Calculation of power output and total efficiency for a closed gas turbine cycle, one axis. In this cycle heat is transferred to air in a closed eyele by heating from a coal-fired boiler. The cycle has two compressors with inter-cooling, regenerator and after-cooler (before air entering, the low pressure compressor). Start with drawing a connection scheme for the cycle. ‘Compressor pressure ratio (7) (both) 25 Inlet temperature each compressor 25°C Inlet temperature turbine 650°C Lowest pressure in eycle 8 bar Isentropic efficiency compressor (both) 4 = 0.85 Isentropic efficiency turbine yy = 0.90 Pressure loss boiler (air heating) 2% Pressure loss, intercooler 5% Pressure loss, regenerator (both sides) 5%. Pressure loss, afier cooler 5% Effectiveness of regenerator* 80% Generator efficiency 1, = 0.98 Mechanical efficiency My = 0.98 Mass flow in the eycle 185 kg/s ‘The combustion efficiency is 82% and is defined as the ratio of utilized heat in the boiler to fuel supply Calculate the power output total electrical efficiency. This is the same as temperature efficiency for heat exchangers Appendix 1: Specific heat ratio as function of gas content and temperature for flue gases Nomenclature: x = ratio of specific heat (Cy/Cy) m= pressure ratio X~ gas content in flue gases t= temperature in °C ‘T= temperature in K. Subscripts: s= isentropic K = compressor ‘T= turbine REG = regenerator ‘m= mean value (average)‘Appendix 1: Specific heat r: ‘gases io as function of gas content and temperature for flue 1.40 138 z 138 i 134 aS a eo 3 ortng 132 0 =0.1 1 = x08 | ~~love 128 o 200 ~~—«400 600 300 ~«1000~=~C«200 ‘Temperature (deg C) * Tabeller and diagrams” page 171, version of year 1998 by L. Wester, Sweden, or any other arbitrary handbook ‘with thermal engineering formulas and tables.HINI Hint 1 (3p): The layout of the gas turbine is shown in the figure. 1-2: Compression no 1 2.3: Inter cooling 3-4: Compression nto 2 4.5: Air heater from GT exhaust 5-6: Heat exchange with coal-fired boiler 6-7: Expansion in turbine 7-8: Cooling of GT exhaust ait- Regeneration to compressed air 8-1: After cooling of GT exhaust before entering the compressor Hint 2 (-3p): The power output is calculated from Py = (Ep thy Pe) Me where the power output/input is the massflow*the specific heat for air*temperature difference. Hint 3 (-4p): The temperature increase in the compressor can be calculated as Remember that x is a function of the temperature (appendix 1), thus you have to iterate between « and AT, Start assuming that x is 1.40 for the first compressor. ‘The same procedure has to be done for the turbine when calculating the temperature diSolution 5) The figure shows the layout of the closed gas turbine 8 Boiler 1-2: Compression no 1 2.3: Inter cooling 3-4: Compression no 2 4-5: Air heater from GT exhaust 5-6: Heat exchange with coal-fired boiler 6-7: Expansion in turbine 7-8: Cooling of GT exhaust air- Regeneration to compressed ait 8-1: After cooling of GT exhaust before entering the compressor The cycle in aT s diagram is presented below: T‘The power output from the turbine can be calculated as the turbine power minus the compressors’ power: Fy = Py Pa) Me Power= mass flow * enthalpy difference Enthalpy difference = c,(mean value for temperature interval)* temperature difference Cy AT psCy AT? ‘Temperature increase in the compressor AT, AT, =, -T, "sx T, =25+273 =298K ‘ax = compressorisentropicefficiency = 0.85 714 = compressorpressureratio = 2.5 K = specificheatratio In this equation we have two unknowns; we do not know x or the temperature TI. However « is a function of the temperature increase, so we have to start an iteration process (appendix 1) Assume K-14 (x = 0, air at low temp), then calculate AT and read the new x value, iterating till the temperatures difference is no bigger than Ar, = 28 \25 ois! 4, = 25448 7, °C With te, = 77,5 °C and x = 0 we find a new x. x =1397> AT, =104K OK! Then t;=25 + 104 = 129°C We can find the specific heat Cj. for air with an average temperature of 77.5°C as* 2 For example “Tabeller end diggram” page 167, version of year 1998 by L. Wester, Sweden, oF any ather arbitrary handbook with thermal engineering formulas and tables.cy, =1008/ /kg, K = LOKI kg, K ‘Temperature inerease in turbine AT;: Here we have to take into regards the pressure losses in the eyele, i.e, the turbine pressure ratio is not equal to the compressor ratio, as we loose pressure in the heat exchangers, AT, =T%,-T, =ng *T]1-—L Igy = turbineisentropicefficiency = 0.90 fe my = turbinepressureratio = Pi * He *O Sic) te “= Sera N= Svoier) a CS) TS) 2,540.95" 2.5% 0.95*0.98 TT 0.95 0.95 S= pressurelosscoefficient ‘T, = 650+ 273 =923K 4,99 Again we have one equation and 2 unknowns, so we iterate x for expanding flue gases (in turbine) and temperature decrease, starting with assuming 35 (remember that the gas content x=0 in this configuration, we are working with a closed air cycle) Ar, =0.90*9231-—1 = 283K 4.99% Le 650-23 = 508°C => K=[x=0,508°C] = 1.356 > AT, = 286K 1, = 507°C OK! The Specific heat Cy for the expanding flue gases: (x= 0;507°C)cp, = L093 kg, K = 1LO9KT/ ke, K rical Power: m= mass flow = 185 ke/s P, = (185*1,09* 286 *0,98~- 2*185*1.01*104) *0.98 =17300kW =17.3MW Total efficiency: snp = 0.82 1,51, + AT, =25+104 = 129°C fy = 1, — AT, = 650-286 = 364°C 1, = 0.80(364 ~129) +129 = 317°C cf, S227 ssc one Me =@——___ 1 at 185*1.08* (650-317)* 0.82 Low efficieney due to high flue gas temperature and low turbin ‘temperature is limited because of the air cooling of boiler tubes, inlet temperature. The