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Thermodynamics II: The First Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics II: The First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat Pumps
Surroundings
System
The boundary of the system
is arbitrarily chosen
Another method of
doing work.
Electrical work is
done on the
system by the
generator, which is
driven by the
falling weight.
PV n R T
How does the confined gas
exchange energy (heat and
work) with the surroundings?.
What is the value of the internal
energy for the gas in the cylinder?
First Law
Quasi static processes: a type of process where the gas moves through a
series of equilibrium states. Then, we can apply the Ideal Gas Law. In practice, if
we move the piston slowly, it will be possible to approximate quasi-static processes
fairly well.
ET
CO2
Energy fluxes:
Rn :
Ph
Ph
Rn H ET G D - Ph = Eint
Eint Qin
Qin CV T
and
dEint CV dT n cV dT
Internal Energy is a state function, i.e. it is not dependent on the
process, it only depends of the initial and final temperature
QP CP T
QP CP dT
Qin ,V CV dT n cV dT
Qin ,V CV T n cV T
and
P const dP 0
CP CV n R
The expansion is usually negligible for solids
and liquids, so for them CP ~ CV.
Ideal Gas
QV CV T ; QV CV dT
- At constant pressure
QP C P T ; QP C P dT
CP CV n R
Relationship of Mayer
3
CV n R
2
5
CV n R
2
Work done on the system, Won , is the energy transferred as work to the system.
When this energy is added to the system its value will be positive.
The work done on the gas in an
expansion is
V2
Won gas P dV
V1
P- V diagrams
Constant pressure
V2
P- V diagrams
Isothermal
V2
V2
Constant Volume
Won gas P dV 0
V1
V2
Constant Temperature
Won gas
V1
n RT
V2
dV n R T ln
V
V1
Diagrams
Diagrams
CP
P V const ;
CV
T V 1 const
T P1 const
adiabatic coefficient
Pf V f Pi Vi
Diagrams
Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas have an initial pressure P 1 = 2 atm and an initial
volume V1 = 2 L. The gas is taken through the following quasi-static cycle:
A.- It is expanded isothermally until it has a volume V2 = 4 L.
B.- It is then heated at constant volume until it has a pressure P 3= 2 atm
C.- It is then cooled at constant pressure until it is back to its initial state.
(a) Show this cycle on a PV diagram. (b) Calculate the heat added and the work done by
the gas during each part of the cycle. (c) Find the temperatures T1, T2, T3
Diagrams
Diagrams
Diagrams
Diagrams