Loop Diagram

Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards
Drafting Instrument Loop Diagrams
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.
Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramcos
employees. Any material contained in this document which is not
already in the public domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given,
or disclosed to third parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part,
without the written permission of the Vice President, Engineering
Services, Saudi Aramco.
Chapter : Drafting
File Reference: AGE10803
For additional information on this subject, contact

N. H. Alahaimer on 874-0876
Drafting
CONTENTS
PAGES
Information
Instrument Loop Diagram
Ild Symbols And Abbreviations
1
1
Interpreting Ilds
29
Interpret An Ild For A Pneumatic Instrument Control Loop
37
Interpret An Ild For An Electronic Instrument Control Loop
44
Tracing Current Flow In Control Loops
57
Computer Relays
Computer Relay Symbols
59
59
Instrument Systems
Foxboro Spec 200
The Honeywell Vutronik Control Loop
The Honeywell Vutronik Alarm Card
Examples Of Honeywell Cards
Honeywell Resistance To Current Converter Card
67
67
83
96
100
102
Work Aids
104
Glossary
119
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Instrument Loop Diagram

Every process control loop has an instrument loop diagram (ILD) drawn for it. ILDs give
more information about control loops than any other drawing. Although they are of interest
mainly to instrumentation engineers and tech-nicians they are one of the most common
drawings seen in Saudi Aramco.
ILD Symbols And Abbreviations
Handout No. 1 (Drawing No. 990-J-36492 Sheets 1 and 2) shows common ILD symbols and
abbreviations. Some of them will be described in detail in this module.
Orifice Plate. Figure 1 shows the symbol for a flow element orifice plate. Figure 2 shows an
orifice plate.
L
LINE NUMBER
FLOW ELEMENT
ORIFICE PLATE
MARK NO.
BORE
CORRECT SIZE
NUMBER MUST MATCH
BORE SHOWN ON ILD
1.550
ORIFICE PLATE
OW
FL
CORRECT DIRECTION
NUMBER ON PLATE
MUST FACE UPSTREAM
FIGURE I. FLOW ELEMENT, ORIFICE PLATE
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ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

Orifice Plate(Cont'd). An orifice plate is placed into a pipeline to cause a pressure differential
between its upstream and downstream flow. H and L stand for High and Low. They indicate
the high and low pressure sides of the plate. The difference in pressure is used to indicate
flow rate. Pressure differential varies as the square of the flow rate. Therefore, the square
root of the pressure differential reading is needed in order to obtain the linear value of the
flow rate.
Process variable measuring devices, such as orifice plates, are sometimes called elements.
The mark number, seen in Figure 1, is the identification, or tag, number given to the flow
element. Bore is the size of the hole, in inches, in the orifice plate. The line number is the
identification number of the pipeline.
Control Valve. Figure 3 shows the symbol for a control valve. The letter S above the small
triangle means there is an air supply to open or close the valve. The abbreviation INST means
that an instrument air signal is supplied to the valve positioner. The positioner is shown by
the square block.
The output air signal is shown going to the top of the valve. Therefore, the valve operates by
air pushing down onto the diaphragm.
The mark number for this valve would be PCV, TCV, LCV, or FCV (for pressure,
temperature, level or flow control valve) followed by the loop number.
Size rating is the size, in inches, of the valve inlet and outlet bore.
A. F. ACTION, sometimes shown only as ACTION, says what the valve will do if there is an
Air Failure (AF). The word OPEN or CLOSE will be shown after A.F. ACTION.
OUTPUT
S
INST.
LINE NUMBER
MARK NO.
SIZE RATING
A. F. ACTION
DIAPHRAGM OPERATED GLOBE

VALVE WITH POSITIONER
FIGURE 3.
CONTROL VALVE
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Electrical Switches. Figures 4 and 5 show electrical switches. In Figure 4, NO means Normally
Open. NC means Normally Closed.

The letter C on its own means Common. By operating the Hand Switch, C can be connected
either to NO or to NC.
Mark No. is the identification of the switch.
In Figure 5, SET AT is the value of the process variable at which the switch will automatically
trip open or close. The value will be shown in psi, F, or %, depending on the type of switch
used (that is, the type of process variable that is being controlled). The symbol % is often
used in level control. Level may be given not as a dimension but as a percentage of the vessel
capacity. For example the set point may be 75% to show that the vessel should be kept at
75% full.
NO
OR
NC
HAND SWITCH
C
MARK NO.
LINE OF EQUIPMENT
MARK NO.
FIGURE 4
SWITCH ( SINGLE )
MARK NO.
SET AT
FIGURE 5. LEVEL SWITCH ( SINGLE )
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Lamps And Lights. Figure 6 shows the symbols used for lamps and lights.
LAMP
MARK NO.
RED
RUNNING LIGHTS
GREEN
MARK NO.
FIGURE 6
When a light is not identified by a color, the light will usually be white. The mark number
will give the number of the instrument loop to which the light is connected.
ILD Line Symbols. Figure 7 shows ILD line symbols. Lines may be broken to avoid drawing
over equipment or information. The line may then be continued on the other side of the
equipment or information.
PROCESS LINES
INSTRUMENT AIR LINES
INSTRUMENT ELECTRIC LINES
LINE
BREAK
LINE
CONTINUES
INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBES
FIGURE 7. ILD LINE SYMBOLS
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Air Supply. Figure 8 shows more ILD abbreviations. Those on the left indicate air supply.
Those on the right are as stated.
AIR SUPPLY
A/S
EITHER SYMBOL MAY BE USED.
FIGURE 8.
D/P
+
_
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
POSITIVE TERMINAL
AO / AFS
AC / AFO
AIR OPEN / AIR FAILURE CLOSE

AIR CLOSE / AIR FAILURE OPEN
HIGH PRESSURE
L
GND
LOW PRESSURE
GROUND
NEGATIVE TERMINAL
ILD ABBREVIATIONS
Electrical Signal Lines. Figure 9 shows ILD Electrical Signal Lines.
RED
WHITE
BLACK
GREY
WIRE
COLORS
SHIELDED CABLE
THIS SYMBOL
INDICATES A SHIELD
FIGURE 9. ILD ELECTRICAL SIGNAL LINES
The wires are color coded to show which wires must be connected to terminal posts.
Instrument cables that carry low voltage signals are shielded to prevent outside electrical
energy from interfering with the signals.
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Box and Cable numbering. Figure 10 shows box and cable numbering. The Junction Box (JB)
or Terminal Box (TB) number is located at the top of the box symbol shown in Figure 10.
Connections, called terminal posts, inside the block are numbered.
JB OR TB NUMBER
TERMINAL NUMBERS
SHOWN HERE
TERMINAL BOX WITH
TERMINALS
CONDUIT OR
CABLE NUMBER
CONDUIT OR CABLE
NUMBER SHOWN HERE
FIGURE 10.
BOX AND CABLE NUMBERING
The conduit or cable number will be written in the block near the electrical line symbol.
Cables are always identified in pairs, or groups of pairs, of wire.
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Local Indicators. Figure 11 shows the symbols for Local Indicators. Range means the range of
the indicator scale.

The letters B and E in the Foxboro local indicator symbol give the polarity of the input signal
(+ve or -ve). (Foxboro is the name of one of the manufacturers of instruments used by Saudi
Aramco. Another manufacturer is named Honeywell.)
LOCAL INDICATOR
MARK NO.
RANGE
_E
FOXBORO LOCAL
INDICATOR CONNECTIONS
FIGURE 11.
LOCAL INDICATORS
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Figure 12 shows the symbols for Temperature Sensing
Temperature Sensing Elements.
Elements.
EQUIPMENT
NUMBER
The Range is usually from zero to the maximum process temperature the Resistance
Temperature Element (RTE) will measure in its loop, for example, 0 to 250F.
Type on the thermocouple symbol identifies the metals in the thermocouple, for example,
IRON/CON would mean iron and constantan.
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE
ELEMENT
EQUIPMENT OR
LINE NUMBER
MARK NO.
RANGE
THERMOCOUPLE TEMPERATURE
ELEMENT
MARK NO.
TYPE
FIGURE 12.
TEMPERATURE SENSING ELEMENTS
Transducer. Figure 13 shows the symbol used for a transducer. The figure shows that the
transducer is changing an electrical input signal to a pneumatic output signal. Other symbols
may show the transducer changing a pneumatic input to an electrical output.
+
_
TRANSDUCER
MARK NO.
FIGURE 13.
TRANSDUCER
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Figure 14 shows the ILD symbols for Level Transmitters. All four
symbols are very similar and all show the vessel in which the level is being controlled. Note
the symbol for an accumulator, which is shown with the dry leg transmitters. The
accumulator is used to remove liquid from the dry leg.
Level Transmitters.
DRY LEG
VESSEL NO.
OUT
H
N
S
MARK NO.
RANGE
SUPPRESSION
ELEVATION
LEVEL TRANSMITTER WITH AIR SUPPLY

CONNECTION ( D / P CELL )
WET LEG
VESSEL NO.
H
L
RED
+
_
GREY
MARK NO.
RANGE
SUPPRESSION
ELEVATION
LEVEL TRANSMITTER
( D / P CELL )
DRY LEG
VESSEL NO.
L
H
RED
+
_
GREY
MARK NO.
RANGE
SUPPRESSION
ELEVATION
WET LEG
VESSEL NO.
OUT
L
MARK NO.
RANGE
SUPPRESSION
ELEVATION
S
LEVEL TRANSMITTER WITH AIR SUPPLY
CONNECTION ( D / P CELL )
FIGURE 14. LEVEL TRANSMITTERS WITH D / P CELLS
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All four transmitter types use differential pressure to measure level. Types 1 and 3 are the
same except that 1 is pneumatic and 3 is electronic. Both use dry legs.
Types 2 and 4 are the same except that 2 is electrical and 4 is pneumatic. Both use wet legs.
Pressure measurement is sometimes expressed as the height of a column of water. This is
because a column of water one foot high produces a known pressure of 0.433 psi.
Alternatively, a column of water 27.7 inches high produces a pressure of 1.0 psi.
We can use this information to convert liquid pressure measurements into liquid level
measurements.
DP transmitters can be fitted with a biasing spring kit. The spring can be used to adjust or
balance out certain differential pressure readings in order to give us the actual readings we
require. When the bias acts to oppose pressure on the high side, it is called suppression.
When it acts to assist pressure on the high side, it is called elevation. An example is shown
below.
100 '' WC
15 psig
SEAL
LEG
HIGH
SIDE
P1
LOW
SIDE
P2
BIAS
3 psig
0 '' WC
HL
P1
P2
The pressure of liquid in the seal (or wet) leg is not needed for determining the liquid level in
the tank. Therefore, bias can be applied to balance out this pressure. Because bias in this
case is assisting pressure on the high side, we have elevation.
10
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Level Transmitters (Cont'd). Figure 15 shows how a differential pressure transmitter is used to
measure level in a vessel open to the atmosphere.

Atmospheric pressure acts on the top of the water and also on the low pressure side of the DP
cell. Therefore, the difference in pressure between the high and low sides of the cell is equal
only to the pressure exerted by the water level.
Example: If the DP cell senses a pressure differential of 10 psi it means that the level of water
is 10 x 27.7 inches.
OPEN TANK LEVEL MEASUREMENT
HEIGHT
AIR PRESSURE
WATER
LOW PRESSURE
SIDE VENTED TO
ATMOSPHERE
H L
FIGURE 15.
LEVEL MEASUREMENT USING A DP CELL
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Level Transmitters (Cont'd). Figure 16 shows how a DP transmitter measures level in a closed
vessel.
200 ''
TANK PRESSURE
200 ''
DRY LEG
WATER
100 ''
H L
DP CELL
FIGURE 16.
LEVEL MEASUREMENT USING DP CELL
In order to obtain a differential pressure that depends only on the liquid level, the pressure of
the tank atmosphere must be cancelled out. This is done by connecting the low side of the DP
cell to the top of the tank. This connection is called a dry leg.
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Level Transmitters (Cont'd). Figure 17 shows why wet legs are sometimes used.
AIR
200 ''
200 ''
WET LEG
WATER
100 ''
H L
DP CELL
FIGURE 17.
LEVEL MEASUREMENT USING DP CELL
The atmosphere in a tank may carry vapor from the liquid. If a dry leg DP cell is being used,
some of the vapor will condense in the leg. After a time, liquid at varying levels could collect
in the leg. This would cause differential pressure readings that do not represent only the
height of liquid in the vessel.
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To overcome this problem the wet legs are made to a known height, then filled with liquid.
Because the liquid level in the leg is constant, the pressure it exerts on the low side of the DP
cell is constant. This pressure can be taken into account when reading differential pressure.
Figure 17 shows that it is possible for the low side pressure to be greater than the high side
pressure. DP cells are always connected with their high side to the vessel.
Temperature Transmitters. Figure 18 shows the symbols for Temperature Transmitters. Range
EQUIPMENT OR
LINE NUMBER
gives the temperature range of the transmitter, for example 0 to 250F.
RED
+
_
GREY
TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER.
THERMOCOUPLE WITH INTEGRAL
ELECTRONIC mV / mA CONVERTER
MARK NO.
EQUIPMENT OR
LINE NUMBER
RANGE
RED
+
_
GREY
MARK NO.
TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER.
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR
WITH RTD / mA CONVERTER
RANGE
FIGURE 18.
TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS
14
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Pressure and Flow Transmitters. Figure 19 shows two kinds of transmitters, one for pressure and
EQUIPMENT OR
LINE NUMBER
one for flow. The difference is in the connection to the process. Pressure measurement
requires only one connection. Flow measurement requires two connections; one for the high
pressure side of the orifice plate, and one for the low side.
RED
+
_
GREY
PRESSURE TRANSMITTER
MARK NO.
RANGE
OUT
IN
MARK NO.
RANGE
FLOW TRANSMITTER WITH AIR

SUPPLY CONNECTION
FIGURE 19
Note that the flow transmitter has two input lines (on the left). This is because the flow
transmitter is using differential pressure.
Range will show the calibrated range of each transmitter. Examples would be:
0 - 100 psi (for pressure transmitter)
0 - 100" W.C. (inches water column) - [for flow transmitter]
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Controller. Figure 20 shows the ILD symbol for a controller.
IN
OUT
S
CONTROLLER
MARK NO.
SET POINT
P. BAND
RESET
DERIVATIVE
ACTION
FIGURE 20. ILD CONTROLLER SYMBOL
The meaning of the terms shown on the controller are explained below.
Mark No. identifies the process variable or loop number which is being controlled.
Set Point is the process variable value to which the controller has been set. It is the value
needed for efficient and safe operation. The set point setting can be altered by the operator
when necessary.
P Band means proportional band. This is a setting which determines the amount the variable
measurement must change from the set point for the control valve to move through 100% of
its travel. For example, suppose the total travel of a control valve is 6" (that is from fully
closed to fully open is a travel of 6"). If a total deviation of the process variable from set
point is also 6" (that is 3" below set point to 3" above set point) then the P Band is 100%
(because a 6" movement of the variable causes a 6" movement of the valve).
Note that the controller has a constant pressure air supply. The output of this supply depends
on the input being received from the transmitter (which signal depends on the process variable
measurement).
16
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Level Control. Figure 21 shows a level control system. The valve is fully closed when the
level is 3" above its set point. It is fully open when the level is 3" below its set point.
Therefore, the level must travel through its full range in order to move the valve through
100% of its travel (6"). Therefore, P (Proportional) Band is 100%.
1.5 FEET
1.5 FOOT
200 % 100 % 50 %
PB
PB
PB
6 '' VALVE
MOVEMENT
6 '' FLOAT
MOVEMENT
VALVE A
SPAN
SET POINT
3 ''
3 ''
ZERO
VALVE B
FIGURE 21. LEVEL CONTROL SYSTEM
17
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Figure 22 shows the arrangement for a P Band of 50%. A total

deviation from the set point of 3" causes a 6" movement of the control valve. The P Band is,
therefore, 50%.
Level Control (Cont'd).
2 FEET
1 FOOT
200 % 100 % 50 %
PB
PB
PB
6 '' VALVE
MOVEMENT
3 '' FLOAT
MOVEMENT
VALVE A
1.5 ''
SET POINT
1.5 ''
VALVE B
FIGURE 22
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Level Control (Cont'd). Figure 23 shows the arrangement for a P Band of 200%. A total set
point deviation of 12" causes a 6" movement of the control valve.
1 FOOT
2 FEET
200 % 100 % 50 %
PB
PB
PB
6 '' VALVE
MOVEMENT
12 '' FLOAT
MOVEMENT
VALVE A
SPAN
6 ''
SET POINT
6 ''
SPAN
VALVE B
FIGURE 23.
PIVOT TO THE LEFT
19
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Level Control (Cont'd). Reset may have a time value next to it. Reset is used with proportional
control to return a variable back to its set point. (Reset is also sometimes called Gain.)
For example, Figure 24 shows a stable process. The level is at set point and 50 gpm is
entering and leaving the tank.
WATER
IN
50 GPM
MAXIMUM LEVEL
SET POINT
MINIMUM LEVEL
WATER
OUT
50 GPM
FIGURE 24. STABLE PROCESS
20
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Level Control (Cont'd). If for some reason the flow leaving the tank increases to 60 gpm the
level will fall. The float will then cause the control valve to open and input flow will increase.
However, the valve cannot adjust until after the level has deviated from set point. Hence, a
new stable condition may exist which is not at set point, as shown in Figure 25. The
difference between the new level and the set point is called offset.
WATER
IN
60 GPM
OFFSET
SET POINT
WATER
OUT
60 GPM
FIGURE 25. STABLE BUT OFFSET
21
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Level Control (Cont'd). Reset is used to help the proportional control to bring the variable back
to set point. It does this by sending an extra signal to the control valve. The signal adjusts the
control valve until set point is reached. Then the reset signal stops.
The reset mechanism is part of the controller. It has a scale on which different times can be
set, for example from 0.1 to 50 minutes. A setting of 0.5 means that the control valve will be
adjusted every 0.5 minutes until set point is reached.
Derivative also may have a time value next to it. It is usually used only in Temperature
Control Loops. Derivative is sometimes called Rate Action or Integral.
Derivative is necessary because proportional plus reset control may take a long time to correct
temperature deviations from set point. Derivative action is concerned with how fast a
temperature is changing from set point.
If temperature is deviating only slowly from set point, the controller will make only small
adjustments to the control valve. Derivative action senses the speed of the change
immediately the change begins (unlike reset, which responds after the change has occurred
and caused offset).
If the rate of change is high, derivative immediately causes a large adjustment to be made to
the control valve to bring the temperature under control.
Derivative action stops when the temperature stops changing.
The derivation mechanism is also a part of the controller. It uses the same kind of time scale
as the reset unit.
Action will have Direct or Reverse next to it. Direct means that if the input signal to an
instrument is increased, the output signal from the instrument will also increase. Reverse
means that if the input signal increases, the output signal decreases.
22
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Indicating Controller. Figure 26 shows the symbols used for an indicating controller. They are
the same as for a basic controller except that a scale range for the variable will be given.
Scales may be linear or square root.
Linear scales are used for those process variables which change in direct proportion to
changes in instrument output signals, e.g. level, temperature, pressure. Flow measurements,
however, are taken from differential pressure readings at an orifice plate. Differential
pressure changes in proportion to the square of the flow rate. Therefore, the square root of the
differential pressure must be found (or extracted) from a differential pressure signal in order
to find the flow rate. This is why some scales are square root.
IN
OUT
S
MARK NO.
SET POINT
P. BAND
INDICATING
CONTROLLER
RESET
DERIVATIVE
ACTION
SCALE RANGE
IN
OUT
SET
S
( IND. CONTROL )
( MANUAL CONTROL
UNIT )
MARK NO.
SET POINT
P. BAND
INDICATING CONTROLLER
WITH MANUAL CONTROL UNIT
RESET
DERIVATIVE
ACTION
SCALE RANGE
FIGURE 26. INDICATING CONTROLLERS
23
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Panel-Mounted Indicator. Figure 27 shows the symbol for a panel-mounted indicator. Range
gives the range for the indicator scale.
IN
INDICATOR
( 1 TO 3 POINTERS )
MARK NO.
RANGE
FIGURE 27. PANEL MOUNTED INDICATOR
Strip Chart Recorder. Figure 28 shows the symbol for a strip chart recorder. Mark numbers
and Range are given for each pen.
If more than one instrument loop is being recorded, additional input line symbols are added
for each loop. Notes may be given to explain more about the symbols.
GND, L1 and L2 mean Ground, Line 1 and Line 2, respectively.
IN
GND
L1
L2
MARK
1 ST. PEN
RANGE
1 ST. PEN
MARK
2 Dn. PEN
RANGE
2 Dn. PEN
MARK
3 Dr. PEN
RANGE
3 Dr. PEN
RECORDER
( 1 TO 3 PENS )
FIGURE 28
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Two-Purpose Instrument Devices. Figure 29 shows the ILD symbols for two components of a
loop combined into one.

The top output signal goes to a level transmitter or controller. The bottom output signal goes
to a final control element, such as a control valve.
VESSEL NO.
OUT
IN
OUT
CONTROLLER
TRANSMITTER
MARK NO.
RANGE
LEVEL TRANSMITTER /
CONTROLLER
WITH AIR SUPPLY
CONNECTION ( DISPLACER )
AND
MARK NO.
SET POINT
P BAND
RESET
FIGURE 29. TWO - PURPOSE INTRUMENT DEVICES
25
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Level Transmitter/Controller. Figure 30 shows the symbols used to denote a transmitter or a
EQUIPMENT OR
LINE NUMBER
controller. In each case, the appropriate information blocks would be filled in and the other
blocks left blank.
OUT
IN
TRANSMITTER
MARK NO.
RANGE
EQUIPMENT OR
LINE NUMBER
OR
PRESSURE TRANSMITTER
OR CONTROLLER WITH AIR
SUPPLY CONNECTION
MARK NO.
RANGE
SET POINT
P BAND
RESET
DERIVATIVE
ACTION
TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER
OR CONTROLLER WITH AIR
SUPPLY CONNECTION
OUT
IN
S
TRANSMITTER
MARK NO.
RANGE
OR
MARK NO.
RANGE
SET POINT
P BAND
RESET
DERIVATIVE
ACTION
FIGURE 30. LEVEL TRANSMITTER / CONTROLLER
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Three-Way Solenoid Valve. Figure 31 gives the symbol for a three-way solenoid valve. This
symbol is usually connected to the symbol for the final control element. Most solenoid valves
are not very large. They are commonly used to shut off instrument air supply to control
valves.
SOLENOID OPERATED
THREE - WAY VALVE
ENERGIZED
P-A
DEENERGIZED A - E
A
E
MARK NO.
FIGURE 31.
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Three-Way Valve Operation. Figure 32 shows the normal operation of a three-way valve. When
the coil is energized, air flows to the control valve actuator without interruption.
When the solenoid coil is de-energized (which is what happens when the Emergency Shut
Down (ESD) button is pressed) the three-way valve closes. This blocks the flow of air to the
control valve. At the same time, the 3-way valve allows the air which is operating the control
valve to vent to the atmosphere. This causes the control valve to close.
AIR
SUPPLY
TO
ACTUATOR
AIR
SUPPLY
A
E
A
E
DEENERGIZED
ENERGIZED
P - PRESSURE
FROM
ACTUATOR
A - ACTUATOR
E - EXHAUST
FIGURE 32
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INTERPRETING ILDS
Handout No. 2 (Drawing 461-J-NA-942815) is a simplified ILD. The Title Block, shown in
Figure 33 below, identifies the loop that is on the drawing.
It is Flow Control Loop 101 (FC-101). The block says that FC-101 is part of a crude oil
pipeline at Berri-3 Plant, Ras Tanura, The Plant Number is 461.
The index letter, J, is the standard index letter for Instrument Loop Diagrams.
The Reference Drawing Block gives the drawing numbers of P&IDs and Instrument
Installation Schedules on which FC-101 can be found.
Reference is also made to the drawing numbers of Rack Power Distribution (Rack Pwr Dist.)
and ILD PC-301.
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INTERPRETING ILDS (Cont'd)

Handout No. 2 shows that the ILD is divided into four parts: FIELD, FIELD JUNCTION
BOX, CONTROL ROOM PANEL REAR and CONTROL ROOM PANEL FRONT. (Large
junction boxes are sometimes called Marshalling Boxes.)
When reading an ILD, it is usual to start at the sensing element. In Handout No. 2, this is an
orifice plate, as shown in Figure 34.
Note: The Figures given inside the circles are for this module reference only. They do not
appear on an actual ILD.
61845
JOB ORDER NO.
461
NA - 942815
PLANT NO.
INDEX
DRAWING NO.
4
SHT
7
REV. NO.
FIELD
8
E-9007
7
4-20 m ADC
4
MARK NO. FT - 101
RANGE
0-100''WC
2
L
10'' - P - 145 - 1A1
3
MARK NO.
BORE
FE - 101
6''
ILD SENSOR AND TRANSMITTER
FIGURE 34
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At
The mark number (which is the same as a tag or identification number) of the
flow element is 101 (that is, FE-101). The BORE of the flow element is 6"
(that is, the hole through the orifice plate is 6" diameter).
H and L show on which side of the orifice plate high and low pressures are
sensed.
The pipeline is 10" pipe and the pipeline number is 10"-P-145-1A1.
The Mark Number for the Flow Transmitter is 101 (that is, FT-101). The
pressure measuring range of the transmitter is 0-100" water column (WC).
Auxiliary process lines take high and low pressure to the flow transmitter.
This is an electrically operated flow transmitter, as shown by the electric signal

lines
.
The electrical signal lines are shielded all the way from the transmitter to the
next loop component.
E-3007 is the identification number of the electrical signal line cable.
Electronic loops use standard instrument signals of either 4 to 20 mA or 10 to

50 mA, direct current. The drawing shows that 4-20 mA DC is being used.
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Figure 35 shows the JUNCTION BOX and CONTROL ROOM PANEL REAR instrument
signal wire line connections.
(1)
Shows JUNCTION BOX-200 (J.B. 200). The left side cables come from the flow
transmitter and enter Terminals 1 and 2. Terminal 3 is used to ground the shielding on
the signal line.
(2)
C-8101 identifies the signal line cable coming from JB 200.
(3)
J. B. 320 is located behind the control room panel, that is, panel rear.
(4)
CC-517 identifies the wire cable from JB 320 that goes to Flow Recorder (FR-101) on
the Control Room front panel.
(5)
The wire line symbol shows a connection between Terminals 12 and 13. This is done
in order to complete a circuit.
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Figure 36 gives information about control panel instruments.
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(1)
These are the incoming signals from JB 320.
(2)
This is the ILD symbol for a three-pen recorder.
(3)
Mark No. 1st Pen is for flow recorder FR-101. 0-10 identifies the part of the strip
chart which is recording the flow in loop 101. The square root sign () shows that a
square root scale is being used.
(4)
The 2nd Pen is recording the pressure in control loop PC-301. The range 0-100 refers
to the part of the strip chart that is recording pressure. The note symbol, 2 , refers to
the reference drawing in the Legend block.
(5)
These are incoming signals from JB 320 to flow indicating controller, FIC-101.
(6)
This is the basic ILD symbol for an indicating controller.
(7)
These are the outgoing symbols from FIC-101.
(8)
CC-518 identifies the cable between the FIC-101 and JB 320.
34
Drafting

Figure 37 below shows again the wiring terminations In the junction box and rear panels.
(Reference should be made to the ILD as a whole.)
(1)
The outgoing signals from FIC-101 go to the same JB 320 as do the incoming signals
to FIC-101. Different terminals in JB 320 are used for the incoming and outgoing
signal wires.
(2)
C-8101 is the same cable that has the incoming signal lines.
(3)
This is JB 200. It has the signal lines from the flow transmitter, FT-101. It also has
the outgoing signals wired to terminals 5 and 6.
(4)
E-1115 identifies the signal cable wires from JB 200 to the field instruments.
35
Drafting

Figure 38 below shows the field-mounted instruments which complete the control loop.
MARK NO.
FTd - 101
1
3
4
S
10''- P - 145 - 1A1
MARK NO.
SIZE RATING
A. F. ACTION
FIGURE 38.
FCV - 101
10'' GLOBE
CLOSE
ILD TRANSDUCER AND CONTROL VALVE
(1)
These are the signal lines from JB 200.
(2)
This is the symbol for a transducer. Mark No. identifies it as Ftd-101.
(3)
The transducer changes the incoming electrical signal to an outgoing pneumatic signal.
(4)
This is the basic ILD symbol for a control valve.
(5)
The information block shows that the control valve is Flow Control Valve FCV-101.
It is a 10" globe valve. A.F. Action Close means it will close if there is an air failure.
(6)
This is the pipeline number. It is 10" pipe, line number S-145.
36
Drafting
INTERPRET AN ILD FOR A PNEUMATIC INSTRUMENT CONTROL LOOP

Figure 39 shows a simplified section of a P&ID. Control Loop number 113 is controlling the
level of tempered water in the surge drum 139-D-211.
37
Drafting

(Cont'd)
The level in the drum is sensed by the level transmitter, LT-113. The transmitter sends
pneumatic signals to a level indicating controller, LIC-113, and to two level switches LS113A
and
LS-113B.
In turn, LIC-113 sends pneumatic signals to a level control valve, LCV-113. If the level in
the drum goes low, the signals cause the control valve to open. This allows more make-up
water to flow into the drum. If the level goes high, the signals cause the valve to close. This
reduces the make-up water flow rate.
The level switches are connected to high and low alarms (XA-3-32 and XA-3-33). The
switches are set to operate if the drum level goes dangerously high or dangerously low. They
are operated by the pneumatic signals coming from the level transmitter. The 3 refers to the
row number on the control panel. The 32 and 33 respectively refer to the column numbers.
They give the locations on the control panel where the alarms can be found.
Figure 40 shows how the level control loop would look on an ILD.
The ILD is shown in sections in Figure 41 through 44
38
Drafting

(Cont'd)
39
Drafting

(Cont'd)
Figure 41 is the ILD symbol for the level indicating controller LIC-113. The range is from 0100. Because it is a level controller, the scale range is a percentage. Levels are usually
indicated as a percentage of the vessel capacity. 0 to 100, therefore, is the range from
completely empty to completely full. Note the triangle and letter S to indicate air supply.
40
Drafting

(Cont'd)
Figure 42 is the symbol for a level transmitter. The symbol P/P means that the differential,
pressure (P) sensed by the transmitter is sent to the loop controller as a pressure (P). It will
be sent as a pneumatic pressure signal of 3 to 15 psi.
The figure shows that the transmitter senses the differential pressure at equipment number
139-D-211. This is the surge drum shown on the P & ID.
41
Drafting

(Cont'd)
Figure 43 shows the level control valve. 3"-SC-160-IAIA identifies the make-up water
pipeline. This is the line the level control loop uses to control the level in the surge drum.
42
Drafting

(Cont'd)
Figure 44 shows the level switches in the control loop. LS-113A is the high level alarm
switch. It is set to open when it receives a 12-psi signal from the level transmitter.
LS-113B is the low-level alarm switch. It will open when it receives a 6-psi signal from the
level transmitter.
Figure 40 shows that the switches are connected to alarms XA-3-32 and XA-3-33 on the front
panel of the control room. The alarms can be seen on windows 3-32 and 3-33
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INTERPRET AN ILD FOR AN ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT CONTROL LOOP

Handout No. 3 (Drawing Number J-415-NB-582636) shows an electronic instrument control
loop. Electronic loops are more complicated than pneumatic loops. There are two reasons for
this:
Loop components are both field mounted and located in the control room. Also, the
instruments may be great distances away from each other. They must be connected
together by electric wires. The wires may pass through one or more junction boxes.
The electric wiring connections between instruments must be done in such a way that
complete electric circuits are formed.
44
Drafting

(Cont'd)
The top of Handout No. 3 shows a pressure control loop, shown again below in Figure 45.
The symbol for a control valve can be seen. It has Tag No. PCV-51. It is connected to
pipeline 4"-5-304-6A1 and has a 20-psig air supply.
Fig 45
45
Drafting

(Cont'd)
Figure 46 shows the symbol for the transducer. You can tell it is a transducer because it has
two electrical connections, an air supply and a pneumatic output line. The two electric wires
are part of the control loop electric circuit. The current through the transducers varies with
changes in process variable values. Air at a constant pressure of 20 psig is supplied to the
transducer. The output value of the air pressure varies with changes in the transducer current.
Hence, electric signals are converted to pneumatic signals.
The symbol for a transducer is sometimes drawn as a square, but Foxboro, the company
which makes the instrument, draw it as a circle.
The letters E and B identify the terminal connections inside the transducer junction box. Note
again that the transducer needs a 20-psig air supply. The symbols shown in Figure 47 are for
locally-mounted air regulators.
46
Drafting

(Cont'd)
47
Drafting

(Cont'd)
Figure 48 shows the symbols for the field-mounted pressure indicator (PI-51) and the fieldmounted pressure transmitter (PT-51).
The transmitter is shown to be connected to a pipeline identified as 4"-S-305-3A1. The
circular symbol marked 'IND' shows that the transmitter has an indicator mounted on it.
48
Drafting

(Cont'd)
Figure 49 shows the field junction box. All the instruments of Loop P-51 are wired into this
box. The box is identified as ETB3. The number that follows the ETB3 symbol is the
terminal number for the wire inside the terminal box.
The symbol marked 503 is a shield for the cable coming out of the junction box. It shields the
cable from outside electrical interference.
49
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INTERPRET AN ILD FOR AN ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT CONTROL LOOP

(Cont'd)
Figure 50 shows that the wiring goes from the junction box, through a marshalling box, and to
a panel interconnection junction box in the control room.
A marshalling box (MB) is simply a big junction box. It is usually located just inside the
control room building. It is a collection point for field wiring that comes into the control
room from many parts of the plant. From the marshalling box, the instrument loop wiring is
organized and routed to various display areas and panels in the control room.
The number of marshalling boxes in a plant depends on the size of the plant. Each box is
numbered. Figure 50 shows that on this ILD the marshalling box is MB7. The number that
follows each MB7 is the terminal number inside the box. There may be hundreds of wires in
each box.
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Drafting
INTERPRET AN ILD FOR AN ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT CONTROL LOOP SET

Figure 51 shows, at the left, numbered blocks between the marshalling block and the panel
interconnection junction box. These are the individual wire numbers between the boxes.
The panel interconnection junction box is located behind the control room panel. It is usually
close to the loop controller. A short cable connects the controller to the junction box. The
cable carries a number of wires each insulated from the others. The wires are color coded.
51
Drafting

(Cont'd)
The panel interconnection junction box symbols are shown in Figure 52.
The colors identify wires inside the connecting cable. Each of the lines below the colors
represents one wire inside the cable. The letter indicates the connection point on the cable
plug. For example, the violet wire in the cable is connected to point F in the cable plug. You
can also see from the figure that the violet wire is connected to the terminal strip at connection
number 5. Figure 53 shows the cable plug.
The letters BK at the top of the numbers column identify the terminal strip inside the panel
interconnection junction block. The ILD shows the identification of other terminal strips,
such as BH1, EA1 and so on.
52
Drafting

(Cont'd)
The (+) and (-) signs indicate the polarity of each numbered terminal that is being used.
53
Drafting

(Cont'd)
Figure 54 shows that there is a 100-ohm resistor connected across terminals 3 and 4 in the
junction box. Resistors are needed whenever an input signal is too high for other instruments
in the control loop.
54
Drafting

(Cont'd)
Figure 55 shows the symbol for the pressure controller.
The controller needs a 118V 60Hz power supply. FOP No. F3-10 means that the instrument
is located on the Face Of Panel F3, in position 10. On other ILDs the abbreviation BOP
(Back of Panel) may sometimes be seen.
55
Drafting

(Cont'd)
Figure 56 shows the recorder and its connections.
56
Drafting
TRACING CURRENT FLOW IN CONTROL LOOPS

The symbol at the bottom right-hand corner of Figure 56 is for a three-pen recorder. Pen
number 2 records pressure values on PR-51. The recorder operates with a 118V, 60Hz
supply.
In order to record pressure values, the recorder must be connected to the pressure control
loop. It must receive signals that indicate the pressure values.
A study of the ILD, on Handout No. 3, shows that the power to operate the pressure
transmitter, PT-51, is supplied by the pressure controller, PC-51. The controller also operates
with a 118V, 60Hz supply. The ILD shows that a multi-wire cable connects the pressure
controller output to terminal 1 on terminal strip BK. A wire connects terminal 1 to the
positive side of the pressure transmitter, PT-51. The transmitter acts as a variable resistor. Its
resistance depends on the value of the process variable. Therefore, the current flowing
through the control loop changes as the transmitter resistance changes. And this change is a
measure of the process variable.
From the transmitter, the current flows through the pressure indicator, PI-51. From there it
goes to terminal BK-3. From BK-3 the current flows through a 100- ohm resistor to BK-4. A
wire connects BK-4 to BH-6. A wire from the multi-wire cable connects BH-6 to the plug.
The ILD shows this connection to be letter H on the plug (a violet colored wire). The current
goes to operate PR-51.
In order for the current to flow, there must be a complete circuit. Therefore, the current that
operates PR-51 must be returned to its source, PC-51. The ILD shows that this is done by
connecting a wire from the multi-wire cable (a brown wire) to terminal 7 on terminal strip
BH. This wire acts as a return wire. It takes the return current from PR-51 to BH-7. A wire
connects BH-7 to terminal 2 on terminal strip BK. A wire from the multi-cable wire is
connected to BK-2. The IDL shows this to be connection U on the plug (a grey color wire).
The connection completes the circuit.
57
Drafting

(Cont'd)
Figure 57 shows the symbol for a panel-mounted alarm. The numbers 1 - 10 identify the
location of the alarm in the alarm display panel, i.e., Row 1, Column 10.
Tracing the wires from the alarm shows that it is connected to the multi-wire cable plug at
terminals 6 and 7 on terminal strip EO. Temperature switch TS-54 is connected by the multiwire cable (connections J and B) to these same terminals. Hence, the current passing through
TS-54 can also pass through alarm XA-1-10. If the supply fails, the switch will trip and set
off the alarm.
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Drafting
Computer Relays
Computer Relay Symbols
Symbols are used to show Computer Relays on ILDs. Details of other information related to
the relays may also be given. This section of the module covers the symbols and related
information.
Manufacturer's Symbols. Saudi Aramco uses instrumentation supplied by two manufacturers,
Foxboro and Honeywell. Relays supplied by these companies are drawn differently on ILDs.
An example is shown in Figure 58. The symbols are for adder/subtractor cards.
59
Drafting
Computer Relays (Cont'd)

Manufacturer's Symbols(Cont'd). Foxboro instruments use the words "adder" or "summer" on
their cards (from "sum" meaning 'add').

Foxboro summer card output terminals are always the number 2 terminals.
adder/subtracter card output terminals are always the number 6 terminals.
Honeywell
TP (terminal panel) followed by a mark number is used to identify terminals on Honeywell

Computer Relays.
Handout No. 4 (Drawing No. R84-A-NA-B44995 Sheet 1) is a P&ID for a deethanizer
system. Handout No. 5 (Drawing No. R84-J-NB46327 Sheet 1 A) is the ILD for Flow
Control Loop F-010 shown on the P&ID.
60
Drafting

Manufacturer's Symbols(Cont'd).
The ILD on Handout No. 5 shows that Honeywell relay
instruments are being used.

The ILD shows that the following instruments are to be found in the field (that is, out in the
plant area).
Flow Transmitter, FT-010

NOTE: On this ILD the mark
Flow Element, FE-010
numbers also include the Plant
Flow Indicator, FI-010
number (R84).
Flow Transducer, FTd-010
Flow Control Valve, FCV-010
It also shows that the following instruments are found on the front of Control Panel CP-R84101.
Flow Recorder, FR-010

Flow Totalizer, FQI-010
Flow Indicating Controller, FIC-010
Note that the flow indicator, FI-010, has a (non-linear) square root scale. This is because the
indicator is connected in series with the flow transmitter, FT-010, and the transmitter's
differential pressure signals have not yet passed through the square root extractor.
The auxiliary rack section shows that there are three Computer Relays being used. These are:
FY-010A FY-010B FQ-010 -
a multiplier/divider card
a square root extractor
a flow integrator card.
61
Drafting
Computer Relays(Cont'd)
Computer Relay Symbols (Cont'd). Note that the function of the relays is shown at the top, as
shown in Figure 59.
The square root sign () indicates a square root extractor. The multiplication sign (X)
indicates a multiplier/divider card which is performing multiplication. (If a division sign ( )
were above the relay, the card would be performing a division function.) The integral sign (_)
indicates an integrator card.
62
Drafting

Computer Relay Symbols(Cont'd). Figure 60 shows where the other information about the relays
was obtained from the ILD.
63
Drafting

Computer Relay Symbols(Cont'd). A study of the ILD (Figure 60) shows the symbol
2
10-TT-016-12
The arrow enters the multiplier card at terminal number 8.

10-TT-016 tells us that a temperature transmitter, TT-016, is sending a signal to the multiplier
card. The 12 tells us that a wire from terminal 12 on the transmitter is connected to terminal 8
on the multiplier.
The number 2 in the box refers us to the Reference Drawings given on the right-hand side of
the ILD. 2 refers to ILD NB-B46327, sheet 35.
This kind of information is characteristic of ILDs. They show where an input signal comes
from and, if necessary, will make reference to another ILD to show the destination of the
signal.
Block number 7, just above TPAI-1, shows that the output from terminal 3 goes to 10TY010B. The reference drawing section refers to ILD NB-B46327 sheet 29. Sheet 29 is shown
in Handout No. 6. (Drawing No. R84-J-B46327 Sheet 29.) It shows that a TYPE E
thermocouple is used to sense the temperature in line 16"-P-1002-3A1. It also shows that a
3", globe type temperature control valve is fitted into line 3"-SC-1001-3A1C.
The symbols shown at the center of the auxiliary rack section of the ILD are for a computer
system. They are shown in Figure 61.
64
Drafting
65
Drafting

Computer Relay Symbols(Cont'd)
Note that the symbol MV/I represents the temperature transmitter TT-10. MV/I means it is
converting millivolts to current. Two input signals are shown entering the transmitter. One is
from TE-010; the other is from TE-015. Block 3 says that TE-015 is found on Sheet 34.
17/C cable, in the Rack Section, means 17 conductor cable. It is a cable containing 17
conductor wires. The cables are connected to the control instruments.
The ILD shows that lines 7 and 10 out of TPA-2-2 can be traced to the computing relays TY010A and TY-010B respectively.
TY-010A is the signal selector. The symbol above the card (<) is the mathematical symbol
for less than. In this case, the symbol means that the card is a low signal selector. If the
symbol was >, which means greater than, the card would be operating as a high signal
selector.
TY-010B is the adder/subtractor card. The Greek letter, capital sigma (_) above the card
means the sum of. It shows that the card is operating as an adder or subtractor, depending on
how the card is set. If a plus sign (+) is over the card, it means that the card is only adding.
The Greek capital letter delta () or a minus sign (-) is used to indicate a subtractor card.
Note that the input signal to terminal 5 on the adder/subtractor card comes from TPA1-1-3.
This shows again how ILDs are used to trace electric circuits from one drawing to another.
Other connections are shown going to sockets and pins for the computer control of the
temperature.
66
Drafting
Instrument Systems
Saudi Aramco uses two control systems that are manufactured as complete units. The
systems are shown on ILDs. One of the systems is the Foxboro Spec 200 and the other is the
Honeywell Vutronic.
Foxboro Spec 200
'Spec' is an abbreviation for Simplified Package for Electronic Control.

arrangement of the Spec 200 is shown in Figure 62.
The basic
PROCESS
TRANSMITTER
I
ALARMS
4 - 20 mA
10 - 50 mA
RTD
THERMOCOUPLE
mV
VOLTAGE
INPUT
BUFFER AND
SIGNAL
CONVERSION
CONTROL
0 - 10V FUNCTION 0 - 10V
4 - 20 mA
OUTPUT
BUFFER AND
SIGNAL
10 - 50 mA
CONVERSION
BASIC ARRANGEMENT OF A SPEC 200 LOOP

FIGURE 62
67
Drafting
Instrument Systems(Cont'd)
Foxboro Spec 200 (Cont'd)
The system is a closed loop. The block symbol marked I/P (Figure 63) is used to show Spec
200 transducers. These transducers convert current energy (I) to pressure energy (P).
FIGURE 63
Input signals such as 4-20 mA, 10-50 mA, millivolts and ohms can be used by the system.
These signals are converted to 0 - 10 Volts DC signals by input signal converters. The 0 - 10
V signals are used by rack and panel mounted instruments, such as controllers, indicators,
recorders and alarms. Using small voltage signals makes the system safe to work on.
All Spec 200 instruments are connected in parallel. This allows components to be removed
from the loop without breaking up the system. It also means that the same voltage is applied
to all components.
Output signal converters are used to send 4-20 mA and 10-50 mA signals to field instruments.
The Spec 200 system consists of two areas: the display area and the nest area, as shown in
Figure 64.
The display area contains the recorders and indicators, and provides all the information
needed by operators.
The nest area contains the circuit cards for the control, computing, input and output
converters, alarm and conditioning units.
Nest units are fitted into sections called racks.
68
Drafting
69
Drafting
Figure 65 shows the operation of the Spec 200.
PROCESS
TRANSMITTER
5 VOLTS
ALARMS
0 - 20 mA
5 VOLTS
4 - 20 mA
INTPUT
BUFFER AND
SIGNAL
CONVERSION
CONTROL
0 - 10V FUNCTION 0 - 10V
5 VOLTS
OUTPUT
BUFFER AND
SIGNAL
0 - 50 mA
CONVERSION
5 VOLTS
INPUT SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION
FIGURE 65
70
Drafting
Suppose the following: A process control loop is for pressure control; the set point is 15 psi;
the transmitter has a range of 0-30 psi; the current range for the transmitter is 4-20 milliamps.
From the above it follows that a set point of 15 psi is equal to 50% of the transmitter's range.
This gives a signal of 12 mA (i.e. 50% of 4-20 mA range). As long as the process pressure
remains steady at 15 psi, the transmitter sends a 12 mA signal. When the 12 mA signal
reaches the input buffer and signal converter relay card in the nest unit, it is changed to a
voltage signal.
Spec 200 operates on 0-10 V. Since 12 mA is exactly half the transmitter range, the voltage
signal would also be exactly half its range, that is, 5 V. Therefore, the relay card in the
converter sends a 5 V signal to all other components in the control loop. For example, 5 volts
will be sent to the recorder and this will be seen as 15 psi on the recorder graph.
The transducer operates on a milliamp range. Therefore, the voltage signal must be converted
back to an amperage signal before it enters the transducer. This is done by the card in the
output buffer and signal converter in the nest unit.
The Spec 200 cards are used for specific functions. Some of these functions are described
below.
71
Drafting

The Function of the 2AI-I2V Current to Voltage Converter Card. The Foxboro current converter
card Model No. 2AI-I2V is a solid state component located in the nest assembly. 2AI-I2V
stands for:
2
A
I
I
2
V
A Spec 200 component

Analog signals in and out
Input instrument
Current signals in
This is an isolated card
Voltage signals out
The 2AI-I2V card has only one function. It receives 4 to 20 mA signals from a field
transmitter and changes them to 0 to 10-volt signals. These are the signals needed by the
Spec 200 system. The voltage output is proportional to the current input.
The card can operate with two inputs and two outputs for dual operation. This means that the
card can receive and convert 4-20 mA signals from two transmitters.
The input (current signals) sides of the card circuit are isolated electrically from the output
sides (voltage signals). The two circuits are not connected by wires, but the input influences
the output because it passes through a transformer. This induces a proportional voltage in the
output side of the transformer coils.
Isolated cards are used because they give more protection to the cards. For example, a short
circuit in the transmitter circuit will not damage the card.
If the figure 3 were shown in place of the 2, it would mean that the card was not isolated.
The Function of the Controller Card 2AX+45. The Foxboro controller card, 2AX+45, has
electronic circuits that receive the input signals and modify them according to the control
settings. The card sends an electronic output signal to control a final control element, usually
a control valve.
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Drafting
Alarm cards cause alarms to sound in the plant

control room if operating conditions become abnormal.
The Function of 2AP+ALM-AR Alarm Card.
The Foxboro 2AP+ALM-AR is a dual alarm card. That means that it can monitor two
different variables at the same time. 2AP+ALM-AR stands for:
2
A
P
ALM AR -
Spec 200 component

Process component module
Alarm
Dual absolute alarm - relay output
The card can be set to send output signals to two different alarm lights. For example, the
2AP+ALM-AR alarm card could monitor pressure for a low condition and temperature for a
high condition. The card can also be set to monitor both high and low conditions for the
same process variable. It could do this using only one input signal.
The alarm card is a solid state function card that slides into a module in the nest unit. The
card has two single alarm circuits with a common power supply. Each alarm has one input,
one set point, and one output. Alarm points are calibrated from zero to 100% of scale.
The alarm card receives voltage signals from other function cards, such as a square root
extractor, or a resistance-to-voltage temperature card. It has two relays built into it, one for
each alarm circuit. When the alarm is off, the relays on the alarm card are energized. The
relay contacts are normally open (NO) and this gives a no-alarm condition, as shown in
Figure 66.
TERMINAL NUMBERS
-4
LAMP
OFF
NC
COM
-2
POWER SUPPLY
NO
+2
TERMINAL NUMBERS
RELAY CONTACTS OPEN
FIGURE 66
73
Drafting

The Function of 2AP+ALM-AR Alarm Card (Cont'd. So long as the process variable that the alarm
card is monitoring stays within its set-point range, the relay will stay energized.
Imagine that the alarm circuit is monitoring a pressure control loop. The alarm is set to come
on if the pressure goes too high. At this condition, the voltage signal coming into the alarm
card will be at the value for which the alarm card has been set. This will cause the relay to be
deenergized. When this happens the NC contacts close, as shown in Figure 67, and the alarm
light comes on.
TERMINAL NUMBERS
-4
NC
COM
-2
POWER SUPPLY
NO
+
LAMP
ON
+2
TERMINAL NUMBERS
RELAY CONTACTS CLOSED
FIGURE 67
74
Drafting

The Function of the 2AO-V2I V/I Card The Foxboro voltage to current (V/I) card is a solid state
component located in the nest assembly. 2AO-V2I stands for:

2
A
O
V
2
I
Spec 200 component

Output instrument
Voltage signals in
This is an isolated card
Current signals out
The 2AO-V2I card has only one function. It receives input voltage signals from the controller
card and converts these 0 to 10 volts to a 4 to 20 mA output signal. This output signal is sent
to a field mounted transducer. The current output is proportional to the voltage input.
The Function of the 2AI-P2VR/V Converter Card. The Foxboro 2AI-P2V resistance to voltage
converter card is a solid state component located in the nest assembly. It produces an output
voltage signal that is proportional to the temperature of a resistance temperature detector
(RTD). 2AI-P2V stands for:
2
A
I
P
2
V
Spec 200 component

Input
Platinum resistance bulb
An isolated card
Voltage output
The converter card has two inputs and two outputs for dual operation with a common power
supply.
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Drafting
A resistance temperature detector

(RTD) is used to monitor the temperature of a process. The resistance measured by the RTD
is sent into the converter card. The card changes the measured resistance from ohms into
volts. The card is calibrated so that the low end of the temperature range corresponds to zero
volts. The high end of the temperature range is calibrated to correspond to 10 volts.
The Function of the 2AI-P2VR/V Converter Card (Cont'd).
Output signals from the converter card can go to a loop controller, a temperature indicator, a
temperature recorder, and to an alarm card.
NOTE: Some cards may be identified as 2AI-N2V, where the N stands for nickel. RTDs
operate on the principle that some metals increase their electrical resistance when heated.
Other abbreviations often seen on Spec 200 cards are:
I/P for input
O/P for output
DS for Distribution
P/I means differential pressure (P) input, current (I) output.
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Drafting

Nest Unit Card Symbols. Symbols used on Saudi Aramco ILDs for Nest Unit cards on the Spec
200 are as shown in Figure 68. Handout No. 7 (Drawing No. 490-J-674433) Shows an ILD
with Spec 200 control.
28
+2
29
-2
30
+4
A: (PY - 101A)
B: PY - 102A
-4
C:
D: ANALOG INPUT
E: 4 - 5 - 3
F: 2AI - 13V
A: (PY - 101A)
B: PY - 102A
-1
C:
D: REC. DIST.
E: 4 - 2 - /
F: 2AX + DSI
+1
NEST UNIT CARD SYMBOLS

FIGURE 68
Note the word analog on some of the card symbols. This means that the card is operating
with numbers that are represented by directly measurable quantities, such as voltage,
amperage. That is, the numbers are analogous to physical quantities. Compare this with
digital which means that operation is made with numbers and is represented by numbers.
Note also the letters A, B, C, D, E and F. These will be given as a legend on ILDs for Spec
200. They identify each function of the card in the rack area. See Figure 69. A, B and C tell
us the Tag Numbers of the respective loops. 'D' tells us the function of the card. For example
in Figure 68 one card is an analog input card and the other is a recorder distribution card. 'E'
tells us the location of the card. For example, 4-5-3 means that the card is in rack 4, nest 5
and is card 3. 'F' tells us how to identify the card in a nest unit. For example, 2AI-13V will
be printed on the card near the bottom.
LEGEND
A
B
C
D
E
F
:
:
:
:
:
:
TAG NO. LOOP A

TAG NO. LOOP B
TAG NO. LOOP C
FUNCTION
LOCATION REF.
MODEL NO.
FIGURE 69. LEGEND
77
Drafting
Interpreting Foxboro Spec 200 ILD's(Cont'd)
Handout No. 8 (Drawing No. 490-J-NB-67483) shows a Spec 200 loop ILD. It is for a level
control loop L-360 at Ras Tanura Refinery.
Figure 70 shows part of the ILD.
LINE NO.
4" - C - 46 - 3AI
The variable being measured is the level in vessel 4900 - 14. The ILD shows (inside the
vessel) the high level alarm (HLA) is 3 feet and the low level alarm (LLA) is 1 foot 8 inches.
The level transmitter (LT-360) senses the level in the vessel. The ILD shows that the
transmitter output is a pneumatic signal. The signal will vary between 3 and 15 psi. The level
measurement is indicated on a locally mounted indicator, LI-360. The same pneumatic signal
that indicates the level value is sent to a transducer, LTd-360A, Model E11GM. The ILD
shows that LTd - 360A converts the pressure signals to Milliamp signals (i.e., 3 - 15 psi
pneumatic signals are converted to 4 - 20mA signals).
490D-14
FIELD
JUNCTION
BOX
RACK AREA
FIELD
TAG
LT - 360
MODEL
2500T-2495
RANGE
60 "
P/I
+
-
FISHER
LEVEL
TRANSMITTER
HLA
MARSHALLING
BOX
MTC #2
RED
GREY
ETB #6
23
368
8 -12+
24
369
8 -12-
+1 A : LY - 358
-1 B : LY - 360A
0 C:
3' - 0"
+2 D : ANALOG INPUT
-3
+4
-4
-2 E : 8 - B6
1' - 8"
LLA
+3
67 FR
TAG
LTd. - 360 A
MODEL
EIIGM
CAL.RANGE 3 - 15#
F : 2AI - 13V
DATA LOGGING
CONNECTOR 8
S
23
LOCATED NEAR
LCV - 360
IND.
TAG
LI - 360
MODEL
ASHCROFT 1279A
24
CAL.RANGE 0 - 1000
LDL - 360
FIGURE 70.
INPUT CIRCUIT
78
Drafting
Tracing the two output wires from LTd - 360A shows that they are connected to terminals +2
and -2 on card 2AI - I3V. This card has two inputs and two outputs. The card model number
indicates that the card is not isolated electrically.
The 4-20 mA input at terminals 2 is found as an output at terminals +4 and -4 of the card.
Figure 71 shows that one pair of wires goes to a data logging connector (Level Data Logging
(LDL-360). This is for a computer connection. The computer receives and records the level
signal, but it does not control anything in the loop.
Another pair of wires goes to terminals +1 and -1 on the alarm card 2AP - ALM - A. The
terminals are jumped to terminals +3 and -3. This gives a single input to both alarm circuits
(+3B is LS-360 (H); -3 is LS-360 (L) .)
One alarm circuit responds to a high level. The other responds to a low level. As long as the
process level remains between the high and low set points, no alarm will be given.
FIELD
JUNCTION
BOX
MARSHALLING
BOX
MTC #2
RACK AREA NO. 8
ETB #6
23
24
368
369
8 -12+
8 -12-
+1
A : LY - 358
-1
B : LY - 360A
C:
+2
D : ANALOG INPUT
+3
-3
+4
-4
-2 E : 8 - B6
0
F : 2AI - 13V
DATA LOGGING
CONNECTOR 8
23
24
LDL - 360
+1 A : LS - 360
(H)
-1 B : LS - 360A ( L )
+2 C :
-2 D : ALARM
E : 8 - E9
-1
1
TO FY - 360A
NB - 674434
F : 2AP - ALM - A
+3
-3
+4
-4
+5
-5
+1
FIGURE 71. 2AI - I3V OUTPUT
79
Drafting
Figure 72 shows the outputs. It can be seen on the symbols that terminal 9 refers to the high
(H) alarm, and terminal 10 to the low (L) alarm.
+1
-1
+2
-2
TO FY-360 A
NB - 674434
+1
A: 9: X A -2 -3 (H) +3
B: 10: X A -2 -4 (L) -3
+4
C:
D: ALARM
-4
+5
E: 8 - E9
-5
F: 2AP - ALM -A
-1
+1 A: 9: X A -2 -3 (H)
-1 B: 10: X A -2 -4 (L)
+2 C:
-2 D: ALARM DIST.
+3
E: 8 - F10
-3
+4
-4
F: 2AX + DSI
+5
-5
TO ALARM
RACK 15
+7
-7
+8
-8
+9
-9
+10
-10
+11
+6
-11
+12
-6
-12
FIGURE 72.
ALARM CIRCUIT
Terminals +2 and -2 are for output 1. The wires from terminal 2 can be traced to the alarm
distribution card 2AX +DSI, terminals +9 and -9. This is the high level signal input.
80
Drafting
Terminals +5 and -5 on 2AP - ALM - A are wired to terminals +10 and -10 on 2AX + DSI.
These are the low-level input terminals.
If there is a high or low alarm, the distribution card will send a signal to Alarm Rack 15,
through a standard 2AK cable. The ILD shows that the annunciator XA - 2 - 3 illuminates for
a high-level alarm. Annunciator XA - 2 - 4 lights up for a low-level alarm.
Figure 73 shows the 2AP - ALM - A card. It shows that input terminals +3 and -3 have two
additional pairs of wires connected to it.
+1
A : LS - 360
(H)
-1 B : LS - 360A ( L )
+2
C:
-2
D : ALARM
E : 8 - E9
F : 2AP - ALM - A
TO FY - 360A
NB - 674434
+3
-3
+4
-4
+5
-5
-1
+1
TAG
MODEL
LOCATION
LIC - 360
230SM
P10 - 8
SET PIONT
P. BAND
RESET
ACTION REVERSE
+1
A : LY - 360
-1 B :
+2
C:
+3
-3
+4
-2 D : ANALOG CNTRL. -4
E : 8 - D5
F : 2AC + A4
+5
-5
FIGURE 73. CONTROL INPUT CIRCUIT
81
Drafting
One pair goes to a computing relay FY - 360A which can be seen on drawing NB - 674434.
The other pair goes to terminals +1 and -1 on the top of controller card 2AC + A4. It is these
two connections that provide the O - 10v signal for the controller.
The output signals of the control card are +2 and -2 as shown in Figure 74.
The O - 10 volt signal enters the voltage to current connector card 2AO - V2I + P + P at
terminals +4 and -4. The 4 - 20mA output signals leave from terminals +2 and -2. After
passing through the marshalling and field junction boxes, the mlliamp signals enter the
transducer LTd - 360B. The transducer converts the current signals to 3 - 15 psi pneumatic
signals to operate control valve LCV - 360.
+1 A : LC - 360
+3
-1 B :
-3
+2 C :
+4
-2 D : ANALOG CNTRL. -4
E : 8 - D5
+5
F : 2AC +A4
-5
67 FR
OUT
RED
GREY
+
-
ETB#6
25
370
8 -10+
26
371
8 -10-
+1
A : LY - 356C
-1 B : LY - 360C
0
+2
C:
D : ANALOG INPUT
-2 E : 8 - CI
LINE NO. 4 '' - C - 33 - 3AI
F : 2AO - V3I + P + P
+3
-3
+4
-4
+5
-5
S
67 FRS
TAG
LCV - 360
MODEL
3"
CAL.RANGE AO / AFC
TAG
LTd - 360B
MODEL
69TA - I
CAL.RANGE 3 - 15 PSI
FIGURE 74.
OUTPUT CIRCUIT
82
Drafting
The Honeywell Vutronik Control Loop
Honeywell manufacture a process control system called the Vutronik. It can be used to
control a complete system in a plant. The system is made up of five categories, as shown in
Figure 75.
ACCESSORY
EQUIPMENT
FIELD
EQUIPMENT
CONTRX
SYSTEM
CONTROL
AND
NONCONTROL
STATION
ELECTRONIC
AUXILIARY
UNIT
FIGURE 75.
VUTRONIK SYSTEM
83
Drafting
The Honeywell Vutronik Control Loop(Cont'd)

Electronic Auxiliary Units. Electronic auxiliary components are used for performing monitoring
and computing functions. The components are printed circuit cards mounted in a single-card
file. The cards provide such functions as:
alarm switches
square root extraction
millivolt to current conversion (mV/I)
resistance to current conversion (/)
Saudi Aramco uses single-card files (cases) to house auxiliary cards. The cases are mounted
behind the control panel or in a rack. Figure 76 shows a file case.
Input signals are transmitted to the card circuit through a flat flexible circuit and card-edge
selector.
Note that the case has a 16-point terminal block for connecting signal wiring.
The card receives the input signal and then performs the function for which it was set (i.e.
square root extraction, mV to I conversion, etc.). The output signals are transmitted back
through the edge connector and flexible circuit to the terminal block. Wires transmit the
signals to the control instruments in the field and control room.
84
Drafting

Contrx System. Contrx is a plug-in system. It connects the Vutronik display panel instruments
to the field instruments. The connections are made through termination panels similar to the
one shown in Figure 77.
85
Drafting
Signals from field instruments pass from the terminals through

multiconductor cables to the control room instruments, as shown in Figure 78.
Contrx System (Cont'd).
86
Drafting
The Vutronik system includes accessories such as power supplies,

Zenner barriers and standby control modules.
Accessory Equipment.
The power supplies provide the voltages for operating Vutronik devices. A Zenner barrier is
a connection device that keeps loop current below an unsafe limit. It limits current surges and
prevents sparking due to short circuits. Standby control modules can be plugged into a loop
to allow a Vutronik controller to be removed without upsetting the process.
Field Equipment. Field equipment used on the Vutronik system include:
Flow measurement instruments

Pressure measurement instruments
Level measurement instruments
Transducers
Valve positioners
Control valves.
Vultronik transmitters use a 4 to 20mA current loop. Other devices in the system use 1 to
5vdc. Therefore, the current signal being used by the transmitters must be converted to a
voltage signal.
87
Drafting

Changing Current Signals to Voltage Signals. Figure 79 shows a Vutronik terminal block (TPA).
Terminal number 4 is the signal common (that is, it is the terminal to which all signals return).
You saw earlier that there are eight terminal blocks on a Vutronik termination panel (TPA).
ALL number 4 terminals on a TPA are connected together internally. This produces a circuit
that carries a common voltage signal through the TPA (that is, through all eight terminals.)
TRANSMITTER
250
+25V
DC
PV
SC
+V
-V 1 - 5V LL
OUT
RL
10
11
#1
AL
AL COM
12
13
#2
AL
RSP
14
TPA TERMINAL BLOCK

FIGURE 79
88
Drafting

Changing Current Signals to Voltage Signals (Cont'd). Terminal number 1 on each terminal block
is connected to a 25v dc supply. The power supply is not shown on ILDs. Terminal number
2 is the process variable input to the controller.
A jumper lead is connected across terminals 2 and 3. A 250-ohm resistor is connected across
terminals 3 and 4. The resistor helps to reduce the 25 vdc to a 1 - 5 vdc potential across
terminal 3 and the signal common. This arrangement is shown in Figure 80.
TRANSMITTER
4 - 20 mA
250
10
11
12
13
14
25 vdc
FIGURE 80
89
Drafting

Changing Current Signals to Voltage Signals (Cont'd). Figure 81 is a reminder of what is meant by
signal common. It is the common point on a parallel circuit through which current is returned
to its source.
UNCONVENTIONAL DRAWING
OF CIRCUIT
CONVENTIONAL DRAWING
OF CIRCUIT
R1
R2
R3
R1
SIGNAL COMMON
R2
R3
SIGNAL COMMON
FIGURE 81
90
Drafting
Return connections from control

instruments to the signal common at terminal 4 are NOT shown on ILDs.
Changing Current Signals to Voltage Signals (Cont'd).
Note the following from Figure 79: Current flows:
from terminal 1 to the transmitter

from the transmitter to terminal 2
from terminal 2 across the jumper lead to terminal 3
through the 250 ohm resistor to terminal 4, the signal common.
Remember that Vutronik transmitters operate with 4 - 20mA. If a 4-mA current signal is
received from the transmitter, then Ohm's Law says that the voltage drop across the 250-ohm
resistor is 1 volt, since V = IR = 0.004 x 250 = 1 V.
If a 20-mA current signal is received from the transmitter, then from 0.020 x 250, there is a 5v drop across the 250-ohm resistor.
4 - 20 mA is the range of current flow through the transmitter. This is proportional to a 1-5 v
signal at the signal common.
Figure 82 shows a Vutronik system for level control loop 3010. The system is operating a
level recorder, a level indicating controller and an alarm.
Note the symbol [-||-] that is used to denote a switch card.
As an example, we will trace the signal that operates the level recorder, LR - 3010.
A 25 - vdc power supply producing 4 - 20 mA is connected to terminal 1 on TPAI-2. This
supply is not shown on the ILDs. (Remember that other connections, such as the internal
connections between all terminal 4 and the return connections from instruments to terminals 4
are also not shown on ILDs.)
A wire connects terminal 1 on TPAI-2 to the positive side of the transmitter, LT-3010. The
connection is made through CA-41 and FA-1 on the BACK AUXILIARY RACK, RK-D283001-1. From FA-1 the wire goes to TB-E-3007 in the junction box, terminal 1. The wire is
shielded and is earthed at terminal 3.
91
Drafting
Tracing Signals
92
Drafting
From TB-E-3007 the current goes to the positive side of the

transmitter. The transmitter acts like a variable resistor: the resistance depends on the process
variable measurement it is receiving. Therefore, the current that passes through the
transmitter depends on the process variable measurement.
Tracing Signals (Cont'd).
The current flows from the negative terminal of the transmitter, through TB-E-3007 terminal
2, FA terminal 2, CA terminal 42 and to TPAI-3 terminal 2.
Terminal 2 on TPAI-3 is wired to terminal 2 on TPAI-2. This terminal is jumped to terminal
3. Terminal 3 is connected by a 250-ohm resistor to terminal 4. The voltage drop across the
resistor will be between 1 and 5 volts, depending on the value of the current which the
process variable has allowed to flow through the system. But, remember, terminals number 4
are connected together, internally, even though this is not shown on the ILD. Therefore, the
voltage across terminals 2 and 4 in TPAI-2 and TPAI-3 is 1-5 v, as shown in Figure 83.
4 - 20 m A
FROM TRANSMITTER
TPA1- 3
VOLTMETER WILL
INDICATE 1 TO 5 vdc
V
250
TPA1- 2
5
_
INTERNAL
CONNECTION
+ 25 vdc
TO TRANSMITTER
FIGURE 83. ILD DETAIL
93
Drafting
Tracing Signals (Cont'd)
Suppose a connection is made between terminal 2 on TPAI-3 and the input of the recorder,
and then from the output of the recorder to terminal 4 on TPAI-3. The voltage across the
recorder terminals will be between 1 and 5 vdc, proportional to the value of the process
variable. Hence the voltage operating the recorder will be in accordance with the value of the
process variable.
The connections between the terminal blocks and the instruments are made by wires or
cables. These connections are not shown on ILDs. The same wires or cables connect the
instruments to terminal 4, the signal common, in order to complete the circuit.
The ILD shows that the output signals from the level indicating controller come from
terminals 5 and 6 on TPAI-2. These are the standard terminals used on Honeywell TPAs for
output signals. (Remember that the output signals of a controller are proportional to the input
signals it receives from the transmitter. In this case the input signals will be between 1 - 5 V
dc and the output signals will be between 4 - 20 mA DC.)
The wire from terminal 5 goes to transducer LTd-3010. The current signal is converted to a
pneumatic signal to open or close control valve LCV-3010. The negative terminal of the
transducer is connected to terminal 6 of TAPAI-2. This terminal is connected to the negative
terminal of the controller and so completes the circuit.
The schematic in Figure 84 shows the circuits we have been discussing.
94
Drafting

Tracing Signals (Cont'd)
LT - 30 10
+
4 - 20 mA
SIGNAL
COMMON
LR - 3010
+ 25 vdc
1 - 5vdc
POWER
SUPPLY
250
LIC - 3010
+
-
SC
LTd - 3010
+
4 - 20 mA
LS-3010-1/ 2
LCV - 3010
FIGURE 84
95
Drafting
The Honeywell Vutronik Alarm Card
The Honeywell alarm card monitors a process variable and trips an alarm if the variable goes
beyond preset limits. The alarm card may trip a circuit to start or stop a pump, open or close a
valve, or trip a plant's ESD system.
The Honeywell dual alarm card has two input circuits. Each input circuit needs a 1 to 5 vdc
input signal.
Figure 85 shows a simple illustration of how the alarm card operates as part of an alarm
circuit.
ALARM
CIRCUIT 1A
OUTPUT 1A
ALARM
CIRCUIT 1B
OUTPUT 1B
ALARM
INPUT 1
1 - 5 vdc
ALARM
CIRCUIT 2A
OUTPUT 2A
ALARM
ALARM
INPUT 2
1 - 5 vdc
ALARM
CIRCUIT 2B
FIGURE 85.
OUTPUT 2B
ALARM
DUAL ALARM CIRCUIT
96
Drafting
The Honeywell Vutronik Alarm Card(Cont'd)
Each input has two outputs. Each output is a set of relay contacts. They act as the switch part
of the alarm card. Figure 86 shows how a relay operates.
A relay is an electrically-operated switch. Figure 86 shows a relay that is normally open. A

spring keeps the relay contacts apart. When current flows through the coil the soft iron core
becomes a magnet. The magnetic force pulls the armature down and the contacts close.
When the current stops flowing through the coil, the spring pulls the contacts apart. Now
return again to the dual alarm system (Figure 85.) When the input voltage signal goes beyond
a preset limit, the relays will operate. They will activate an alarm in the control room.
97
Drafting
Figure 85 showed that the card provides two separate alarms for each input signal. Thus, for
example, both a high and low alarm can be set for the input from a level transmitter.
Handout No. 9 (Drawing No. U54-J-XB-B19079) shows an ILD for level control loop L-020.
The alarm card is located on the auxiliary rack RX-454-1. The card is a level switch LS-020
A and B.
The card receives two 1 to 5 vdc signals from terminals 2 and 7 on TPAI-7. They are
connected to terminals 3 and 5 on the alarm card. The mark number of input 1 is LS-020A.
Its alarm settings are 2.1 volts high/1.0 volt low. These are alarms 1A and 1B respectively.
Input 2 has a mark number of L-020B. It uses only one alarm setting, which is 3.0 v high.
This is alarm 2A.
Tracing the connections from the alarms back to the switch card shows that the alarm output
terminals for these three alarms are:
Output for Alarm 1A Output for Alarm 1B Output for Alarm 2A -
Terminals 2 and 6
Terminals 7 and 8
Terminals 10 and 11
These connections are made through terminal strips TBC and TBA.
Alarm 1A
Alarm 1B
Alarm 2A
operates
operates
operates
XA-1-37
XA-1-43
XA-1-30
98
Drafting
Note that alarm circuits 1B is not a complete circuit on the ILD. This is because alarm 1B is
also connected to TBA-78, which is seen to be shown on drawing number XB-B-19078 sheet
B. (A study of this drawing shows that alarm 1B is part of the ESD system.)
The ILDs will not always show the inputs and outputs on an alarm card. When they are not
shown, you must refer to the vendor manual. This gives the inputs and outputs of all the
alarms.
Note the bracket around terminals 14, 15 and 16. This means that the terminals act as a single
unit case only.
A study of the ILD for loop 020 shows that when the level transmitter LT-020 senses a low
level in U54-D-052 the light in window panel 1-43 on the control room panel will come on.
When the level is high the light in window 1-37 will come on. (Note that terminals 82 and 83
on TBA are jumped together to form a complete circuit.)
Summary
Alarm cards can be used to monitor any process variable. The mA output from any
transmitter is converted to 1 to 5 vdc and used to operate the cards. The cards can monitor
two different variables at the same time. Both input signals are independent of each other.
Each set of output contacts on the card can be set at high or low alarms.
99
Drafting
Examples of Honeywell Cards
Honeywell mV/I Converter Card. The Honeywell mV/I converter card is mounted in a
single card file. The card has two separate converter circuits. It can be used in two different
loops at the same time. Each output is 4-20 mA.
Figure 87 shows an ILD for a temperature control loop.
A thermocouple (Type J) measures temperature in the field. The thermocouple develops
millivolt signals, the values of which depend on the temperature measurement. Wires carry
the mV input signal to input number 1 on the mV/I converter card, TY-304. Note that the
input terminals are on the card, not on the card file terminal strip. The ILD shows that the
converter is in the auxiliary rack in the control room.
The card converts the mV signal to a 4-20 mA signal. The output of TY-304 is shown to be
at terminal 12. The 250-ohm resistor on TB 1 converts the mA output signal to 1-5 vdc.
Remember that the power supply and some connections are not shown on ILDs. These
include the internal connections that link all terminals number 4 together, and the wire or
cable connections that take the 1-5 vdc signal to the control instruments.
The 1-5 vdc signal goes to TR-304 (Recorder). The same voltage also exists across terminals
3 and 4 on TB 2. From these the voltage is sent to TI-304 (Indicator).
100
Drafting
Honeywell mV/I Converter Card (Cont'd)
101
Drafting
Honeywell Resistance to Current Converter Card
Figure 88 shows a temperature control loop in which a Resistance Temperature Detector

(RTD) is used to measure temperature. The RTD is a variable resistor. Its resistance changes
according to changes in temperature.
TY-305 converts the resistance signal to a 4-20 mA signal. The 250 ohm resistor on TB 7
causes a voltage drop of 1-5 vdc. This voltage is used by TR-305 and TI-305.
102
Drafting
Honeywell Resistance to Current Converter Card (Cont'd)
Figure 89 show an ILD using square root extractor card, SQ-301. The operation of the circuit
is similar to those already discussed.
103
Drafting
WORK AIDS
ILDs use standard symbols to depict various control instruments. These symbols, taken from
Saudi Aramco Standard Drawing numbers 990-J-AD-036491, 990-J-AB-36492 and 990-JAB-36493 are shown below:
104
Drafting
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)
01500H
H
L
LINE NUMBER
FLOW ELEMENT :
' ANNUBAR ' TYPE
MARK NO.
01500E
PD / T
LINE NUMBER
FLOW INSTRUMENT:
PD : POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
METER.
T : TURBINE METER
MARK NO.
SIZE
01500D
PD OR T
TRANSMITTER WITH
INTEGAL ORIFICE
OUT
S
LINE NUMBER
01500C
INSTR.
LINE NUMBER
MARK NO.
SIZE/RATING
A.F. ACTION
DWG. AB 036560
HOOK UP
PISTON OPERATED BALL VALVE

POSITIONER, SWITCHING VALVES
AND VOLUME TANK.
105
Drafting
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)
001500
OUTPUT
INSTR.
LINE NUMBER
DIAPHRAGM OPERATED
GLOBE VALVE WITH
POSITIONER
MARK NO.
SIZE /RATING
A.F. ACTION
01500A
MOTOR
JUNCTION
BOX
DIAPHRAGM - OPERATED
GLOBE
VALVE WITH POSITIONER
MARK NO.
CONT. PSTN
VALVE PSTN
LINE NUMBER
MARK NO.
SIZE/RATING
TYPE
NC OR NO
C
MARK NO.
CONT. POS VALVE POS
NC OR NO
MARK NO.
CONT. POS VALVE POS
SAFETY SHUT OFF VALVE

WITH TWO CYLINDERS AND
TWO LIMIT SWITCHES
LINE NUMBER
MARK NO.
SIZE
3
106
Drafting
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)
MARK NO.
CONT. POS VALVE POS
C
NO OR NC
C
NO OR NC
SAFETY SHUT OFF VALVE

WITH ONE CYLINDERS AND
TWO LIMIT SWITCHES
MARK NO.
CONT. POS VALVE POS
LINE NUMBER
MARK NO.
SIZE
HAND OPERATED SPRING

RETURN 4 WAY PILOT VALVE
3
MARK NO.
5
4
DIAPHRAGM OPERATED
4 WAY PILOT VALVE
LINE OR EQUIPMENT
MARK NO.
MARK NO.
C
NO OR NC
SWITCH ( SINGLE )
MARK NO.
SET AT
4
107
Drafting
LINE OR EQUIPMENT
MARK NO.
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)
C
C
NO OR NC
SWITCH ( DUAL )
NO OR NC
MARK NO.
SW1 SET AT
SW2 SET AT
JB OR TB NUMBER
TERMINAL BOX WITH
TERMINALS
RB NUMBER
RELAY BOX OR SHUTDOWN

SYSTEM
CONDUIT OR CABLE
NUMBER
CHECK VALVE
PNEUMATIC TERMINAL
5
108
Drafting
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)
109
Drafting
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)

COAX
PROXIMITY VIBRATION
PICK - UP ELEMENT
EQUIPMENT
MARK NO.
SHIELD
MARK NO.
RANGE
A
B
C
D
EQUIPMENT
MARK NO.
BLACK
RED
GREEN
WHITE
SEISMIC VIBRATION
PICK - UP ELEMENT
SHIELD
MARK NO.
RANGE
MTG. POS.
MOTOR J. B.
MOTOR OPERATED
VALVE
LINE NUMBER
MARK NO.
SIZE
110
Drafting
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)
1
2
SPEED TRANSMITTER
WITH INTEGRAL SPEED
INDICATOR
10
MARK NO.
RANGE
INSTRUMENT PROCESS LINES
INSTRUMENT AIR LINES
INSTRUMENT ELECTRIC LINES
INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBES
SPARE
IN
RECORDER ( 1 TO 3 PENS )
GND.
L1
L2
MARK 1st PEN
RANGE 1st PEN
MARK 2nd PEN
DWG. NO.
RANGE 2nd PEN

MARK 3rd PEN
RANGE 3rd PEN
111
Drafting
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)
IN
CONTROLLER
OUT
MARK NO.
SET POINT
P. BAND
RESET
DERIVATIVE
ACTION
INDICATOR ( 1 TO 3 POINTERS
IN
MARK NO.
RANGE
IN
OUT
MARK NO.
SET POINT
P. BAND
RESET
DERIVATIVE
ACTION
SCALERANGE
112
Drafting
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)
IN
( IND. CONTROL )
WITH MANUAL CONTROL UNIT
OUT
( MANUAL
CONTROL UNIT )
SET
MARK NO.
SET POINT
P. BAND
RESET
DERIVATIVE
ACTION
SCALE RANGE
COLOR CODE
100
TYPICAL
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
''
''
''
''
TERMINAL STRIP WITH

CORD SET
''
''
''
''
''
''
''
''
THE TERMINAL STRIP COLOR

CODE AND CORD SET SHALL
BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH
VENDOR DRAWINGS.
''
''
''
''
''
''
9 CORES
TIED BACK
IN
OUT
MARK NO.
SET POINT
P. BAND
RESET
DERIVATIVE
ACTION
SCALERANGE
10
113
Drafting
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)
CONTROLLER
DWG. NO.
MARK NO.
SET POINT
P. BAND
RESET
DERIVATIVE
ACTION
INDICATOR ( 1 TO 3 POINTERS )
DWG. NO.
MARK NO.
RANGE
ALARM UNIT
DWG. NO.
MARK NO.
SET POINT
EMF / RTD TO CURRENT

CONVERTER
DWG. NO.
MARK NO.
RANGE IN
RANGE OUT
11
114
Drafting
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)
GRND.
DWG. NO.
L2
L1
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
VIBRATION MONITOR
SEISMIC TYPE OR PROXIMITY TYPE
MARK NO.
PRE ALARM
S. D. SET AT
SCALE RANGE
MULTIPOINT TEMPERATURE
RECORDER
MARK NO.
RANGE
SCALE
DWG. NO.
L1
L2
GRND.
MULTIPOINT TEMPERATURE
INDICATOR
MARK NO.
RANGE
SCALE
DWG. NO.
L1
L2
GRND.
12
115
Drafting
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)
MARK NO.
SCALE RANGE
TEMPERATURE MONITOR
MASTER MODULE
NO
NC
H
MARK NO.
SET AT
ACTION
NO
NC
TEMPERATURE SWITCH
ANNUNCIATOR ALARM
SINGLE SET POINT
MODULE
HI. SET AT
HI. HI. SET AT
ACTION
NO
NC
H
TEMPERATURE SWITCH
ANNUNCIATOR ALARM
DUAL SET POINT MODULE
FOR FRONT OF PANEL
MOUNTING.
MARK NO.
NO
HI. SET AT
NC
ACTION
TEMPERATURE SWITCH
ANNUNCIATOR ALARM
DUAL SET POINT FOR
REMOTE RACK
MOUNTING.
NO
NC
C
NO
HI. SET AT
NC
ACTION
C
NO
NC
C
13
116
Drafting
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)

ANNUNCIATOR WINDOW TERMINAL
ONE COMMON TERMINAL FOR ALL
ANNUNCIATOR LIGHTS
COMMON
MARK NO.
WINDOW
ANNUNCIATOR WINDOW TERMINAL
MARK NO.
WINDOW
PUSH BUTTONS
MARK NO.
MARK NO.
SPEED INDICATOR
MARK NO.
RANGE
HAND SWITCH
NO
OR
NC
C
MARK NO.
14
117
Drafting
WORK AIDS (Cont'd)
LAMP
MARK NO.
RED
RUNNING LIGHTS
GREEN
MARK NO.
DIODE
TELEPHONE JACK
MARK NO.
15
118
Drafting
GLOSSARY
Derivative
(or Rate Action):
The name given to the control procedure that is concerned

with
how quickly a process variable (usually temperature) is changing
its value.
Offset:
The difference between the actual value of a process variable

and its set point value.
Proportional band:
The ration, as a percentage, of the deviation of a process

variable from set point divided by the amount of control valve
stem movement the deviation causes.
Reset (or gain):
The name given to the control procedure which is designed to

bring a process variable back to its set point.
119

Loop Diagram

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Loop Diagram

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Engineering Encyclopedia

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Drafting Instrument Loop Diagrams

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Interpret An Ild For A Pneumatic Instrument Control Loop

Interpret An Ild For An Electronic Instrument Control Loop

Tracing Current Flow In Control Loops

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Instrument Loop Diagram

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

DIAPHRAGM OPERATED GLOBE

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

Open. NC means Normally Closed.

FIGURE 5. LEVEL SWITCH ( SINGLE )

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBES

FIGURE 7. ILD LINE SYMBOLS

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

Those on the right are as stated.

EITHER SYMBOL MAY BE USED.

AIR OPEN / AIR FAILURE CLOSE

Electrical Signal Lines. Figure 9 shows ILD Electrical Signal Lines.

FIGURE 9. ILD ELECTRICAL SIGNAL LINES

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

BOX AND CABLE NUMBERING

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

the indicator scale.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

Figure 12 shows the symbols for Temperature Sensing

Temperature Sensing Elements.

TEMPERATURE SENSING ELEMENTS

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

LEVEL TRANSMITTER WITH AIR SUPPLY

FIGURE 14. LEVEL TRANSMITTERS WITH D / P CELLS

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

measure level in a vessel open to the atmosphere.

OPEN TANK LEVEL MEASUREMENT

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

LEVEL MEASUREMENT USING A DP CELL

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

LEVEL MEASUREMENT USING DP CELL

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

LEVEL MEASUREMENT USING DP CELL

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

gives the temperature range of the transmitter, for example 0 to 250F.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

FLOW TRANSMITTER WITH AIR

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ILD Symbols and Abbreviations(Cont'd)

FIGURE 20. ILD CONTROLLER SYMBOL