngh nghip trong th trng LAO NG NI B lm im tip xc vi th

trng bn ngoi.
Da trn gi thuyt rng trong cc th trng c c im c quyn nhm, s ph thuc ln nhau
buc cc doanh nghip phi tin rng gim gi xung di mc hin hnh s b cc i th lm
theo, nhng tnh hnh s khng din ra i vi trng hp tng gi.
Mt m hnh KINH T LNG c va ca nn kinh t M cho giai on 1929-1952 (khng k c
giai on 1942-1945) c nh hng rt quan trng i vi vic xy m hnh kinh t lng t
thi gian xut bn nm 1955 n nay.

Nh kinh t hc ngi M v l gio s kinh t ti trng i hc Pennsylvania; c tng gii

thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1980 v tc phm tin phong ca mnh trong vic pht trin cc m
hnh d bo kinh t nh lng, c th c dng d bo cc bin s nh tng sn phm quc
dn, xut khu, u t v cc tc ng ca cc bin php trong cc chnh sch i vi cc bin
s ny. Trong s nhiu m hnh c lin quan n tn ny th m hnh thnh cng v ni ting nht
l m hnh D bo Kinh t Lng Wharton i vi nn kinh t M, a ra ti trng i hc
Pennsylvania. Klein quan tm nhiu n vic p dng cc pht trin l thuyt trong kinh t
lng vo cng vic ng dng hn l vic a ra thuyt kinh t nh lng. S nghip ca ng
gp phn pht trin lnh vc ny v nh hng ti vic xy dng m hnh trn quy m ton th
gii. Thnh tu c mt khng hai ca Klein ni chung l vic dch chuyn m hnh Keynes sang
lnh vc thng k. Hai cun sch ni ting nht ca ng l Cuc cch mng Keynes (1947) v
Sch gio khoa v Kinh t lng (1953).
Trong THUYT TNG TRNG, mt vt cn i vi tng trng n nh khi Tc tng trng
m bo l khng n nh, ngoi vn na l liu tc m bo c ngang bng Tc tng
trng t nhin hay khng.

L mt nh kinh t hc ngi M, Knight c b nhim lm gio s kinh t ti Chicago nm

1928. ng c ng gp quan trng vo o l v PHNG PHP LUN ca kinh t hc cng nh
i vi vic nh ngha v gii thch CHI PH X HI. ng gp ln nht ca ng i vi kinh t tc
phm Ri ro, S khng chc chn v li nhun (1921). Cc n phm chnh khc ca ng bao gm
T chc Kinh t (1933), Lun l v cnh tranh (1935), T do v i mi (1947), Nhng bi lun v
lch s v Cc phng php kinh t hc (1956), v Tnh bo v Hnh ng dn ch (1960). L mt
nh sng lp trng phi cc nh kinh t "T DO" CHICAGO, Knight c nh hng ng k
i vi cc thnh vin ca trng phi , mc du ng ta b ph phn v quyn hnh ca nh
nc, ng ta nghi ng kh nng ca mt x nghip t do hot ng hiu qu v theo mt cch
thc hp o l. c bit ng b ph phn v cc tc ng ca kinh doanh t do i vi thu nhp.

Mt nh kinh t ngi Nga c ng gp ng k vo kinh t nng nghip v pht trin k hoch

ho kinh t Lin X. Nm 1952 ng xut bn cun Nhng ln sng di trong cuc sng kinh t,
m nh ng tr nn ni ting. ng tm ra nhng chu k di t cui nhng nm 1780 n 184451, t 1844-51 n 1914-20. ng cho rng s tn ti ca cc ln sng di l "t nht c kh nng"
nhng khng a ra thuyt h thng, ch n thun a ra mt s yu t lin quan. Cc nghin
cu sau ny cho thy rng cc ln sng tm c c th l do cc k thut thng k c
Kondratieff s dng to nn. Mong mun phn tch cc iu kin kinh t mt cch khch quan ca
ng v hnh lm cho ng mu thun vi cc chnh sch ca Lin X. ng b bt nm 1930, v
khng c a ra x cng khai, v sau cht trong t khng ai bit ti.

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Nh kinh t hc ngi M sinh ra Halan. Koopmans l gio s kinh t ti Chicago (1948-1955),

gim c COWLES FOUNDATION (1961-1967), v l gio s kinh t ti Harvard (1960-1961). L
ngi c cng c lp pht trin QUY HOCH TUYN TNH, Koopmans gn lin quy hoch tuyn
tnh vi thuyt kinh t vi m truyn thng v pht trin mt m hnh phn b ngun lc trong mt
nn kinh t cnh tranh. ng cho rng mt m hnh sn xut nh vy c th lm c s cho vic
thit lp nn mt l thuyt cn bng tng th. Nm 1951, ng trnh by quan in ny trong phn
tch hot ng v sn xut v phn b, trong ng a ra cng c phn tch hot ng. Kt lun
ca tc phm ny l vic s dng gi bng to ra cc kh nng phi tp trung ho cc quyt nh
sn xut trong nn kinh t. Koopmans c ng gp quan trng vo thuyt tng trng ti u v
thuyt kinh t lng. ng a ra mt s nh l quan trng v vic phn chia ti u thu nhp quc
dn gia u t v tiu dng thng qua thi gian v cho thy kt qu ca nhng la chn
i vi vic phn b phc li gia cc th h. ng c tng gii thng Nobel nm 1975 (cng
vi L.KANTOROVICH). Cc tc phm chnh khc ca ng bao gm Ba tiu lun v tnh trng khoa
hc kinh t (1957).
Mt lot cc bin i m trong mt phng trnh cha mt tr phn phi gim theo cp s nhn
c di v hn c bin i thnh mt s s lng hu hn cc bin s, bao gm mt tr
khng ng nht.

Nh kinh t hc ngi M gc Nga, ngi c tng gii thng Nobel kinh t nm 1971 do ng
gp vo vic thu thp, c lng v gii thch cc s liu lin quan n qu trnh thay i x hi.
ng gp ca ng chiu mt lung nh sng mi vo tng trng kinh t. ng quan tm
n chu k tng trng di m c v b nh hng mnh m bi nhng thay i trong tc tng
dn s, s n nh trong hu ht cc nc cng nghip trong nhiu thp k ca t l gia tiu
dng v thu nhp v vic ng pht hin ra rng s lng vn thc s cn sn xut ra mt
lng hng ho nht nh c xu hng i xung. C mt s tranh ci v vic liu cc chu k m
ng tm ra c th khng phi l v k thut thng k m ng s dng. Xem Fishman, G.S, Nhng
phng php ph bin trong kinh t lng. Harvard University press (1969). Cc n phm chnh
ca Kuznuts l Thu nhp quc dn v Thnh phn ca n (1941), Sn phm quc dn t nm
1869 (1946) v S tng trng kinh t ca cc dn tc (1971).
Ton b ngun nhn lc sn c trong x hi dng vo qu trnh sn xut.
Tin b k thut lm tng sn lng ging nh kiu tng sn lng nh tng LC LNG LAO
NG m khng c s thay i thc s no v s lng ngi trong lc lng lao ng tham gia
thc hin.
S nghin cu bn cht v cc yu t quyt nh tin lng v vic lm.
Lc lng lao ng bao gm nhng ngi ang lm vic v ang tm vic, n bao gm nhng
ngi c vic lm v c nhng ngi tht nghip.
i vi ton b dn s hay i vi mt b phn ca dn s tnh theo tui tc, gii tnh hay chng
tc, t l tham gia lao ng c nh ngha l t l gia s dn (c vic hay tht nghip) c kh
nng hot ng kinh t so vi tng s dn cng loi.
Khi cc hng u t mnh vo vic thu v o to mt cng nhn, h s khng mun sa thi
ngi trong thi k kinh t suy thoi.

Mt th trng lao ng bao gm cc hot ng thu v cung ng lao ng nht nh thc hin
nhng cng vic nht nh, v l qu trnh xc nh s tr bao nhiu cho ngi lm vic.
Mt cm thut ng c C.Mc dng miu t hng ho m ngi cng nhn bn cho cc nh
t bn.
Cc quy trnh cng ngh hay phng php sn xut thin v hng c gii ho v s dng t lao
ng hn.
T trng tin lng trong THU NHP QUC DN.

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Mt cm thut ng do J.H.HICKS pht trin th hin cch gii thch c bit ca ng v cch
thc m tin lng (v do vy, gi c) c n nh.
Xem SUPPLT OF LABOUR.
Xem LEWIS-FEI - RANIS MODEL
Mt hc thuyt c CC NH KINH T HC C IN, nh RICARDO v c bit l C.Mc s
dng gii thch vic n nh cc gi c tng i trn c s s lng lao ng, hin ti v tch
dn, c bao hm trong hng ho.
Mt cm thut ng p dng cho cc doanh nghip miu t s vic lm thay i, nhng ngi
thi lm vic v nhng ngi mi c thu mn.
Mi quan h gia cc bin m trong gi tr hin ti ca BIN PH THUC c quan h vi cc
gi tr trc ca mt hay nhiu BIN C LP.
Mt phng php gii quyt cc bi ton ti u ho c rng buc, trong cc rng buc c
vit thnh HM N gp cng vi HM MC TIU to ra phng trnh gi l "phng trnh
Lagrange".
Mt hc thuyt cho rng cc vn kinh t ca x hi c nh hng tt nht bi quyt nh
ca cc c nhn m khng c s can thip ca cc c quan chnh quyn.

Mt thut ng s dng trong kinh t hc miu t khng ch phn b mt tri t khng tnh n
bin m cn bao gm ton b ti nguyn thin nhin nh rng, khong sn, ngun lc bin,
mu ca t c th c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut.
Mt cm thut ng rng thng thng m ch cc kh nng tng s phn thnh cc vng nng
thn (thng l cc nc ang pht trin) thng qua cc thay i v th ch trong khu vc nng
nghip.
Mt loi thu nh vo gi tr hoc kch thc ca mnh t.

Nh kinh t ngi Balan dy mt vi trng i hc M v gi v tr cao trong trng i hc

Chicago. ng l mt trong nhng nh sng lp kinh t lng v l ngi ng h kinh t hc
Keynes (Gi linh hot v ton dng cng nhn, 1944), mc d vn coi kinh t hc Keynes l mt
trng hp c bit ca Walras. Tuy ng c ng gp ng k vo nhiu lnh vc nhng ng
c ngi ta nh n nhiu nht trong cuc tranh lun trong nhng nm 1930 v vn liu
rng cc tnh ton kinh t hp l c th xy ra trong nn KINH T HOCH HO hay khng. ng
cho rng iu ny c th xy ra, v gi c cn tnh ch s khan him c th c tnh ton bn
ngoi H THNG TH TRNG m khng cn bt k hnh ng trao i no, mc du trong thc
t c c h thng gi c ca mnh, Lange i hi to ra mt th ch v th ch ny ging
mt th trng. Tc phm Kinh t chnh tr ca ng, mc d khng hon chnh (bn dch ting Anh
nm 1963), nhng l tng hp ln u tin v KINH T HC MC XT.
Mt ch s bnh qun gia quyn so vi nm gc.
Mt t chc lin chnh ph c thnh Lp nm 1975 khuyn khch hp tc v hi nhp kinh t
trong khu vc M Latinh.
Hip hi thng mi t do c thnh lp nm 1961 cn c vo s chun y ca Hip c
Motevideo nm 1960, nh du s kt thc hng lot cuc hi tho s b di s bo tr ca U
BAN KINH T M LATINH, LIN HP QUC.
Mt trng phi t duy kinh t c ngun gc ti trng i hc Lausanne Thu s nhn mnh
vo vic s dng cc k thut ton hc th hin s ph thuc ln nhau trong mt th trng.

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Mt quan im c cng nhn rng ri, nu mi yu t khc khng i th hng ho s c

mua nhiu hn nu gi c thp hn, v hng ho s c mua t hn nu gi c tng ln.
Khi s lng ngy cng nhiu ca mt yu t kh bin c thm vo s lng c nh ca mt
yu t no khc, th trc hts l li tc bin, v sau l li tc trung bnh i vi yu t bin i
s, sau mt im no gim dn

Xem Law of diminishing returns.

Mt bn bo co ca chnh ph Anh v thu v chi tiuu ca cc chnh ph a phng Anh xut
bn nm 1976 (HMSO, Ti chinh chnh quyn a phng, bo co theo yu cu U ban iu tra,
London, 1976).
Xem TEMPORARY LAYOFFS.
Trong nn kinh t k hoch ho, chnh quyn c th gn tm quan trng c bit cho mt mc tiu
c th no .
Mc thanh ton lng bng chung trong mt ngnh kinh t c coi l im tham kho v
lng cho cc khu vc khc (v d nghip on trong mt khu vc cng cng c th ly mc
thanh ton lng bng trong khu vc t nhn tham kho).
Xem Withdrawals.
Mt qu trnh c coi l s xoy trn c lng/ lng v c cho l mt l do c lp dn n
lm pht lng v gi c bi nhng ngi to lp thuyt LM PHT DO CHI PH Y.
Mt cch gii thch v TIN B K THUT (nh thy trong s gim dn u vo lao ng trn mi
n v u ra) xt theo kinh nghim thc hin cng vic .

Mt tho thun trong mt bn c quyn s dng ti n no thuc v quyn s hu ca

ngi khc trong mt thi gian nht nh, i li ngi s dng ti sn ny phi tr mt khon ph
c nh tho thun, thng tr thnh nhiu ln theo nh k.
Xem COST MINIMIZATION.
Mt cm thut ng chung miu t c s ca mt nhm cc k thut c lng kinh t lng.
Mt m hnh ton hc c s dng rng ri trong kinh t hc, gii quyt cc tc ng ca cc
rng buc i vi vic ti a ho hnh vi.
Mt trong nhng chc nng, v l mt trong nhng l do tn ti ca mt NGN HNG TRUNG
NG HIN I.

Sinh ra Lin X, Leontief tr thnh gio s kinh t ti Harvard nm 1946. Tc phm chnh ca
ng l mt bi phn tch v ph thuc ln nhau bn trong mt nn kinh t, v c bit l bn trong
khu vc sn xut, s dng mt k thut m ng ta gi l phn tch u ra - u vo. Trong cc tc
phm nh Cc nghin cu v c cu kinh t M (1953) v Kinh t hc u vo - u ra (1966),
ng m rng m hnh tc ng qua li ca QUESNAY v cnhngx ngi kc thnh mt m hnh
ton cao cp cho thy mi quan h gia cc thnh phn ca mt h thng kinh t. Leontief p
dng k thut vo nn kinh t M, v to ra cc kt qa l th trong lnh vc thng mi
quc t v kinh t ti nguyn thin nhin. K thut tr thnh c s ca k hoch ho trong
nhiu nn kinh t phi th trng. Leontief c tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1973.
Xem HECKSCHER - OHLIN APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE.

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economic

Sinh ra Nga v hc Anh, s nghip nghin cu ca ng din ra mt s trng i hc M.

Tc phm ban u ca ng bao gm vic miu t bng th v m rng thuyt gi tr ca
Marshall bao gm nhng nghin cu v cnh tranh khng hon ho ca Joan ROBINSON v
CHAMBERLIN. Tc phm ny tp trung vo vic tm kim mt khi nim y v quyn lc c
quyn v bo v ch ngha bnh qun bng cch s dng quy lut li tc bin gim dn. Tc phm
chnh ca ng l Kinh t hc kim sot (1944) s dng nhiu nhng phn tch ca Marshall to
ra mt tnh hung ng h CH NGHA X HI TH TRNG. ng cng a ra nhng iu kin
m theo mt s thay i v t gi hi oi ca mt quc gia s ci thin c cn cn thng
mi ca n. iu kin ny thng c gi l IU KIN MARSHALL - LERNER. Ngoi ra, Lerner
cn l ngi ng h v bo v kinh t hc KEYNES.
Tnh hung do Lerner phn tch trong thuyt v thu quan trong vic p dng mt loi thu
quan vo mt mt hng nhp khu c nhu cu trong nc khng co gin theo gi th kt qu s
dn ti cn cn thng mi ti t hn v cu i vi sn phm tng ln.
Khi CNH TRANH HON HO tn ti th gi bn chi ph bin; do vy ch s ny s c gi tr bng
0.

Xem DEVOLOPING COUNTRIES.

Mt vn bn do mt ngn hng pht hnh thay mt khch hng bo m rng ngn hng s thanh
ton cc sc do khch hng rt, hay ph bin hn ngy nay gi l cc hi phiu do cc bn m
khch hng mua hng rt theo tn ca khch hng.
Mt khi nim s dng trong kim nh gi thuyt xc nh cc gi tr ti hn nhm so snh
thng k kim nh vi chng.

Mt ch s v mi quan h gia n di hn v vn s dng.

Nh kinh t hc Ty n v l ngi cng c tng gii thng Nobel vi Theodore Schultz v

kinh t nm 1979. Hun tc W.Athur c o to ti trng kinh t London v l trng khoa
kinh t ti trng i hc Manchester v Princeton. Mi quan tm chnh ca ng l chnh sch
cng cng v kinh t ca cc nc km pht trin v m hnh pht trin ca Lewis, trong gi
nh mt nn kinh t hai khu vc hin i ang pht trin, trong li nhun c ti u t, v
hp th s lao ng khng hn ch t khu vc nng nghip truyn thng, c chp nhn rng
ri. Tc phm chnh ca ng l L thuyt v tng trng kinh t (1955), trnh by nhng phn tch
tng hp v pht trin kinh t cho n thi gian . Trong k hoch pht trin: s ct yu ca
chnh sch kinh t (1966), ng a ra nhng hng dn v cch thc to lp v nh gi mt k
hoch kinh t. Cc n phm khc ca ng l Kho st kinh t, 1948 - 1935 (1949), phn tch v
xem xt cc s kin v chnh sch ca giai on , Chi ph c nh (1949) v Cc nguyn tc k
hoch ho kinh t (1949).
Mt m hnh kinh t v tht nghip cc nc ang pht trin c A.Lewis gii thiu nm 1954
v 1958 v sau ch chn thc ho bi Fei v Ranis nm 1964.

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S thch ca mt c nhn i vi mt nhm hng ho ny so vi mt hng ho khc, nu n cha

nhiu hn mt hng ho c th no v bt k s lng ca cc hng ho khc trong nhm
nh th no.
Mi tri quyn, thc ti hay tng lai, i vi mt c nhn hay t chc.
Xem ECONOMIC LIBERALISM.
Li sut cho vay lin ngn hng London London l li sut khc nhau trong nhng hon cnh khc
nhau m cc ngn hng c th cho vay nhng loi tin no vi s lng v thi hn no
, trong th trng tin t Chu u.
Theo Lut ngn hng ca Anh nm 1979, mt loi t chc tn dng c php nhn tin gi. B
lut nhm thit lp mt h thng quy nh v kim sot bo v cng chng c tin gi, v c tc
dng lm hn ch cc hot ng nhn tin gi hai loi t chc tn dng, "cc ngn hng c
cng nhn" v "cc c quan c php nhn tin gi".
Gi thit cho rng c nhn tiu dng mt t l c nh gi tr hin ti ca thu nhp ca c i h
trong mi thi k.

T lng ch nghip v vo thng 12/1973 ca ngn hng trung ng Anh, cng vi s gip ca
cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr London v Scotland, gii quyt ci gi l khng hong NGN
HNG CP HAI, din ra trong thng 12/1973.
Trong kinh t lng, mt trung bnh m theo m hnh c kh nng thc nht c th c suy ra
t mt tp hp hu hn cc quan st i vi cc s kin c cho l do m hnh to ra.
C hai loi cng ty trch nhim hu hn Anh: Cng ty trch nhim hu hn cng cng v cng ty
trch nhim hu hn t nhn.
Xy ra trong m hnh hi quy theo bin ph thuc b hn ch mt s khong gi tr no .
Mt cm thut ng miu t mt nhm k thut c tnh kinh t lng s dng trong vic c tnh
cc bin s ca cc hm ng thi.

Cc cch thc m cc hng thit lp cho mt nghnh cng nghip c th nh gi vi mc ch

ngn cn nhng i th cnh tranh mi mun thm nhp vo th trng.
Xem VOLUNTARY EXCHANGE MODEL.
Thuyt ca nh kinh t Thy in c tn l Linder cho rng cc nc cng c thu nhp bnh qun
u ngi ging nhau th lng bun bn v hng ch to gia cc nc cng cao v ngoi
thng c coi l vic m rng tiu dng v sn xut trong nc.
Tng ca mt dy bin s (hoc cc VECT) c nhn vi mt s hng s no .
Mt tnh cht ca mt tp hp cc vect trong mt trong cc vect c th c biu din bng
mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect khc.
Mt cng thc c tnh cc tham s ca phng trnh hi quy, trong cc c tnh c tm ra
nh l cc hm tuyn tnh ca cc gi tr bin ph thuc c lng OLS l mt cch c lng
tuyn tnh.
Trong cc h thng chi tiu tuyn tnh, cc HM CU c din t i vi cc nhm hng ho,
chc khng phi vi cc hng ha n l.
Mt mi quan h ton hc trong cc bin s xut hin nh l cc yu t cng, khng c cc
thnh phn s m hay nhn.
Xem HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION.

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Cng gi l m hnh PROBIT - m hnh xc sut n v. Mt m hnh trong bin ph thuc l

mt bin gi hay bin nh nguyn v c biu din bng mt hm tuyn tnh ca mt hay nhiu
bin c lp.
Mt k thut to lp v phn tch cc bi ton ti u hc rng buc trong hm mc tiu l mt
hm tuyn tnh v c ti a ho hay ti thiu ho tu thuc v s lng cc bt ng thc rng
buc tuyn tnh.
Xem LIQUIDITY.
y l qu trnh chm dt s tn ti ca mt cng ty, ti sn ca n c pht mi v phn chia
cho cc ch n ca n v trong trng hp cn d tha th c chia cho cc thnh vin trong
cng ty.
Tnh cht ca ti sn "gn" ti mc mua t do, TIN c nh ngha l c kh nng chuyn hon
cao nht.

Xem MONEY, DEMAND FOR.

Anh, cc ngn hng phi tun th mt t l chuyn hon ti thiu l 30%, sau li gim xung
cn 28%. Xem MONEY MULTIPLIER, FUNDING.
Tnh hung m trong vic tng cung tin khng dn ti vic gim li sut m n thun ch dn
n vic tng s d tin nhn ri; co gin cu v tin i vi li sut tr thnh v hn.
Tn ch cc chng khon c bun bn trn s giao dch chng khon Anh quc.
Mt k thut nh gi d n trong cc NC ANG PHT TRIN c ch rng ri.
Xem IS - LM DIAGRAM.
Mt khon tin do ngi cho vay ng cho ngi vay.
Cm thut ng ny c ngha l cc khon tin sn c cho vay trn th trng ti chnh, nhng
thng n ny sinh trong vn cnh l thuyt li sut.
Xem DEBENTURES.
Xem DEBENTURES, FINANCIAL CAPITAL

TH TRNG TIN T bn bun London, gn b cht ch vi cc th trng cng ty ti chnh,

tin t Chu u v Lin ngn hng, trong ngi ta cho cc c quan chnh quyn a phng
vay cc khon vay ngn hn, thng qua cc cng ty mi gii tin t.
Thu nhp v chi tiu ca chnh quyn khu vc (a phng).
S phn chia nh theo a l ca TH TRNG LAO NG ch yu l hu qu ca cc chi ph v
tm l v c bit ca vic i li nhiu n ch lm.
Xem REGIONAL MUTIPLIER
Hng ho cng cng ca mt cng ng, chng hn h thng n ng.
Mt tp hp nhng u mi quan h tn ti gia mt s ngnh va gn nhau v mt v tr a l
va lin quan vi nhau do sn phm ca mt s ngnh l u vo ca ngnh khc.
Mi quan h tng h gia cc hng trong quyt nh ca mt loi hng v vic la chn v tr
cho mt nh my ca n b tc ng bi nhng la chn v v tr ca cc i th cnh tranh.
Thc o thng k v mc chnh lch m mt lot hot ng kinh t c th c nh gi trong
mt vng ca nn kinh t so vi ton b nn kinh t ni chung.
Hc thuyt phn tch nhng tc ng quyt nh n v tr ca hot ng kinh t, gii thch v on
trc hnh thi v tr ca cc n v kinh t.

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economic

Hiu ng lm cho mt ngi c mt ti sn khng bn ti sn na v gi tr th trng ca n

gim xung v s gy ra thua l.
Vic ngi ch ng ca ni lm vic buc cng nhn tha nhn cc iu khon tuyn dng
ca ban lnh o.
Lgart ca mt s l mt s m khi c s ca n nng ln s m l gi tr ca lgarit th bng s
.
th ca hm ny c hnh ch S, v n c s dng biu din mi quan h gia gi tr ca
mt bin s kinh t v thi gian.

Mt mi quan h ton hc m nu biu din bng lgarit th l mt hm tuyn tnh.

L t tn cho qu trnh "trao i l phiu" trong mt ngi ng ng h mt ngi khc i
vi mt vn nht nh i li ngi kia s ng h anh ta i vi mt vn khc.
L ph trung tm ca ngn hng v ti chnh ca thnh ph London.
Cng c hp tc kinh t v thng mi c k kt nm 1975 Lom, th ca Togo, gia
cc nc thnh vin ca Cng ng Chu u (EC) v 46 nc ang pht trin Chu Phi, Caribe
v Thi bnh Dng (ACP).
Cc chng khon dng n ch khng phi dng c phn - v d nh chng khon vin vng
hay tri khn cng ty - c ngy o hn di, thng l hn 10 nm.
Xu hng chi ph vn ti tng t hn v t l so vi qung ng chuyn ch.
Mt kiu d liu PANEL, trong cc thng tin trong giai on trc thi im thu thp c a
vo.
Mt lot cc li sut c th thu c t cc chng khon di hn, v do c th tr cho cc
khon vay di hn mi.
Khong thi gian lin quan n qu trnh sn xut trong c thi gian thay i tt c cc yu
t sn xut, nhng khng thi gian thay i quy trnh cng ngh c bn c s dng.
Trong di hn tt c cc chi ph c xu hng l chi ph kh bin.
Mi quan h hm s gia tiu dng v thu nhp trong giai on hn 50 nm.
Chi ph tng thm khi sn sut thm mt n v sn phm trong di hn.
Vn di dng ti chnh (tin) nu c vay theo cc iu khon vay n, c k hn tr n di,
thng trn 10 nm; hoc theo cch khc nu ai huy ng bng cch pht hnh c phn th s
khng c hon tr, tr khi cng ty ng ca.
Mt th dng tnh mc bt bnh ng.
Xem LOCATION THEORY.
Mt gi thit cho rng PHI THO DNG do b mt mt hng ho nhiu hn so vi tho
dng ca hng ho y.
Mt hm phi tho dng m mt nh lp chnh sch mun ti thiu ho.
Khi cc doanh nghip c hng ho a dng cho bn mt phn trong lot sn phm ca h mc
gi thp hn chi ph, v tin rng iu ny s thc y vic tiu th cc sn phm c chnh lch li
nhun cao hn.

Thng ni n tho thun, theo cc khon l ca mt d n c th c b li bi thu nhp

t cc ngun khc.
Xem POPULATION POLYCY, POPULATION.
Xem DYNAMIC THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.

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economic

Bi ph bnh v vic s dng m hnh kinh t lng nh gi kt qu ca cc quyt nh chnh

sch v cc tham s c lng ngm bao hm nh hng ca chnh sch.
Tnh t dng m t cc s d tuyn tnh (L), khng chch (U) v c ma trn hip phng sai
cho v hng (S)>
Mt thut ng khng c s dng rng ri trong kinh t hc hin i, nhng nu c dng th
ch mt hng ho c co gin cu theo thu nhp ln hn 1, do khi thu nhp tng th hng
chim mt t l cao hn trong thu nhp ca ngi tiu dng.
Tng thu cho ngn sch chnh ph c th rt rc ri cc nc km pht trin, nhiu ngi t
hnh ngh hoc c tr bng hin vt v khng th nh thu thu nhp c.

U ban iu tra ca Anh c thnh lp nm 1929 vi tn gi "U ban Ti chnh v Cng nghip",
do H.P Macmillan (sau ny l Hun tc) lm ch tch, nhm nghin cu h thng ti chnh v
ngn hng trong cc nghip v trong nc v quc t ca n, v nhm a ra nhng khuyn ngh
v vic lm th no h thng ny c th thc y "vic pht trin ni thng v ngoi thng
v vic tuyn dng lao ng".
Xem Macmillan Committee.
S sa i vo nm 1952 i vi o lut v U ban thng mi Lin bang Hoa k, o lut Mc
Guire c ban hnh nhm cng ch cc nh bn l khng k kt cc tho thun v cch nh
gi cng nh nhng ngi c k kt tho thun phi nh gi trn nguyn tc "thng mi cng
bng".
L khoa hc nghin cu hnh vi ca ton b nn kinh t ni chung.

L mt hnh thc LA CHN TP TH hoc QUY TC QUYT NH X HI m theo bt k

ngh no c s ng h ca hn mt na s "ngi biu quyt" s c chn.
L mt gi nh v bn cht ca vn hin vt thng s dng trong kinh t hc c in, theo
cc vt liu hnh thnh nn mt c my c th c th c thay i ngay lp tc v khng h tn
km thnh mt c my khc.
lun v nguyn tc dn s (1798). Trong tc phm nay, ng thch thc quan im truyn thng
ca cc nh kinh t hc dn s cho rng dn s ng v ng cng gia tng ng ngha vi s giu
c v ng lp lun rng dn s s tng ln cho n khi t ti mc rng buc v cung cp lng
thc. ng cho rng dn s c xu hng gia tng theo cp s nhn v ngun lng thc li tng
theo cp s cng. S tng dn s c th c km hm hoc l mt cch tch cc (ngha l qua s
t vong tng ln) thng qua nhng hnh thc nh chin tranh, bnh dch hoc mt cch tiu
cc (ngha l qua vic sinh t i) thng qua cc hnh thc nh hn ch bng o c, kt hn
mun Hc thuyt ny ca Malthus v tin lng t ra mt mc lng khng thay i mt
mc tn ti. Tri vi d on ca ng, c dn s v mc lng u c xu hng gia tng cc
nc cng nghip pht trin; s d nh vy l do tin b khoa hc k thut, m Malthus nh
gi thp vai tr ca n i vi vic qun gim t l sinh khi thu nhp tng v i vi vic khai
thc cc vng t mi. Ni m nh v vn ca Malthus cho n nay vn cn tn ti cc nc
chm pht trin khi h mun nhp khu cc loi thuc m em li cho nc cng nghip pht
trin nhng t l t vong tng ng vi cc t l sinh ca nc ang pht trin. Vn ny
cng c mt s nh sinh tha hc a ra trn phm vi ton cu khi h cn tin on rn dn s
v sn lng cng nghip tng s khin cho th gii b cn kit cc ngun ti nguyn.
Xem IRON LAW OF WAGE.
L nhng nhn vin trong mt hng c quyn thay mt cho cc ch s hu kim sot cc hot
ng ca hng.
L vic ban qun l thu mua cc ti sn ca mt cng ty.

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Trong khun kh ca vic nghin cu doanh nghip, mn hc ny p dng cc nguyn tc khoa

hc nhm h tr cho vic t c hiu qu hot ng trong vic thc hin cc mc tiu kinh
doanh.
L mt cng ty khng c mt c ng hoc mt nhm c ng no chim c t l biu quyt
cao nm quyn kim sot cc chnh sch ca cng ty.
Vic t chc nn kinh t thnh cc tp on ln, trong quyn nh ot cc ngun lc nm
trong tay mt tng lp qun l c th xc nh c tch bit khi gii ch s hu ti sn v hu
nh khng chu s kim sot ca h.
L kh nng ca cc nh qun l ca mt cng ty thc hin nhng mc tiu m h t thy l c li
hn cho h.
L mt khi nim gn vi tng ca Galbraith cho rng quyn lc kinh t chuyn t vn sang
ch s hu ca cc b quyt k thut, tc l tng lp qun l.
Xem X - EFFICIENCY.
L cc hc thuyt bt ngun t quan nim cho rng CH NGHA T BN ng thi c c
trng bi s khng ch trong khu vc sn xut ca cc tp on ln, ni m quyn s hu v
quyn kim sot c phn tch r rng gia cc c ng v cc nh qun l.
Mi quan h ny quy nh c th nhng lun chng m th t u tin ca cc nh qun l ca
doanh nghip ph thuc vo .
L chi ph tng thm cho vic sn xut thm mt n v sn lng.
L mt phng php nh gi ca cc hng t nhn hoc cc cng ty nh nc theo c xc
nh bng chi ph bin.

L mc thay i trong tiu dng do tng thm mt n v thu nhp.

L mc thay i nhp khu do thay i mt n v thu nhp.
L mc thay i tit kim do thay i mt n v thu nhp.
Trong hc thuyt v cu ca ngi tiu dng, t l thay th bin cp n s lng ca mt loi
hng ho, b p cho ngi tiu dng i vi vic t b s lng mt loi hng ho khc sao
cho vn c c mc phc li (tho dng ) nh trc.
L gi tr biu hin bng s ca dc ca ng GII HN KH NNG SN XUT.
L mc thay i trong tng doanh thu pht sinh t vic bn thm mt n v sn lng.

L mt ngi c b nhim l gim c mt cng ty trch nhim hu hn, c trch nhim chnh
l iu hnh cc hot ng hng ngy ca cng ty.
L mt phin bn, do nh kinh t Manoilescu a ra, v lun chng v NGNH CNG NGHIP
NON TR, da vo nhn nh rt ra t thc t rng mc lng trung bnh trong khu vc ch to
mt nc chm pht trin cao hn mc lng trung bnh trong khu vc nng nghip mc d
nng sut lao ng c th nh nhau.

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economic

L mt n lc nhm tng cng hot ng ca th trng lao ng, v nu c th, l s nh i

gia tht nghip v lam pht.
L nhng nhn vin lm cc cng vic chn tay v c tr tin cng theo tun.
Trong kinh t hc, "ti bin" c ngha l ti im m n v sn phm cui cng c sn xut
hoc tiu th.
Mt n v bin l n v tng thn\m ca mt ci g , chng hn nh vi CHI PH BIN,
THO DNG BIN..
Xem NEO - CLASSICAL ECONOMICS
L biu xc nh chi tit chi ph thc s ca vn ti chnh ca doanh nghip.
L chi ph tng thm cho mt thit hi pht sinh, thng do nhim gy ra, t mt n v tng
thm ca hot ng gy hi.
L phi tho dng tng thm pht sinh t mt thay i nh trong mt bin s no .
L T L CHIT KHU c nht c th khin cho gi tr hin ti ca li ch rng d kin t mt ti
sn vn bng ng vi gi cung cp n khi gi cung cp ti sn khng h tng.
L biu trnh by chi tit mi quan h cn bng di hn gia s vn cn c v li sut.
Cn gi l t st li tc ni hon. L t l chit khu lm cho gi tr hin ti ca li tc rng d
kin t mt ti sn vn bng ng gi cung cp ca n trong trng hp mc gi ny c cng
nhn s tng ln trong ngn hn.
L ng cu v u t. L biu trnh by chi tit mi quan h gia hiu sut bin ca u t
v t l li sut.
L mt tiu chun v u t vi mc tiu ti a ho thu nhp bnh qun u ngi ti mt thi
im trong tng lai.
L mc tng thm tng sn lng nh vic s dng thm mt n v lao ng v c th dn xut
t hm sn xut, vi iu kin cc yu t khc khng i.
L sn lng tng thm do s dng thm mt n v u vo.
Hc thuyt ny cho rng mt ch s dng lao ng mong mun ti a ho li nhun ca mnh s
chu s chi phi ca quy lut v nng sut bin gim dn, theo cc n v lao ng ln lt
c s dng s to ra cc n v SN LNG gim dn tng ng.
L mc thay i trong thu nhp v thu do thay i mt n v thu nhp.
L mc thay i nhng khon rt tin do thay i mt n v thu nhp.
L mc thu i vi mt n v thu nhp tng thm, nhng khi nin ny cng c p dng
tng ng vi vic tng thm ca chi tiu, ca qu tng.
L t l thay th k thut bin ca hai yu t u vo.
L sn phm vt cht bin nhn vi doanh thu bin t vic bn thm mt n v sn phm nh
vic s dng thm mt n v u vo.
Trong kinh t hc ti nguyn, l li ch rng (vic nh gi mt n v ti nguyn, tc l gi ca
n tr i chi ph khai thc) m th h tng lai khng c c do th h hin ti s dng mt
n v ti nguyn hu hn.
L tho dng ph thm c c t vic thm mt n v ca bt k loai hng ho no.
Xem Marginal utility of money.
L t l gia tng tho dng ca mt c nhn khi ngn sch ca ring ngi (thu nhp) tng
thm 1 n v.

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economic

L t l gi tr th trng ca 1 chng khon m ngi mua c th vay c khi mua chng khon
.
Thng thng, l bt k khung cnh no trong din ra vic mua bn cc loi hng ho v
dch v.
C rt nhiu cch khc nhau phn loi th trng.
L tng hp ca mt lot cc ng cu ring r i vi mt loi hng ho.
Vi mt mc gi bn sn phm khng i, ng cu ca th trng hay ca mt nghnh sn
xut chnh l s tng hp theo chiu ngang cc ng DOANH THU SN PHM BIN ca cc
doanh nghip tham gia.
L mt h thng kinh t trong cc quyt nh v vic phn b ngun lc v sn xut c din
ra trn c s cc mc gi c xc nh qua nhng giao dch t nguyn gia cc nh sn xut,
ngi tiu dng, cng nhn v ch s hu cc yu t sn xut.
L vic mt h thng cc th trng t nhn khng c kh nng cung cp mt s mt hng nht
nh cho d l mt phn nh hay vi mc hp l nht nh hoc ti u nht.
L nhng tc nhn pht sinh t quan h t do gia cung v cu ca th tng dn n vic phi
iu chnh gi bn v/hoc s lng c giao dch.
L bt k s sai lch no khi cc iu kin cn thit c c cnh tranh hon ho.
L mt thut ng dng ch nhng hot ng ca cc doanh nghip lin quan n vic bn v
phn phi sn phm.
Cc ban ny c thnh lp ti mt s nc chu Phi, v chng p ng c nhiu mc ch
khc nhau. Chng mang li cho cc tiu nng mt th trng chc chn v n nh i vi cc sn
phm ca h v v sau hng ha c bn trn quy m ln trn cc th trng quc t nn cc
nh chc trch c c c s hp l hn mc c gi bn hp l.
L tn gi xut hin ti S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON London k t nm 1986, t cho hng
to ra c mt th trng mua bn cc loi chng khon khc nhau thng qua vic lun sn sng
mua hoc bn nhng loi chng khon ny.
L vic cc nh sn xut c xu hng t nh my ca h gn th trng tiu th sn phm ch
khng phi ni khc, chng hn nh gn ngung nguyn liu.

L vic nhm ngi mua hoc bn c kh nng tc ng n gi c ca sn phm hoc dch v

m h ang mua bn.

L t trng ca tng s hng ho bn trn th trng ca mt doanh nghip.

L mt h thng kinh t x hi ch ngha nhng li nhng quyn iu hnh cc hot ng hng
ngy ca nn kinh t cho c ch th trng.
L mt qu trnh lin kt gi tr hin ti ca mt bin s vi nhng gi tr trc ca chnh n v
mt sai s ngu nhin.

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economic

L mt nh kinh t ngi M ng ot gii Nobel v kinh t nm 1990 (cng vi M.Miller v

W.F.Sharp). Cng vic quan trng m ng thc hin trong nhng nm 1950 t nn mng cho
hc thuyt hin i v DANH MC U T. Hc thuyt ban u ca ng v s la chn danh
mc u t c da trn m hnh chun tc dnh cho cc nh qun l u t. ng gp quan
trng ca ng l vic pht trin thuyt nghip v c tnh ton chnh xc v s la chn danh
mc u t trong iu kin khng chc chn. Markowitz ch ra rng trong nhng iu kin nht
nh, s la chn danh mc u t ca mt nh u t b hn ch vic cn bng gia li tc d
kin thu t danh mc u t vi sai s ca n. V mt nguyn tc, s la chn phc tp
gia nhiu ti sn vi nhng thuc tnh khc nhau ca chng c xem nh mt bi ton khng
gian hai chiu, thng gi l php phn tch phng sai trung bnh. Cc n phm ln trung bnh
ca Markowitz bao gm: S la chn danh mc u t: S a dng ho c hiu qu u t, Wiley
(1959), v Php phn tch phng sai - trung bnh trong vic la chn danh mc u t v cc th
trng vn, Blackwell (1987)>

L mt phn cng thm vo cc chi ph kh bin trung bnh hnh thnh gi bn do ngi bn
xc nh nhm trang tri cc chi ph c nh v c c li nhun.
L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh m c s nghip ca mnh dnh cho cng vic ca mt gio s
kinh t ti aih hc Cambridge (1885-1908).ng coi yu t gi thnh sn xut quan trng khng
km g tho dng trong hc thuyt v gi tr ca ng. tng c bn trong cng vic ca ng l
kh nng ca cung v cu trong vic to ra nhng mc gi cn bng trn th trng. Marshall
c v nh cu ni gia hc thuyt kinh t c in vi hc thuyt tn c in ca Jevon v hc
thuyt v cn bng tng qut ca Walras. Cc tc phm ca Marshall khng ch c nh hng
ng k n chnh sch kinh t cho n hin nay m cn gy nh hng ng k n cc th h
nh kinh t ca Anh.
L vin tr ca M v Canada cho Anh v cc nc khc tr gip h phc hi nn kinh t sau
chin tranh th gii th hai.
L ng cu c s dng rng ri nht trong phn ng ca lng cu i vi mc gi chu
nh hng ca c hiu ng thu nhp ln hiu ng thay th.
Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, vic ph ga ng tin c th ci thin c cn cn thanh ton.
iu kin Marshall - Lerner l mt iu kin ging nh vy.
Xem EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAMME.
L nh trit hc, X hi hc, s hc, l lun chnh tr hc, kinh t hc ngi c. T 1849, sng ti
Anh vi s gip ca ng-ghen, mt nh t bn cng nghip. Chu nh hng su sc t tng
H-ghen v t a ra lun thuyt v x hi t bn, v lun im tng hp v ch ngha cng
sn. Nhng tin on ca C.Mc v ch ngha t bn vn cha tr thnh hin thc nhng nhng
thnh tu ca Mc l ht sc to ln khin chi Mc t ti nh co ca mt nh phn tch kinh
t.
L mt trng phi t duy kinh t c mc ch phn tch s pht trin kinh t v x hi ca h
thng kinh t t bn ch ngha.
L mt nguyn tc trong kinh t hc mi trng, theo khi lng cht thi ra mi trng t qu
trnh sn xut c coi l xp x khi lng cc ti nguyn c s dng sn xut ra hng ho.
L cm thut ng c C.Mc s dng xc nh nn tng kinh t thc t ca mt x hi.
Xem EXPECTED VALUE.
L ngy m khon n ca ngi pht hnh tri phiu n hn phi thanh ton hoc l ngy n
hn thanh ton tin n gc.

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L mt quy tc trong l thuyt RA QUYT NH gip cho vic la chn trong nhng iu kin
khng chc chn.
L mt quy tc trong l thuyt RA QUYT NH gip cho vic la chn trong nhng iu kin
khng chc chn.
L gi tr ln nht ca mt hm s hoc ca bin s.
L mt cm thut ng m t k thut c lng kinh t lng chung bao gm vic ti a ho hm
hp l ca nhng quan st mu v cc gi tr ca cc tham s ca cc phng trnh ang c
c tnh.
L trng phng kinh t thuc vn phng ni cc Anh t nm 1940 n nm 1945, gio s kinh t
hc thuc trng Kinh t London t nm 1947 n nm 1957, gio s kinh t chnh tr thuc
trng i hc Cambridge t nm 1957 n nm 1969. ng c trao tng gii thng Nobel v
kinh t hc vo nm 1977. Nhng tc phm ni ting ca ng l: Hc thuyt v chnh sch kinh t:
Cn cn thanh ton (1951), H thng thng mi quc t (1952); Hc thuyt v chnh sch quc
t.v cc h thng khc nhau v kinh doanh v tr lng cho cng nhn (1986). Tc phm ni
ting nht ca ng thuc v lnh vc chnh sch v hc thuyt thng mi quc t. Nhng vn
ca cc chnh sch N NH HO trong NN KINH T M l trng tm ca nhng tc phm u
tin ca ng, c bit l nhng iu kin c c mt s cn bng trong nn kinh t trong
nc v trong giao dch vi nc ngoi. ng nhn mnh n nhng mu thun v chnh sch c
th xy ra gia cn cn thng mi quc t vi cn cn tng cung v tng cu trong nc trong
mt h thng t gi hi oi c nh. ng cng tin hnh phn tch v kinh t hc phc li ca lin
minh thu quan v thu quan trong nhng iu kin m s cnh tranh hon ho s khng dn n
kh nng ti a ho phc li.
Mt s o thng c s dng tnh xu hng tp trung ca mt bin s, c th dng tnh
cho mt mu nht nh hoc ton b tn th.
L nhng tr cp m ch c th nhn c nu nh thu nhp ca ngi xin c hng tr cp
thp hn mt gi tr nht nh.
L phng php tm ra DANH MC cc ti sn c hiu qu cao.
Xem ERRORS IN VARIABLES.
Mt s o xu hng tp trung.
L mt quy tc dng tm ra a im m ti tng khi lng vn chuyn cn phi thc hin
phc v cho mt nhm cc th trng phn tn v v tr a l c gi tr ti thiu.
L mt nh l lin quan n s LA CHN TP TH trong mt x hi dn ch, n d on rng
cc chnh tr gia hu ht u s i din cho quan im ca nhng c tri trung tm ca ph
chnh tr hoc x hi .
L s can thip vo CUC TRANH CHP LAO NG bi mt bn th ba c lp khch quan, l
bn xem xt lp lun ca c hai pha v a ra khuyn ngh gii quyt tranh chp.
L bt k ti sn hoc phng tin no c chc nng trung gian trong qu trnh trao i, ngha l
mt vt m ngi bn hang hoc cung cp dch v chp nhn thay th, khng phi cho bn
thn n m l v thc rng n c th s dng trong nhng cuc trao i mua bt k ci g
m anh ta cn.

L mt chnh sch do chnh ph Anh xng trong k hoch ngn sch nm 1980 theo cc t
l tng mc cung tin gim dn hng nm c n nh nhm kim ch lm pht. Vo thng
10/1985, chin lc ny trn thc t b t b khi mc tiu t ra cho ng Sterling M3, bn v
tin c a chung b nh li.

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L nh kinh t ngi o, ngi sng lp ra trng phi o. ng l mt trong nhng tc gi ca

hc thuyt v gi tr THO DNG BIN, cn nhng ngi khc c lp nghin cu hc thuyt
ny l Jevons v Walras. Menger lp lun rng gi tr mc gia tng ca mt hng ho khi c cung,
c th hin bi cng dng km quan trng nht m mc gia tng c s dng. ng cng
xy dng nn mt hc thuyt quy trch nhim v phn phi (tc l th lao cho yu t sn xut)
theo gi tr v a c ca phng tin sn xut bt ngun t vai tr ca chng trong vic sn
xut cc mt hng cn mua trc tin ngha l hng tiu dng. Gi tr pht sinh t tho dng v
t cc chi ph sn xut cho php; gi tr khng bt ngun t cc chi ph sn xut, c bit l lao
ng ch khng theo quan im, chng hn nh KINH T HC C IN ANH. Tc phm ln ca
ng mang ta Grundsatze Der Volkwirtschaftslehre.
Trit l kinh t ca cc nh bun v cc chnh khch th k XVI v XVII. T tng ny ph thuc
vo mt nh nc mnh v can thip su vo hot ng kinh t.
L mt nhm trong s cc th ch ti chnh Anh tin hnh mt lot cc hot ng a dng v ti
chnh hoc lin quan n ti chnh.
L vic hai doanh nghip sat nhp li vi nhau, trong cc c ng ca hai bn cng ty ng
kt hp gp vn ca mnh li hnh thnh mt cng ty mi.
L mt mt hng m xt v bn cht c coi l ng tiu dng.
L mt loi hng ho m ngi ta lp lun rng khng nn khuyn khch tiu dng hoc cm tiu
dng cho d nhiu ngi vn thch th hng ho .
L mt thut ng thng c s dng mt cch khng cht ch trong kinh t hc m t cch
thc m cc nh kinh t s dng trong cch phn tch vn .
L tnh hung trong hc thuyt THU QUAN c nh kinh t Metzler phn tch, theo vic nh
thu vo mt hng nhp khu s ci thin t gi thng mi theo hng khng ch t gi trao i
ngoi nc m ngay c t gi trao i trong nc tnh c thu quan cng c ci thin.
L hnh thc t chc ni b rt ph bin c cc cng ty ln p dng nhm phi hp nhm i
ph vi tnh trng QUN L LNG LO.
L thut ng s dng m t nhng phn trong phn tch kinh t quan tm n hnh vi ca
nhng n v n l, c th l nhng ngi tiu dng v cc doanh nghip.
L n lc tm ra c nhng mi qun h v hnh vi ca kinh t hc v m t nhng m hnh hnh
vi ca cc c th m kinh t hc vi m bn n.
L o lut v "bun bn cng bng", nh ra quyn ca mt nh sn xut M trong vic quy nh
nhng mc gi bn l ti thiu cho cc mt hng c nhn hiu thng mi v c ng k vo
nm 1972, quc hi tuyn b nhng o lut trn u v hiu.
L mt quy tc trong l thuyt v qu trnh ra quyt nh trong nhng diu kin khng chc chn.
Gi tr nh nht ca mt bin hay mt hm.
L: quy m ca mt nh my hoc doanh nghip m ti cc chi ph trung bnh di hn t c
mc ti thiu.
Trong cc k hoch pht trin ca ccc nc chm pht trin thng xc nh nhng mc ch tiu
ti thiu v vi lm.

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Cm thut ng c a vo thng 10/1971 thay th cho cm thut ng "li sut ngn hng",
tn gi ca li sut m ngn hng Anh s h tr bng cc khon tin vay hoc bng cch ti chit
khu cc hi phiu cho cc NGN HNG CHIT KHU do thiu vn trn th trng tin t buc
phi ti ngn hng trung ng nh l NGI CHO VAY CU CNH CUI CNG. Vo thng
8/1981 MLR b xa b, d vn cn quy nh s s dng n trong nhng trng hp khn cp.

Cc lut nhm vi thin iu kin sng ca ngi cng nhn bng cch n nh mt mc thp
nht i vi lng theo gi m cc doanh nghip tr cho cng nhn.
L kh nng ca mt c nhn hoc mt t chc nm c quyn kim sot mt cng ty, mc d
s hu t hn 51% s c phiu thng thng c quyn b phiu ca cng ty.
L ni tin kim loi c sn xut ra.
Xem Specification error.
L phng php c tnh trong c s dng thng tin ph.
L loi hng ho m li ch c c t vic tiu dng n khng ch thuc v mt c nhn m cn
c san s cho nhiu ngi.
L mt h thng kt hp cc doanh nghip t nhn mang tnh cnh tranh vi mt mc kim
sot nht nh t trung ng.
L thc o xu hng tp trung ca mt bin s.
LA mt khung mu chnh quy hoc khng chnh quy ca php phn tch nhm rt ra t nhng
hin tng phc tp ca th gii thc ti nhng c im ca mt h thng kinh t c ngha
quan trng trong vic gip nm gi c nhng mi quan h v hnh vi, th ch v k thut l nn
tng ca h thng .'
Xem MONETARISM, MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Mt tn gi khc ca khu vc cng nghip, hoc i khi dng gi khu vc chnh ph.
L cm thut ng m C.Mc dng ch c s kinh t ca x hi, l yu t m ng cho rng c
nh hng ln nht trong vic quyt nh c cu x hi.
L nh kinh t hc ngi M gc Italia c trao gii thng Nobel kinh t vo nm 1985 chnh
nh tc phm v hm tiu dng, trong sng to ln nht ca ng l gi thit v chu k sng.
Modigliani cng c nhng ng gp quan trng vo hc thuyt t bn, c bit l v chi ph t bn
trong hc thuyt MODIGLIANI - MULLER. Xem CAPITAL STRUCTURE.
Xem CAPITAL STRUCTURE.
Xem ABSOLUTE VALUE.
L mt thut ng m t THNG K tng c tc dng biu th c im hnh dng v v tr ca
mt PHN PHI XC SUT, hoc mt mu s liu.
L mt trng phi t duy kinh t lp lun rng nhng xo trn trong lnh vc tin t l nguyn
nhn ch yu ca s bt n trong nn kinh t.
1)Xem CREDIT MULTIPLIER. 2)L h s ca mc cung tin thc t trong phng trnh thu nhp
dng n gin rt gn trong m hnh kinh t v m.

Xem PRICE.
L mt cch gi khc ca cung tin.

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L s lng tin trong mt nn kinh t, c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau lin quan n cc ti sn c
kh nng chuyn hon m c coi l tin t.
L vic biu hin nhng gi tr ca mt loi hng ho theo tin trn danh ngha - hay n cch khc
l bao gm c nhng thay i trong mc gi chung.
L tp qun canh tc mt loi hoa mu trn mt din tch t ai nht nh, tp qun ny xut hin
ti Anh trc cch mng rung t v hin vn cn ph bin cc vng nhit i.
o lut ny c hai quan im mi quan trng trong chnh sch cnh tranh ca Anh. Th nht,
CC CUC ST NHP ln u phi chu s iu tra ca c quan hu trch lc c tn l U
ban v c quyn. Th hai l quy nh cho U ban v c quyn c quyn iu tra chung v cc v
vic lin quan n cung cp cc dch v cng nh cung cp hng ho.
Tng gim c v thng mi cng bng v B thng mi v cng nghip l nhng ngi c th
a cc HNG C QUYN V CC V ST NHP ra iu tra ti U ban v c quyn v st
nhp, mt t chc xt x hnh chnh c lp c thnh lp vo nm 1973 thay th cho U ban
v c quyn trc c thnh lp vo nm 1948.
o lut ny nh du s ra i mt chnh sch v cnh tranh ca Anh vi vic thnh lp U ban
v c quyn v nhng thng l hn ch.
L mt hc thuyt do E.H.Chamberlin (THUYT V CNH TRANH V C QUYN, nh xut bn
Harvard University, 1933) v J.Robinson (Kinh t hc v cnh tranh khng hon ho,
Macmillan,1933) khi xng.
Theo ngha chnh xc nht ca cm thut ng ny th mt doanh nghip c coi l c quyn
nu n l nh cung cp duy nht mt lot sn phm ng nht m khng c mt hng no c th
thay th v c rt nhiu ngi mua.
L kh nng ca mt doanh nghip hoc mt nhm cc doanh nghip trong vic tc ng n gi
c th trng ca mt loi hng ha hoc dch v m h bn.

Xem SUPER-NORMAL PROFITS

Theo ngha cht ch th mt nh c quyn mua l ngi mua duy nht i vi mt yu t sn
xut.
L mt k thut nhm khm ph ra nhng tnh cht nh ca mu ca cc c tnh kinh t lng.
Xem UNDEREMPLOYED WORKERS.
L nh hng ca mt s loi hnh nht nh ca cc h thng bo him trong vic gy ra s
chnh lc gia chi ph bin c nhn ca mt hnh ng v Chi ph bin x hi ca hnh ng ,
do vy dn n vic phn b cc ngun lc khng ti u.
L mt s thu xp v mt php l theo mt hnh thc s hu mt loi ti sn no c
ngi i vay chuyn cho ngi cho vay nh mt s bo m i vi khon vay .

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L iu khon trong mt hp ng thng mi quc t quy nh rng cc bn tham gia hp ng

c ngha v phi dnh cho nhau s i x m h dnh cho bt k nc no khc trong lnh vc
thu XUT NHP KHU v trong cc quy nh khc v thng mi.
L mt phng php nhm loi bt nhng bin ng s liu.
L mt bi ton kinh t lng trong hai hoc nhiu BIN S GII THCH trong mt phn tch
hi quy c tng quan mt thit vi nhau.
L vin tr bng tin hoc hin vt do mt nhm cc nc cng nhau cung cp hoc thng qua
mt t chc quc t cho mt nhm cc nc khc.
L mt thnh vin ca Ngn hng th gii. MIGA c hnh thnh lp vo nm 1988 vi chc
nng chuyn trch l khuyn khch u t c phn v cc u t trc tip vo cc nc ang pht
trin.
L hnh thc thng mi gia mt s nc vi nhau, nhng lng hng xut v nhp ca cc
nc ny khng cn bng gia tng cp nc vi nhau, mc d nc no cng c xu hng cn
bng trong tng chi ngoi thng v tng thu ngoi thng.
L mt doanh nghip ln ng tr s ti mt nc nhng li iu hnh cc cng ty con thuc s
hu hon ton hoc mt phn ca hc cc nc khc.
L vic gim c tng chi ph trung bnh nh vn hnh nhiu hn mt nh my.
Nhng yu t thng thng khuyn khch hnh thc hot ng ni trn l cc th trng phn tn
v mt a l cng vi chi ph vn chuyn cao, tnh kinh t v chi ph vn cho s hot ng a nh
my v mc linh hot cao hn trong vic p ng nhng i hi ca nhu cu m hnh thc
hot ng a nh my c th c c. Xem Multiplant economies.
Xem Coefficient determi-nation.
Xem REGRESSION ANALYSIS.
L t s thay i trong thu nhp vi thay i ban u trong chi tiu m to ra thay i thu nhp ni
trn.
Mt phng php dng gii thch nhng bin ng trong mc pht trin ca hot ng kinh
t - CHU K KINH DOANH - vn ph thuc vo nhng tc ng qua li gia S NHN v GIA
TC.

L mt doanh nghip kt hp cc yu t sn xut vi nhau sn xut ra nhiu loi sn phm.

L m hnh c s dng trong l thuyt tng trng theo cho php sn xut nhiu loi hng
ho.
L mt phn tch (thng l mang tnh thng k) trong c t hai bin s tr ln.
L mt M hnh do hai nh kinh t hc Mundell v Fleming xy dng mt cch c lp, n cho thy
tc ng m rng ca cc bin s chnh sch, CHNH SCH TI CHNH v CHNH SCH TIN
T u bin i tu thuc vo ch t gi hi oi c gi nh.
y l ni ti tnh hung trong c hai hoc nhiu d n khng th cng thc thi v chng cn c
mt u vo m ch c th c dng cho mt d n.
Xem ACCELERATOR PRINCIPLE
Trong L THUYT TR CHI khi nim ny c p dng trong nhng iu kin nht nh
tm ra cch gii quyt cho nhng tr chi hai ngi hp tc vi nhau.
L vic son tho cc ti khon nhm a ra c nhng c tnh v THU NHP QUC DN.

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L s thng lng tp th gia nhng ngi lm cng n lng v i din ca gii ch

ra mc lng v nhng iu kin lm vic trong mt ngnh hoc mt nhm ngnh trn ton quc.
L mt t chc t nhn phi li nhun ca M c thnh lp nm 1920 di hnh thc mt trung
tm nghin cu c lp v khch quan.
Theo nh ngha thng thng th khi nim ny phn nh tng s ngha v n cn tn ng ca
chnh quyn trung ng v c chia l hai loi: n c th bn c, tc l CHNG KHON
c trao i ; v n khng th bn c, v d nh giy chng nhn tit kim quc gia.
L mt hi ng Anh, ch tch ca hi ng l B trng Ti chnh, l mt din n cho cc i
din ca chnh ph, cc doanh nghip nh nc v t nhn, cc nghip on v gii hc gi
nhm ra v nh gi cc chnh sch lin quan n hot ng v s tng trng nn kinh t Anh
vo nm 1962.
L mt t chc ca nh nc c thnh lp bi o lut cng nghip nm 1975. Chc nng
chnh ca NEB l tng cng hiu qu sn xut cng nghip v tnh cnh tranh quc t, tip qun
cc c phn hin c ca chnh ph m bo mc sinh li.
L thc o gi tr tin t v hng ho v dch v c cung cp trn ton quc t hot ng kinh
t.
Xem GIRO SYSTEM.
L mt t chc phi li nhun c lp ca Anh c thnh lp vo nm 1938 nhm mc ch nng
cao kin thc v cc iu kin kinh t v x hi ca x hi ng thi.
L mt nh kinh t hc, chnh tr gia v nh hot ng quc t ngi Thu in, Myrdal kin
nh thch thc t duy kinh t chnh thng trn mt lot cc ch . Trong cc lnh vc, Myrdal u
by t quan im rng cc yu t v th ch quan trng hn cc quan h th trng trong vic
quyt nh nhng s kin kinh t. Myrdal cng c nhng ng gp cho hc thuyt kinh t "thun
tu", v nhng tc phm trc ca ng, c bit l cc tc phm Cn bng tin t (1931)
pht trin thm kinh t hc ca Knut Wicksell v d bo c phn ln nhng nghin cu sau ny
ca J.M.Keynes. Trong phm vi vn ny, Myrdal l ngi a ra nhng khi nim EX ANTE
V EX POST. ng s dng nhng tng ny bn v nhng quyt nh u t ch cht v
mi quan h ca chng vi tng sn lng quc dn im cn bng theo cch thc m ngi ta
cho l ging ca Keynes. Nhng tc phm quan trng khc ca ng bao gm: Mt nn kinh t
quc t: Nhng vn v trin vng (1956); Hc thuyt kinh t v cc khu vc km pht trin
(1957); Thch thc vi s phong lu (1963); v Li ngc dng (1973). Myrdal c trao gii
thng Nobel kinh t (cng vi F.A.von HAYEK) vo nm 1974 do c nhng n lc m rng phm
vi nghin cu kinh t hc.
L mt hnh thc thu lao ng ti Anh, nh vo c gii ch ln ngi lao ng. Cc khon np
trn c dnh ring dng vo vic chi tr cho tr cp bo him quc gia nhng chng khng
to ra c ton b ngun thu cn thit thc hin vic chi tr ny.
L mt qu tip nhn cc khon ng gp bo him quc gia v thc hin thanh ton tr cp bo
him x hi.
"o lut Wager" c quc hi M thng qua vo nm 1935. N l kt qu ca mt Lch s lu
di trong vic gia tng sc p ca chnh quyn lin bang nhm ng h nguyn tc thng lng
tp th. Ch yu nh ao lut m s thnh vin ca cc nghip on ca M tng mt cch
nhanh chng t 3,9 triu nm 1935 ln ti 15 triu nm 1947 khi m a lut Wagner c sa
i theo cc quy nh ca o lut Taft-Harley.
Ngnh sn xut ra cc sn phm bn cho ngi tiu dng v cc nh sn xut khc thng qua
cc th trng nhng li thuc s hu duy nht ca chnh ph v chu s kim sot ca chnh ph.
Xem NATION INCOME.

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economic

L mt cng ty nh nc c lp c thnh lp vo nm 1949 nhm khuyn khch vic trin khai

v khai thc cng ngh mi.
y l mt ngn hng tit kim ca nh nc Anh hot ng thng qua mng li bu in.
L mt tp hp cc quy tc t nhin t ra i vi con ngi v do khng bao gi thay i
c.
Xem LOGARITHM.
L mt cm thut ng c Adam Smith dng m t gi tr ca mt loi hng ho m cc mc
gi th trng dao ng xung quanh gi tr ny.
L t l tng trng ca lc lng lao ng c lm vic trong m hnh tng trng HARROD DOMAR.
L t l tht nghip c ngm hiu theo c cu hin i ca nn kinh t. T l tht nghip ny
c xc nh bi cc tc nhn c cu v tc nhn dai dng trong nn kinh t, nhng tc nhn
nay khng h gim bt khi tng tng cu ng Philips thng ng cho ta thy rng bt k n lc
no trong vic gi cho vic gi cho mc tht nghip thp hn t l t nhin ca n s lm gia tng
lm pht.
L nhng hin tng vt cht ca thin nhin ny sinh mt cch t do trong phm v nhng ranh
gii ca hot ng ca con ngi.
Gi thit ny cp n lun im cho rng cc th trng vn hoc cc th trng sn phm
mang tnh cnh tranh m bo hnh vi ti a ho li nhun thay cho cc doanh nghip.
L ca ci c nm gi di mt hnh thc m c th chuyn i mt cch nhanh chng v d
dng thnh tin.
y khng phi l mt thut ng c s dng rng ri trong kinh t hc hin i, nhng nu s
dng, l cp ti mt loi hng ho c co gin thu nhp ca cu nh hn 1.
Xem NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL.
L tn gi khng chnh thc ca c hi ng pht trin kinh t quc gia cng nh Vn phng pht
trin kinh t quc gia.
Xem NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL.
i khi ngi ta lp lun rng trong mt th trng t do, cc c nhn s khng c cu i vi mt
s hng ho no nhiu n mc m "x hi" hay "cng ng" cho l h cn phi tiu dng.
L mt chng trnh h tr thu nhp trong cc c nhn hoc h gia nh c thu nhp thp hn
mc "ho vn" nht nh s nhn c cc khon thanh ton, mc thanh ton lin quan n mc
thu nhp. Do vy, nhng ngi khng c khon thu nhp no khc s nhn c mt khon tin
ti thiu c bo m.
L mt cm thut ng khc dng thay cho thut ng NHNG NGOI NG, khi ngoi ng c
tnh khng gian.
L mt phn ca hc thuyt kinh t trong c s dng nhng k thut v phng php tip cn
tng hp ca cc nh kinh t hc u tin theo trng phi bin th k XIX.
L cm thut ng tng hp cp n nhng m hnh tng trng kinh t c xy dng trong
khun kh hc thuyt tn c in, trong ch trng n vic thc y kh nng thay th gia vn
v lao ng trong hm sn xut m bo s tng trng n trng thi bn vng, cho nn tnh
trng mt n nh c pht hin ra trong m hnh tng trng HARROD - DOMAR do gi nh v
h s c nh gia vn v lao ng gy ra.

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Lun chng cho rng s tn ti ca CN BNG THT NGHIP pht sinh t gi nh v mc

lng cng nhc ca Keynes. y l s kt hp gia mt bn l vic lng ghp ca Keynes i
vi cc khu vc thc t v khu vc tin t ca mt nn kinh t, nhm chng minh cho s quyt
nh cng mt lc ca thu nhp danh ngha v li sut vi pha bn kia l cc quan im c in
cho rng xu hng t ti im cn bng ton dng nhn cng ch c th b cn tr bi tnh cng
nhc trong h thng kinh t.
Theo cc tc phm ca phi MC XT v X HI CH NGHA th l s kim sot nn kinh t
ca cc nc chm pht trin bi cc tp on t bn khng l c tr s ti cc nc t bn pht
trin.
L tn gi c t cho nhng ngi phn i phi CHNH THNG MI trong cuc tranh lun v
vic kim sot cung tin t.
Trong M HNH HI QUY, CC GI THIT c coi l "lng nhau trong" nu CC BIN GII
THCH trong mt gi thit l mt tp hp con ca cc bin s gii thch trong cc bin khc.

L gi thuyt cho rng s cnh tranh trong CC TH TRNG LAO NG s m bo rng ton
b nhng li th v bt li ca cc cng vic khc nhau s hoc l hon ton ngang bng nhau
hoc lin tc c xu hng ngang bng nhau.
Xem TERMS OF TRADE.
L bo co v gi tr ca cc ti sn c nh c dng trong k ton.

L kt qu thu c khi ly gi tr trit khu ca cc khon li nhun d kin tr i gi tr

chit khu ca cc chi ph u t d kin.
L vic b sung thm vo tng ngun vn ca nn kinh t, hay ni cch khc l gi tr ca vn u
t tr khu. Xem INVESTMENT.
L thc o c s dng ti cc nc x hi ch ngha (ch yu l Khi ng u) nh gi
sn lng hng nm ca ci gi l "lnh vc sn xut", bao gm nng nghip, lm nghip, ng
nghip, ngnh ch to, xy dng, vn ti v mt s "dch v mang tnh sn xut" nh du lch, n
ung v ngn hng.
Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
L phn cn li ca tng s li nhun sau khi tr i thu v khu hao.
L mc chnh lch gia LI NHUN, C TC v LI SUT nhn c t cc ti sn nc
ngoi ca cc c dn trong nc v li nhun, c tc v li sut thanh ton ra nc ngoi cho cc
TI SN ca cc c dn ngi nc ngoi nn kinh t TRONG NC.
nh l ny cho rng nh cc tc ng S D THC T TRN TH TRNG TIN T m c
mi khi cung tin t tng ln mt mc bao nhiu th gi tin t ti im cn bng cng tng ln mt
mc by nhiu.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARISM
V c bn th y l s trnh by li di mt hnh thc t m hn v KINH T HC C IM
chnh thng.
L mt thut ng c s dng m t c ch hot ng ca h thng kinh t Lin X trong
nhng nm 20.
Cm thut ng ny c lin quan n cng trnh nghin cu ca J.KGALBRAITH, ngi lp lun
rng cc nn kinh t t bn ch ngha pht trin hin i tri qua mt s chuyn i trong
quyn lc kinh t v chnh tr t nhng nh s hu vn sang ci m ng gi l C CU CNG
NGH.

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economic

L quan nim cho rng lm pht hin ti m kinh t cc nc phng Ty tri qua k t sau
Chin tranh th gii th hai c bn cht hoc ngun gc khc so vi cc kiu lm pht trc y
trong lch s.

L th trng s cp, khng xc nh c r rng lm, trong ngi ta bn cc loi CHNG

KHON mi c to ra, hoc l cc chng khon trc cha c nim yt chnh thc v do
vy cha c trao i ti s giao dch chng khon: bng cch cho cng khai ti dn chng, ti
cc c ng c c phn trong trng hp "pht hnh c phiu c quyn", hoc bn ring cho
mt s c nhn v t chc c la chn c kh nng mua vi s lng ln i vi cc chng
khon ca cc cng ty t nhn hoc ca cc cng ty nh nc khng c nim yt chnh thc.
L tn gi c t cho cc ti liu kinh t thc hin vic phn bit kinh t hc v m; c th l
a mt c s kinh t hc vi m vng chc cho nhng c cu lm nn tng cho mi quan h
tng hp gia nhng thay i v gi v tht nghip.
L tn gi c t cho nhng phng php xy dng m hnh trong tm cch gii thch nhng
hp ng v lng v gi trn c s xem xt hnh vi ti u ho ca kinh t hc vi m.
S tch ri khi quan im chnh thng cho rng cc nh chc trch khng kim sot c cung
tin.
Xem Quantity theory of money.

L quan nim v u t trong cc M HNH TNG TRNG THEO GIAI ON trong ghi nhn
rng TIN B K THUT lm gim tui th trung bnh ca ngun vn v tng t l ca NGUN
VN m c hm cha yu t cng ngh mi.
L hc thuyt v bn cht ca tin t v s to ra tin, trong bc b phn ln hc thuyt truyn
thng v s to ra tn dng v v S NHN TN DNG, nh l mt l do c gi tr gii thch cc
thc xc nh s lng cc khon tin gi ngn hng - yu t c bn ca lng tin.
L th trng chng khon chnh M, ti c nim yt hn 1000 loi chng khon.
L tnh t m t s anh gi v mt i lng kinh t trong cc mc gi hin ti.
Xem MONEY BALANCES.
L gi tr c ghi trn mt t chng khon hoc mnh gi ca n, tri vi gi tr danh ngha l gi
th trng.
Trong trng hp mt c phiu thng, c tc c cng b v c tnh theo t l phn trm
ca MNH GI ca n.
ng ngha vi t l tht nghip t nhin.

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economic

L nhng t chc trung gian ti chnh m cc ti sn n ca chng khng c tnh vo trong

cung tin theo nhng nh ngha thng thng.
c c nhng mc chnh lch v ngh nghip c tc dng cn bng, m bo rng cc c
nhn c th t do la chn ngh nghip.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Mt loi hng ho c coi l khng th khu bit c nu vic cung cp hng ho cho bt k
ngi no s t ng khin cho nhng ngi khc cng c c hng ho . Tnh khng loi tr
l mt c im ca HNG HO CNG CNG.
L khon thu nhp pht sinh ngoi th trng lao ng, c th l t cc khon u t hay quan
trng hn l t cc khon THANH TON CHUYN NHNG.
L thut ng thng c gn vi mt hm s m th ca n khng phi l mt ng thng.
L mi quan h ton hc gia cc bin s m mi quan h ny li khng phi l mt hm tuyn
tnh.
L nhng ngi lao ng v ch s dng lao ng lm cng n lng v cng vic ca h l lao
ng tr c ch khng phi l lao ng chn tay.
Trong m hnh hi quy, hai gi thit c ci l khng lng trong nhau nu cc bin s gii thch
trong mt gi thit khng phi l mt tp hp con ca cc bin s gii thch trong gi thit kia.
L nhng mc tiu m mt c nhn hay t chc anh theo ui, nhng mc tiu nay khng th
c xc nh mt cch trc tip thnh nhng n v tin t.
L vic p dng bt k chnh sch no ngoi tr chnh sch gim gi, nhm mc ch li ko
nhng khch hng mi t cc i th ca mnh.
L cc t chc khng tn ti v mc ch kim li nhun d l tuyn b mt cch cng khai hay
ngm hiu nh vy, v d nh nhiu t chc chm sc sc kho v gio dc.
L bt k ngun ti nguyn no tn ti di mt hnh thc c hn - hay ni cch khc l vi mt s
lng hn ch m khng c b sung thm ngoi cch ti ch.
Khi s tiu dng ca mt c nhn i vi mt loi hng ho khng h lm gim i ngun cung cp
hng ho cho nhng c nhn khc th hng ho c coi l khng cnh tranh trong tiu
dng.
L nhng hn ch i vi thng mi quc t nh hn ngch, cc chnh sch thu mua trong nc
ca chnh ph v cc tiu chun v k thut v an ton nhm gip cho cc nh sn xut trong
nc c li th hn so vi cc nh sn xut nc ngoi.
Trong l thuyt cn bng b phn v cn bng tng th, y l mt tnh hung trong tn ti t
hai mc gi ti im cn bng tr ln.
L cc c im phi tin t ca mt quan h hp ng lao ng, chng hn nh cc iu kin lm
vic, uy tn v c hi thng tin.
L nhng chi ph lao ng m doanh nghip phi tr ngoi mc thu nhp tnh theo gi.
L mc tng lng thng thng c xc nh ti tng thi im trong chnh sch thu nhp.
L gi thit cho rng qu trnh nh gi c cn c trn chi ph ca mc sn lng gi thit ch
khng da trn nhng chi ph hin ti hay mc d cu.
L mt hm phn ph xc sut i xng hnh chung, vi cc thng s l trung bnh v phng
sai.

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economic

L mt nhm cc phng trnh ng thi, nhm phng trnh nay c gii c c c

lng bnh phng nh nht ca cc thng s trong mt phn tch hi quy, bao gm tng ca cc
bnh phng v tch cho ca cc bin s trong phng trnh hi quy.
L loi hng ho m cu i vi n s gim i khi thu nhp gim xung.
L mc li nhun ti thiu m mt doanh nghip phi t c khin cho doanh nghip cn c
th tip tc hot ng c.
Xem NATURAL RATE OF UNMENPLOYMENT.
L mt bin ngu nhin c phn phi chun.
L nhng chi ph c tnh, dn sut t nhng c s cng nghip n l c cc nh k honh
ho tp trung cc nc X hi ch ngha (trc y) s dng lm c s cho vic n nh mc
li nhun v mc thu ca doanh nghip trong vic hon thnh k hoch.
L phn tch kinh t a ra nhng quy nh hoc nhng tuyn b v vic iu "cn phi nh
th no" ch khng phi iu "l nh th no".
Lp lun cho rng trong mt giai on ca chnh sch thu nhp khi tn ti mt nh mc lng do
lut nh hoc c p dng mt cch t nguyn th inh mc ny trn thc t s tr thnh ci
ch cho mi tho thun v lng, hay ni cch khc n s tr thnh mc lng c bn.
Xem EFFECTIVE DEMAND.
Trong nhng kim nh gi thuyt, l gi thit m trong thng k kim nh s da vo mt
hm phn phi xc sut cho trc.
Xem HERFINDAHL INDEX.
L mt n v hch ton, hoc l mt biu thc ca tiu chun gi tr.

L mt hm s lin h mc tiu (bin s cn ti u ho) vi bin s la chn trong mt bi ton ti

u ho.
L mt s tho thun trong nhng ngi hnh ngh thuc mt lnh vc ngh nghip no
cp bng hnh ngh trong lnh vc ni trn bng cch quy nh v tiu chun gia nhp v quyn
hn.
L chnh lch trong tin lng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn c phn loi theo ngh
nghip m h ang lm.
L vic phn hng nhng mc lng trung bnh tr cho cc nhm cng nhn khc nhau c
phn loi theo ngh nghip m h lm.
Xem ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, trc y l
OEEC.
Hin nay c gi l OECD. Xem ORGANIZATION FOR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC
COOPERATION.
L mt k thut th do EDGEWORTH to ra nhm minh ho cho nhng tc nhn ca cu tng
h.
L phng thc tin hnh mt t pht hnh chng khon mi, theo chng khon c mt
nh pht hnh mua li t ngi pht hnh, sau c cho bn cho cng chng.
L mt c quan chnh ph ca Anh, ng u l mt tng gim c v thng cng bng, chu
trch nhim thc thi mt lot chc nng khc nhau v chng c quyn .
c thnh lp nm 1921 vi tn gi lc l vn phng ngn sch M, OMB l mt b phn
trong vn phng iu hnh ca tng thng v h tr tng thng trong vic vhun b mt bn ngn
sch lin bang tng hp trnh ln quc hi.

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L nhng ni m ti , do thu nh vo thu nhp v ti sn rt thp hoc khng c, v ti c

cc o lut hon chnh v c quyn, nn vic gi ti sn ti l c bit c li; hoc l t ni
cc cng vic kinh doanh, c bit l kinh doanh ti chnh c th c tin hnh vi nhng li
th v thu.
Nh kinh t hc Thu in, c nhn chung gii thng Nobel v kinh t hc nm 1977. ng
gp ch yu ca ng vo kinh t hc c th hin trong tc phm Thng mi quc t v lin
khu vc (1933), trong ng pht trin v bn lun v phng php tip cn thng mi quc
t v lin khu vc do ngi ng hng vi ng l Eli Heckscher xng. Da trn gi nh v
cc hnh thi cu tng t cc nc c quan h thng mi vi nhau, m hnh Heckscher Ohlin cho thy mt nc s xut khu nhng mt hng m c s dng nhiu cc yu t sn xut
m nc d tha v s nhp khu nhng mt hng s dng nhiu nhng yu t m nc
khan him.
L tnh trng gim st tng sn lng m v mt thng k c lin quan n t l tht nghip tng
ln mt mc nht nh trong ngn hn.
L hnh vi ca cc doanh nghip c c trng bi s ph thuc ln nhau trong vic ra quyt
nh v nhng linh vc chnh sch ln, chng hn nh nh gi, qung co v u t.
L mt c cu th trng trong cc doanh nghip u thc c s ph thuc ln nhau trong
cc k hoch bn hng, sn xut , u t v qung co.
L mt th trng m ti c t ngi mua trong khi c rt nhiu ngi bn.
L mt m hnh c s dng trong thuyt tng trng, trong mt sn phm ng nht duy
nht c sn xut ra v ng thi c hai tc dng tng ng nhau - tc dng nh mt loi
hng ho tiu dng v tc dng nh mt loi hng ho u t.
L nhng kim nh gi thit trong php nh hng c p dng cho gi thit i.
L hnh thc o to chnh quy hoc khng chnh quy c tin hnh ti ngay ni lm vic.

L mt ti nguyn thin nhin m khng thuc quyn s hu ca mt ai.

L mt nn kinh t tham gia vo thng mi quc t.
L mc gi quy nh cho cc giao dch khi mt ngy kinh doanh bt u trn mt th trng.
L vic bn hoc mua li cc loi chng khon c th bn c, vic ny c ngn hng trung
ng tin hnh ti mt th trng m v c coi nh mt cng c kim sot h thng tin t.
L mt cm thut ng thng c s dng trong bi cnh ca cc nc ang pht trin. L tnh
trng m mt c nhn tha nhn rng anh ta ang khg c cng n vic lm v sau anh ta c
th ng k vi mt c s giao dch lao ng.
L mt s o t l phn trm cc nghip v ca mt doanh nghip cu thnh nn cc chi ph c
nh, php phn tch im ho vn c th c s dng xc nh t s ny.
L thu nhp pht sinh t hot ng kinh doanh bnh thng ca mt doanh nghip.
L khon li nhun m doanh nghip s kim c nu khng c ngun lc no dnh cho vic
m rng doanh nghip trong tng lai.
L gi tr ca hnh ng thay th b b qua khng lm.
Phng php ny coi chi ph sn xut ra mt hng ho c th khng phi s lng chi ph thc
t nht nh m l hng ho khc phi t b c c hng ho ni trn.

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Chi ph ny thng c phn nh trong li sut th trng, theo chi ph c hi ca vic gi

tin l mc li sut m l ra c c nu nh tin c u t vo cc ti sn sinh li thay v
c gi di dng tin mt.
L mc lng m mt c nhn c th kim c nu anh ta chn lm mt cng vic khc "tt
nht" sau cng vic ang lm; l mc lng cao nht phi t b do vn li lm cng vic hin
ti.
Xem OPTMUM.
L sn lng tng ng vi im ti thiu ca mt biu ca tng chi ph trung bnh.
L hnh thc phn phi (thng thng l) thu nhp hoc ca ci "tt nht" hay ng c mong
mun nht cho cc c nhn trong mt x hi hoc trong mt cng ng.
L mc nhim m bt k chi ph thm no c b ra l gim thiu nhim li ng bng vi
gi tr thit hi do nhim gy ra.
L tnh hnh hay tnh trng "tt nht" ca cng vic.
Xem OPTMUM.
L quy m ca nh my m vi quy m ny mc chi ph trung bnh di hn l mc ti thiu.
L thu quan c tc dng ti a ho phc li hay tho dng ca mt quc gia.
L mt hp ng trong mt bn cho php bn kia c mau hoc bn hng ho hoc chng
khon trong mt thi hn nht nh vi mt mc gi tho thun.
L gi tr m ngi tiu dng c c trong vic c quyn chn mua mt loi hng ho.
L vic lit k cc s kin, hng ho, d n sao cho ci g c a thch nht th c a ln
u danh sch.
L hc thuyt cho rng cc tho dng ch c th c xp theo s th t.
Hng ha no c tho dng cao nht th c xp trn hng ho c tho dng cao nht tip
theo v c tip tc nh vy. tho dng theo th t l nn tng cho hc thuyt tn c in v
cu ca ngi tiu dng.
L phng php ph bin nht c s dng c lng nhng thng s trong mt phng
trnh hi quy tuyn tnh.
Xem EQUITIES, FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
L gi tr trn trc tung ca mt im trn mt th hai chiu.
L thut ng do C.MC dng gi t s gia vn c nh vi vn kh bin v l khi nim gn
ging nhng khng hon ton ng ngha vi khi nim hin i v t sut VN-LAO NG v vn
c nh ch th hin c vn v nguyn liu c s dng trong qu trnh sn sut ch khong
th hin c tng s vn v nguyn liu sn c cho lao ng.
L mt t chc lin chinh ph c thnh lp nm 1961 thay th v m rng t chc hp tc
kinh t chu u (OEEC) theo cc iu khon ca cong c k ti Paris nm 1960 bi cc nc
thnh vin ban u ca OEEC gm Canada, Ty ban nha v M.
Nm 1947, sau khi c s gi ban u ca Marshall, b trng ngoi giao M v mt chng
trnh h tr ca M nhm phc hi ca kinh t chu u sau chin tranh, 16 nc chu u thnh
lp U ban hp tc kinh t chu u qun l v iu phi CHNG TRNH PHC HI CHU
U.
L mt t chc hng ho quc t c thnh lp vo nm 1968, c nhim v iu phi cc chnh
sch kinh t v du m v khuyn khch hp tc kinh t gia cc nc rp sn xut du m.
L mt t chc hng ho quc t c nhim v iu phi cc chnh sch sn xut v nh gi du
m ti cc nc thnh vin ca cc nc xut khu du m.

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economic

L mt thut ng c dng m t mt im s liu m cch xa mt cch bt thng trung

tm ca quan st.

L sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh chuyn i u vo thnh hng ho.

L mt h thng k ton phn loi cc chi ph theo sn lng c sn xut ra da vo qu trnh
sn xut ch khng da theo nhng u vo c mua.
L s tr gia vic thc thi mt chnh sch (kinh t v m) v tc ng ton b hay hon ton ca
n.
Cm thut ng ny ni n tin m gi tr ca n da vo nhng ti sn khng phi l ti sn n
theo ngha l nhng ti sn khng to ra mt khiu n i vi cc c nhn trong nn kinh t.

L h thng cho vay trong ngn hng, do cc ngn hng ca Xctlen khi xng, theo ngi i
vay c php rt sc vt qu s d tn dng trong ti khon ca mnh, cho n mt hn mc
c tho thun v ch phi tr hng ngy tnh trn s tin rt qu s d.
L mt thut ng m t hnh ng ca cc c quan qun l tin t ca Anh vo u nhng
nm 80 trong vic bn ra cc khon n ca chnh ph cho cc t chc v c nhn khng phi
ngn hng nhiu hn so vi quy nh p ng c yu cu vay n ca khu vc cng cng
trong nhng nm .
Xem FIXED COSTS
Xem IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM.
Tin cho vay mt th trng no trong CC TH TRNG TIN T vi thi hn tr ngn
nht.

Di ch T GI HI OI LINH HOT, l hin tng c thy thng xuyn phn

ng li mt cn sc ca gi tr thc t ca t gi hi oi vt qu gi tr cn bng mi khi m gi
tr ny c xc nh da vo cc nguyn tc c bn chng hn nh s ngang bng sc mua.
L mt th trng c phiu, phn ln ca cc cng ty loi nh, c phn bit bng thc t l th
trng ny khng c tr s giao dch; vic mua bn c thu xp bng vin thng, mc d khch
hng c th mua bn c phiu ngay trn bn lm vic ca mnh.
S gi lm vic qu tun l lm vic tiu chun.
Mt loi tin m t gi hi oi c quy nh vt trn t gi cn bng ca th trng t do.
NHng cng ty c mt nhm cc c ng r rng l ng quyn li, chim hu mt t l c phn
c b phiu kh ln, lm cho h c kh nng kim sot hu hiu chnh sch cng ty.
Ch s gi gia quyn theo nm hin hnh.
Phn vn pht hnh ca mt cng ty m nhng ngi gp vn yu cu phi thanh ton.
Mt kiu d liu trong trong tin cho cc c nhn c ly mu vi cc khong thi gian u
n.
Thut ng khi qut ch tin dng giy bc ngn hng.
Khi mt ti sn tng ln v gi tr danh ngha. iu ny c th biu hin hoc khng biu hin hoc
khng biu hin mt li nhun thc t, tu thuc vo t l lm pht.
Thng thng trong kinh t hc (mc d khng nht thit) l th hnh ch U hoc ch U ngc
ca mt phng trnh bc hai.

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economic

Trong mt nn kinh t khng c vic lm, cc h gia nh cng tit kim th sn lng v vic
lm cng thp.

Kh nng h thng quy tc a s n gin c th khng a ra mt s la chn r rng gia

nhiu gii php.
Xem USE VALUE, EXCHANGE VALUE.
Mt lng khng i mt bi cnh no .
Tn t cho mt nh l do A.K.Sen trnh by. nh l chng minh rng khng th c QUY TC
QUYT NH X HI no c th ng thi tho mn tiu chun Pareto v cho php cc c nhn
c nhng quyt nh v mt s vn "ring t" m khng tnh n (bt k) nguyn vng ca
nhng ngi khc (t do c nhn).

Nh kinh t hc ngi Italia c o to su v ton hc, l hc v k thut. Pareto l ngi k

tc Leon Walras v tr ch nhim khoa kinh t hc trng i hc Lausanne nm 1892. S
quan tm n vic ng dng ton hc v thng k hc vo kinh t ca ng dn n vic m
rng cc iu kin ton hc cho h thng cn bng tng th ca Walras, t thnh lp mt
trng phi Lausanne r rng. Trong gio dc kinh t chnh tr hc, ng nu ln quan nim l cc
iu kin ton hc ca mt h tng cn bng tng th da trn s ph thuc ln nhau ca tt c
cc i lng kinh t. Ngoi vic nhn mnh vo bn cht chnh ca mt khoa hc hc kinh t
thc chng loi b mi yu t o c, Pareto cng bc b ch ngha x hi trn cc c s
chun tc v bin minh cho s bt bnh ng thu nhp da trn c s ca mt s bt bin gi
nh v phn phi thu nhp cc nc v qua thi gian. (nh lut Pareto).
Mt lot cc quy tc t ra trong kinh t hc phc li, nu thc hin c s a n mt ti u
Pareto.
Xem PARETO OPTIMUM.
Mt s phn phi li cc ngun lc lm cho t nht mt ngi kh ln m khng lm cho bt c ai
km i.
Mt tnh trng x hi m mt s c nhn thch tnh trng ny hn v mt s khc li thch tnh
trng kia hn th hai tnh trng ny c coi l tnh trng khng th so snh Pareto.
S dch chuyn thu nhp hoc ca ci t mt c nhn ny sang mt c nhn khc lm tng
tho dng, hoc tho mn ca c ngi cho ln ngi nhn, do em li s ci thin Pareto.
Khi cc ngun lc v sn lng ca mt nn kinh t c phn chia m khng c s phn chia li
no lm cho bt c ai kh ln m cng khng l cho t nht l bt c mt ngi no khc km i
th lc l c s hin hu ca mt ti u Pareto.

Xem EXTENALITIES.
Tn t cho din n - ni m cc nc ch n thng lng vi cc nc vay n v vic nh
li thi gian cho cc khon n chnh thc.
Mt h thng h tr gi i vi nn nng nghip M ln u tin c thit lp vi o lut iu
chnh nng nghip nm 1933.
Vic th hin cc t gi hi oi bng vng hoc ng M.
Mt qu trnh m theo hnh vi c iu chnh mt cch khng hon chnh hng ti mt mc
mong mun no .
Trong cc hm s c hai bin s c lp hay c nhiu hn, o hm ny tnh theo mt trong
nhng bin s ny, trong khi coi cc bin s c lp khc l hng s.
Vic nghin cu th trng cho mt hng ho trong iu kin tch bit.

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economic
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
Xem LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPA-TION RATE.
Mt gi nh rng ngi ta k vng mt cch hp l s cn bng di hn nhng li khng chc
chn v con ng m nn kinh t s i n v tr , cho nn cc k vng s c xem xt li
tng thi k tnh n s khng nht qun gia gi tr thc t v gi tr k vng.
Gi tr danh ngha, mnh gi ca mt c phiu hoc chng khon.
C quan cp bng sng ch cp c quyn c bit cho mt sng ch quy trnh.
ni din ra s so snh nhm la chn mt s cc gii php, s la chn ny c gi l c
lp v ng i khi gii php c la chn c lp vi mt trt t xem xt cc gii php ny.
Nhiu khi cc nghip on trong cc nghnh c quyn nhm s chn mt cng ty c th lm mc
tiu thng lng.

Gii lao ng cc nc giu cho rng vic nhp khu hng ho t nhng nc c lng thp
s ph dn ph hoi mc lng v vic lm nhng nc giu.
Mt phng php k ton truyn thng thm nh cc d n u t. Thi gian cn thit cho
mt d n sinh ra lng tin tng thm b cc chi tiu v vn ban u.

Mt gii hn cao nht c hiu lc v mc tin lng.

Xem INCOMES POLICYM.
Cn gi l h thng tr lng theo khuyn khch. H thng tr lng theo cng vic ca cng
nhn.
Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENTS.
Li ch rng c c khi thc hin mt qu trnh hnh ng c th.
Phn trm ca li rng m mt x nghip thanh ton di dng c tc.
Mt loi thu da vo tin lng (thng) v tin cng do ngi ch thanh ton.
Vn tnh gi theo tiu dng im nh xut pht khi m cu v sn lng (u ra) ca mt x
nghip cng cng c th c nhng bin ng ln.
Mc cu v lao ng thi im cao nht, cm thut ng ny thng c ni n vic lm
trong nng nghip c tnh cht chu k vi nhng nh im xy ra vo thi gian thu hoch.
Miu t mt tnh hung trong li nhun ca mt doanh nghip ph thuc khng nhng vo u
vo v u ra ca ring doanh nghip m cn ph thuc vo u vo v u ra ca cc doanh
nghip khc.
Xem EXCHANGE RATES.
S phn x trong trng ti vin c yu cu chn mt trong nhng v tr ca cc bn tranh
chp hn l i n mt v tr tho hip trung gian.
C ch lng hu gm hai kiu, c phm vi rng: 1)H thng vn d tr lin quan n vic phn
phi li sut i mt c nhn, da vo tit kim ca ngi lao ng tch lu vn v sau vn
c tiu dng trong thi gian v hu; 2)H thng thanh ton cho ngi v hu, a n s phn
phi li mt thi im gia cc c nhn sao cho nhng ngi lm vic h tr nhng ngi v
hu.

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Vi s tng trng nhanh chng ca cc c ch lng hu ca cng nhn vin trong nhng thp
k gn y, qu hu ca cc c quan ln cc khu vc nh nc v x nghip khu vc t nhn
tr thnh nhng th ch ti chnh quan trng, u t nhng khon tin ln hng nm.
Theo u ngi, chng hn nh THU NHP QUC DN tnh theo u ngi.

Mt cch o tnh v tr cc d liu mu hoc cc phn phi.

Mt thut ng th hin s thay i c cu Lin bang X vit v gn lin vi Mihail Gorbachev.
Trong giai on u t gia nhng nm 1980 n 1987, qu trnh ci cch phn ln ch mang tnh
cht trang im tp trung vo vic ci thin h thng k hoch ho ch huy ang tn ti v t
nhng kt qu khng gy n tng ln.
Mt c cu th trng hon ton c tnh cnh tranh nu c nhng iu sau y duy tr: vi mt th
phn ng k. Cc doanh nghip ny to ra mt sn phm ng nht s dng cc qu trnh sn
xut ging ht nhau v c thng tin hon ho.
Xem PERFECT COMPETITION.
Mc tiu dng trung bnh m mt c nhn hoc h gia nh d nh thc hin trong mt s nm.
Cng c ngha l thu nhp bnh thng v thu nhp d kin v trung bnh. Thu nhp trung bnh m
c nhn hoc h gia nh d kin nhn c trong mt s nm trong khi vn gi nguyn ca ci
ca mnh.
Gi thit cho rng tiu dng ca c nhn hoc hc gia nh ph thuc vo thu nhp thng xuyn
ca c nhn y hoc h y.
Xem ANNUITY.
Lu lng thu nhp tch lu li ca mt c nhn hoc h gia nh.
Khon vay do ngn hng v mt s th ch ti chnh khc quy nh cho nhng ngi i vay mang
tnh c nhn (c ngha l khng kinh doanh) mua hng tiu dng, sa cha nh ca.
V c th c thanh ton li trong mt khong thi gian.
Xem MARGINAL RATE OF SUBSTI-TUTION.
Phn ca thu nhp c nhn khng thanh ton tr thu cng khng chi cho hng ho v dch v
(tiu dng hin ti).
Di c ca c nhn, c bit l cng nhn t khu vc c iu kin (hiu sut) kinh t tng i tt
n khu vc c iu kin kinh t thp km hn.
Xem PUBLIC EXPENDITURE SURVEY COMMITTEE.
ay l loi thu c bit do chnh ph Anh a ra i vi thu nhp do khai thc du bin Bc,
thu ny cng thm vo tin thu m v thu li tc.
Mt quan st c tnh thng k ca A.W.Philips (1958) rng c mt mi quan h nghch gia t l
thay i ca mc lng bng tin v t l tht nghip Anh trong giai on 1861-1957
Mt trng phi v k thuyt kinh t c a ra Php vo th k 18. Trng phi ny ch yu
gn vi tn ca F.QUESNAY v TURGOT.
Xem COMPENSATION RULES.
Mt h thng thanh ton trong c nhn c thanh ton theo khi lng sn phm lm ra.

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economic

Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh k tc Marshall v tr ch nhim khoa kinh t chnh tr hc ca

trng i hc Cambridge nm 1908. Pigou m rng cng vic ca Marshall, c bit l s phn
tch cc nghnh m chi ph gia tng v gim st. S phn bit gia chi ph c nhn v x hi v
liu php sa cha bng cch nh thu do ng xut to nn c s cho thuyt cc ngoi
ng, v phng php ca ng nhm loi tr chng c bit n vi tn gi l thu PIGOU.
Cng trnh ca ng v thuyt tin t v v thu nhp quc dn ch yu l mt l thuyt C in v
vic lm v thu nhp. Do , Pigou phi chu sc mnh ca cuc tin cng ca Keynes i vi
h thng ny. Tuy nhin, Pigou a ra mt c ch t c vic lm y thm ch c
trong h thng ca Keynes. iu ny c bit n vi ci tn l hiu ng Pigou. Trong iu kin
khng c vic lm, gi c gim s lm tng thm gi tr ca s d tin gi. iu ny to ra
s gia tng v cu i vi hng ho v do to ra mt s gia tng v vic lm. ngha ca
c ch ny ny thm ch n nay vn cn tranh ci.
Xem REAL BALANCE EFFECT.
Mt loi thu nh vo ngi sn xut do to ra mt ngoi ng theo mt cch m sau khi thu ny
c p dng th cc chi ph c nhn do bn to ra ngoi ng cm nhn c bng vi CHI PH
X HI ca hot ng ny.
Lp lun cho rng CHNH SCH THU NHP khng nhng to nn cc hiu ng dch chuyn trong
qu trnh iu chnh tin lng m cn c th lm thay i dc ca ng cong Phillips, hoc
ni mt cch chuyn mn hn, lm thay i ln ca s phn ng ca t l thay i v lng
i vi cc yu t quyt nh gy ra s thay i .
Mt phng php thc hin mt cuc pht hnh mi v CHNG KHAN, C PHN HOC TRI
PHIU CNG TY, bng phng php ny cc chng khon u tin c mt nh pht hnh
mua, sau c bn thng qua tho thun t nhn, cho cc th ch, cc ch u t t nhn
vcng cho nhng ngi bun bn c phn s giao dch chng khon London.
Mt nn kinh t trong cc qu trnh kinh t ch yu c quyt nh mt mc ln khng
phi do cc tc nhn th trng, m do mt c quan k hoch ho kinh t, c quan ny thc hin
cc mc tiu kinh t ch yu ca x hi.
Xem OUTPUT BUDGETING
Mt nghnh kinh t hc c bit quan tm n vic xy dng cc k hoch kinh t v m ti u.
THNG LNG TP TH gia ngi ch ca mt nh my vi cc i din ca cng nhn
vin thit lp cc mc lng v iu kin lm vic nh my .
Nh trit hc Hy Lp phn ng li thi k ri ren trc ay v ng cho rng chnh s tng
trng kinh t chu mt phn trch nhim v s ri ren , nn ng xut kin rng nh
nc l tng phi l mt nh nc vng vng da trn mt h thng ng cp v giai cp thng
tr thc hin mt cch sng mang tnh cng ng. Thnh tu kinh t ca ng bao gm s phn
tch s phn cng lao ng v phn tch vai tr ca tin quy c.
Mt h thng gia s la chn tp th trong gii php c chn l gii php xp u tin do
c s ngi b phiu ln nht.
Xem PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND.
S c lng ca gi tr thc t ca mt thng s, khc bit vi C LNG KHONG CCH,
n bao gm vic tnh ton cc khong tin cy (thng thng) i vi gi tr thc ca thng s.
Mt in trn th, hoc hm s m t l thay i ca dc ca hm s i du. iu ny cho
thy rng khi o hm th hai ca hm s bng 0.

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economic

Mt ng kh nng tho dng im c th c v cho mi gi hng ho.

Mt h thng la chn tp th trong mi c nhn bt u vi mt s im bng nhau m c
nhn c t do phn phi theo bt c cch thc no m h chn gia cc phng n la chn
v nhng vn khc nhau tho lun.
Cc bin s kinh t v x hi c chnh ph vn dng tc ng n cc bin s ca chnh
sch, n c gi l cng c v ta c th phn bit bn hng mc kinh t ch yu: CHNH SCH
TI CHNH; CHNH SCH TIN T, CHNH SCH T GI HI OI v CHNH SCH GI C
V THU NHP.
Thi k "c s thng lng tp th t do". thi k ny khng c s tn ti chnh sch thu
nhp.
Xem TARGETS.
Cm thut ng bao hm mi lin quan gia kha cnh thc tin ca hot ng chnh tr v l thuyt
kinh t hc thun tu.
Thu tnh c gi m s thanh ton khng lin quan n thu nhp hoc chi tiu.

tng cho rng gy nhim phi tr ph cho vic gy nhim mi trng.

Mt hot ng lm nhim mt hoc nhiu mi trng.
tng cho rng cn phi cp giy chng nhn cho ngi ch s hu "quyn c gy nhim"
mt mi trng nht nh, chng hn mt dng sng.
Mt phng trnh m ni chung nhiu hng s trong mt bin s c lp c nng ln nhiu lu
tha khc nhau.
Xem ALMON LAG.
D liu kiu hnh thnh khi (a) S LIU CHO v (b) D LIU CHUI THI GIAN c sp nhp
vo cng b d liu, thng thng khi khng c d liu kiu (a) hoc (b) ring, c lng
cc thng s ca mt m hnh do khng cc bc t do.
Tn gi t l tng trng ngy mt ln hn ca dn s th gii, c bit cc nc ang pht
trin.
Mt chnh ph c th t ra mt chnh sch c th lin quan n mc dn s do chnh ph cai
qun.
Cng cn gi l by cn bng mc thp. Mt nn kinh t c mc thu nhp tnh theo u ngi
thp c th thy r rng t l tng trng dn s vt qu mc t l tng trng ca thu nhp
thc t.
Tp hp cc ti sn ca mt c nhn hoc t chc.
Mt phng php phn tch tin t nhn mnh vo ngha cc quyt ca nhng ngi c ti sn
v thnh phn danh mc u t ca h.
Mt phng n ca phng php tin t i vi cn cn thanh ton cho rng cc ti sn l cc vt
thay th khng hon ho.
Xem DIVERSIFIER.
Mt thut ng ca F.Hirsch s dng trong cc gii hn x hi i vi tng trng (1976) ch
mt loi hng ho b gii hn v kh nng cung cp tuyt i hoc mt cch t nhin hoc thng
qua cc kha cnh x hi v c th b tc nghn nu s dng rng ri hn.
B phn khoa hc kinh t quan tm n cc nh c th kim tra c bng i chiu vi thc
t.

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economic

Hc thuyt trit hc cho rng cc nh m khng th xc minh c khi i chiu vi bng

chng thc tin th ch t phi coi l khng th chp nhn c nh l mt b phn ca khoa hc
hoc mc cao nht l v ngha.
Mt nhm cc nh kinh t hc coi s nhn nhn ca J.M.KEYNES v M.KALECKI l khi im ca
mt s ph bnh phn tch s cn bng thng thng v l c s cho mn kinh t hc v m mi.
Phn phi xc sut ca mt bin s hoc thng k l kt qu ca s phi hp gia phn phi
trc v thng tin mu trong k thut BAYES.
Mt hnh thc tit kim bt buc c p dung Anh trong chin tranh th gii th hai trong ng
sch nm 1941.
i vi mt ngnh c th, l kh nng cnh tranh mi ca cc hng - cc hng cha sn xut
cc sn phm cnh tranh.
Xem FULL EMPLOYMENT NATIONAL INCOME.
Sn lng kh thi ti a ca mt doanh nghip, mt ngnh, mt khu vc ca mt nn kinh t hoc
ton b mt nn kinh t l mc c xc nh ca cc yu t sn xut.
Mt s ci thin Pareto tim nng tn ti khi nhng ngi kim c li do mt s thay i, th
vi tnh cht gi thit c th b p cho ngi thua thit, v c th khng ai b km i sau s thay
i hoc sao cho t nht cng c mt ngi c kh ln.
S ngho kh c th c xem xt vi mt quan nim tuyt i hoc tng i.
Vic tn ti ca nhiu li ch KIM NH BNG BIN PHP ni ln rng ngi c tr lng
thp c th i u vi mt t l thu bin hiu lc - tc l mc thu i vi mt n v thu nhp
thm - vt xa t l 34% ca thu thu nhp v s ng gp bo him quc gia i vi phn ln
ngi lm cng n lng.
Mt hm s trong bin s c lp c nng ln ti mt lu tha no .
Bin i Prais - Winsten c s dng trong phng php COCHRANE-ORCUTT c tnh cc
thng s ca mt phng trnh m s d ca chng tun theo MI TNG QUAN TO THNH
DY.
Mt quan im cho rng tin b k thut cc nc pht trin thng c kt qa l lng ca lc
lng lao ng cao hn v c nhng ci thin trong mc sng nhng khng lm cho mc gi ca
cc hng ho thp hn (mt s hng ho ny c xut khu n cc nc ang pht trin).
Mt trong nhng ng c gi tin l d phng chi ph cho cc tnh hung xy ra ngoi d
kin nu khng c khon d phng th vic chuyn i ca ci t mt dng khng phi l tin mt
c th gy ra ph chuyn i ln v gy mt nhiu th gi.
Cng cn gi l "tht nghip ch vic". Mt yu t ca tht nghip dai dng, c xut hin khi
tnh cht ca nhim v cng vic hoc hnh thc ca hp ng lao ng bt buc ngi cng
nhn khi nhn mt cng vic no khng tranh th nhn c mt cng vic m mt thi gian
sau mi xut hin.
Cch y gi xung ti mc khng th c li trong mt thi k nhm lm suy yu hoc loi tr
cc i th cnh tranh.
Xem FORECASTING.
Cc quyn dnh cho ngi c c phiu thng mua cc t pht hnh mi da trn c s theo t
l.
C quan im cho rng mt th hng ho, s kin hoc d n no c a chung hn mt
hoc cc hng ho khc l s sp xp cc s thch.
S bc l thng c dn ra nh mt vn lin quan ti s cung cp hng ho cng cng, (n
cng c th l mt vn vi HNG HO T NHN nu con s nhng ngi c nhu cu rt
nh).
C phiu trong mt cng ty xp loi ng trc c phn nhng ng sau tri phiu cng ty i vi
vic thanh ton c tc.

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economic

Mt ngi ch dnh u tin cho vic thu nhng cng on vin mc d ng ta khng tho
thun ch thu cng on vin hoc iu khin mt doanh nghip ch dng thnh vin cng on.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
Mt tri phiu tit kim ca Anh, c th mua bu in, li tc ca n l c hi trng thng s
x hng thng.
Gi tr ca mt lung li tc hoc ph tng lai tnh bng gi tr hin ti ca chng.
Gi ca mt loi hng ho hoc gi u vo cho thy ci phi chi c c mt th hng ho
hay dch v.
Mt u ban c lp do Chnh ph Anh thnh lp nm 1973 thc hin cc chnh sch kim sot
gi c biu hin trong cc b lut v gi do B Ti Chnh son v Quc hi thng qua. U ban
ny chnh thc c bi b vo nm 1980.
Cn c bit vi tn NG CHO GI. Tip im ca ng BNG QUAN ca ngi tiu
dng v ng ngn sch ca h xc nh s cn bng ca ngi tiu dng.
Ni chung thng lin quan ti vic quy nh gi c bng lut php ca nh nc.
Cc s o thc nghim ca CHNH LCH LI NHUN ni m cc s liu k ton c s dng
v do ta khng th trc tip quan st c nh ngha kinh t v li nhun.
C hai hnh thc ch yu v Phn bit i x theo gi : Th nht, vic cc hng tnh gi khc nhau
cho tng nhm ngi mua khc nhau v th hai tnh cho cng loi ngi tiu dng cc gi khc
nhau i vi cc lng khc nhau ca cng mt loi hng.
T s ca gi mt c phiu bnh thng i vi mi c phiu bnh thng.
S thay i ca cu i vi mt hng ho xy ra do c mt thay i ca gi hng ho .
phn ng ca lng cu ca mt hng ho i vi gi ca chnh n.
Mt s tho thun gia hai nh sn xut hoc nhiu hn bn vi gi quy nh trc, ni chung
nhm thc thi sc mnh i vi th trng.
Mt s ch s cho thy gi ca mt "tp hp" hng ho thay i th no t mt thi k no
ti thi k tip theo.
Tnh hung trong mt nghnh m mt hng c sng kin to ra cc thay i v gi v cc hng
khc sau lm theo.
c dng lin quan n h thng th trng t do v cch thc m gi hnh ng nh nhng tn
hiu t ng phi hp hnh ng ca cc n v ra quyt nh.
Tn gi mt dng lm pht ging nh chi ph y trong cc ch doanh nghip b ch trch gy
ra lm pht bng cch tnh gi cao mt cch khng cn thit nhm kim li nhun ln.
Tn t cho dng chy ca vng v bc t cc nc mi khm ph chu M trong cc th k 15
v 16 lm cho gi c tng gp 3 ln.
Mt hng hot ng mt th trng kng cnh tranh i din vi mt ng cu dc xung i
vi sn phm v do c quyn c quyt nh gi bn hng ch khng pah l ngi chp
nhn gi.
Xem SPECIE FLOW MECHANISM
Mt phng php nng gi mt hng ho trn th trng mt cch gi to.
Mt n v kinh t c quy m hot ng khng ng k so vi quy m ca th trng cho nn hot
ng ca n v y khng gy nh hng g n gi th trng thnh hnh.

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Cc l thuyt bao gm trong t duy c th c chia lm ba mc chnh: Cc l thuyt lin quan

n s xc nh cc gi ring l, cc thuyt lin quan n cc thay i trong mc gi tng hp v
cc thuyt p dng cho vic phn b ngun lc.

Nh c nh ngha trong thuyt v cng bng do John Rawls a ra, nhng loi hng ho ny
l nhng quyn c bn, cc quyn t do, thu nhp v ca ci sn c phn phi trong mt x
hi.
Mt s ti sn khi bn ln u th khng c bn th trng ni m sau chng c bun
bn.
Mt tn gi khc cho tin c bn hoc TIN C QUYN LC, tc l loi tin do cc nh chc
trch v tin t pht hnh.
Mt cm thut ng c John G.Gurley v Edward S.Shaw a ra trong tc phm Tin trong
mt thuyt v ti chnh (1960) v c ngha l mi hnh thc n c th c em bn hoc pht
hnh bi "nhng ngi vay n" tc l nhng ngi i vay cn ngun vn ti chnh mua ti
sn thc t.
Nhng c nhn vn trong lc lng lao ng, c thu mn hoch khng thu mn, bt lun
nhng thay i ngn hn v lng v iu kin th trng.
S tin thanh ton cho mt ngi gi mt tri phiu khi O HN xo n.
iu ny ni n tnh hung trong l thuyt hng khi li ch ca ngi qun l v ca c ng khc
bit nhau.
Phn phi xc xut ca mt bin s hoc thng k, l c trng ca ca thng tin tin nghim cn
kt hp vi thng tin mu trong cc k thut Bayes.
Cm thut ng ny xut hin t mt s xem xt cc vn v quyt nh ca nhng ti phm b
bt g v thm vn ring r. Xem GAME THEORY. M hnh ny cho thy mt cch x s hp l
tng vi m s dn n mt hu qa v m bt hp l.
Xem COMPANY.
Mt hng ho s th hin s cnh tranh (Xem RIVAL) trong tiu dng v l loi hng ho m
ngi sn v ngi tiu dng u c kh nng thc hin c s loi tr.
Chnh sch chuyn i s hu cng cng ca mt ti sn thnh s hu t nhn hoc cho php
mt t chc kinh doanh khu vc t nhn hc hin mt hot ng no cho n lc y vn
c tin hnh bi mt t chc cng cng.
chuyn hot ng t khu vc nh nc sang khu vc t nhn ng u vi nim tin rng s
kim sot v s hu t nhn s c hiu qu hn v vic phn b ngun lc so vi s hu nh
nc.

Mt hm s nm gia 0 v 1 (i khi c biu hin bng mt s phn trm) ch r kh nng m

mt s kin s xy ra.

Mt hm s miu t hnh dng ca mt phn phi xc sut m khi a vo gia cc gii hn no

s cho xc sut m vi xc sut ny bin s ca n s c nhng tr s gia nhng gii hn
y.

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economic

Mt s tm tt di dng mt dng bng s hoc di dng mt quan h ton hc a ra XC

SUT m vi xc sut ny mt bin s ngu nhin c phn phi s nhn c nhng gi tr
no , hoc ri vo gia mt s gii hn nht nh.
Xem LINEAR PROBABILITY MODEL.
Mt s phi hp c bit ca cc u vo c th thay i v quy m sn xut cc mc cao hn
ca u ra.
Mt thay i trong quan h gia cc t l u vo ca cc yu t xn xut mt mc sn lng
nht nh.
S hp nht ca cc doanh nghip ring bit c gng cung cp sn phm chung ca chng,
mc d c bin ng trong sn xut.
Mt thng d xy ra i vi nhng ngi ch s hu cc yu t sn xut do mt c nhn thng
nhn c mt ci g c tho dng trc tip hoc gin tip ln hn tho dng ca ci m
ngi y t b.
Cm thut ng ny miu t hnh thi v qu trnh i qua ca cc sn phm mi, sau tri qua
giai on ca hon thin v chun ho sn phm.
iu ny tn ti trong phm vi mt ngnh khi mi nh sn xut bn mt sn phm m cc c
trng ca n phn bit vi sn phm ca i th cnh tranh.
S thay i ca mt doanh ghip i vi sn phm c th bn c ca n v s thay i c
th xut hin do mt s b sung v cng ngh, hoc mt s thay i v cc gi tng i c th l
s thay i s thch ca ngi tiu dng.
Hnh ng bin i cc yu t sn xut thnh hng ho v dch v do yu cu ca tiu dng v
u t.
Cn gi l ng gii hn nng lc sn xut hoc l hm s ca s bin i. ng ny cho thy
cc kh nng m ra cho vic gia tng sn lng ca mt hng ho bng cch gim sn lng ca
mt hng ho khc.
Mi lin h gia SN LNG (u ra) ca mt hng ho v u vo (nhn t sn xut) c yu
cu lm ra hng ho .

Xem Production frontier.

Mt cch phn loi vic lm c s dng cc nc X hi ch ngha v (vn cn) s dng
mt s nc ng u. Lnh vc sn xut bao gm vic lm trong nng nghip, lm nghip, ng
nghip, cng nghip, xy dng, vn ti, thng nghip, cc nghnh gi l dch v sn xut v
trong khu vc t nhn. Lnh vc ngn sch bao gm vic lm trong hnh chinh, lc lng v
trang, cng an, to n, trng cng, vin nghin cu, c quan y t nh nc, thu quan..

Sn lng ca mt n v u vo c s dng. Xem AVERAGE PRODUCT.

Theo truyn thng y l mt tho thun lao ng theo nhng thun li loi ny hoc loi khc,
chng hn lng cao hn hoc c ngh nhiu hn dnh cho cng nhn i ly nhng thay
i trong cch lm vic hoc t chc cng vic nhm to ra lao ng hiu qu hn.
Mt chin lc ngn chn vic gia nhp ngnh do mt s doanh nghip thit lp nhm theo ui
lm bo ho th trng vi mt s ln cc nhn hiu khc nhau n mc bt k ngi no mi gia
nhp cng thy kh m kim c li trong vic a ra th trng mt sn phm vi mt t hp
thuc tnh c th phn bit vi lot nhn hiu c sn.

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Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm theo mt bin, khi hm s bao gm tch ca hai

hoc nhiu hm s ring bit ca bin s.
Chnh lch gia doanh thu t vic bn hng sn xut ra v tt c cc chi ph c hi ca cc yu t
c s dng to ra sn lng .
Mt xu hng i vi t l li tc ca vn st gim theo thi gian.
Khi mt cng ty c phn tn thnh nhiu n v nh, th nhng n v ny c gi l trung tm
li nhun nu chng c tnh t lp tnh c li tc ring cho mi n v do u t.
Mt khi nim thng c s dng trong cc thuyt QUN L DOANH NGHIP. N l li nhun
ti thiu i hi m bo s ng ca c ng i vi chnh sch ca cng ty.
Mi quan h c trng gia li nhun v cc bin s nh sn lng v qung co m tc ng
n quy m ca li nhun.
Li nhun ca tng n v sn lng c biu hin di dng mt s phn trm ca gi.
Gi thit cho rng cc doanh nghip u nhm ti a ho li nhun.
S xy ra khi li nhun mang li s thc y quyt nh
Li nhun c th hin di dng mt t l ca gi tr ghi trong s sch ca cc ti sn vn.
Mt bin th ca lm pht chi ph y, quy ngun gc ca qu trnh lm pht cho cc nh t bn
nh tm mt phn gia tng trong thu nhp quc dn.
Xem OUTPUT BUDGETING.
Mt tn chung gi mt lot cc k thut ti u ho, thng bao gm cc phng php gii
php lp li, mt v d l QUY HOCH TUYN.
Ni chung cp n mt tnh hung trong t l ca thu nhp c tnh thu tng ln t l ca
thu nhp c tnh thu tng ln t l thu cng vi thu nhp hoc sc mnh chi tiu.
Xem CAPITAL BUDGETING, DISCOU-TED CASH FLOW, NET PRESENT VALUE, RATE OF
RETURN.
Nhng quyn ny ni n vic cho php s dng ti nguyn, hng ho v dch v.
Trc ht, ni m t l ca thu nhp c ly ra np thu vn gi nguyn khi thu nhp tng,
th c mt THU SUT BIN khng thay i bng vi thu sut trung bnh hoc thu sut hiu
lc. nh ngha th hai l mt th thu t l nu thu sut khng i khi c s thu tng ln.
Mt ngnh then cht m s tng tc v s m rng ca chng c th to nn s kch thch tng
trng trong mt nn kinh t.
Mt l thuyt v vic ra quyt nh trong tnh trng khng chc chn. L thuyt ny gn vi
Kahneman v Tversky.
Xem EFFECTIVE RATE OF PROTEC-TION, TARIFS , QUOTAS.
Mt bin s c s dng trong vic phn tch hi quy thay th "thay mt" mt bin s khc v
mt l thuyt tho ng hn trong nhng trng hp m cc d liu khng c c i vi bin
s ny hoc bin s ny khng th quan st c (chng hn mc tiu dng mong mun hoc thu
nhp thng xuyn.
Mi quan h hm s cho bit s tin mt c nhn mun thanh ton cho mt lot cc n v k tip
ca mt hng ho cng cng hoc cho cc n v tiu dng k tip ca hng ho bi cc c
nhn khc (nh kt qu s tn ti ca mt ngoi ng c li).
Mt ngnh kinh t hc lin quan n vic p dng kinh t hc vo vic phn tch s quyt nh "Phi
th trng".
Xem COMPANY.

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Ni mt cch rng ri, chi tiu ca cc c quan chnh quyn a phng v quc gia c phn
bit vi chi tiu t nhn, nhng t chc hoc doanh nghip t nhn.
Mt hng ho hoc dch v m nu cung cp cho mt ngi no th i vi nhng ngi
khc cng c cung cp nh vy m khng phi chu bt c chi ph no thm.
Phng php thc hin mt s pht hnh mi v CHNG KHON trong c quan pht hnh,
chng hn mt cng ty hoc mt chnh quyn a phng bn cc chng khon mt cch trc tip
cho cng chng vi mc gi n nh.
Tng gi tr m s thu ca cc t chc Khu vc cng cng thiu ht so vi s chi.
Xem Pulic Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR).
Mt cng ty hay x nghip l ngi cung cp duy nht mt loi hng ho hoc dch v thit yu no
, do phi chu hnh thc kim sot ca chnh ph.
Quy nh ca chnh ph v vic kim sot i vi cc Dch v cng cng c nhng yu t ca sc
mnh c quyn; mc ch nhm hi ho qun l kinh doanh vi li ch cng cng.
Mt hc thuyt khng nh rng mt n v tin t phi c kh nng mua cng c mt gi hng
ho mi nc.
Mt loi thu doanh thu.N tn ti nc Anh trc khi p dng thu gi tr gia tng vo nm
1973. N l loi thu tnh theo tng gi tr nh vo mt s hng c bit mc bn bun.
Xem PERFECT COMPETITION.
Mt s d tin c li khi doanh thu pht sinh t mt hot ng no c tr cho tt c
cc chi ph c hi ca sn xut c th xy ra, li nhun thng thng cn thit duy tr s kinh
doanh ca ngi sn xut.
Xem OPTIONS
Mt hnh thi ca HN SN XUT cho php thay vn bng lao ng v ngc li trc khi u t
thc t c thc hin, nhng mt khi my mc c lp t th t s Vn/ lao ng khng th
thay i c.
Mt kha cnh ca hm sn xut trong l thuyt tng trng cho php vn c lin tc i hnh
dng c trc v sau khi u t thc hin.
Xem HOLDING COMPANY.
Mt phng trnh cha bnh phng ca mt bin s nh lu tha cao nht.
Mt HM THO DNG m dng i s ca n l dng ca mt PHNG TRNH BC HAI.
y l cc m hnh c a ra gii quyt nhng d liu phn ng khng lin tc, chng
hn nh quyt nh mua hay khng mua xe t, thay i vic lm, hoc i hc i hc.
L thuyt v CU TIN T to nn yu t quan trng nht ca phn tch kinh t v m trc ca
Keynes: L thuyt tng qut v vic lm, li sut v tin t (1936).
Mt phng tin xc nh v tr ca d liu hoc phn phi mu.
Xem OPTION VALUE.
Thu nhp ca mt ngi bn mt loi hng ho hoc dch v qu mc v trn CHI PH C HI c
th xy ra khi hng ho tm thi c cung cp vi lng c nh.

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Nhn vt ch yu trong nhm cc nh kinh t hc Php th k XVIII c gi l nhng ngi

theo ch ngha TRNG NNG. L mt bc s phu thut, tc phm ca ng v kinh t hc xut
hin trong BCH KHOA TON TH nm 1756 v 1757, TP CH NNG NGHIP, THNG
NGHIP V TI CHNH nm 1765 v 1767, v BIU KINH T (1758). L ngi chng li trng
phi TRNG THNG, ng sm ng h cc u im t do cnh tranh trong cng nghip. Bi
Biu kinh t a ra mt m hnh trao i gia ba giai cp x hi: a ch, cng nhn nng
nghip v ci gi l giai cp "khng sinh li". Ch nng nghip l c kh nng sn xut s thng d
so vi cc yu cu tiu dng v do l ng lc thc y nn kinh t. Biu kinh t a ra m
hnh U VO U RA ca nn kinh t cho thy thng d hoc sn phm dng c phn phi
th no gia 3 giai cp. Nh vy n l tin thn ca m hnh ti sn xut ca C.Mc v m hnh
phc tp hn nhiu ca WASSILY LEONTIEF. Quesnay xut rng do nng nghip l ngun ca
ca cui cng, cho nn ti chnh cng cng c th n gin ho rt nhiu bng mt th thu duy
nht nh vo nn nghip. S ng h ca ng i vi t do kinh doanh v cnh tranh khng hn
ch c nh hng n kinh t hc c in Anh v c bit n ADAM SMITH.
y l t s ti sn d chuyn hon vi s n hin i. Ti sn d chuyn hon l tin mt, phn
ln cc u t c k hn c th thc hin nhanh chng v ti khon cc khon phi thu tr n kh
i.
Nhng nhn vin t nguyn ri b cng vic hin ti thay i cng vic hoc rt khi lc
lng lao ng.
Mt gii hn bt buc t ra i vi s lng hng ho sn xut hoc mua.

Nhng cng ty m vn c phiu c th c bn t do S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON.

London, vic giao dch c c quy ch nh vy i hi phi a ra mt thng bo gi ca U ban
nim yt ca S giao dch chng khon.
Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm s theo mt bin s, trong hm s bao gm
thng (ngha l t l) gia hai hm s ring r ca bin s.
Xem COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION.
"U ban v s hot ng ca h thng tin t" c thnh lp nm 1957, do lut gia, hun tc
Radcliffe lm ch tch, U ban ny tng trnh nm 1959 (Bo co Cmnd.827). y ban trong
c hai nh kinh t hc xut sc, gio s Alec Cairncross v gio s R.S.Sayers tin hnh mt
cuc kho st phm vi rng v c thm quyn v h thng tin t v ti chnh.
Tn chung cho cc tc phm theo truyn thng x hi ch ngha hoc Macxits, lin quan ch yu
n ch ngha Mc nhng chp nhn v s dng cc ngun t tng khc, chng hn nh thuyt
v chnh ph v thuyt t do bnh ng. Nhng tc phm ny thng c gi l "cnh t mi".
L mt cng ty c tim nng cng c a v nh s thu mua i vi mt cng ty khc.
c s dng rng ri trong thyt ngoi ng mi trng, mt qui tc c th cn thit p dng
cho mi mc gi trong mt nn kinh t, khi t nht c mt th hng ho l hng cng cng khng
th cn kit c.
Xem RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
Xem VARIABLE PARAMETER MODELS.
Mt mu m t cch ca cc thnh vin c xc nh bng xc sut v l ni mt quan st c
thc hin mt cch c lp i vi tt c cc quan st khc mu ny.
Mt bin chp nhn nhng tr s tu theo phn phi xc sut ca n.
Mt th d v m hnh dy thi gian trong gi tr hin ti ca mt bin s bng gi tr mi nht
ca n cng thm mt yu t ngu nhin.
Mt thc o mc phn tn ca mt mu cc quan st hoc ca mt s phn phi c tnh
nh chnh lch gia cc gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca bin s .

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Trong kinh t hc, vng khong cch ti a m ngi ta s i mua mt hng ho c th no .

Phng php o mc m hai bin s lin quan vi nhau, khng nht thit theo gi tr m theo
bc.
Xem MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, PROJECTS, CAPITAL RATIONING.
Con s ti a ca hng hay ct c lp tuyn tnh ca ma trn.
Mt quy tc theo vic ngi ch thanh ton cho nhn vin ph thuc vo th hng ca nhn
vin trong cuc ganh ua.
Xem RELATIVE INCOME HYPOTHESIS.
Mt th tc m B trng Mi trng ca Anh dng hn ch t l gia tng chi tiu ca nh
chc trch a phng. Th tc ny c coi nh bin php thay th cho cc phng php truyn
thng kim sot s chi tiu ca chnh quyn a phng chng hn nh vic iu hnh T L
H TR BNG TR CP.
Xem MARGINAL RATE OF SUBSTITUTION.
Gi c ca dch v tin t.
Mt khi nim chung ni n s Tin thu c t s u t vn, khi tin ny c coi nh mt
phn ca kinh ph.
Xem TIME PREFERENCE.

Mt h thu da trn gi tr c th b nh thu ca t ai v nh , c thay th bng ph

cng ng vo cui nhng nm 80 Anh. Khi p dng PH CNG NG cho c nhn th mt
thu kinh doanh ng nht c p dng cho mi doanh nghip. Trong khi m trc mc thu
tnh theo ng bng do cc doanh nghip tr thay i tu theo tng chnh quyn a phng th
loi thu ng nht c ngha l mi doanh nghip trong nc s thanh ton cng mc thu tnh
theo ng bng, mc d hin nay c s thay i gia Scotland, Anh v X Wales.
Mt c ch chuyn vn t chnh ph trung ng cho cc chnh quyn a phng Anh. Ngy
nay s tr cp cho cc chnh quyn ny to nn ngun thu nhp ch yu ca cc chnh quyn a
phng Anh.
l s p dng phn ch yu ca hnh vi duy l ti a ho vo vic thu thp v x l thng tin
cho mc ch to nn mt quan im v tng lai.
Hnh vi ca mt tc nhn kinh t (ngi tiu dng, chnh ph ) nht qun vi mt lot cc quy
tc chi phi cc s thch.
Mt cng thc TR PHN PHI trong , cc gi tr k tip ca mt bin s b tr c xc
nh bng t l ca hai m hnh tr a thc.
Bt c phng php no phn b mt sn phm hoc dch v khan him khc vi cch dng ca
c ch gi.
Mt cch tip cn vn ca mt x hi bnh ng, v c bit l BNH NG PHN PHI c
pht trin bi nh trit hc John Rawls i hc Harvard, ng lp lun rng bnh ng x hi l x
hi m trong c th la chn nu h b chi phi hon ton bi quyn li c nhn.
Xem RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
Gip cho doanh nghip xc nh gi tr ti u cho mt bin s la chn khi bit c gi tr ny
ca cc hng cnh tranh.
Cm thut ng ny thng c s dng m t trng hp khi cu i vi hng ho thay i
do c s thay i s d tin thc t.
Hc thuyt v li th so snh ca Ricardo c da trn mt phng php chi ph thc t.
L gi tr ca cc lng tin c nm gi c xc nh bng s lng hng ho v dch v m
chng c th mua c.

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Gi tr ca tng sn lng - THU NHP QUC DN - c tnh theo "gi c nh" - tc l tr i t

l lm pht chung tnh c hiu qu thc t ca vic s dng cc ngun lc.
L tin lng c tnh theo gi tr hng ho v dch v m s tin c th mua c.
L ngi c b nhim tip qun ti sn ca mt con n, ng thi thu nhn hoa li t ti
sn ni trn nhm thanh ton n.
L giai on gim st ca chu k thng mi xy ra sau mt nh im v kt thc ti im thp
nht ca chu k.
L mt s c s m m mt.
L cu ca mt nc i vi hng ho ca mt nc khc trong quan h trao i hng gia hai
nc.
o lut thu quan Smoot-Hawley nm 1930 p t biu thu nhp khu cao n mc cc
hot ng thng mi quc t ca Hoa K hu nh khng c. n nm 1962, tc ng ca RTA
lm gim mc thu quan trung bnh xung cn 11,1%. Nm 1990, mc thu quan trung bnh
cho hng cng nghip ch cn mc 5%.
Lag khong thi gian k t t khi mt yu t c kh nng gy bt n xy ra cho n khi n c
cc nh hoch nh chnh sch nhn nh l c kh nng gy bt n.
L tho thun m theo bn mua hoc bn bn c th thay i s lng hng mua bn nu biu
gi tho thun khng gip cho hng c tiu th ht trn th trng: s lng hng s c
iu chnh tu thuc vo vic xy ra tnh trng d cu hay d cung.
L mt m hnh trong nhng gi tr hin ti ca mt tp hp cc bin s quyt nh gi tr hin
ti ca mt tp hp khc trong khi cc gi tr trc (gi tr tr) ca tp hp sau li quyt nh
cc gi tr hin ti ca gi tr trc.
Xem KALMAN FILTERING.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
C th l chng khon m s c tr li - thanh ton - vo mt ngy nht nh, hoc c th l
chng khon m c th c tr li tu theo hp ng ca ngi vay tin.
Nu mt nh u t mua mt c phiu c k hn vi gi thp hn gi danh ngha ca n m gi
c phn n khi o hn th s c hng mt khon li tc ngoi tin li hng nm tr cho
c phn .
L qu trnh iu chnh li s phn phi (thng l) thu nhp hoc ca ci trong mt x hi.
L cc dng ca mt tp hp CC PHNG TRNH NG THI trong cc bin s ni sinh
c biu th nh l cc hm ca cc BIN S NGOI SINH, ngha l khng c bin s ni sinh
no xut hin pha bn phi ca cc phng trnh.
Nhng ngi mt vic khng t nguyn do yu cu v nhn lc ca doanh nghip gim.
Xem SEVERANCE PAY.
L hng c nhp t mt nc sang mt nc khc nhng khng c tiu th nc nhp
hng m c xut ti mt nc th ba.
L cc khon tin m trc y chnh ph Anh cung cp cho cc hng tin hnh u t vo sn
xut ti nhng vng no c coi l CC KHU VC CN PHT TRIN v VC KHU VC PHT
TRIN C BIT. Cc khon tr cp pht trin khu vc dn b ct b k t thng 3 nm 1988.
Kinh t hc khu vc l chuyn nghnh phn tch kinh lin quan n vic phn phi hot ng kinh
t theo khng gian v s khc nhau v khng gian trong kt qu ca hot ng kinh t.

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L khon tr cp cho cc hng sn xut ti cc khu vc cn pht trin v cc khu vc c bit

Anh t nm 1967 n nm 1977 da trn c s s cng nhn c tuyn dng, ban du l 1,5
bng cho mt cng nhn v sau l 3 bng cho mt cng nhn, hy vng s khuyn khch cc
hng cc khu vc c t l tht nghip cao thu thm nhiu lao ng.
L mt phin bn ca s nhn c s dng trong vic phn tch cc nn kinh t khu vc.
L mt dng ca chnh sch kinh t ca chnh ph nhm iu chnh hnh thi hot ng kinh t
hoc kt qu kinh t ca khu vc.
L nhng chnh lch v mc lng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn c phn loi theo khu
vc m h ang lm vic ti .
L vic xp th t cc mc lng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn c phn loi theo khu
vc m h ang lm vic ti .
L tng s ngi Anh ng k ti cc Vn phng tht nghip c hng tr cp.

L mt php phn tch bng cch ghp mt phng trnh hi quy quy (hoc mt quan h ton hc)
vo mt tp hp cc im s liu, thng l bng phng php BNH PHNG TI THIU
THNG THNG, thit lp cc mi quan h kinh t lng (c tnh gi tr ca cc thng s),
hoc kim nh cc gi thit kinh t.
L k vng cho rng s bin i ca gi tr thc t ca mt bin s tch ra khi gi tr ti im cn
bng ca n, thng l mt gi tr mi, s c tip ni bi vic quay tr li gi tr ti im cn
bng.
L trng hp thu sut trung bnh gim khi thu nhp tng ln.
L mt BIN C LP trong mt php phn tch hi quy.
Xem MINIMAX REGRET.
L mt quy ch ca Hoa K do H THNG D TR LIN BANG t ra vo nm 1933 i vi cc
mc li m cc ngn hng phi tr cho cc tin gi nh.

Xem DISINTERMEDIATION.
L mt khi nim c cc nh kinh t hc th ch vay mn t x hi hc to ra nn tng v
hnh vi vi m ca qu trnh c coi l phi th trng m tin lng c xc nh trong (Xem
SPILLOVER HYPOTHESIS).
L gi thuyt cho rng tiu dng ca c nhn v / hoc h gia nh l hm s ca thu nhp ca c
nhn/ h gia nh trong mi quan h vi thu nhp ca cc c nhn hoc h gia nh khc, ng
thi cng l hm s ca thu nhp hin ti trong mi quan h vi mc thu nhp trong cc giai on
ngay trc .
Xem PRICE.
L thut ng c s dng m t nhng chnh lch gia cc mc lng trung bnh ca cc
nhm cng nhn trong cng mt ngh, do cc nhm ch khc nhau tr.
L bt c ti nguyn no c kh nng ti to li, mt phn hoc ton b, mt cch "t nhin".
Xem ECONOMIC RENT.
L mt mi quan h c s dng trong KINH T HC TH, biu th mc t phi tr cho mt
n v t ai nh mt hm s ca khong cch t mt im tham chiu nht nh - thng l mt
thnh ph hoc trung tm th x.

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L nhng ch s hu vn m ton b hoc hu ht thu nhp ca h c c t ngun ny nhng

h li chn cch khng p t quyn kim sot ca mnh i vi vic s dng n.
L vic s dng cc ngun lc thc t nhm thu c thng d di hnh thc mt khon c li.

Xem HISTORICAL COST.

L mt phng php k ton c iu chnh theo nhng thay i v gi c bng cch tnh li nhun
nh l khon chnh lch gia gi bn mt mt hng v chi ph thay th ca n ti thi im bn
hng.
L khon tin cn thit thay th phn vn u t c bn c s dng ht trong qu trnh
sn xut.
L t s gia tng thu nhp rng (thu nhp cng vi phc li tr thu v tin nh , cho php
hon tr li tin thu) khi tht nghip v tng thu nhp thun khi ang lm vic.
L mt hng tiu biu cho mt ngnh hay mt khu vc ca nn kinh t ang c phn tch.
L trng hp vic n nh gi kim sot c tc thay i ca gi c m khng tc ng n
nhng xu hng lm pht ang din ra.
Trong ngnh ngn hng M, cc t chc nhn tin gi phi duy tr mt t l phn trm nht nh
ca s n m cc t chc ny pht hnh (v c bn gm c sc, s tit kim v giy chng nhn
ti khon tin gi) di dng s d nhn ri.

L tho thun theo cc nh sn xut xc nh mt cch c lp hoc tp th nhng mc gi ti

thiu m cc sn phm ca h c th c bn li ti cc nh bn bun v bn l.
L o lut ca Anh cm vic duy tr gi bn l bi mt hng ring l.
L hot ng nhm nng cao trnh khoa hc hoc k thut v ng dng trnh vo vic to
ra cc sn phm mi v phng tin sn xut mi cng nh ci tin cc sn phm v qui trnh
sn xut hin ti.
Ngi cng nhn tm vic trn TH TRNG LAO NG s c mt tng nht nh v mc
lng m anh ta mong mun hoc xng ng c hng, da trn mc lng trc y ca
anh ta v nhng ngh tr lng c bit n theo mt ngha k vng nht nh.
L t l ti thiu m tt c cc ngn hng v cc CNG TY TI CHNH c quy m ln hn hot
ng ti Anh trong thi gian t 1971 n 1981 phi duy tr gia cc ti sn c xc nh l hp l
v cc khon n c xc nh bng cch tng t l hp l.
L s lng nhng ti sn trong h thng ti chnh m xt trn thc t hoc v mt php l, c th
hnh thnh nn d tr ca h thng ngn hng, v theo l thuyt truyn thng v S NHN TN
DNG, hnh thnh nn s b nhn gip cho vic s dng s nhn xc nh tng s tin gi
ngn hng.
L tn gi c t cho mt NG TIN nc ngoi m mt chnh ph sn sng gi lm mt
phn d tr ca mnh; s tin ny c s dng ti tr cho thng mi quc t.
L t l gia mt ti sn, hoc mt nhm cc ti sn, c gi lm qu d tr so vi tng s cc
khon n hoc cam kt nht nh, v xt v mt mc no th y l i tng ca chnh
sch hot ng ca cc t chc c lin quan.

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Chnh lch gia mt im s liu trn thc t vi gi tr c a ra bi mt phng trnh c

tnh.

L mt phng php c tnh cc thng s ca mt phng trnh, trong c tnh n mt loi

thng tin u tin.
Xem RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1956.
L o lut ca Anh quy nh vic cc hng sn xut tho thun vi nhau duy tr gi bn l l
bt hp php.
im chnh ca o lut ny l mt iu khon ni lng vic ng k bt buc cc tho thun theo
quy nh ca o lut nm 1956 v nhng Thng l thng mi hn ch.
Trong CUC TRANH LUN V VN, quan im cho rng mt phng php sn xut b t b khi
t l li nhun thp c th c a ra khi t l li nhun tng ln ti nhng mc cao hn nhiu,
cng vi vic mt (hoc nhiu) Phng php sn xut thay th c kh nng sinh li cao hn c
s dng trong giai on chuyn tip.
L giai on cui cng trong dy chuyn phn phi t nh sn xut n ngi tiu dng.
Thut ng ny c p dng cho cc nghip v ngn hng chuyn thng do cc NGN HNG
THANH TON B TR v ngy cng nhiu cc ngn hng khc tin hnh, thng qua h thng chi
nhnh ca h ti mi i tng.
L mt ch s gi hng ho c cp n nh l ch s gi sinh hot. Ch s ny o lng
nhng thay i tng i trong cc mc gi ca mt nhm hng tiu dng c th m mt h gia
nh trung bnh mua mt cch thng xuyn.
Xem INTERNAL FINANCE.
L t l li nhun rng c tnh lm thu nhp gi li.
L tn gi khc ca THU NHP GI LI hoc LI NHUN KHNG CHIA.
Xem RATE OF RETURN.
L t l m theo sn lng thay i khi s lng ca tt c cc u vo thay i.
L mt thay i theo hng i ln ca sc mua ngang gi i vi mt ng tin trong mt h
thng t gi hi oi c nh.
L mt phng thc tip cn hc thuyt v cu ca SAMUELSON, da trn nhng nhn nh v
cch thc m ngi tiu dng phn ng i vi nhng thay i v gi c v thu nhp.
Xem SALES MAXIMIZATION HYPOTHESIS.
L vic bn mt loi hng ho nc ngoi vi mt mc gi cao hn gi mt hng ti th
trng trong nc li dng v tr c quyn.
Xem Yield gap.
Theo nh l ny, vic nh thu v vic pht hnh n ca nhnh ph, khi c s dng nh mt
cng c ti tr cho chi tiu ngn hn ca chnh ph, u c cc hiu ng tng ng vi nhau
i vi nn kinh t.

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L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, c nhc n nhiu nht do hc thuyt v TIN THU v hc

thuyt v CHI PH SO SNH ca ng. Nm 1819, ng c bu vo H ngh vin. S quan tm
ca ng i vi kinh t hc bt u t khi ng c tc phm Ca ci ca cc dn tc ca Smith m
sau tr thnh c s cho tc phm Gi cao ca vng (1810), trong ng lp lun rng tnh
trng lm pht hin ti l do vic ngn hng trung ng Anh khng hn ch c vic pht hnh
tin v mt u ban chnh thc cng a ra mt kt lun tng t vo nm 1811. Tc phm ch
yu ca ng l Nhng nguyn tc ca kinh t chnh tr v thu (1817). Ricardo cng c bit n
v thnh cng ca ng trong vic to ra mt "c my phn tch' v l ngi u tin s dng
phng php xy dng cc m hnh phn tch gin n dac trn nhng gi nh to bo p
dng trc tip vo vic gii quyt cc vn quan trng.
M, ni pht sinh cm thut ng ny, vic buc cng nhn phi gia nhp cc nghip on l bt
hp php v cc tiu ban c quyn cm vic p dng quy nh v gia nhp nghip on.
Trong mt t pht hnh c phiu mi ca mt cng ty, cc c ng hin ti c quyn mua c
phiu mi theo t l gp vn ca tng c ng, l vi nhng iu kin u i.
L hon cnh trong mt s kin xy ra vi mt xc sut nht nh hoc trong trng hp quy
m ca s kin c mt PHN PHI XC SUT.
L k vng ca nh u t mun c li tc d kin cao hn b p s gia tng ri ro.
Thng thng cm thut ng ny ni n mt khon vn c u t vo mt doanh nghip m
ch s hu ca n chp nhn ri ro l cng ty c th b ph sn.

1.L mt khon b sung vo T L CHIT KHU "thun tu" tnh n s khng chc chn ca
nhng li ch hoc doanh thu ca mt d n trong tng lai; 2.Trong mt th gii khng chc
chn, l phn li tc b p cho ch s hu vn v nhng ri ro trong vic s dng s vn
trong kinh doanh.
Xem INSURANCE.

Khi s tiu dng ca mt c nhn v mt hng ho lm gim s lng hng ho m nhng

ngi khc c th tiu dng.

L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh v l mt nhn vt c nhiu nh hng, l gio s kinh t ti trng

Kinh t London t nm 1929 n nm 1961. Trong thi gian ny, Robbins c nh hng to ln i
vi c sinh vin ln chnh ph, l ngi i u trong vic hi sinh t duy kinh t "t do". ng nhn
mnh s cn thit v mt l thuyt v thc t gia kinh t hc CHUN TC v THC CHNG.
Trong tc phm Lun bn v bn cht v ngha ca khoa hc kinh t (1953), nhn mnh n
kha cnh s khan him trong mi hnh vi kinh t. Cu ni ni ting ca Robbins tm li quan
im ny v tr thnh mt nh ngha chun v phm vi nghin cu ca kinh t hc:"Khoa hc
nghin cu hnh vi ca con ngi da trn c s mi quan h gia nhng mc tiu v cng c
khan him vi nhng cng dng khc nhau".

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Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh v l mt trong nhng l thuyt gia kinh t c nh hng nht trong giai
on hu Keynes. L gio s ging dy ti trng i hc Cambrigde (1931-1971). ng gp gp
quan trng u tin ca b l s ph bnh v s din gii li hc thuyt truyn thng v gi tr da
trn khi nim. Tc phm sau ny ca b chuyn t phng php im cn bng tng phn
ca Marshall sang phng php phn tch c inca Keynes v nhng vn kinh t v m nng
ng, c bit l vn tng trng v phn phi. Tc phm S tch lu vn (1956), ng gp
quan trng ca b cho hc thuyt tng trng kinh t, vn dng t tng ca J.Mkeynes, Harrod,
C.Mc v David Ricardo. Robinson l mt ngi i u trong nhng cuc tranh lun gay gt v
ngha ca vn vo nhng nm 50 v 60.
L o lut ra i nm 1936 sa i mc 2 ca o lut Clayton ca Hoa K. Ni dung ch yu
ca n l vic cm t cc mc gi khc nhau cho cc khch hng khc nhau i vi nhng hng
ho m c bn ging nhau v chng loi v cht lng, trong trng hp tc ng s l vic
gim ng k mc cnh tranh hoc c xu hng c quyn.
Cm thut ng ny trc y dng ch iu m ngy nay thng c gi l "HIU NG
KHO". N c mang tn ch ngn hng - Nh kinh t hc Robert V.Roosa, ngi u tin ng
h ngha ca n.
Cc nghim ca mt hm l cc gi tr ca bin c lp lm cho bin ph thuc bng khng.
Mt thuyt tng trng kinh t do gio s W.W Rostow a ra nm 1961. ng phn chia qu trnh
tng trng thnh 5 giai on: 1)X hi truyn thng; 2)Cc iu kin tin quyt ct cnh;3)Ct
cnh;4)Tin ti trng thnh;5)Giai on tiu dng cao.
Thut ng ny dng ch phng php sn xut tn nhiu thi gian hn v hiu qu hn. Khi
nim nng sut cao hn ca phng php sn xut l gio l trung tm ca trng phi o trong
khi tho lun vn.
Anh, y l loi thu phi tr cho chnh ph Anh bi cc t chc khai khong sn v mi quyn
khai khong u thuc v Hong gia. nhiu nc, mt s hnh thc thu tinh vi hn v thng
cn c vo li nhun ang tr nn quan trng hn vi t cch l thu nh vo ti nguyn thin
nhin.
Xem COMPENSATION RULES.
Xem RETAIL PRICE INDEX.
Mt cng thc hay th tc m to c s cho vic ra quyt nh ca cc tc nhn kinh t.
nh l, do nh kinh t Rybczcynski a ra, cho rng nu trong m hnh HECKSCHER-OHLIN, mt
trong hai yu t sn xut c tng duy tr gi c hng ho v cc yu t sn xut khng i th
lng hng ho dng nhiu yu t sn xut c tng ln phi m rng sn lng hng ho kia,
dng nhiu hn trong yu t sn xut khng i phi gim xung.

Con s thi vic c l do. Mt yu t trong chu chuyn lao ng.

Mt m hnh kinh t lng tuyn tnh nh ca nn kinh t M c a ra ti Ngn hng d tr
Lin bang St.Louis chng li xu hng dng cc m hnh phi tuyn tnh v ln hn c a
ra cc ni khc t m hnh ban u v nn kinh t M ca Tinbergen v Klein-Goldberger.
Xem BERNOULLI HYPOTHESIS.

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Tin tr cho hu nh ton b cng nhn khng lm vic chn tay v mt s nhn vin lm vic
chn tay i ly cung lao ng ca h, thng thng vic thanh ton c tin hnh sau mi
thnh v, ngc vi tin cng ca nhn cng lm vic chn tay, khng thay i theo s gi lm
vic hay mc n lc trong nhng gi lm vic vi iu kin mt s ngha v hp ng ti thiu
phi c tn trng.
Do W.J.Baumol, a ra gi thit ny l tinh thn thuyt QUN TR CA HNG.
Mt loi thu nh vo giao dch th trng.
Khi xem xt ngn sch vn, gi tr ca ti sn vn vo cui i d n phi c xem xt.
Mi tp cc quan st hay cc s liu o c i vi mt bin c th no , m khng gm tt c
cc quan st c th c.

Nh kinh t hc ngi M, gio s ti hc vin Cng ngh Massachusetts, v l ngi c gii

Nobel v kinh t nm 1970 v c cng nng cao phn tch tng qut v mc phng php
lun trong kinh t hc vi s gip ca ton hc. Trong KINH T H NG, ng nghin cu
xem mt h thng kinh t c s nh th no khi bn ngoi im cn bng v mt nn kinh t
pht trin nh th no t giai on n sang giai on kia trong mt chui cc giai on pht trin.
Trong L THUYT CNG TIU DNG, cch tip cn ca ng hon ton i lp vi phng php
tip cn c chp nhn rng ri nht, l vic xy dng cc nh l v hnh vi tiu dng da
trn cc phng php suy din, v ng xc nh nhng s thch trn c s nhng hnh vi quan
st c hay "Nhng s thch c bc l" nh chng c gi. Trong KINH T HC QUC T,
lp lun ca ng v vn chuyn nhng v nhng li ch thu c t thng mi u rt chnh
xc v l nhng tuyn b kinh in v kinh t hc hin i. Mc d l ngi vit nhu, nhng
Samuelson ch vit, ch khng phi bin son, hai cun sch l: Nhng nn tng ca phn tch
kinh t (1948) v mt cun sch nhp mn rt thnh cng l Kinh t hc (1945) v hin ang c
ti bn ln th 15.
Theo kim nh ny th mt trng thi c kh nng c phc li tt hn mt trng thi khc nu i
vi mi s phn phi gi hng ho trong tnh trng th nht c tn ti mt s phn b gi hng
ho th hai, trong t nht c mt phc li tng ln m khng c ngi no b gim phc li.
Hin tng " c " mt hng ho no .
Hnh vi hng ti vic t c nhng mc kht vng trong cc mc tiu ra quyt nh v hnh vi
khng nht thit phi lin quan ti vic ti a ho bt k mt yu t no.
Mi thu nhp khng tiu dng vo hng ho v dch v cho nhu cu hin ti.
Cc cng ty c thnh lp di hnh thc tng h hay c phn nhn tit kim t dn c v u
t ch yu vo cc khon cho vay th chp.
Hm ch r mi quan h gia tng tit kim (S) v thu nhp (Y), Tc l S = S(Y).
Phng php tit kim - u t i vi cn bng cn cn thanh ton tp trung vo mi quan h do
Keynes nu ra gia tit kim v u t gii thch v tr ca ti khon vng lai trong cn cn
thanh ton, v chnh lch gia xut khu v nhp khu hng ho v dch v.

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L mt doanh nhn ngi php tr thnh nh kinh t hc, Say c b nhim lm ch nhim
khoa kinh t Cng nghip thuc trng i hc Convervatoire National des et Mtier (1819) v tr
thnh gio s kinh t nm 1931. im quan trng trong cng trnh ca ng l vic ng phn i
thuyt gi tr c in da trn gi tr lao ng ca ngi Anh. V mt phng php lun, Say l
ngi i tin phong trong trng phi TN C IN v phn tch cn bng ca h. Say ni ting
nht vi l thuyt v th trng c ng xy dng trong cun Trait d'economie politique (1803).
Say pht hin s ph thuc ln nhau gia cung v cu t nn kinh t hng i hng, ti mi
hng ng bn u lin quan n cu v mt gi tr tng ng, khng tn ti bt k mt d
cung hay cu no v khng c mt hng ho no c sn xut ra m khng c mt mc cu tiu
th no tng ng, thnh l thuyt chung v th trng.
Trong kinh t hc, s khan him thng s dng trong trng hp cc ngun lc sn c sn
xut ra sn phm khng tho mn cc mong mun.
Mt tn gi khc ca ng tin mnh.
S biu din d liu bng th trong cc gi tr quan st c ca mt bin c v thnh
tng im so vi cc gi tr ca bin kia m khng ni cc im li vi nhau bng ng ni.

Mi quan h hm s gia trnh hc vn t c v cc yu t quyt nh ca cc trnh .

Nh kinh t hc v gio s ti trng i hc Chicago, ng l ng tc gi ot gii thng Nobel
v kinh t nm 1979. Nhng cng trnh ch yu ca ng thuc lnh vc kinh t nng nghip nhng
ng cng c bit ti nh mt ngi tin phong trong lnh vc Vn nhn lc.

Sinh trng v hc tp Vin, Schumpeter l mt mn ca WALRAS ch khng phi trng

phi o. ng l ngi tin phong trong phn tch CHU K THNG MI v PHT TRIN KINH
T, trong c hai tc phm ny, ch doanh nghip gi vai tr ch o, chu trch nhim cho vic
sng ch. Hnh ng ca anh ta sau s b bt chc, nh vy sng ch v c th gy ra s
bng n mang li. L mt tc gi c tm nhn ln, ng lp lun trong cun CH NGHA T BN,
CH NGHA X HI V NN DN CH (1947) rng ch ngha t bn s nhng ch cho ch
ngha x hi khng phi v n tht bi nh C.Mc lp lun m bi v thnh cng ca n. Cng trnh
cui cng ca ng, n lc mt vn cha hon thnh l mt tc phm v i: Lch s phn tch
kinh t (1954).
Thu hay cu trc thu t c mc tiu chnh sch, thng l phi kinh t nh c lp quc
gia hay s sn sng v qun s, vi chi ph ti thiu cho x hi.
Nghch l ny sinh nu bc chuyn t phn b A sang phn b B th hin mt ci thin Pareto
TIM NNG nhng nhng ngi chu thit thi t bc chuyn ny s thu li t khi li chuyn v
A to iu kin cho h mua chuc nhng ngi c li tre li t s phn b ban u.
Scitovsky lu rng vic p dng kim nh KALDOR-HICKS c th dn n quan im coi nc
B hn nc A nhng c khi nc B vic p dng kim nh ny c th ch ra rng A tt hn B.
Lp lun rng gio dc t c tc ng trc tip n hiu qu tng nng sut lao ng m gio dc
ch yu ng vai tr ca mt b lc, hay thit b sng lc m nhm pht hin ra nhng ti nng
sn c, s bn tr, ng c m ngi s dung lao ng thy hp dn.
Xem BONUS ISSUE.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
Xem JOB SEARCH.

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Xem JOB SEARCH.

Tn gi ca bt k mt quy trnh no trong c tc ng thi v c tnh n hoc thng hay
c loi b khi d liu.
Tht nghip do nguyn nhn t hnh thi cng vic theo thi v ca mt s nghnh.
Mt cm thut ng dng ch mt nhm ln cc t chc ti chnh chuyn nhn tin gi, rt nhiu
t chc trong s l chi nhnh hoc c lin quan n cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr, nh
bun, ngn hng nc ngoi mc ln nhanh chng trong nhng nm 1960 v u nhng nm
1970 c tr gip bi nhng quy nh v s lng i vi cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr.
Xem PRIMARY MARKET.
Nhng nhm cng nhn m vic c tham gia vo lc lng lao ng khng chc chn bng
nhng nhm cng nhn hng nht.
nh l tnh trng tt nh do R.G.Lipsey v K.Lancaster a ra, cho rng nu mt trong nhng iu
kin ca ti u PARETO khng th thc hin c th ni chung tnh th c th t c tt nht
(phng n tt nht th hai) ch c th t c bng cch thot khi mi iu kin Pareto khc.
Du ca o hm bc hai ca hm mc tiu ca cc bin la chn cho thy cc tr l cc i hay
cc tiu.
Khi nim cung trong on thut ng ny thng c hiu l tng t l tham gia vo lc lng
lao ng.
T "secular" ch ra rng l xu hng tnh ton cho nhng d liu di hn.
Xem FINANCE CAPITAL.
Mt thut ng dng ch mt lot cc ti sn ti chnh, v cc c phiu vin vng, c phn, v tri
khon.
Mt t chc c lp ca chnh ph M c thnh lp nm 1934 hot ng nh c quan iu
hnh chnh ca nganh chng khon.
Xem BIG BANG.
Mt thut ng khc dng ch s t b i vay qua trung gian, m t vic ti tr nhng nhu cu
tin t ca cng ty trc tip thng qua th trng vn v thng qua vic s dng cc cng c nh
hi phiu, chp thun ca ngn hng v pht hnh tri phiu thay v vay t cc ngn hng thng
mi.
T xa xa v p dng i vi tin, y l mt loi thu nh vo nhng kim loi c mang n
xng c tin, nhm trang tri cc chi ph c tin v l mt ngun thu cho nh cm quyn,
ngi cho l mt c quyn.
Mt khon vay hay lao dch ti chnh khc c ri ro thp v c mt th tc gn lin v vic kt thc
khon vay v thanh ton n nn.
Mt cu chm ngn truyn thng trn ngnh ngn hng ca Anh l cc hnh hc tn dng "t thanh
ton" l hnh thc cho vay an ton nht cho ngn hng.
Xem BIG BANG.
Phng php minh ho nhng bin s kinh t c th thay i theo thi gian.

L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, hai ln c phong gio s kinh t ca Khoa kinh t chnh tr ti
Oxford. ng sa i thuyt dn s ca Malthus. Tng trng dn s c th din ra m khng
c s gim bt ca dn s xung ti mc c th sng c v mi th h u c c mun ci
thin mc sng. Senior l ngi tiu biu cho thuyt gi tr ch quan v c gng dung ho
thuyt gi tr ca Ricardo vi s phn tch ca THO DNG. Theo quan im ca Senior,
king khem ni n vic hy sinh to ra vn mi. Chi ph cho s king khem gp vo gi tr
hng ho. Li sut c xem nh l phn thng cho s khng tiu dng . Cng trnh ln ca
Senior v kinh t hc l cng Khoa hc kinh t chnh tr (1936).

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Cc phng php iu chnh vic thng chc, ging chc v sa thi trong mt b phn ca hng
theo mc thm nin ca ngi lao ng.
Phn tch nhy cm lin quan n vic thay i cc thng s theo bi ton ra quyt nh v
nghin cu xem vic thay i ny nh hng n kt qu nh th no.
Trong l thuyt tiu dng, vic chia hng ho cho nhiu nhm khc nhau sao cho s thch tiu
dng ca mi nhm c x l c lp vi cc nhm cn li.
iu ny xy ra trong nhng cng ty c phn ln, trong nhng c phn c quyn b phiu
c chia cho mt s lng ln c ng.
Cn c gi l tng quan t nh. Mt bi ton kinh t lng, trong gi tr hin ti ca mt
sai s trong mt phng trnh tng quan v nhng gi tr trong qu kh ca n, ch ch ra
rng, mt s nh hng h thng no b loi b khi phng trnh.
Vic thanh ton li cc khon li sut ca n.
Trn gic kinh t, dch v l cc chc nng hoc cc nhim v c thc hin m ngi ta c
cu v do to ra gi c hnh thnh nn mt th trng thch hp.
Cng gi l tr cp mt vic Anh, mt phng php hp ng ci thin chi ph kinh t ca vic
sa thi vnh vin bng vic bi thng cho nhng ngi lao ng b mt vic.
Mt b phn ca nn kinh t m sn lng ca n khng c tnh vo con s thng k v thu
nhp quc dn bi v n c giu i chnh quyn khng thy c.
Vic nh gi mt hng ho hay dch v m khng c gi th trng.
Gi bng ca lao ng.
Xem EQUITIES.
Mt nn kinh t trong tin tr cho ngi lao ng c gn bi mt cng thc vi doanh thu
hay li nhun ca cng ty m hc lm vic.
Gi th trng hin hnh ca mt n v vn c phn ca mt cng ty.
Mt trong nhng nn tng ca lut chng T-rt M c thi hnh nm 1890.
Lp lun cho rng chnh sch thu nhp c th nh hng n vic dch chuyn ng Phillips
sang bn tri, do to ra mt mc tin lng thp hn v / hoc lm lm pht gi i vi nhng
gi tr cho trc ca cc yu t quyt nh chng trc ht l mc tht nghip.
Mt k thut c s dng trong phn tch tng trng kinh t khu vc trong c gng tch mt
phn ca s tng trng khu vc m c th gii thch bng s pha trn cc ngnh trong khu vc
(cu trc ngnh) v phn c th gii thch theo cc anh hng "khu vc" c th.
Xem EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY.
Mt lp lun tng t nh lp lun c s dng trong nn kinh t c tin lng cao.
Mt i biu c bu ra i din cho mt nhm cng nhn, ngi ny s thc y nhng mi
quan tm ca nhng ngi lao ng trong nh my hoc phn xng nh tin cng hoc cc iu
kin lm vic.
Cc chng khon n, v d nh tri khon cng ty hay chng khon vin vng m thi gian n
ngy thanh ton ngn, thg khng qu 5 nm.
Khong thi gian trong qu trnh sn xut trong cc yu t sn xut c nh khng thay i,
nhng mc s dng cc yu t kh bin c th b thay i.
Xem Average cost.

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economic

Mi quan h hm s gia tiu dng v thu nhp trong khong thi gian ca chu k kinh doanh.
Xem Marginal cost.

cp n nhng cng nhn lm vic t gi hn TUN LM VIC CHUN c nu trong trong

hp ng lao ng ca h.
Xem STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION.
Nhng trao i gia cc c nhn trong mt nhm nhm mc ch khuyn khch thc hin bn
phn cho mt hoc nhiu mc tiu chung.
Nhng khon tin gi ti cc ngn hng v nhng th ch nhn tin gi tng t c th chuyn
i sang sc hoc c th rt bng tin mt m khng cn bo trc.
L nh kinh t hc ngi M, t gii Nobel kinh t 1978 do cng trnh nghin cu i tin phonng
trong qu trnh to ra quyt nh ti nhng t chc v kinh t v hng ni ring.L lun ca Simon
v nhng quan st v vic ra quyt nh ti cc t chc ph hp vi thc t v to nn nn tng
hu ch cho vic nghin cu thc nghim.
Xem LINEAR PROGRAMMING.
Mt hnh thc d on a ra mt tp hp nhng phng n d on da trn nhng gi thit
khc nhau v cc tnh hung tng lai, c th l tr li cu hi "ci g s xy ra nu?", thay v
cu hi "ci g s xy ra?".
lch trong nhng c lng bng phng php bnh phng nh nht thng thng l kt
qa ca nhng tc ng phn hi gia cc phng trnhkhi m hnh c d on bao gm mt
tp hp nhng PHNG TRNH NG THI.
Mt tp hp gm hai hay nhiu hn cc phng trnh c chung nhng bin s m gi tr ca cc
bin s ny phi ng thi tho mn tt c cc phng trnh.
Bn tho thun ny thuc phm vi h thng CNG NG CHU U (EC), bt u c hiu lc t
1/7/1987. SEA d nh rng cho ti cui 1992, s pht trin trong chnh sch ni b EC cn t ra
mc tiu cho mt th trng duy nht, vi s di chuyn t do ca vn, lao ng, dch v v hng
ho thay th cho nhng tho thun khng mang tnh phi hp tng tn ti n nm 1987.

Mt ma trn m nh thc ca n bng 0, do tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh gia mt s hng hoc ct
ca n, c ngha l mt ma trn m hng ca n khng bng kch thc ca n.

Phn qu thng xuyn ring nhm mc ch tr n, hoc khu hao phn vn nm trong
thit b.

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Mt nh nh kinh t hc ngi Thu S. Trong tc phm u tin ca ng, ng th hin mnh l

ngi k tc ca Adam Smith, nhn mnh ti s kt hp hi ho v li ch, s cn thit cuat
QUAN IM T DO KINH T v tnh v l ca s can thip ca chnh ph. 16 nm sau, trong
cun "Nhng nguyn l mi ca Kinh t chnh tr hc" (1819), ng tht vng vi quan im t do
kinh t v ng nhn mnh v nhng t nn ra i t s cnh tranh khng gii hn, c bit l
sn xut tha hng ho v dch v m ng coi y trc tip l hu qu ca S PHN CNG LAO
NG v sn xut quy m ln. ng cho rng khi lm vic cho bn thn mnh, cong ngi bit khi
no sn xut d, cn khi lm vic cho ngi khc anh ta li khng bit. T do kinh t dn ti s
chu ng cho nn phi c s can thip ca chnh ph ch o v iu ho nhng bc theo
ui s giu c. Sismondi phn bc nhng sng ch ht b nhng qu trnh sn xut ang tn ti
v ch ng h nhng sng ch phc v cho nhng nhu cu ang m rng. L lun ca ng th
hin mt ting ni phn khng hn l mt hc thuyt v gy nh hng ti nhng nh vn x
hi ch nngha sau ny.
ng bao ca mt tp hp nhng NG BAO KH NNG THO DNG.
Phn phi tn xut m trong cc hng thuc mt ngnh hay mt khu vc kinh t c phn
chia theo quy m.
Mt phn phi khng i xng xung quanh gi tr trung bnh ca n.
Nhng chnh lch gia cc mc lng trung bnh ca cc nhm lao ng thot u phn loi theo
ngh nghip, sau phn loi tip thnh nhng nhm k nng c th.
Mt nt c trng ca cc nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung l xu hng cc doanh nghip c
gng vch ra mt k hoch nhm t c sn lng sn xut thp hn mc c th t c v/
hoc s dng nhiu u hn mc cn thit.
Mt giai on i xung hoc suy thoi trong chu k kinh doanh.
Nh kinh t hc ngi Nga v l nh nh ton hc kinh t, l gio s ti trng i hc Kiev v
Vin ton hc thuc Hc vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X, danh ting c bit qua l thuyt v cu
ni ting ca ng. ng cho rng l thuyt cu c th da trn khi nim tho dng theo s th
t. V sau c Hicks pht trin thm, l s tha k v pht trin hc thuyt Marshall, nhng b
qua gi thit mang tnh hn ch v tho dng c th lng ho c. Slutsky c nhng
ng gp quan trong vo l thuyt kinh t lng, c bit l vic biu hin nhng dao ng mang
tnh chu k trong nhng s bnh qun di ng ca mt chui thi gian rt ra t nhng con s ngu
nhin.
Thng c xc nh nh sau: Hiu ng ca gi = Hiu ng thu nhp + Hiu ng thay th.
Nh trit gia v kinh t hc Scotland, hc ti cc trng i hc Glasgow v Oxford, sau tr
thnh Gio s lun l ti trng i hc Glasgow. Quan im ca ng v t chc kinh t ch yu
b chi phi bi lng tin vo Quy lut t nhin, rng trong cc hin tng t nhin c tn ti mt trt
t c th thy c qua quan st hoc bng cm gic o c v rng t chc x hi v php lut
tch cc nn tun theo thay v i ngc li trt t ny. Tc phm nghin cu v bn cht v
nguyn nhn ca ci ca cc dn tc (1766) l lun thuyt quy m ln u tin ca ng v kinh t
hc, bao hm l lun v sn xut v phn phi. Mi quan tm chnh ca ng thuc v tng trng
kinh t, v ng tm thy ng lc tng trng kinh t l s phn cng lao ng, tin b k thut
v tch lu vn. Ngoi m hnh tng trng mnh, Smith cng nghin cu nhng vn kinh t vi
m. ng cho rng GI l do chi ph sn xut quyt nh. Tin thu l do gi c quyt nh ch
khng phi quyt nh gi c. Thnh tu mang tnh l lun chnh ca Smith l lt nhng vin
gch u tin xy dng l thuyt phn b ngun lc hiu qu ti u trong iu kin t do cnh
tranh. Ngi ta ni rng trc Smith c nhng lun bn kinh t v sau Smith th ngi ta lun bn
v kinh t hc.
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM.

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Hiu ng xy ra khi gi ca mt hng ho gim xung v mt s b phn ca cng ng tng cu

v hng ho ny, ng thi mt s b phn hoc c nhn khc th gim cu nhm mc ch tch
bit h ra khi xu th chung.

Tng nhng li ch t c t mt hnh ng hoc mt d n dnh cho bt k ngi no.

Xem PUBLIC CHOICE.
Mt tho thun khng thng nht (thng mang tnh gi thit hoc tng tng) gia tt c cc
c nhn to nn mt x hi lin quan ti nhng nguyn tc c bn lm nn tng cho x hi vn
ng.
Chi ph x hi ca mt sn lng no c coi l s tin va n b phc hi tho
dng ban u mt i ca bt k ngi no do hu qu ca vic sn xut ra sn lng .
Mt th tc hay phng php thc hn s la chn gia cc gii php m phi c thc hin
bi mt nhm hoc i din cho mt nhm cc c nhn thay v mt c nhn.
y l t sut dng chit khu nhng khon u t cng cng hoc tp th.
L s p dng l thuytt kinh t hc TN C IN vo chnh sch x hi.
Xem BEVERIDGE REPORT.
Mt thut ng dng m t hc thuyt chung cho rng quyn s hu v kim sot cc t liu
sn xut - vn v t ai- phi do ton cng ng nm gi v qun l phc v tt c mi ngi.
Xem LABOUR THEORY OF VALUE.
Tiu chun ny quy nh rng tng nhng ng gp rng ca mt n v u t vo sn lng
phi c tnh ti khi phn b ngun lc ch khng ch n thun l phn c phn b cho
nhng nh u t t nhn.
Ngi ta lp lun cch ng n nh ga nhng khon u t trong khu vc cng cng l qua
vic xem xt CHI PH C HI i vi x hi bng cch chuyn hng cc ngun lc t nhng d
n trong khu vc t nhn ti hn sang nhng khu vc cng cng.
L s phn b ngun lc ca mt x hi, m hnh sn xut v s phn phi sn phm c th t
c mc tt nht theo mt s mc tiu nh.
Cm thut ng c C.Mc dng nh ngha nhng mi quan h x hi gia ngi vi ngi,
pht sinh t mt tp hp c th tc nhn VT CHT C TH CA SN XUT.
Li tc c u t vo gio dc vt trn bt k mc thu nhp ph no t c do c o
to.
T sut s thch theo thi gian ca x hi biu th t sut ti x hi sn sng chuyn i s tiu
dng gia nhng khong thi gian khc nhau.
Phc li x hi hoc cng ng ni chung. Ni chung phc li x hi c coi l tng phc li ca
cc c nhn trong mt x hi.
S biu th cc mc tiu ca x hi trong mc phc li x hi c trnh by di dng mt
hm s ca cch phn b ngun lc.
ng tin c t gi hi oi gim do lin tc xy ra thm ht CN CN THANH TON.
Mt khon vay khng li hoc c li sut thp hn mc chi ph vn vay.
Mt nh kinh t hc ngi M ot gii Nobel kinh t nm 1987 do nhng cng trnh nghin
cu ca ng trong l lun v o lng v tng trng kinh t. M hnh tng trng tn c in ca
Solow c tnh n kh nng thay th ca vn cho lao ng, mt nt c trng xo b c vn
IM TA MONG MANH trong m hnh HARROD-DOMAR v cho php phn tch mt cch h
thng nhng c tnh ca s tng trng vng chc.

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Xem REGIONAL ECONOMICS.

Mt yu t ca quyn lc c quyn m mt ngi bn l hay mt nh sn xut bn c do nm
cch xa nhng i th cnh tranh vi mnh.
Mt chin lc nh gi m trong chin lc cc cng ty bn hng cho nhng ngi tiu dng
nm cch xa ngi sn xut khng t cho mi ngi tiu dng mt mc gi trang tri gi tr
tng ng tng mc gi "ti cng nh my" (gi FOB) v nhng chi ph vn chuyn thc khi
vn chuyn hng ho.
Xem RANK CORRELATION.
L hnh thi u tin ca KHU VC C TR GIP, c thnh lp Anh. Vic to ra cc khu
vc c bit Scotland, Wales, v Bc Ireland l kt qu ca tnh trng tht nghip a phng
ny tng cao v n cng th hin mt bc tin ng k trong CHNH SCH KHU VC ca Anh
quc.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
L mt bin php kim sot tn dng do NGN HNG ANH a ra vo nm 1958 v sau c
p dng ti cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr London v Scotland, sau vo nm 1971c
nhn rng ra cho tt c cc ngn hng hot ng ti Anh v mt s cc T CHC TI CHNH ln.
L cc vng Anh m cc hng ti cho n nm 1984 vn c t cch c hng s tr
gip ti a ca chnh ph nh l mt phn ca CHNH SCH KHU VC.
Tp trung hot ng vo cc dy chuyn sn xut trong mi c nhn hoc hng c c hay
t c vi th mnh ring.
Mt ch s thng kc tnh ton ch ra mc chuyn mn ho trn mt s lnh vc kinh t
nht nh theo tng vng. Chuyn mn ha c hiu nh l nn kinh t ca khu vc c xem
xt bao gm tng hp cc nghnh, khc vi trong mt quc gia, s tng hp ny ch l mt b
phn.
Kim loi qu di dng tin c.
Theo quan im truyn thng v hot ng ca ch BN V VNG, mt c ch hiu chnh trong
thng d hay thm ht CN CN THANH TON c xu hng b xo b bi cc dng lun
chuyn vng.
L cc mc T GI HI OI ca mt ng tin theo ch BN V VNG m ti vic a
vng vo v ra khi quc gia u sinh li.
Mt bi ton kinh t lng trong xc nh sai hnh thc lin kt cn c lng, hoc do xc
nh sai dng ca hm s (v d nh TUYN TNH thay v PHI TUYN) hoc do b st cc bin s
lin quan hay do thm vo cc bin s khng lin quan.
Ni chung, l th thu c p dng trn mi n v sn phm ch khng phi trn gi tr ca sn
phm.
o to k nng nhm nng cao nng sut lao ng ca cng nhn lm vic ti hng ni cung cp
o to.
Mt k thut trong cc c tnh tun hon ca mt bin s c th c thit lp t s liu chui
thi gian.
Vic mua hoc bn nhm mc ch sau bn hoc mua v kim li khi gi c hoc t gi hi
oi thay i.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
u t vo cc d n c ri ro cao nhng vi t sut li nhun hay li vn c cho l cao
trong thi k kinh t tng trng mnh hoc bng n.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.

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Mt thnh phn ca tht nghip dai dng.
Xem EXTERNALITIES.
Gi thuyt cho rng cc khon thanh ton lng quan trng s to ra mt hnh mu cho cc khon
thanh ton sau noi theo, hoc ch t c nh hng n chng.
Mt th trng trong , hng ha v tin t c bun bn giao ngay khc vi th trng tng
lai hoc th trng k hn.
Cc tc ng c li ca s tng trng ca mt nn kinh t, ca mt khu vc i vi cc nn kinh
t, cc khu vc khc.
Bi ton ny sinh khi cc bin s lin kt vi cc bc khc nhau trong mt s m hnh hi quy.
Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh
Thng thng c dng trong ng cnh h thng CN BNG TNG TH hay TNG PHN
ch mc m gi hoc b gi ti mc CN BNG s c m bo bt k c "c sc" no xy
ra n i vi h thng m tm thi lm cho gi c chuyn ng ra xa mc cn bng .
Mt phng php chun tc nghin cu s bin ng trong mc hot ng kinh t.
Vai tr ca chnh ph trong vic s dng cc CHNH SCH TI KHO V CHNH SCH TIN T
nhm duy tr mt mc hot ng kinh t cao v u n.
Mt m hnh v th trng bao gm hai hng do Stackelberg a ra. N l s m rng ca m
hnh c quyn song phng COURNOT c kt hp tng ca mt nh c quyn song
phng "gi dn" cng nhn rng i th cnh tranh hnh ng theo nhng gi nh Cournot.
Mt t lng ca th trng chng khon ch mt ngi ng k mua cc chng khon mi vi
mong i rng chng s tng gi ngay lp tc so vi gi pht hnh, v c th bn c ly li
trc khi t c gi pht hnh.
Xem ROSTOW MODEL.
Cc thi k suy thoi v tht nghip gia tng i km vi mc LM PHT dng.
Mt loi thu c ln u tin p dng Anh nm 1694. Nhiu loi giy t php l v thng mi
phi c ng du tr th.
Mt thut ng do P.SRAFFA dng tm hiu quan h gia gi c tng i vi phn phi thu
nhp gia tin cng v li nhun.
Mt i lng thng dng o mc m mt bin s phn tn xung quanh gi tr trung bnh
ca n
Mt s o mc m mt THNG K c tnh ton phn tn xung quanh TRUNG BNH ca n.
S phn loi theo s cc nghnh cng nghip c p dng Anh nm 1948. Cc c s c
phn b theo hng s theo mcc sn phm chnh ca c s. iu ny dn n kh khn cho vic
o quy m ca nghnh, s dng gii thch cc h s tp trung.
Gi l mc MC PHC LI X HI, THO DNG hay thu nhp thc t. Mc phc li vt cht
ca mt c nhn hay h gia nh, thng c tnh bng s lng hnh ho v dch v c tiu
dng.
Cc din tch a l m nc Anh c phn chia nhm mc ch thng k v kinh t x hi khc
nhau.
S gi ny thng c xc nh trong cc hp ng tp th hay cc chnh sch ca cng ty v l
s gi m trn mc tin cng ngoi gi c p dng.
S gi lm vic ti thiu m nhn vin ng lm vic cho ng ch ca mnh trong mi tun.

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T cui chin tranh th gii th hai n u nhng nm 1990, s hu nh nc i vi t liu

sn xut tt c cc khu vc ca nn kinh t l phng thc t chc chim u th ng u.
Sn xut cng nghip c t chc thnh cc cng ty nh nc ln v "nh my lin hp" m
u vo ca chng c n nh bi cc nh hoch nh trung ng.
K vng rng gi tr hin ti ca mt bin s s khng thay i.
Mt im trn th m dc(tc thay i) i vi BIN THIN C LP bng khng,
thng l gi tr cc i hay cc tiu ca hm .
Mt nn kinh t s trong trng thi tnh ti khi sn lng trong mi giai on c tiu dng ht
trong giai on .
Bt k mt s lng no c tnh ton di dng tm tt d liu.
l vic s dng k thut thng k v dng ch cc k thut s dng trong nghin cu chi ph
nh PHNG PHP K THUT V K THUT SURVIVOR
Qu trnh tm kim thng tin v mt TNG TH(bao gm cc c im v THNG S v phn
phi ca n) t cc mu cc gi tr quan st t mt tng th .
Mt khi nim s dng trong KIM NH GI THIT ch mc m cc d liu khng thng
nht vi GI THIT KHNG.
Trong L THUT TNG TRNG, mt iu kin nng ng ca nn kinh t m tt c cc bin s
thc u tng vi tc t l khng i.
Xem COMPARATIVE DYNAMICS.
Mt kiu phn tch HI QUY trong cc BIN GII THCH c cng ln lt vo phng trnh
hi quy cho n khi tiu ch MC PH HP c tho mn.
Ngun gc ca s phn bit c th ny sinh t nhng thng tin khng hon ho trong th trng
lao ng.
Vic i trng li cc tc ng tin t ca thng d hay thm ht CN CN THANH TON i vi
CUNG TIN trong nc ca mt quc gia.

Ban u khu vc ng Sterling bao gm mt nhm cc nc v vng lnh th m do c quan h

ti chnh v thpng mi mnh vi Anh quc c xu hng lm n nh T GI HI OI tin t
ca h vi sterling v nm mt phn hay ton b D TR NGOI T bng ng sterling. Vi s
yu i lin tc trong v th quc t ca ng sterling v c bit sau cuc khng hong v ph gi
nm 1967, nhiu nc thnh vin c ca "khu vc" thi khng nm d tr ca mnh bng ng
sterling na, v kh c th ni rng "khu vc sterling" hin nay cn tn ti.
Nh kinh t hc ngi M v danh hiu gio s xut sc Charles R. Walgreen ti trng i hc
Chicago. ng c tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1982 cho tc phm "Nghin cu v cu
trc cng nghip, chc nng ca cc th trng, nguyn nhn v nh hng ca lut l cng
cng". ng gp ca ng vo lch s t duy kinh t hc cng rt ng k, bt u vi cun sch
u tay ca ng: L thuyt v sn xut v phn phi (1941) v cc bi vit ca ng v t chc
cng nghip. Tuy nhin, vic ng da nhiu vo d liu thc nghip v phn tch su sc lm cho
cun sch ny ca ng t ph bin. Mt bi vit c bit ca ng nhan "Kinh t hc thng tin"
c Vin hn lm Thu in chn ra, bn v chi ph cn thit ca vic "tm kim" trong s cc gi
c do nh cung ng khc nhau tnh cho cng mt hnh ho hay dch v. Phn tch c th c
p dng i vi cc vn gi c cng nhc, s bin thin trong thi k giao hng, vic xp hng
v cc ngun lc khng c s dng. Phn ln nghin cu ca ng v kinh t hc v s iu tit
u nm trong tc phm Nhn dn v nh nc (1975), trong ng ku gi s dng phng
php nh lng trong nghin cu v s iu tit. Chnh v c quan im ca nh kinh t hc vi m
m cui i ng chuyn s ch ca mnh sang h thng chnh tr khm ph ra nhng cch
m qu trnh lp php l mt yu t NI SINH ch khng phi l yu t NGOI SINH ca nn
kinh t.
Tun theo bin thin ngu nhin (c th phn tch v mt thng k nhng khng th d bo chnh
xc c).

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Thng thng l mt chui s c lin quan n thi gian tun theo bin thin ngu nhin thng k.
1.VN PHT HNH ca mt cng ty hay mt t pht hnh CHNG KHON c th no , v d,
do chnh ph pht hnh, c hnh thc tng hp chng c th c nm gi hay chuyn
nhng vi bt k gi tr no. 2.Mt bin s m gi tr ca n khng c kha cnh thi gian (v d
vn). Ngc li l LU LNG.
p dng i vi cu v hng tiu dng lu bn. y l mt hm cu m trong bt k giai on no
php nh mc chnh lch gia s lng thc c v mt mc hng tiu dng lu bn "ti u"
mong mun.
Vic tng gi tr danh ngha HNG TN KHO do tng gi c trong giai on c lin quan.(Xem
NATIONAL INCOME).
Mt nh trung gian mua bn chng khon v c phiu vi t cch l i l thay mt cho khch
hng, n ho hng cho cng vic .
Mt phng php tr c tc bng vic pht hnh thm cc c phiu thay cho vic tr bng tin
mt.
Mt th trng m bun bn cc chng khon ch khng phi l hi phiu hay cc cng c
ngn hn khc do chnh ph, cc a phng v CC CNG TY CNG CNG pht hnh.
Mt th ch m qua cc C PHN v C PHIU c mua bn.
Quyn mua mt chng khon cho trc hoc bn n ti mt mc gi c c nh trc trong
mt giai on.
Xem INVENTORIES.
S dng m hnh ca HECKSCHER-OHLIN, Stolper v Samuelson chng minh rng trn c
s mt s cc gi thit hn ch, thng mi quc t nht thit lm gim tin thu thc t i vi
YU T SN XUT khan him m khng nht thit phi ch ra hnh thi tiu dng ca n.

Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh c tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1984 v nghin cu tin
phong vo vic pht trin h thng TI KHON QUC GIA, c v kha cnh l thuyt v ng dng
ca chng. Tc phm u tay ca ng cng vi J. E. MEADE, c phn tch kinh t v m theo
trng phi KEYNES tip sc v dn n vic xut bn cun Sch trng u tin v THU
NHP QUC DN v chi ph ca Anh quc nm 1941. ay l t ph ca mt phng php lun
mi, v cc nguyn tc c a ra vo thi gian c nh hng ln n thng l hch ton
quc gia hu ht cc nc trn th gii. Nghin cu chnh cui cng ca ng l nghiien cu trn
c s d liu thc nghim i vi vn tng trung trong D n tng trung Cambridge. Cc n
phm chnh ca ng l Thu nhp v chi tiu quc dn (1944), o lng chi tiu v hnh vi ca
ngi tiu dng Anh 1920-1938 v v
Hnh ng ca chnh ph nhm gim tng cu, v d, do thm ht CN CN THANH TON, v
chng bao lu sau c km theo hnh ng vi tc dng ngc li nhm lm gim tc gia
tng tht nghip do chnh sch th nht em li.
Mt trong cc chc nng ca gi tr khng ging nh trong h thng hng i hng, tin t cho
php ca ci hay gi tr c th tch tr c.
Mt thng l i khi c s dng trong cc th tc LA CHN TP TH, trong cc c nhn
khng n thun b phiu theo s thch thc s ca mnh m ni di s thch ca mnh nhm la
gt nhng ngi b phiu khc, hay nhm gy nh hng i vi kt qu b phiu.
Mt hnh thc h tr ln nhau gia cc tp on cng nghip nhm t bo v khi cc chin thut
nh cng chn lc.
C 4 thc o v mc v s nghim trng ca nh cng: S cng nhn tham gia nh cng;
s cuc nh cng; s ngy cng mt i do nh cng; v t l gi lm vic mt i trong nh cng.

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Vic lao ng rt lui, gn lin vi b tc trong qu trnh THNG LNG TP TH, v vic tho
thun hp ng lao ng mi hay v vic din gii hp ng sn c. Cc cuc nh cng c th
c phn loi l: chnh thc v khng chnh thc.
Xem EXOGENEITY.
Xem stationarity.
Dng ca mt h cc PHNG TRNH NG THI, trong cc quan h nhn qu v nh
ngha gia cc BIN NI SINH c xem xt.
Theo quan im ca KEYNES, hnh thc tht nghip ny l do s cng tn ti nhng khng khp
nhau gia nhng ngi tht nghip v nhng ch VIC TRNG hin c.
L bin php phn loi v l khun kh cho phn tch kinh t cng nghip. Phng php truyn
thng l tm ra cc yu t nhn qu ni cc kha cnh ca kinh t th trng nh S TP TRUNG
v CC HNG RO CN NHP NGHNH vi cc yu t thc hin kinh doanh -nh QUNG CO
v NGHIN CU V TRIN KHAI - v kt qu hot ng.
Xem TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES.
Mi nc c mt h thng cc loi thu khc nhau. C cu ca h thng thu ch hn hp ny.
Khon thanh ton ca chnh ph (hay bi cc c nhn) to thnh mt khon m gia gi m
ngi tiu dng phi tr v chi ph ngi sn xut sao cho gi thp hn CHI PH BIN.
Mc tiu dng ti thiu cn c tn ti. Khi nim ny c cc nh KINH T HC C IN
dng gii thch mc tin cng di hn.
Mt mc chi tiu cn thit duy tr mc tn ti hay mc sng "sng st".
Xem IRON LAW OF WAGES.
Mt hng ho c th c thay th cho mt hng ho khc hoc mt u vo c th c thay
th cho mt u vo khc.
Tc ng i vi cu v mt hng ho no khi c mt s thay i trong gi c ca hng ho
vi gi thit thu nhp thc t khng i. Hiu ng thay th lun lun m, ngha l khi gi c tng
th lng cu gim.
Tng cc gi tr bnh phng ca mt dy cc gi tr quan st ca mt bin s, thng thng l
cc gi tr sai lch so vi gi tr TRUNG BNH.
Chi ph khng th thu hi c khi mt hng rt khi nghnh ca mnh.
Mt tnh th trong cc c lng BNH PHNG NH NHT THNG THNG hi t nhanh
hn v gi tr tng th thc s ca chng khi kch thc mu tng ln hn l trong trng hp
nht qun.
Ch cc yu t nm ngoi tm kim sot ca mt hng "i in" trong di hn.
Xem NORMAL GOODS.
Tin c cho l c tnh cht ny nu mt thay i trong tc tng trng cung tin khng c tc
ng n tc tng trng ca SN LNG THC T trong di hn.
Tng ng vi nh ngha li nhun, s khc bit ch hon ton l ch ngha. Cc hng trong mt
nghnh to ra doanh thu to qu ton b cc chi ph c hi thng c gi l kim c siu li
nhun.
Chi tiu i vi mt hng ho hay nhm hng ho vt qu mc ti thiu hay mc CHI TIU TN
TI.
Khon thanh ton duy tr thu nhp m c lc to thnh mt phn ca h thng an sinh x hi
ca Anh quc. Cc khon thanh ton c tr cho nhng ngi khng c vic lm ng thi
khng i hc chnh quy v nhng ngi m ngun lc ti chnh ca h t hn mt mc tnh ton
v "nhu cu".

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Mt hnh thc kim sot hot ng cho vay v nhn tin gica cc ngn hng v mt s cng ty
ti chnh ln hn c ngn hng Anh p dng 1973 nh mt b sung ln cho h thng kim sot
tn dng p dng nm 1971 nhng b bi b nm 1980.
th th hin quan h gia cung mt hng ho v gi ca n.
Cung gi hay cung n lc thng c coi l ng ngha. Quy c ny c l khi n lc trong cng
vic c kim sot trong cng ngh. Trong thc t u vo thi gian bng nhau c th c gi tr
nng sut rt khc nhau.
Mc d tc tng trng ca CUNG TIN c coi l yu t quyt nh trc tip chnh ca LM
PHT.
S lao ng cung cp cho nn kinh t ch yu c quyt nh bi s lng dn tui lm vic.
Mt trng phi t duy nhn mnh rng yu t quyt nh chnh i vi tc tng trng sn
phm quc dn c trong ngn hn v di hn l vic phn b v s dng hiu qu lao ng v vn
trong nn kinh t.
Bt k n v kinh t no m ti sn nhiu hn n v do vy sn sng cho vay, cp tn dng hay
mua cc cng c ti chnh.
C.MC p dng THUYT GI TR LAO NG i vi lao ng vi ngha l gi tr ca ton b
lc lng lao ng bng s lng gi lm vic cn sn xut ra s hng ho duy tr s
nguyn vn ca lc lng lao ng.
Trong cuc tranh ci xung quanh CUC TRANH LUN V T BN, khi nim v hm sn xut
m ch c mt s thay th no gia vn v lao ng trong di hn c a vo vi mc ch
cho php s dng cc hm cu dn sut cho cc lc lng sn xut trong nghin cu kinh t
lng.
Mt phng php thng k nhm tm ra QUY M NH NHT HIU QU CA HNG HAY NH
MY, c da trn nim tin rng trong th trng cnh tranh nhng hng, nh my no sng st
tt nht trn th trng l nhng hng, nh my co chi ph nh nht.
Vic ti a ho li ch rng ca pht trin kinh t km theo vic duy tr dch v v cht lng ca
ti nguyn thin nhin trong di hn .
Mt phng php tng tnh chuyn hon c pht trin trong nhng nm 1960 bng vic hon
i cc ng tin .

Nh kinh t hc Mcxt ngi M, l ngi ng sng lp tp ch Monthly Review. ng c bit

n nhiu nht do cng vic din gii v trnh by Thuyt kinh t ca C.Mc theo cch cho php so
snh vi Thuyt kinh t hc hin i. ng l lun rng v bn cht c Mc v Keynes u phn
tch s xut hin ca tht nghip theo cng mt cch. Tc phm: T bn c quyn: Bi lun v
trt t v kinh t x hi M(1966-) vit cng vi Paul Baran gii thch li thuyt kinh t ca Mc
di nh sng ca cc din bin trong kinh t Th Gii th k XX. Baran v Sweezy thay th quy
lut v t l thng d kinh t so vi tng sn phm ngy cng tng cho quy lut c ca Mc v t
l li nhun ngy cng gim.
Cn gi l c lng vi y thng tin. Mt c lng dng c lng ton b cc tham
s trong mt h phng trnh ng thi cng mt lc, v c tnh n s tng quan gia cc s
d ca cc phng trnh khc nhau.
L bn sa i vo nm 1947 ca LUT QUAN H LAO NG QUC GIA (cn gi l lut
Wagner), c a ra nhm hn ch quyn lc ca cng on.
Thu nhp c th s dng; thu nhp th tr thu v ng gp bo him x hi.
Xem ROSTOW MODEL.
Vc mt cng ty "Tn cng" mua hn 51% c phiu c quyn b phiu mt cng ty khc .
N lc ca mt c nhn, mt nhm ngi, hay mt cng ty nhm mua c phiu c quyn b
phiu mt cng ty khc.

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Cc ti sn vt cht nh nh my, my mc, c th c phn bit vi ti sn v hnh nh gi tr

ca mt bng pht minh hay ting tm ca mt cng ty.

H thng m chng khon vin vng c th mua c t c quan mi gii chnh ph mua trn s
giao dch chng khon London.
Cn gi l mc tiu chnh sch. L mt lot cc mc tiu nh lng ca chnh sch kinh t phi
t c bng vic la chn cc gi tr ca CNG C CHNH SCH.
Thu nh vo mt hng ho nhp khu mt quc gia.
Vic thay i a im sn xut mt hng ho t mt ni c gi thnh thp ti mt ni c gi thnh
cao mt nc khc- ni m khng th bn mt hng ny c do thu quan cao.
Hnh thi ton b ca cc mc thu quan.
Qu trnh mc c qua im cn bng t c trn th trng Walras.
Tng thu nhp tr i cc khon tr cp v cc khon cng tc ph .
Cc khon thanh ton m chnh ph bt buc cc c nhn v cng ty phi np nhm huy ng
ngun thu tr cho cc chi ph v hng ho cng cng v dch v, v kim sot lng chi ph
ca khu vc t nhn trong nn kinh t.
Xem TAXABLE INCOME.
Xem AVERAGE RATE OF TAX.
y l khon ghi c trc tip i vi mt loi thu: khon thu phi tr c gim i bng khon
ghi c.
Mt chng trnh DUY TR THU NHP, trong mi ngi c bo m mt khon thu nhp ti
thiu trong khi thu nhp trn mc s b nh thu.
THU THU NHP c th lm cho ngi ta lm vic t hn. S tn ti ca n lm cho gii tr hp
dn hn v n khng chu thu. iu ny c gi l HIU NG THAY TH ca thu.
Cm thut ng dng ch cc khon khu tr m c dng gim ngha v np thu - ni
chung l ngha v np thu thu nhp.
Lm pht ny lin quan n quan tm ca cng nhn trong vic duy tr mc tng tin cng thc t
sau thu v l mt trong cc yu t b cho l lm thay i trong tin cng km nhy bn vi cc
iu kin ca chiu k kinh doanh.
HIn tng m trong nhng ngi phi chu thu c th chuyn gnh nng mt phn hay ton
b cho nhng ngi khc.
Doanh thu c c t mt loi thu.
(Cng cn goi l phn phi Student). Mt PHN PHI XC SUT thng c dng trong KIM
NH GI THIT i vi cc mu nh v trong PHNG SAI ca bin s lin quan phi c
c lng t d liu thu c.
Mt yu t trung tm trong TNG TRNG KINH T cho php sn xut ra mc sn lng cao
hn so vi s lng u vo lao ng v vn khng i.
Qu trnh kt hp cng nghip nng cn nhiu vn vi cc phng php cn nhiu lao ng ni
khc s dng lao ng tha.
Mt cch gi khc ca ngoi ng. Tnh t "cng ngh" c a vo phn bit cc hiu ng
nh vy vi TNH KINH PH THUC BN NGOI.
Hu ht cc l thuyt pht trin kinh t nhn mnh s cn thit ca tin b k thut, v thng s
gia tng trong tc tin b k thut c khi i hi s tng tc.
Tht nghip xy ra do p dng thit b tit kim lao ng khi nn kinh t tng trng.
Mt kha cnh then cht ca chin lc pht trin l vic la chn k thut. cc nc ang pht
trin, mc sn c ca cc yu t thng ngc li ch vn th khan him v t cn lao
ng th tha, r.

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Trong phn tch u vo - u ra, mt ma trn (thng c k hiu l An) m phn t th ij

(ngha l phn t hng i v ct j) cho bit gi tr ca sn lng nghnh i c s dng nh
mt u vo ngay lp tc trong vic sn xut ra mt n v u ra ca ngnh j ca nn kinh t.
Theo ngha rng nht l s trao i gia cc nc v kin thc s tn ti v vn hnh ca cc loi
my mc v trong nhiu trng hp l s trao i ca bn thnh my mc.

Lp hc qun l v k nng hoch nh v k thut m sn xut cng nghip hin i i hi.

Cc nhn vin b gii ch sa thi nhng bit rng h c th tr li cng vic ca mnh vo lc no
trong tng lai gn.
Khon cho vay ngn hng trong mt s nm c nh, thng l ba n nm nm hoc lu hn, vi
mc li xut c nh, v thng c tr gp thnh cc phn nh tri di trong sut mt thi k.
Quan h gia gi hng xut khu v gi hng nhp khu.
C cu hay quan h gia cc li sut, hay ni mt cch cht ch hn tng li tc lc o hn, trn
cc chng khon c k hn khc nhau.
Mc li xut m mt thi c dng trong vic thm nh U T T BN bi cc ngnh cng
nghip quc hu ho Anh, s dng k thut chit khu lung tin. Tiu tri ny tr nn lc
hu trong mt s nm. Do vy, ngi ta chuyn s ch sang cc phng php khc xem
xt chi ph vn trong cc quyt nh u t, v chnh ph yu cu cc ngnh cng nghip quc
hu ho c c li tc trc thu l 5% (8% k t nm 1989) i vi tt c cc khon u t
mi (ch khng phi l i vi cc d n n l).
Mt thng k c tnh cho kim nh gi thit.
Tc ng m gii ch phi nghip on tr tin cng nghip on, hay xp s nh vy, hng ngn
chn vic thnh lp nghip on ca nhn vin mnh.
Xem NASH SOLUTIONS
(3SLS hay Th SLS). Mt gi tr ca h cc c lng theo phng php bnh phng nh nht p
dng i vi vic c lng cc thng s ca h phng trnh ng thi, m trong cc h s
nhiu c th tng quan vi cc phng trnh.
im m bn ngoi s c thay i trong hnh vi ca tc nhn kinh t, v d nh mt ngng i
vi k vng gi c, c ngha l k vng s khng lin tc c thay i di nh sng ca cc
bng chng tch t, nhng s c thay i trong cc khong thi gian khi tc thay i gi
vt qu mt im no .
Mt k thut dng trong hoch nh vt cht tm ra quy m mong mun ca cng ng v vic
cung cp cc dch v cng cng.
S tng mc thu m mt cng ng c cho sn l sn sng tr do c khng hong hay khn
cp quc gia.
Trong kinh t hc khu vc, dn s ti thiu c th to mt th trng cho mt hng ho hay dch
v. Khi dn s ca mt khu vc (nh mt th trn) di mc ngng, cu i hng ho s thp
n mc m vic cung cp hng ho s khng kh thi v mt kinh t.

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Von Thunen - nh kinh t hc nng nghip ngi c a ra m hnh l thuyt da trn kinh
nghim canh tc nhm tm ra v tr ti u i vi mt loi cy trng no , c bit v khong
cch t trung tm c nhu cu i n. ng a ra thuyt TIN THU T tng t vi thuyt ca
Ricardo, v thuyt phn phi da trn nng sut bin. Vic ng dng nng sutbin vo tin cng
v vn, s dng cc o hm v lgich cn bin nhm tm ra cc nghim cn bng cho cc bin
s kinh t, v tuyn b ca ng v quy lut T L BIN THIN cho php ng ta c bit n
nh nh sng lp ra phn tch bin. A.MARSHALL ca ngi ng gp ln ca ng.
Mt phn tch vic cung cp HNG HO CNG CNG lp lun rng nu mt s dch v cng
cng no c chnh quyn a phng cung cp th cc c nhn c th th hin s thch ca
mnh v cc dch v ny v c c mt kt hp ca dch v cng ngh v thu tng ng vi s
thch ca h bng vic di chuyn gia cc a phng.
Mt bin php ca chnh sch tin t khi m cung cp tn dng b hn ch v li sut mc cao.
M hnh thi gian gii tr truyn thng v cung gi gi nh rng ton b thi gian c phn b
hoc lm vic kim tin hoc cho gii tr.
Khon tin gi mt ngn hng m ch c th c rt ra sau khi c thng bo trc.
Cc c nhn c mc s thch theo thi gian dng nh gi cc n v tiu dng hay thu nhp
hin ti cao hn cc n v trong tng lai.
Mt chui cc gi tr quan stm mt bin nhn cc thi im khc nhau (thng l trong cc giai
on k tip nhau).
Xem VARIABLE PARAMETER MODELS.
Nh kinh t hc H LAN cng vi R.FRISCH c trao gii Nobel kinh t nm 1969 v nghin cu
tin phong trong kinh t lng. Nghin cu u tay c ni n nhiu nht l nghin cu v bin
ng chu k M, m trong ng c gng ch ra theo cch nh lng tm quan trng ca cc
yu t khc nhau trong ch k kinh doanh M. Mt tc phm c nh hng khc ca Tinbergen l
L thuyt v chnh sch kinh t nh mc tiu chnh sch. ng c ng gp quan trng vo khi
nim GI "BNG".

Nh kinh t hc ngi M, gio s kinh t ti i hc Yale; c trao gii Nobel kinh t v nghin
cu trong "L thuyt v th trng ti chnh v quan h ca n vi quyt nh tiu dng v u t;
sn xut, vic lm v gi c". Nghin cu c ngha nht ca ng l v la chn danh mc u t,
trong ng nhn mnh s nh i gia ri ro v li tc trong mt lot cc ti sn, bao gm c
tin, c th c coi l ti thit lp li s tn trng tri thc ca t tng Keynes v s a thch
thnh khon. Hu ht cc nghin cu ca ng c trnh by trong cc tp tr hay cc b su
tp ch khng c trnh by trong cc cun sch v mt ch n l.

M hnh kinh t ni ting nht v di c trong nc cc nc ang pht trin. Tc gi l Miche

Todaro - nh kinh t hc ngi M tng lm vic Chu Phi. M hnh ny gii thch hin tng
di c t nng thn ra thnh th cao hu ht cc nc ang pht trin l hp l xt t quan im
kinh t. im quan trng l c mc chnh lc ln gia thu nhp khu vc cng nghip hin i v
thu nhp nng thn.Thng thng, thu nhp khu cng nghip trn mc cn bng th
trng v mt s l do. Cu tr li di hn cho cc vn l to ra cc chnh sch c thnh
th v nng thn gim mc chnh lch trong thu nhp thc t gia hai khu vc.

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Mi loi tin no m gi tr ca n vi t cch lm phng tin thanh ton da vo cc quy nh

ca php lut, v d, mt ng tin php nh, hay da vo s chp nhn truyn thng, v gi tr
ca n khng c quan h g vi gi tr vt lm ra tin.
Vng m phn thng mi a phng, t chc di s bo tr ca HIP NH CHUNG V
THU QUAN V MU DCH (GATT) din ra Tokyo t 1973-1979. Vng m phn Tokyo gii
quyt cc vn cn tr thng mi thu quan v phi thu quan.
Tng chi ph sn xut ra mt sn lng xc nh.
Tng cc li ch bng tin m ngi cng nhn nhn c t vic lm ca mnh.
Tng thu t vic bn mt hay nhiu sn phm ca mt hng hay mt nghnh.
Vic trao i hng ho gia cc c nhn hay cc nhm hoc trc tip thng qua HNG I
HNG, hoc gin tip qua mt phng tin thanh ton nh tin.
Trn th trng chit khu Lodon, mt hi phiu pht hnh ti tro mt giao dch thng mi
thc s nh trang tri cho giai on vn ti hng, v m vn cha c mt ngn hng chp
nhn , khi c gi l HI PHIU NGN HNG.
Vic thay th trong thng mi quc t ngun sn xut c chi ph cao hn bng ngun chi ph thp
hn do thay i trong thu quan, hay hn ngch hay cc hng ro thng mi khc trn c s a
l, nh to lp mt lin minh thu quan.
Tn dng do mt nh bun hay nh sn xut cung cp cho khch hng ca mnh qua cc iu
khon bn hng cho php thanh ton vo mt thi gian no sau khi thc s giao hng ho.
Cng cn gi l chu k kinh doanh hay chu k kinh t. S bin ng trong mc hot ng kinh
t (thng th hin di dng thu nhp quc dn) to thnh mt hnh thi u n, vi vic m
rng hot ng theo mt qu trnh thu hp, sau l tip tc m rng.
Mu thun gia cc mc tiu chnh sch vi kt qu l mt mc tiu ch c th t c vi vic
hy sinh mt mc tiu khc.
Xem AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, DUALISM, THEORY OF, INFORMAL SECTOR, LEWIS-FEIRANIS MODEL.
Tn phin bn ca Newcomb v Fisher v THUYT NH LNG TIN.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Cc chi ph khng phi gi pht sinh trong khi trao i hng ho v dch v.
Mt ng c i hi c tin phc v mc ch giao dch, ngha l thanh ton v nhn thanh
ton, s dng tin vi chc nng ca n l phng tin trao i.
Xem Transactions demand for money, Transactions balances, Money, the demand for.
Xem INCOME VELOCITY OF CIRCULATION.
Xem TRANSLOG PRODUCTION FUNCTION.

Mt n v tin t k ton do Lin X a ra nm 1963 cho vic thanh ton s d thng mi gia
cc nc trong hi ng tng tr kinh t.
Chi ph lin quan n vic vn chuyn hng ho t a im ny n a im khc bao gm cc
chi ph trc tip ca vic di chuyn m thay i vi khong cch di chuyn (v do vy c th gi l
"chi ph khong cch"), v ton b chi ph xp hng, d hng, x l v qun l mi u ca hn
trnh.
Mt chng t m qua quyn s hu CHNG KHON c chuyn giao theo ngha php l t
ngi bn sang ngi mua.

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Xem ECONOMIC RENT.
Thu nhp khng th coi l thanh ton cho dch v hn ti v do vy khng to thnh mt phn ca
thu nhp quc dn.
Cng ngh l mt yu t chnh trong vic thc y TNG TRNG KINH T. Vic chuyn giao
cng ngh khng thch hp c th lm mo m hnh thi pht trin, dn ti vic sn xut cc sn
phm khng thch hp.
Khon thanh ton (thng do chnh ph) cho mt c nhn m khng to thnh mt phn ca vic
trao i hng ho v dch v.
H thng n nh gi cho cc giao dch gia cc cng ty con ca mt cng ty a quc gia, trong
gi khng ph thuc vo yu t th trng.
Thut ng trong kinh t hc quc t v vic liu mt nc, phi bi thng cho mt nc khc, v
d tin sa cha, phi gnh nng qu mc hay th cp, ngha l gnh nng hn tc thanh
ton, m thc hin vic chuyn giao bng vic kim c khon thng d trn thanh ton quc
t.
Xem PRODUCTION FRONTIER.
Bi ton trong kinh t hc C.Mc nhm tm ra mt b gi duy nht t cc gi tr, ngha l u vo
lao ng.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
S tng hay gim khng d tnh trong tiu dng.
Thu nhp khng d tnh. Khon thu hay l bt thng.
Hm sn xut tru tng dng l-ga-rt.L dng tng qut ca hm sn xut COBB-DOUGLAS.
Cc a im m ti vn ti thay i t loi ny sang loi khc.
Mt b trong chnh ph Anh kim sot chnh sch kinh t v chi tiu cng cng.
Mt b trong chnh ph M qun l hu ht vic thu ngn sch, sn xut tin kim loi v tin giy
v thi hnh mt s lut l.
Mt phng tin vay ngn hn ca chnh ph Anh c a vo nm 1877 v vo thi gian l
m hnh theo hi phiu thng mi. m cng c cng c tng ng. Tn phiu b ti chnh M
do b ti chnh pht hnh c thi hn ba, su, chn v mi hai thng. Cc chng khon ny l s
u t khng c ri ro, nhng vn c ri ro trn th trng th cp trc khi o hn, bi v gi
bin ng vi thay i trong li xut th trng.
y l chng khon khng bun bn ngn hn (6 thng) c chnh ph Anh p dng nm 1940
vi t cch l cng c ti chnh thi chin, v bn ra gi tr hng tun nh cho ngn hng. Loi
chng khon ny gim dn v b loi b vo nm 1953.
T nm 1942-51, H THNG D TR LIN BANG M nng gi tri phiu chnh ph M
nhm to thun li cho vic vay mn ca chnh ph lin bang. Nm 1952 D tr lin bang v B
ti chnh k mt "tho thun" - gii phng D tr lin bang khi trch nhim mua tri phiu.
Xem CURRENCY NOTE.
Mt quan im ca b ti chnh Anh vo u th k XX cho rng chi tiu b sung ca chnh ph s
c cn bng bi vic suy gim trong t nhn.
Xem EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.
Cn gi l xu hng theo thi gian. 1)Thnh phn di hn, c s trong d liu CHUI THI
GIAN, thng c tnh th hin hng vn ng di hn ca mt bin s. 2)Mt s o mc
trung bnh ca mt i lng kinh t ti mt thi im no .

Cc hm c nh ngha bi cc tnh cht trong mt tam gic vung bao gm sin, cosin v tang.

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Mt kim nghim gi thuyt ca th trng lao ng NH NGUYN rng c ch quyt nh tin

cng khc nhau gia khu vc "th nht" v "th hai" ca th trng lao ng, khu vc th nht tr
cho VN NHN LC, khu vc th hai tr cho nhng ngi va khng c kinh nghim v khng
c hc vn.
Vi t cch l mt thut ng ca lut hc, thut ng ny p dng cho cc tho thun c php
lut quy nh khc nhau m theo ti sn thuc v mt c nhn hay nhm ngi c t trong
tay nhng ngi u thcm, tu thuc vo lo trt, c th thc s qun l chng v li ch ca
nhng ngi ch s hu ti sn .
Mt thng k tun theo phn phi T. Thng k t thng c dng trong kim nh gi thit xc
nh MC NGHA THNG K ca cc tham s trong cc m hnh kinh t lng, v c tnh
bng t s gia gi tr tham s c tnh v sai s chun ca n.
im trong chu k kinh doanh khi TRNG THI M RNG ca chu k c thay th bng trng
thi thu hp hoc ngc li. im nh v im y c goi l cc bc ngot.
Xem TOTAL REVENUE.
i khi c goi l thu theo t. y l loi hnh ban u ca thu doanh thu. Ngi ta nhn
thy nhc im ca thu ny v trong nhng nm gn y nhiu nc i sang loi thu
khng c nhc im ny.
Mt loi nh trong thuyt tng trng lin quan n s gn gi ca cc ng tng trng ti
u vi tng trng cn bng vi tc cao nht.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Mt mo hnh dng trong thuyt tng trng, trong s khc bit c bn gia hng tiu dng v
hng t liu sn xut c cng nhn, vi mt khu vc c quan tm n mi mt trong hai
hng ho ny.
Mt phng php kinh t lng c lng cc tham s dng c cu ca h phng trnh
ng thi, trong trnh s thin lch ca phng trnh ng thi.
Mt iu kin bn hng i hi ngi mua mt sn phm no phi mua thm mt sn phm
khc, thng l b sung cho sn phm u tin.
Cc loi sai s c th phm trong kim nh gi thit.
Mt cng ty m mi quyt nh u do mt ban iu hnh ban ra.
Mt th tc la chn tp th m i hi rng trc khi mt chnh sch c chp nhn, n phi
c mi thnh vin ca cng ng b tc ng bi quyt nh ny thng qua.
L phn lm pht c tht m con ngi khng d kin; trong thc t tr i lm pht k vng.
Xem BALANCED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH PATH.
Xem BEST LINEAR UNBIASED ESTIMATOR.
Xem PAID-UP CAPITAL.
L mt tnh hung m trong kh nng xut hin ca mt s kin s khng c bit, c ngha
l khng c phn phi xc sut gn vi kt cc.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Trong mt ch t gi hi oi linh hot khi cc nh u t bng quan vi ri ro v khng t bo
v h khi nhng ri ro ca t gi trong TH TRNG K HN, yu cu rng gi giao ngay trong
tng lai ca mt ng ting khc vi gi giao ngay hin ti bng mt lng va ng lm i
trong vi mc chnh lch li sut gia hai quc gia.
Xem UNITED NATIONS CONFE-RENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT.
Xem Dated securities

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economic

Mt cm thut ng dng ch cc nc ang pht trin; nhng hin nay gi y ngi ta t dng
cm thut ng ny m dng cc thut ng khc t mang tnh mit th hn.
Xem DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
L hnh nh phn chiu ca nhng cng nhn qu dng. Cng nhn phim dng l ngi coi gi
tr ca thu nhp cao hn gi tr ca ngh ngi hn so vi cc cng nhn bnh thng.
Theo gi thit th trng lao ng Nh nguyn, th trng lao ng cp hai bao gm nhiu cng
nhn, nhng ngi c tay ngh gip h c th hon thnh cng vic trong th trng cp mt,
hoc l nhng ngi c th c o to thnh cng nhn c tay ngh cao vi chi ph thp hn
so vi mc trung bnh.
c xem nh khng c nhn dng. Xem IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM.
Trong mt h thng t gi hi oi c nh, mt ng tin c sc mua ngang gi to ra thng d
cn cn thanh ton dai dng.
L ngi ng chu s ri ro hoc mt phn ri ro v i li c nhn mt khon gi l ph bo
him.
L mt t l li nhun c gi li khng phn chia cho cc c ng di dng c tc cng nh
khng dng tr cc khon thu.
L cc ngun thu ngoi tin lng, tin cng thng l cc ngun li nhun hoc tin li hoc tin
cho thu.
L nhng ngi lao ng khng c vic lm, bao gm c nhng ngi ang trong giai on tm
vic lm mi hoc nhng ngi khng th tm c vic lm vi ng lng thc t hin hnh.
Khon thanh ton cho mt c nhn tht nghip.
nh trung tm ca Keynes trong cun L thuyt tng qut rng ngay c khi tin cng v gi c
hon ton linh hot nh c gi nh trong thuyt c in, nn kinh t vn khng lun lun tr v
im y vic lm.
Anh, l t l ngi trong lc lng lao ng khng c vic lm v tch cc tm kim vic lm.
Ni mt cch chnh xc theo quan im ca C.Mc, l s trao i sn phm ca cc nn kinh
t pht trin vi gi cao hn gi tr lao ng ca chng.
Mt k thut thm nh d n cc nc ang pht trin v l mt phin bn ca phng php
LITTLE-MIRRLEES.
Gim hng tn kho do mc bn hng tng ln khng d tnh trc hay do gim st trong sn xut.
Tng hng tn kho do cc n t hng d tnh khng thnh hin thc.
T l lc lng lao ng tham gia cng on thay i mnh gia nhng cc nghnh v gia cc
nc do khc bit trong chi ph v li ch ca vic tham gia cng on.
Sc mnh ca cng on i vi th trng l mt hm ca co gin ca cu pht sinh i vi
lao ng cng on.
Chnh lch ny o mc m cc cng on tng tin lng ca thnh vin so vi lao ng
khng tham gia cng on tng ng.
Xu hng ca cc cng on tham gia i tng lng, ngha l tm trng thch hnh ng tranh
u.
Mt tho thun theo ngi cng nhn phi tham gia cng on trong mt thi k nh sau
khi bt u lm vic.
Ni chung c dng trong thuyt cn bng tng qut ch s tn ti ca mt b gi cn bng
th trng c nht.
Php kim nh xc nh xem liu mt chui thi gian l tnh ti v chnh lch hay khng.

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Mt c quan c bit c hi ng bo an Lin hp quc thnh lp nm 1966 thc y tng

trng kinh t cc nc ang pht trin bng vic b sung cc ngun h tr vn hin c vi cc
khon cho vay v vin tr; ch yu ti tr cc d n pht trin nng thn quy m nh m khng
th c c ngun ti chnh no khc do khng c ti sn th chp hay khng c uy tn tn
dng i vi bn vay.
Hi ngh c triu tp ln u tin vo nm 1964, hin nay l mt b phn vnh cu ca i hi
ng bo an v sau hp vo nm 1968. 1972, 1976, 1979, 1983 v 1987. Tt c cc thnh
vin ca lin hp quc hay ca cc c quan chuyn mn ca h l thnh vin ca hi ngh v n
c mt ban chp hnh v mt ban th k vnh vin.
Nm 1966, chng trnh H tr ti chnh m rng ca Lin hp quc v qu c bit ca Lin hp
quc c sp nhp to nn chng trnh pht trin ca lin hp quc, c quan c bit ca Lin
hp quc chu trch nhim qun l v iu phi cc d n pht trin v h tr k thut c cung
cp di s bo tr hay lin lc vi h thng cc c quan pht trin ca Lin hp quc.
c thnh lp vo nm 1966, l mt c quan c bit ca Lin hp quc sau ngh quyt ca hi
ng bo an, t chc ny cung cp h tr k thut nhm thc y cng nghip ho cc nc
ang pht trin.
Xem Money.
Xem CUSTOMS, EXCISE AND PROTECTIVE DUTIES.
Mt cm thut ng dng Anh ch mt th ch, ging nh mt c quyn u t, m to iu
kin cho cc nh u t phn tn ri ro bng vic mua c phn trong mt danh mc chng khon.
Do s giao dch chng khon London (l c quan qun l) thnh lp nm 1980, USM l mt th
trng t t chc hn so vi s giao dch chng khon.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
T l lm pht m khng i km theo vi mt t l gia tng tng t trong cung tin.
Mt nhnh ca kinh t hc p dng cc cng c nh t duy vo phn tch hot ng kinh t v cc
vn kinh t thnh th.
Tit kim chi ph ny sinh khi cc hot ng kinh t c tp trung cc khu vc th.
Gi tr thu dch v vn, hay gi m mt hng phi tr cho vic s dng dung lng vn m n s
hu hay xem xt mua.
Mt s phn bit, m lm ch tho lun t thi AISTOTLE n C.Mc, gia tho dng c
c t hng ha v gi c ca n.
Cc ng miu t bng cc no chi ph trung bnh ca mt hng hay mt nghnh thay i vi
mc sn lng.
c hiu rng ri trong kinh t hc nh l ng ngha vi "phc li", PHC LI KINH T ,s
tho mn v i khi l hnh phc.
Mt hm cho rng tho dng ca mt c nhn ph thuc vo hng ho v s lng hng ho
m ngi tiu.
Thut g chnh tr v trit hc miu t cc thuyt ca BENTHAM v cc cng s ca ng, nhng
ngi ly nguyn tc hnh phc ln nht ca s ng nht lm tiu tr nh gi hnh ng.
Nhu cu ca gii ch cn thu thm lao ng.
Mt ch s v cu lao ng ti mc tin cng hin hnh.
Lm pht c cho php tn ti v chnh ph cho php cung tin m rng vi cc tc nh lm
pht.
Xem GROWTH - VALUATION FUNCTION.
T s gia th gi c phn ca hng, V, vi gi tr s sch ti sn ca n, K.

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economic

Mt trong cc chc nng ca tin l vai tr tiu chun gi tr. Ngha l n to mt h thng n v
k ton m qua gi c c biu hin v cc khon tr chm nh n c xc nh.
Ga tr ni ti ca mt hng ho.
Gi tr sn lng ca mt hng tr i gi tr u vo n mua t cc hng khc.
V mt khi nm y l loi thu da trn gi tr gia tng trong mt quc gia.
Mt nhn nh m ni chung c th c tm tt l "X l tt (hay xu)". Cm thut ng ch quan
gy nhiu nhm ln trong kinh t hc.
Xem MARGINAL REVENUE PRODUCT.
Trong hc thuyt ca C.Mc, vn kh bin m ch phn vn, i din bi sc lao ng, m lm
thay i gi tr trong qu trnh sn xut.
Chi ph bin i vi mc sn lng, v d chi ph lao ng.
y l dng tng qut ca CO GIN KHNG I CA HM SN XUT THAY TH cho php
co gin ca thay th bin i vi t s yu t u vo.
Chi ph thu mn cng nhn thay i t l thun hay hn t l thun vi s gi lm vic.
Cc m hnh kinh t lng, trong cc thng s v dn s cn c c lng, c gi nh l
bin s, khng ging nh trong phn tch hi quy m trong cc thng s c coi l c nh.
Mt s o c s dng ph bin o mc m mt bin s ngu nhin (hoc mt thng k)
phn tn xung quanh gi tr ttrung bnh ca n.
Ma trn phng sai v cc hip phng sai. ca mt dy cc bin s ngu nhin cng phn phi,
phng sai to nn ng cho, trong khi hip phng sai l cc ct v cc dng lin quan.
Xem VARIANCE, ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, SUM OF SQUARES.

Veblen, Thorstein B. l nh kinh t hc v x hi hc ngi M, Gio s kinh t ti trng i hc

Chicago t 1892. L nh sng lp ra KINH T HC TH CH, ng rt ph phn khi nim khoi
lc v nguyn t trong kinh t hc TN C IN. tng ca ng v khoa hc kinh t l s tm
hiu v pht trin cc th ch kinh t. i vi Veblen, th ch kinh t khng hn g thi v o
c m chng tm lc. Nhiu thut ng ca Veblen m ng dng ch giai cp gii tr trong thi
k ng sng tr thnh ting Anh thng dng ngy nay. Khng ging quan im ca Marx v
mu thun gia giai cp T sn v V sn, Veblen tm thy mu thun gia "cc vic lm tin ti"
v "cc vic lm cng nghp", tc l lm ra tin v lm ra hng ho. i vi Veblen, mu thun l
gia cc nh doanh nghip, nhng ngi kim sot ti chnh ca cng nghip v quan tm n li
nhun, v cc k s v lc lng lao ng, l nhng ngi quan tm n hiu qu c th v th
cht. Mu thun gia hai nhm ngi ny ny sinh t mong munca gii k s v lao ng mun
i mi, v do vy lin tc ph hu gi tr t bn m gii doanh nhn s hu.
Hin tng trong khi gi c ca mt hng ho gim i th mt s ngi tiu dng cho rng hng
ho gim cht lng v khng mua n na.
Mt dy s hay phn t mt chiu c th t m c th vit ngang (vct dng) hay dc (vc t
ct).
Mt trong nhng k thut d bo s dng rng ri nht trong kinh t hc. Nh vi hu ht cc
phng php chui thi gian n thun khc, n c cho l trung lp i vi bt k mt thuyt
kinh t c th no.
Trong cc trung tm bun bn ngoi hi ln, hu ht mi giao dch c thc hin vi mt s
ng tin ch cht, nhng ngi nm gi cc loi tin khc chuyn i chng sang mt hay vi
loi ng tin ch cht ny thc hin giao dch thng mi ca mnh.
Xem RAWLSIAN JUSTICE.
Xem CLASSICAL DICHOTOMY.

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economic

Tc m ti mt s tin no lu thng thng trong nn kinh t - ngha l s ln trung bnh

mt n v tin t trao tay trong mt thi k xc nh.
Xem RISK CAPITAL.
S cng bng hay khng cng bng trong vic i x vi cc cs nhn trong cc tnh hung khc
nhau.
Mt tnh hung trong hot ng ca mt hng m rng ra hn mt giai on lin tc trong mt
qu trnh chuyn ho nguyn liu thnh sn phm cui cng.
Vic sp nhp hai hng sn xut cc sn phm thuc v nhiu giai on khc nhau ca cng mt
qu trnh sn xut.
Gi thit cho rng trong di hn, khng c s nh i gia t l thay i mc tin cng v mc
tht nghip nh ng Phillips ban u gi .
Xem Variable elasticity of substitution production function.
Cm thut ng ny thng ch quan im v cc nc ang pht trin cho rng mt nn kinh t
tn ti s ng yn, bi v tng sn lng thp ti mc hu nh khng c d tr.
Mt cng ty l i tng ca mt u thu thu mua.
M hnh tng trng kinh t cho php vn v tin b k thut km theo n gim i theo thi gian.
Xem Vicious circles.
Chnh sch thu nhp c xu hng da nhiu vo k thut cng khai v khin trch.
Phn ca ti khon vng lai ca mt bo co v cn cn thanh ton cho bit quan h gia ga tr
hng ho vt cht xut khu v hng ho vt cht nhp khu.
Mt php tip cn i vi phn tch vic cung cp Hng ho cng cng nhm thit lp cc iu
kin m qua cc hng ho ny c th cung cp trn c s tho thun hon ton nht tr - ngha
l khng c cng p.
Mt gii hn do chnh cc nh xut khu mt nc t a ra i vi hng xut khu ngn
chn hnh ng bo h chnh thc ca mt nc nhp khu.
Phn Tht nghip ny sinh t qu trnh tm vic v tht nghip tm thi v tr hnh.
Theo tn t ca J. von Neumann (1903-57) v O.Morgenstern (1902-77), y l cch tip cn i
vi thuyt cu m c cho l ng khi p dng cc tnh hung ri ro.
Mt thng k kim nh c tnh tm s hin din ca s TNG QUAN CHUI CA CC
SAI S trong phn tch hi quy.
Ngi mun ti a ho phiu bu chnh tr cho mnh.
Xem LOGROLLING.
Cc ch s hu c phiu thng ca mt cng ty thng c quyn b phiu dy d ti cc cuc
hp cng ty.
Mt phng php cung cp dch v v hng ho ca chnh ph, trong c nhn c cho tin
ch mua hng ho v dch v nh trc.
Cc loi tem phiu l mt phng php phn phi li bng hin vt.
Xem JOB COMPETITION THEORY.
Mt tp hp cc mc lng mt s th trng lao ng ni b.
Tho thun chnh thc hoc khng chnh thc gia mt bn l ngi s dng lao ng vi mt
bn l ngi i din lao ng v s gi lm vic, khi lng cng vic v tin lng.
Cc mc Chnh lc lng trung bnh tr cho cc lao ng c phn chia theo nghnh hoc a
im lm vic hoc theo mu da ho a im ca h.
Cm thut ng dng m t tnh trng trong cc cng nhn c nng sut lao ng nh nhau
c tr cc mc lng khc nhau.

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economic

Vic tng mc lng hiu lc tng n v u vo lao ng theo tho thun nm ngoi s kim
sot ca cc th tc v nh mc lng.
Theo hc thuyt kinh t hc c in, mt qu dng thanh ton tin lng. Ti bt k mt thi
im no, qu ny cng vi cung lao ng cho trc s xc nh mc lng trung bnh.
S tng ca lng danh ngha theo thi gian.
Tnh th trong vic tr lng cho mt hoc mt s ngi trong mt khu vc c th c coi l
mc tham kho cho mi yu cu lng sau ny.
Khi nim cho rng s tng lng s dn ti s tng gi do chi ph sn xut tng v li gy nh
hng n tin lng bi v cng nhn mun duy tr sc mua ca ng tin.
Mt biu hin ca lm pht do chi ph y, coi nguyn nhn ca qu trnh lm pht l do p lc ca
nghip on vi th trng lao ng.
Mc lng m mt c nhn c nhn do c sung cp mt s gi lao ng ti thiu quy nh
trong hp ng lng.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Gi thuyt cho rng tn ti nhng mi lin kt cht ch gia cc mc tin lng thanh ton cho
cc nhm m phn trong nn kinh t, kt qa l vic thanh ton lng tun theo nhng hnh thi
nht nh mi nm.
Cc c quan php quy tng t nh cc hi ng lng qun l iu hnh v iu kin lao ng
trong ngnh nng nghip.
Cc c quan php quy c chnh ph giao nhim v xut v lng v s gi lao ng trong
mt s ngnh nc Anh.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Xem IRON LAW OF WAGE.
Cc th hng tin lng ca cc nhm cng nhn phn theo nghnh, a im lm vic theo
nhm ngh nghip hoc chng tc.
L thuyt tn c in ngy nay l mt m hnh khoa hc ch yu trong phn tch xc nh lng.
Tuy nhin, u th ca l thuyt tn c in v lao ng tuyt nhin khng lin tc v t n b l
thuyt tn c in i trc.
Xem Leap-frogging.
Mt gi thuyt, nh kinh t hc c Adolph Wagner do xy dng vo cui th k XIX, ni rng s
pht trin ca nn kinh t cng nghip ho s i i vi vic tng phn chi tiu cng cng trong
tng sn phm quc dn.
Mt ph h Mahattan, Newyork chy qua trung tm khu ti chnh ca thnh ph. S giao dch
chng khon Newyork nm trn ph Wall v thnh thong tn ph c dng nh mt t ng
ngha cho th trng nay.

Sinh ra ti Paris, vo nm 1970 ng l gio s ch nhim u tin b mn Kinh t ti chnh i

hc Lausanne Thu S. Cng hin u tin l vic ng c lp xy dng phng php tip cn
tho dng bin vo l lun gi tr nm 1973, mt thnh tu c Jevons d on trc.
Cng hin th hai v em li s ni ting hn l vic pht trin l thuyt v vic cn bng tng th,
trong mi loi th trng trong nn kinh t u c xem xt v trong mi gi c hng ho,
cc nhn t v u ra ca mi hng ho v cung cp nhn t c quyt nh ng thi. Tm li,
ng xy dng mt m hnh tin phong vi nhng cng c ton hc nguyn thu. Cournot, mt
nh ton hc gii hn v l mt trong nhng ngi c nh hng ti ng n trnh vn ny
v rt kh. Mc d m hnh ny v cc c tnh ca n vn tip tc c cht lc, gt gia, ngi
ta vn cha nm c khi nim cung ca n.
Hnh thi chung ca nh lut Walras l cho n th trng, nu n-1 th trng t trng thi cn bng
th trng cn li cng phi t trng thi cn bng bi v khng th c s d tha rng cung hay
cu cho hng ho (k c tin t).

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Vic cc cng ty xc nh ra nhng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng cn tim tng v vic bin n
thnh mong mun tiu dng c thc bng vic tip th mnh m cc sn phm c ch to
nhm p ng nhng nhu cu tim n ca ngi tiu dng.
Vic mua mt tho thun trong to ngi s hu bn tho thun c hi mua vn c phn.
Tc tng trng ca thu nhp quc dn duy tr c s cn bng gia tit kim t nh v u
t t nh theo thi gian, bng cch pht trin tng ca Keynes v thu nhp cn bng sang
trng thi si ng.
Xem NATURAL RATE OF UNEMPLOYMENT.
Mt th sn phm khng th trnh khi ca hot ng kinh t.
Tm ng tin ca ngn hng Trung ng Anh cho chnh ph p ng nhu cu chi tiu ca cc
b, ngnh trong ngn hn.
Xem STATIONARITY.
Bt k ci g c gi tr th trng v c th i ly tin hoc hng ho u c th coi l ca ci.
S gia tng trong tng chi tiu do mc gi c hoc li xut gim xung. Ngi ta cho rng, bt c
mt s gim xung ca tng cu s c o ngc li do cc tc ng gy ra khi mc gi c
hoc li sut gim xung.
Thu nh vo gi tr ca ci rng. N thng nh vo nhng thi k u n - thng l mt
nm trn nhng ti sn rng ca cc c nhn, mc d mt s nc nh Nauy thu ny cng
c do cng ty tr.
Xem DEPRECIATION.
Xem LOCATION THEORY.
Bnh qun trong mi hng c nhn vi mt h s trc khi tnh ton v tn cc h s ny l
mt n v.
Mt phin bn ca bnh phng thng thng nh nht trong mi bin s c nhn vi mt
h s no , c th l mt hm ca mt trong nhng bin s trong phng trnh.
Xem WEIGHTED AVERAGE.
Cm thut ng chung ch kha cnh chun tc ca kinh t hc. Nhng gi nh c bn ca kinh
t phc li l cc nh gi ch quan m bt k mt nh kinh t hc no cng c th chp nhn
hoc bc b.
i vi mt c nhn, l mi quan h gia tnh trng kho mnh, hnh phc. Phc li hoc tho
dng v nhng yu t gp phn to nn nhng iu .
Thng c hiu l mt quc gia c chnh ph ng mt vai tr tch cc trong vic ch trng
pht trin phc li x hi.
Mt thuc tnh ca hm sn xut v tho dng. N i hi sn xut ( tho dng) bng 0 nu
mt trong nhng u vo (hng ho) bng 0 v n cng i hi sn phm bin ( tho dng lun
lun dng nhng gim dn khi nhng lng ca mt yu t sn xut (hng ho) cho no
tng dn.
Mt m hnh gm 76 phng trnh v nn kinh t M pht trin t m hnh KLEIN-GOLDBERGER
(K-G) nhng c 4 im khc bit: 1)M hnh ny s dng d liu tnh ton trn c s qu, M hn
K-G tnh trn c s nm. 2)m hnh ny c thit k ch yu c dng d on hnh vi kinh
t c th l thu nhp quc dn v mc vic lm. 3)M hnh ny c phn tn ti mt mc ln
hn nhiu v c mt khu vc tin t pht trin hn nhiu. 4)Hm sn xut c thit lp da trn
cc hm kiu COBB-DOUGLAS.
Mt bin php m mt s cc cng on s dng dnh c s nhng b ca ngi s
dng lao ng bng cch e do s bi cng trong khi cc cng ty ch th cnh tranh khc vn
tip tc hot ng, v sau khi ng ta nhng b s c gng p buc s dng ngi lao ng
th hai a ra nhng iu khon iu kin tng t hoc thm ch tt hn v vic lm nu khng
s i mt vi mt cuc bi cng khc.

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Ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng khng tham gia vo lao ng chn tay v nhng ngi
thc hin nhng cng vic mang chc nng lnh o.
M t s bin thin hon ton mang tnh ngu nhin v khng c cc phn t mang tnh h thng
no.
K hoch ca M cho Qu n nh quc t c xut ti hi ngh ti chnh v tin t Lin hp
quc t chc ti Bretton Woods, New Hampshire nm 1944.
Giai on trung gian trong qu trnh phn phi sn phm
Cc giao dch quy m ln ca cc khon tin gi ch yu tp trung vo nhm cc th trng vn
c lin quan mt thit vi nhau v pht trin mnh t gia nhng nm 60 - cc th trng lin
ngn hng, chnh quyn a phng, chng ch tin gi v ng tin Chu u.

Mt nh kinh t hc ngi Thu in. Wicksell hc ton v trit hc, l ch nhim b mn kinh t
trng i hc Lund nm 1904. Tc phm ca ng gii thch, tng hp v pht trin thuyt tn
c in v sn xut v phn phi. ng bn lun v li tc ca vn v mi quan h ca n vi
li sut. Ngc li vi hc thuyt ng thi, ng ch ra rng trong cn bng, trng gi tr ca
sn phm x hi bin ca vn thp hn li xut. iu ny c th ng do tng hiu ng ca ln b
sung ring bit vo Dung lng vn c th lm tng gi tr ca tng dung lng vn v do lm
gim gi tr ca phn tng thm. iu ny c gi l hiu ng Wicksell. Wicksell gii thch s
tn ti ca li sut cao trong nhng giai on lm pht bng vic phn tch cc yu t quyt nh
cung tin ti nhiu th ch tin t khc nhau. Qu tnh lu tch lm pht c nhiu im chung vi
chnh lch lm pht ca Keynes. Thc t, G.Myrdal v Lindahl , k tc thuyt ca ng pht
trin s khc bit gia u t k hoch v u t thc tin c ngm th hin trong s phn bit
ca Wicksell gia thi hn u t v tit kim.
Cc hiu ng ca Wicksell ch ra rng ngc li vi thuyt hiu sut bin ca vn, li sut thc t
trong nn kinh t c th khc vi tng sn phm bin ca vn.
L mt nh kinh t hc, mt chnh tr gia v mt thnh vin ca trng phi O. ng hon thin
hn hc thuyt THO DNG BIN do Menger khi xng nhng ng gp chnh ca ng
nm trong hc thuyt "quy gi tr" hoc "gn gi tr".Wieser cng l ngi u tin nhn thy rng
logic chung ca hnh vi kinh t nhm ti a ho li ch, ti thiu ho chi ph v ch ti t sut
bin sinh ra thuyt kinh t X hi ch ngha.
L cuc bi cng do cc nhm thnh vin cng on a phng t chc, v mt hnh thc khng
c s cho php chnh thc ca ban lnh o cng on v tri vi nhng nguyn tc nh.
Vic nh gi ca mt c nhn i vi mt hng ho hoc mt dch v bng tin.
U ban n gi hot ng ca cc th ch ti chnh c ni cc cng ng thnh lp nm 1977,
di s ch o ca Hun tc Harold Wilson, cu th tng nhm xem xt vai tr v chc nng
ca cc th ch ti chnh Anh v vic cung ng vn cho Cng nghip v thng mi, xut
nhng thay i cn thit gim st cc th ch ny.
Mt khon thu nhp thm khng lng trc c.
Mt khon suy gim khng lng trc c ca thu nhp.

Mt thng l Anh b xo b nm 1946, m theo cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr London

ly tin vay t nhng th trng chit khu vo nhng ngy m h phi "lm p" bo co ti
chnh tun (hoc thng t sau nhng nm 1939) nhm mc ch th hin trng thi tin mt cao
hn h s bnh qun m chng thc gi.
Cng c th c bit n nh l cc s d r. Bt k mt khon thu nhp no, khng c i tip
trong vng lun chuyn thu nhp v do khng c dng chi ph cho nhng hng ho v
dch v hin ang sn xut.

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Thng thng l th thu nh vo c tc v tin li do mt cng ty tr ra nc ngoi.

Vic xy dng v chn lc ra khi nim v Cnh tranh c th th thc hin c hnh thnh trn
quan im rng m hnh tru tng v cnh tranh hon ho l mt tng khng thc tin v
khng th a ra mt cn c hot ng cho chnh sch cnh tranh.
L mt doanh nghip trong ngi lao ng nm gi c phn.
Xem INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY.
Thng l nhng khon ca ti sn ngn hn do ngun vn di hn to nn.
c tnh bng cch chia n ngn hn ch ti sn ngn hn.
L nhng ngi c kh nng v sn sng lao ng k c nhng ngi c vic lm v nhng
ngi b coi l tht nghip.
Phn sn phm vn cha c hon thanh ti thi im cui k k ton.
L vic p dng n gin l thuyt v hnh vi tiu dng cho vn phn b thi gian.
L vc duy tr t l c vic lm bng cch ct gim gi lao ng ca mi cng nhn.
L mt dng bn nh cng, dn n sn xut suy gim ch cha n mc chm dt hon ton.
Xem International Bank For Reconstruction And Development.
Xem DEPRECIATION.
L mt tnh hung, trong tng chi ph ca mt hng khng th gim n mc ti thiu v sn
lng thc t t cc u vo xc nh nh hn mc kh thi ln nht.
Hiu qu trong cc c hi thu li nhun trn th trng c khai thc.
T l thu hng nm i vi mt chng khon c tnh bng t l % so vi th gi hin ti.
Mc khc bit gia li tc trung bnh i vi c phn v t l thu hi tng ng i vi cc chng
khon di hn c li sut c nh.
Xem
Mt phng php c thit k c bit cho c lng nht qun cc thng s ca phng trnh
tr phn phi sau khi bin i KOYCH m c tnh n thc t l bin i c th a vo tng
quan chui ca thnh phn nhiu.
Xem VALUE-ADDED TAX.
Xem NORMAL DISTRIBUTION.

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