1

1-1

)(General Introduction

)(Goal and domain

-:
.

.
.
.

.1
.

.2
.

.3 .

.4 .

.5 .
.6 .

.7 .
.8 .
.9 .

.01
.

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()Definitions

) (ASHRAE Fundamentals

]1

.[ 2

) : (ozone .O3

) : (retrofitting
.

( ) ) : (reclamation

.
.

) : (recovery
.

) : (recycling ()

.
.

) : (ozone depletion OD
.

) : (absorption
. .

) : (drop-in replacement
.

2/1

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 ) : (atmospheric lifetime
.

) : (azeotrope
.

) : (Montreal protocol
1987 .1985

) (CFC 11, 12, 113, 114, 115 (2402,

) . 1301, 1211

.
1990 1992 1995

1997 1999 2007 .

) (generator

) : (Greenhouse Gases GHG

. ( )

( ) ) : (Halo Carbons HC

) : (Hydro Carbons- HC
.

) : (ultraviolet radiation - UV
. UV B

280 320 nm .

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 () ) : (Hydro Fluoro Carbons HFC

.

) :(intercooling .

) : (latent heat ()
.

) : (halogens
.

) :(adsorption
.

) : (United Nations Environmental Program UNEP

.1972

) : (air conditioning
.

) : (high pressure side

.

( : )low pressure side

.

) : (compressor
()

) : (condenser
.

) : (hermetic compressor ( )
.
( : )open compressor ()
.

) :(absorber
.

.
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 ) :(absorption solution ) (refrigerant

) (absorbent .

. - .

() ) : (accumulator
.

( ) ) :(cascade system
.

) : (CFCs
.

) : (Coefficient of Performance COP

( ) .

) (heat pumps ( ) .

) : (coil
.

) : (condensing unit
) ( (receiver ) .

) :(flash inter-cooler

) (flash gas
.

( )

(hydro chloro fluoro

) : carbons HCFC

. .

) : (receiver
.

) : (ozone depleting potential ODP

.R-11

.R-11

) : (ozone depleting substance ODS

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 ) (CFC ) (HCFC

) : (ozone layer
.
. 12 40

() ) : (per fluoro carbons PFC

) : (phase out
.

) : (refrigerant .

) : (refrigeration detector
.

) : (refrigeration system ( )

()
().

) : (refrigeration
.

) : (semi hermetic compressor ( )

() .
.

) :(sub-cooler



.

) :(super- heater (

flooded

) evaporator

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 ) : (ton of refrigeration TR ( 2000(

0oC 24 .(1TR = 12000 Btu/h = 3.516 kW) .

3.516 kW 24.

( ) ) : (transitional substance

) : (vapor compression refrigeration cycle

.
.

) : (water-chiller ( )

5oC 7oC .

) : (zeotrope
. ()

. ) (R-4XX
.ISP 817

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 3-1

Air-conditioning

A/C

American National Standard Institute

ANSI

American Refrigeration Institute

ARI

American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air-conditioning
Engineers

ASHRAE

Chlor Fluoro Carbon

CFC

Coefficient of Performance

COP

Hydro Carbon

HC

Hydro Chlor Fluoro Carbon

HCFC

High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter

HEPA Filter

Hydro Fluoro Carbon

HFC

Ozone Depleting Potential

ODP

Ozone Depleting Substance

ODS

Green House Gas

GHG

( )

Global Warming

GW

Global Warming Potential

GWP

Refrigerant

Ton of Refrigeration

TR

Ultra Violet

UV

( )

United Nation Environmental

Program
United Nation Industrial
Organization

UNEP
UNIDO

4-1 ) (Applications of refrigeration

.1748

1851

1880

1904 .
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 ) (CFCs

1/4-1 )(Domestic units

) .(split air conditioner

.

35 W

375 W 3000 W
) (floor standing spilt units .5000W

) (CFCs .

HFC- 134a .CFC-12

:
.1 .

.2 .
.3 .

.
) ]2[ ( hermetic compressor

.
.

.
).( on- off

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 2/4-1 )(Air conditioning

. (

) ) (comfort air conditioning ( ) (industrial air

) conditioning

3oC .] 3 [ 10 oC

.
.

) ( heat pump 38oC -70 oC
[ .] 3 :
.1 .

.2 .

.3 .
.4
.

( )
.

10

700

( ) .
.

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 3/4-1 )(Food manufacturing

) ( colloids .
.
) (aspiration .

. -20 oC

[ .] 3

. 20 oC

. ) (freezing equipment

]:[3

.1 () ) (air blast freezing

.

.2 ) :(contact freezing

.3 ) :(immersion freezing )(brine

.4 ) :(cryogenic freezing

60 oC

] [3

4/4-1 )(Refrigerated and cooled transport

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 .
[ : ] 3
.1 .
.2 .

.3 .

.4 .
:
13 oC .1 21 oC .

0 oC .2 5 oC .
-2 oC .3 0 oC .

18 oC .4 .

6.1 13.7

2.4 .

. .

5/4-1 )(Refrigerated and cooled storage

0 oC .

0 oC .

-23 oC -29 oC
-18 oC

.1 -2 oC .-3 oC
.2 0 oC .
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 .3 .
.4 -23 oC -29 oC .

.5 -23 oC -29 oC
.-18 oC

. %90
. %90
.

.3
.

6/4-1 )(Industrial processes

.
.

1/6/4-1 )(Pharmaceuticals industry

()

.
.

.1 .

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 .2 .
.3 .

.4 .
.5 .
.6 .

.7 .
.8 .

.9 .
.10 () .
.11 .

2/6/4-1 )(Manufacturing industries

.
)1( ( )2 ()3
( )4 .

.1 .
.2
%0 .%100

.3 .
.4 .

.5 ( )1 ( )2
( )3 ( )(( glycol

.6 ( ).
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 .7
) ( compound ).(cascade

3/6/4-1 )(Electronic industries

) ( integrated circuit

.

.
.

) ( High efficiency particulate air HEPA- filters

7/4-1 )(Other applications

.
) (cascade

. -40 oC -80 oC

) (hypothermia
.
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 . : ( 37 oC
)28 oC ( 28 oC )20 oC ( 20 oC .)0 oC
( ) (

) .

. ) ( cryogenic surgery

[. ] 5 , 4

21 oC .
12 oC .

1000 kW 7oC .
150 25 mm

. 2/6/4-1
.

.
) (halogenated hydrocarbons
.
. -50 oC

.
) (glycols .

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