From Isolation to

Intervention
US Foreign Policy

American Expansion Changes

America moved
away from the
Manifest Destiny
Ideal
American
expansionism
changed in the late
19th century.

For Capitalism!

No Longer Manifest
Destiny!
expansionism of the
late 19th century is
done to secure
markets
reached beyond
contiguous
(continental)
territory

Alaska

The Alaska Purchase

US purchased
Alaska territory from
Russia in 1867
by a treaty ratified
by the Senate.
Secretary of State
William H. Seward,
gained
586,412 square
miles (1,518,800
km2) of new
United States
territory.

William H. Seward

Alaska Becomes a State

Originally the
Department of
Alaska
Became the
modern state of
Alaska in 1959.

Sewards Folly

When originally
purchased Congress
called the purchase
Sewards Folly
saying that Alaska was
nothing more than a
glorified ice box.

Alaskan resources

But w/ it the Us
acquired an area 2xs
as large as Texas,
Klondike gold strike in
1896 made AK a
valuable addition to
American territory.

What other resources

does Alaska have in
great numbers?
Lumber
Gold
OIL!

From Isolation to Intervention

because of a need
for raw materials,
new markets
TO EXPAND
CAPITALISM

Growing Nationalism

Led to the desire to

expand American
naval power
to compete with
other nations,
to protect trade and
secure markets
to spread
Christianity around
the world.

Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism
also influenced
American
expansionism in the
late 19th century
Pushed the idea that
Americans were
superior to other
cultures.

Competition in the Markets

Other countries
contributed to US
emergence as a world
power
As there was
competition for
markets among the
European nations
The movement for
liberation in Latin
America, especially in
Cuba.

The US as a World Power

The US becomes a
world power with
their involvement
in the SpanishAmerican War.

Team America World Police

US to spread:

American ideals
religious beliefs
capitalism to other
nations

initiated foreign
resentment of
American
interference.

Why does the US get involved?

There were many

reasons for the United
States to declare war
on Spain.
Pressures from domestic
tensions at home
expanding capitalism
pushed Americans to find
new markets.
The humanitarian desire to
support the rights of
Cubans against an
oppressive Spanish regime

Theodore Rosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough
Riders on San Juan Hill in Cuba,
1898. When war was declared,
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
Roosevelt resigned his post and
recruited a volunteer cavalry regiment
that nicknamed itself the "Rough
Riders." After the invasion of Cuba in
June, Roosevelt's unit marched
overland to Santiago and, on July 1,
mounted a heroic charge that allowed
the Americans to capture the ridges
above the city and force the Spanish
fleet to evacuate and surrender the
city. The Rough Riders suffered
heavy casualties, but Roosevelt
became a national hero.

Bigger Navy

The push for

increased naval power
Alfred Thayer Mahans
book

The Influence of Sea

Power Upon History,
16601783 (1890)

the expanded navy

helped to prepare
America for
involvement worldwide.

Yellow Journalism

Is exaggerated
journalism.
Used after the
explosion of the
U.S.S. Maine in
Havanas Harbor
led to a public
outcry for American
involvement.

President McKinleys Response

President McKinley
asked Congress for
a declaration of
war
in response to
pressures

Yellow Journalist
The wreck of the U.S.S. Maine,
February 15, 1898. The war for
Cuban independence coincided with
a press war between William
Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
for the largest newspaper circulation
in New York City. Both papers
emphasized similarities between
Cuba's independence war and the
American Revolution. Then Hearst
sent the famous artist, Frederic
Remington (1861-1909), to Cuba.
Remington cabled Hearst that there
was nothing to paint, to which the
publisher supposedly replied, "You
supply the pictures and I'll supply
the war." On February 15, 1898, the
U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana
harbor.

An original investigation concluded that the ship was destroyed by an external

explosion, probably a Spanish mine. This was refuted in a carefully documented
1976 study by Adm. Hyman G. Rickover, which demonstrated that an internal
explosion caused the loss of the ship.

Outcome of the War

Initial result of the

war declaration expansion of the
United States in
the South Pacific
annexation of Hawaii
capture of Manila
Harbor in the
Philippines.

Both islands were

convenient fueling stops
on the way to the
markets of the Far East.

Capturing Hawaii (Aloha)

early 1890s US
marines helped
American sugar
planters overthrow the
Hawaiian monarch
Queen Liliuokalani.
In 1898 Congress
agreed to annex
Hawaii or add it to
United States
territory.

Queen Lilioukalani

Queen Lilioukalani (1891-93).

American planters, who had
established sugar plantations in
Hawaii beginning around 1820,
became increasingly influential in
the economy and government of
Hawaii; Queen Lilioukalani's desire
for a new constitution, restoring her
royal powers, caused a revolt by the
planters, and she was deposed in
1893. In 1894 a republic was
established, headed by lawyer and
missionary son Sanford B. Dole, and
annexation by the U.S. followed in
1898.

Anti-Imperialist

The AntiImperialists argued

against annexation of
the Philippines
on the grounds that the
Filipinos could never be
incorporated into the
union.

Americas Responsibility

McKinley argued
that it was an
American
responsibility to
govern the Filipinos
who were
incapable of
governing
themselves.

Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism &

racial prejudices
played a role in both
of these arguments
In the US to - the
passage of the Jim
Crow laws
restrictions on voting
for African
Americans.

To the Victor goes the Spoils

After the Spanish

American War
America got:
ownership of the
Philippines, Wake
Island, Guam, Puerto
Rico
US control of Cuba.

Struggle in the Philippens

struggle to govern
these areas.
The US faced
armed resistance in
the Philippines.

Insular Cases

The US Supreme Court

ruled in several cases
known collectively as the
Insular cases

the Constitution does not

follow the flag
so subject peoples did not
have the same rights as
citizens of the United
States.

United States Foreign Policy

Under McKinleys
presidency
Secretary of State
John Hay proposed
the Open Door
Policy.
This policy wanted
to give all nations
equal trading rights
in China.

Chinese Intervention

Goal was to get the

Americans into
Chinese markets
which they had
previously been
excluded.

urged all foreigners

in China to obey
Chinese law and
observe practices
of fair competition.

Boxer Rebellion

There is
Chinese
Resistance to
the Open
Door Policy
in the form of
the Boxer
Rebellion.

Changing Perceptions

The perception of the United

States among subject peoples
therefore changed from a champion
of liberty to a colonial power.