José Raúl Capablanca - Chess Fundamentals

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BY JOSE
R.
CAPABLANCA
A PRIMER OF CHESS
JOSE
R.
CAPABLANCA
CHESS
FUNDAMENTALS
BY
JOSE
R.
CAPABLANCA
CHESS CHAMPION OF THE WORLD
NEW YORK
HARCOURT, BRACE AND COIMPANY

LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD.
COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY
HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY, INC.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by
any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
All rights reserved.
mimeograph
or
PRINTED IN THE
U. S. A.
SRUF
o<//S
PREFACE
Chess Fundamentals was
ago.
first
published thirteen years
Since then there have appeared at different times
a number of articles dealing with the so-called H>per-
Those who have read the
articles
have thought that something new,
of vital
modern Theory.
may
well
The
importance, had been discovered.
Hypermodern Theory
is
fact
is
that the
merely the application, during
the opening stages generally, of the
same old
through the medium of somewhat new
principles
tactics.
has been no change in the fundamentals.
There
The change
has been only a change of form, and not always for the
best at that.
In chess the tactics
may
change but the strategic
fundamental principles are always the same, so that

Chess Fmtdamentals
is
as good
now
as
it
was thirteen
It will be as good a hundred years from now;
years ago.
as long in fact as the laws
what they are
and
at present.
rules of the
The
reader
game remain
may
therefore
go over the contents of the book with the assurance

that there
is
is
in it
everything he needs, and that there
nothing to be added and nothing to be changed.
Chess Fundamentals was the one standard work of
its
kind thirteen years ago and the author firmly beUeves

that
it is
the one standard
work
of its kind
J.
New York
Sept. I, ig34
R.
now.
CAPABLANCA
LIST OF
CONTENTS
PART
CHAPTER
First Principles: Endings, Middle-game and Openings

PAGE
2.
Some Simple Mates

Pa\\'N Promotion
3.
Pawn Endings
1.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
g
13
Some Winning Positions in the Middle-game

Relative Value of the Pieces
General Strategy of the Opemng
Control of the Centre
Traps
CHAPTER
Further Principles
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
in
....
25
28
32
II
End-game Play
A
A
Cardinal Principle
Classical Ending
Obt.aining a Passed Pawn
How to find out ^vincH
TO Queen
19
24
35
37
40
Pwvs will be the
41
The Opposition
The Relati\ê Value of Knight and Bishop
How TO Mate with Knight and Bishop
Qlteen against Rook
CHAPTER
first
43
....
50
59
62
III
Planning a Win in Middle-game Play

17.
18.
19.
Attacking without the aid of Knights

Attacking vmth Knights as a Prominent Force.
Winning by Indirect Attack
68
.
71
73
LIST OF
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
IV
General Theory
PAGE
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
The
Initiative
77
Direct Attacks en masse

The Force of the Threatened Attack
Relinquishing the Initiative
Cutting off Pieces from the Scene of Action ...
A Player's Motives Criticised in a Specimen Game
.
78
82
89
94
99
CHAPTER V
End-game Strategy
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
The Sudden Attack from a Different Side

The Danger of a Safe Position
Endings with one Rook and Pawns
A Difficult Ending: Two Rooks and Pawns ....
Rook, Bishop and Pawns v. Rook, Knight and Pawns
iii
120
122
127
138
(A Final Example of preserving Freedom whilst

imposing restraint.)
CHAPTER
VI
Further Openings and Middle-games

31.
32.
Some Salient Points about Pawns

Some Possible Developments from a Ruy Lopez
(showing the weakness of a backward
power
33.
of a
Pawn
at
5,
etc.)
The Influence of a "Hole"
Q B
P;
143
the
146
150
CONTENTS
LIST OF
PART
II
GAMES
ILLUSTIL\TIVE
GAME
1.
PAGE
Queen's Gambit Declined (Match,

White:
2.
F. J. Marshall.
Black:
Black:
1911).
R. Capablanca.
J.
Irregular Defence (Havana,
1913 )
Black: J. R. Capablanca.
White: D. Janovvski.
4.
15^
Queen's Gambit Declined (San Sebastian,

White: A. K. Rubinstein.
3.
J.
1909)
R. Capablanca.
French Defence
White:
J.
(St.
R. Capablan
169
Petersbltjg,
1913)
Black: E. A. Snosko-Borovski.
a.
5.
RuY Lopez
6.
French Defence (Rice Memorlal Tournament, 1916)
(St. Petersbltig, 1914)

White: Dr. E. Lasker. Black: J.R.Capablanca.
White: O. Chajes.
7.
J.
R. Capablanca.
J.
J.
R. Capablanca.
(St.
201
209
Black: R. Teichmann.
Black: F.
J.
215
Marshall.
Petersburg,
R. Capablanca.
J.
R. Capablanca.
RvY Lopez (New York,

White:
14.
1913 )
1914)
Black: D. Janowski.
221
French Defence (New York, 1918)

White:
13.
J. Mieses.
RuY Lopez
White:
12.
197
Petroff Defence (St. Petersburg, 1914)

White:
11.
Sebastian, 1911 )
R. Capablanca. Black: A. Burn.
Queen's Gambit Declined (Berlin, 1913)

White:
10.
J.
Queen's
J. S.
Morrison.
J.
Marshall.
225
Black: O. Chajes.
1918)
Black:
Gambit Declined
White: F.
189
R. Capablanca.
Centre Game (Berlin,

White:
9.
J.
174
181
Rin Lopez (San

White:
8.
Black:
163
231
J.
R. Capablanca.
(New York,
1918).
238
CHESS FUNDAMENTALS
CHESS FUNDAMENTALS
PART
CIL\PTER
First PRiNcrPLEs: Endings, Meddle-Gaaie
AND Openings
The
first
himself
thing a student should do,
with
best be done
some
the
power
of the
by learning how
to
is
to famiharise
pieces.
This can
accompHsh quickly
of the simple mates.

1.
Example
1.
SOME SIMPLE
The
IiIATES
ending Rook and King against
King.
The principle
last line
is
to
on any side of
drive the opposing

the hoard.
King
to
the
SOME SIMPLE MATES
In this position the power of the Rook
by the
strated
King
confines the Black
mate
K Kt i;
The
Kt
combined
to the last rank,
The
foUow
iR R
by:
action
King
of
and
Rook
is
which mate can be
in
principle
general
much
King as
rank, or, as in this case,
When,
for
it is
as
beginner
to
possible
on the same
as the opposing King.
file,
in this case, the
the sixth rank,
King has been brought
better to place
but on the one next to
it
i; 3
towards the centre.
3,
go back to
now
4,
will
6,
to
not on the same
it,
K B K K i; 4 K K
K-Q i; 5K-Q5, K-B i; 6K-Q6.
because then the Black King
Not K B
2...K B
If
7,
to
is
keep his
fiile,
and the
2.
needed to arrive at a position

forced.
demon-
which immediately
7,
accomphshed
quickly
is
R R
move,
first
is
and
it
will take
much
longer to mate.
R R 8 mates
the King moves back to
i,
at once.
7R-QB7,K-Ri; 8K-B6,
9K Kt6, K Ri; loR BSmate.
6...K-Kti;
K Kti;
moves
It has taken exactly ten

original position.
K K
I,
will ultimately
and
K Kt
K Kt
i;
mate from the
Black could have played
and, according to principle, White would
have continued
King
On move
to
be
8
i; 10
6K Q6, K Bi
(the Black
King
be forced to move in front of the White
K B
R R
R R8); 7K K6,
K R i; 9 K Kt
by
mated
6,
8 mate.
6,
SOME SIMPLE MATES

Example
2.
Since the Black King
way
the best
thus:
to proceed
K K
Rook has not
in the centre of the board,
is
to
is
K Q
2,
advance your own King
4;
K K
yet come into play,
As the
3.
is
it
better to
advance the King straight into the centre of the board,

Should
not in front, but to one side of the other King.
now
the Black King
back by
it
R R
move
ch.
to
On
Rook
the
4,
the other hand,
K B instead, then also 3 R R

K Kt there follows 4 K Q 3; but
keeping
K B 6 then 4 R R
3
If
5.
5,
4,
drives
if
2.
now
3.
if
instead
the King
confined to as few squares as possible.
Now
5
7
the
ending
may
continue
K B
R B 4 ch, K Kt 6; 6 K-Q
R Kt 4 ch, K R 6; 8 K B K R
3,
3,
should be noticed
how
often the
the
mobility
of
the
7.
7;
It
White King has moved
next to the Rook, not only to defend

reduce
K-Kt
it,
but also to
opposing King.
Now
SOME SIMPLE MATES
6
White mates
K Kt
in three
10
8;
R any
King
forcing the Black

II
R R
mate.
moves thus:
It
R R
4 ch,
square on the Rook's
in front of the
White,
file,
K B
has taken eleven moves to mate,
and, under any conditions,

While
in under twenty.
is
I believe it
may
it
should be done
be monotonous,
it
worth while for the beginner to practice such
things, as
will teach
it
him
the proper handling of
his pieces.
Example
3.
Now
we come
to
two Bishops and
King against King.
W W
'^^^
^^ ^^m ^^
^P ^P ^P
<^m
^P
King
Since the Black
is
in the corner.
White can
B Q3, K Kt 2; 2 B K Kt 5, K B 2
B B 5, and already the Black King is confined
play
to a few squares.
position,
from the
had been
If the
Black King,
in the original
in the centre of the board, or
last row.
away
White should have advanced
his
King, and then, with the aid of his Bishops, restricted
SOME SIMPLE MATES

movements
the Black King's
to as few squares as
possible.
We
might now continue
3...K
Kt2;4K B
2.
In this ending the Black King must not only be driven

to the edge of the board, but he
must
also be forced
into a comer, and, before a mate can be given, the
White King must be brought

same time,
at the
case either
and
Kt
one of the
in
K R 6, K Kt 6, K B
last
7,
two
KB
6 are the nearest squares,
these squares that the
to the sixth rank and,
King ought
files
in this
and as
8,
it is
KR
to either of
to go.
K Kt K Kt 2; 6 K R K B
K R K Kt 2; 8 B Kt K Kt
2;
4,
3,
6,
5,
9K R6, K Bi,
WTiite
2;
i;
must now mark time and
move one
of the Bishops, so as to force the Black
Kling to go
back
K R
10
Now
I.
B R5,
along the White
13B
It
and,
K6
to
ch,
iiB K7,
the White Bishop must take
position from which
moves back
K Kti;
it
diagonal,
Kt
i.
K R
move
when the Black King
B K Kt 4, K Kt i
12
i;
14
BB
6 mate."
has taken fourteen moves to force the

in
any
position,
up a
can give check next
it
should be
done
in
mate
under
thirty.
In
all
endings of this kind, care must be taken
not to drift into a stale mate.
In this particular ending one should remember that

the King must not only be driven to the edge of the
board, but also into a corner.
however,
it
is
In
all
such endings,
immaterial whether the King
is
forced
SOME SIMPLE MATES
last rank, or to
on to the
4,
Example
4.
Q R
or
We
against King.
the
or
Rook and
an outside
e.g.
file,
KR
8.
now come
to
Queen and King
As the Queen combines the power
of
the easiest mate of
all
the Bishop,
it is
and should always be accomplished in under ten moves.
Take the
following position:
^^
'^^
W^
#^
good way to begin
make
to
is
^^'
the
first
move with
the Queen, trying to limit the Black King's mobility

as
much
K Q
Thus:
as possible.
Q Q
2.
then
6Q-K
Q
K Kt
Q Kt
KR
8
6,
6,
K Q
5;
Already the Black King has only one
available square 2...K
Q B
4,
Kt
KK
4; 3
3,
(Should Black play
4.
6 ch)
KB 4
K R
6,
Q K
and
6;
6,
mate
K B
K B 4;
K Kt 5,
KR
next
3,
(if
move);
moves;
mates.
In this ending, as in the case of the Rook, the Black

King must be forced to the edge of the board; only
PAWN PROMOTION
much more powerful than
the Queen being so
Rook, the process
is
and
far easier
tion of the
is
is
the
These
in all of these
In each case the co-opera-
the same.
King
shorter.
and
are the three elementary endings
the principle
needed.
In order to force a mate
without the aid of the King, at least two
Rooks are
required.
2.
PAWN PROMOTION
The gain of a Pawm
is
the smallest material advantage
that can be obtained in a

to win, even
unit, apart
when
game
the Pa-wn
from the Kings.
and
is
It
it
often
is
sufTicient
the only remaining

is
essential,
speaking
generally, that
the
King should
he in front of his
Pawn, with
at least
one intervening square.

If
the opposing King
is
directly in front of the
then the game cannot be won.

plained
This can best be ex-
by the following examples.
Example
6.
.._
Pawn,
PAWN PROMOTION
lo
The
for
position
is
drawn, and the
way
to proceed
Black to keep the King always directly
of the
Pawn, and when
it
is
in front
cannot be done, as for
in-
stance in this position because of the White King,
then the Black King must be kept in front of the
White King. The play would proceed thus
K K4; 2K Q3, K Q4Any
important move.
This
K 3,
very
is
move would
other
lose,
as
As the Black King cannot be

kept close up to the Pawn, it must be brought as far
forward as possible and, ?.t the same time, in front
will
be shown
later.
of the WTiite King.
PK
K B 4,
3
4 ch,
K K
K B
3.
4;
K K
Again the same
3,
K K
case.
3;
As the
White King comes up, the Black King must be kept

in front of it, since it cannot be brought up to the
Pawn.
7K K4, K-K2;
K Q 2; 9 P K 6 ch, K K 2;
8 K Q
now
loK K K Ki; II K Q6, K Q
6
P K
ch,
K K
3;
5,
I.
5,
If
White advances the Pawn, the Black King gets in

front of it and White must either give up the Pawn
K 6, and a stale mate results. If instead
or play
Pawn White withdraws his King,

Black brings his King up to the Pawn and, when
forced to go back, he moves to K in front of the Pawn
ready to come up again or to move in front of the
of advancing the
White King, as
before, should the latter advance.
The whole mode of procedure is very important

and the student should become thoroughly conversant
PAWN PROMOTION
with
up
its details
for
it
involves principles to be taken
and because many a beginner has
later on,
identical positions from lack
book
this stage of the

its
II
lost
At
of proper knowledge.
cannot lay too
much
stress
on
importance.
Example
King
is
6.
In
this position WTiite wins, as the
in front of his
Pawn and
there
is
one intervening
square.
^P
^P
^^-
MMwm.^^wmWmmm.^m
^m
fl
The method
to follow
^m
Pawn and
essential
to
its
^m
to
is
advance the King as far as

of the
is
compatible with the safety
never to advance the
own
Pawn
until
it is
safety.
Thus
I.
K K
4,
K K
3.
Black does not allow the WTiite King to advance,
now compelled to advance his Pawn

as to force Black to move away. He is then able
advance his own King.
therefore
so
to
2.
White
is
P-K3,K-B3;
3.
K-Q5,K-K2.
PAWN PROMOTION
12
If
Black had played
3.
.K B
4,
then White would
4, since he could
be forced to advance the Pa^\^l to
not advance his King without leaving Black the
K K
opportunity to play
Since he has not done so,
Pawn
to advance the
not require
Now
is
it
White not
better for
yet, since its
own
safety does
Kmg
but to try to bring the
it,
still
fur-
Thus:
ther forward.
4.
winning the Pawn.
5,
K K5,K-Q2;
Pawn
the White
5.
K-B6,K-Ki.
it
may be
7,
because
too far back and
is
brought up within protection of the King.
6.
Now
it
would not do
fore he
back
King
his
7,
7,
the King.
now
and White would have
3,
to protect the
Pawn.
force
followed
all
As Black
him
to
else,
White could have played
Pawn
to
these squares being protected
by
by the advance
tries to
of the
prevent that. White must
move away,
at the
same time always
keeping the King in front of the Pawn.
K 6 would make
play K B, and we
Thus
K K6.
8.
There-
P-K5,K-Ki.
he moved anywhere
K B
K 6, K
KB
must continue.
7.
Had
to play
K Q
Black would play

to bring
K4,K Q2.
it
a draw, as Black would then
would have a position
to the one explained in connection with
8...K B
i;
9K-Q
7.
similar
Example
5.
PAWN ENDINGS
13
King moves and the White Pawn advances

becomes a Queen, and
it
is
all
to
8,
over.
This ending is like the previous one, and for the

same reasons should be thoroughly understood before
proceeding any further.
3.
I shall
Pawns
reader
now
PAWN ENDINGS
give a couple of simple endings of two
against one, or three against two, that the
may
see
how they can be won.
tions will be given, as
things
out
learn
how
book
it
for
it is
himself.
up
Fewer explana-
to the student to
Furthermore,
to play well merely
work
nobody can
from the study of a
can only serve as a guide and the rest must
be done by the teacher,

not, the student
must
if
the student has one;
realise
by long and
perience the practical application of the
explained in the book.
Example
7.
if
bitter ex-
many
things
PAWN ENDINGS
14
In
1
PB
would
6,
lose,
PX
because Black plays, not
but
.K Kt
i,
by
win
cannot
White
position
this
and
if
playing
P, which
then
PX
P,
K X P, and draws, as shown in a previous case. If

2P B 7 ch, K B I, and White will never be
able
2
Queen
to
K K
WTiite,
Pawn
his
PxP;
7,
without
KxP,
however,
K-Q
K-Kt
7,
3P-B6,PXP.
K R i;
4 K B
6
P-Kt
K Bi,
If
it.
and draws.
can win the position given in the
diagram by playing:
I
losing
If
i;
K-K
3-K-Kt
i;
P B 8 (Q) mate.
5 P Kt
7, P B 4;
K-R
7,
P-B
8 (Q) ch,
K-R
3;
ch,
Q-Kt
i;
7ch,
K R
2;
6 mate.
m'
mm.
Example
by
draws.
8.
In the above
5.
position
White can't win
Black's best answer would be
(The student should work
cannot win by
Kt
5,
because
this
Kt
out.)
Kt
He
3 draws.
(This, because of the principle of the "'opposition"
PAWN ENDINGS
which governs
this
15
ending as well as
the
all
Pawn-
endings already given, and which will be explained
more
fully later on.)
White can win, however, by playing
K-K3.
K K
4,
K-Q4, K-K3;
3K-B5, K-B3;4K-Q6,K-B2;5P-Kt5,
K Kt 2; 6 K K 7, K Kt i; 7 K B 6,
K R2; 8K B7 and White wins the Pawn.)
2 P-B 5 ch, K-B 3; 3 K-B 4, P-Kt 3.
Pawn
(If this
shown
in
5P B6,
K B
Q
into
(If
I.
i...P-Kt
3;
kept back we arrive at the ending
is
ch, K B 2;
4 P Kt
K K3;6K K4, K B 2;7K K5,
Example
7.)
White cannot
force
Bishop's
his
Pawn up he
out why), but by giving his
(find
can win the other
Pawn and
Pawn
the game.
Thus
7, KxP; 9K Q6, K B i; loK K6,

K Kt 2; II K K 7, K Kt i; 12 K B 6,
K R2; 13 K B 7, K R i; 14 K x P,
8P B
K Kti.
There
In
is
still
some
only
fact, the
way
as will easily be seen

15
K R
(if
resistance in Black's position.
to
win
is
the one given here,
by experiment.
K B
6,
K R
2;
and
in order
win WTiite must get back to the actual position,
to
as against 16
16
P Kt
18
K R
P Kt 6 ch, K R draws), K R
K Kt i; 17 P Kt K B 2;
i
6,
7,
7,
and White queens
the
PawTi
and
wins.
This ending, apparently so simple, should show the

student the enormous
difficulties
to be surmounted,
PAWN ENDINGS
i6
even when there are hardly any pieces
who knows how
playing against an adversary
the resources at his disposal, and
it
to use
should show the
paying
student, also, the necessity of
when
left,
strict attention
to these elementary things which form the basis of
true mastership in Chess.
Example
9.
In
this
ending
^^
fs^,
wm.^
wm,^
^^
m ^ Mi
m.
^^
tf^^^^^^^p^^^^
^_^
White can win by advancing any

on the
first
move, but
it
is
general rule, whenever there

it,
it.
Thus we begin by
I.
If
Pawn
of advancing the
P Kt
3,
P-Kt
2.
Pawns
convenient to follow the
no good reason against
is
thai has
Pawn
no
opposing
P-B 5,K-K2.
PB
to one of those
of the three
6;
similar ending
and we have a
shown above.
If
PR
5-
K-K5,K-B2;
3.
P- Kt K-K
5,
2.
PAWN ENDINGS
3...P-Kt
If
P Kt
P-B
3;
and
6,
6 ch, and in either case
17
3...P-R
if
we have a
3;
similar
ending to one of those already shown.
P-R5,
4.
and by following
up with P
it
same ending previously
4...P Kt
3,
with the same
on one
P X P
P,
we have the
PB
6 ch
result.
when the Pa\ATis are

board we shall now examine
Pawns on both sides of the
Having now seen the

all
Should Black play
showTi.
R PX
then
Kt
side of the
a case when there are
cases
board.
Example
10.
In
to act immediately
att
^m^
these cases the general rule

the side wliere
^m,^
^m^
perior forces.
Thus we have
I.
P KKt
^M
WWW
^_
you have
4.
is
the su-
PAWrN ENDINGS
i8
It is generally advisable to
advance the
Pawn
that
is
from opposition.
free
P-QR4.
Black makes an advance on the other side, and now

White considers whether or not he should stop the
In this case either
advance.
way
wins, but generally
when
the advance should be stopped
King
is
away.
P-QR4, K-B3; 3.P-R4, K-K3.
2.
If 3.
far
.K
Kt
3,
then simple counting will show that
White goes to the other
at
the opposing
Q R
4,
side with his King,
and then Queens
his single
wms
Pawn
the
long
before Black can do the same.
K-B 2; 5'K-B
K B
6.P R
P Kt and
6...P R 3;
P-Kt
4.
5,
5,
K-Kt
2;
2.
5,
If
6,
then the two
Pawns defend themselves and White can go
to the
other side with his ELing, to win the other Pawn.

7.
Now
it is
K-K5.
time to go to the other side with the King,
win the Black Pawn and Queen the

This
out
is
typical of all such endings
by the student
in this case
which he can put up.
single
Pawn.
and should be worked

and
in similar cases
WINNING POSITIONS
SO:\IE
4.
19
SOME WINNING POSITIONS IN THE MIDDLE-
GAME
By
the time the student has digested
been previously explained, he, no doubt,

to get to
the actual game and play with
that has
all
all
is
anxious
the pieces.
However, before considering the openings, we

devote a
shall
time to some combinations that often
little
game, and which
arise during the
will give
the reader
some idea of the beauty of the game, once he becomes

better acquainted with
Example
it.
11.
to ^..m*
threatens to play
of
R K
8.
.....
move, and thinking that White merely
It is Black's
Black plays
i.
Q R
.R K
i,
threatening
White now uncovers
Kt 7,
mate by way
6 and to mate at
his real
and most
effective threat, \dz.
I...R Ki; 2QxPch,KxQ;

K Kti; 4R R8 mate.
3R Rsch,
SOME WINNING POSITIONS
20
may come
This same type of combination

result
as the
a somewhat more compHcated position.
of
Example
12.
1/^^^
'-^Jm^
-f/Miii
*"
<..y.///y
B,..^...^S.....
White
1.
by
will lose
if
King moves
3.
4.
Kt because White
QXP
R 8
RX Q
Q-Q7
P.
and White wins one

with a
therefore
B Kt
RR
and a
win
easily.
threatens mate
3 ch.
QxKt
Kt Kych
B X Kt
it
he therefore plays
ch followed by
2.
Again
Kt X Kt
cannot take the
QXP
^^^
a piece behind, and miless he can win
is
back quickly he
He
^^
ch,
KXQ
RR
3 ch,
mate.
Bx R
of
the two
against a
Bishops, remains
and B, and should
These two examples show the
THE MIDDLE-GAME
IN
danger of advancing the

having Castled on that
Example
Kt P one
21
square, after
side.
13.
W! m
^
W
_^
This
tion.
is
another very interesting t>pe of combina-
Black has a
win, unless White

tion
Kt and
should therefore
able to obtain some compensa-
is
immediately.
for a
WTiite,
in
fact,
mates
in
a few
moves thus
I.
Kt B 6ch
Forced, otherwise
Example
curs
in
position.
QXP
mates.
2.
Q Kt 3 ch
3.
B X P
14.
PxKt
KR
mate.
The
same
t>Toe of
combination oc-
a more complicated form in the following
SOME WINNING POSITIONS
22
B X Kt
B X Kt Q B
."
QX
1.
If
fore wins the Q,
Example
tion
is
which
is
2.
Kt B
3.
R Kt3 ch
4.
BXP
15.
shown
B.
threatens mate, and there-
.6^
already attacked.
6ch
Px
Kt
K R
mate.
very frequent type of combina-
in the following position.
mn.
''mm.û.wm.
^M
THE MIDDLE-GAME
IN
Here White
is
the exchange
but he can win quickly thus
I...K-R
(If
Q R
2
6,
Q R
and
i;
for
Q-K
B x P ch, K X B.
P KKts;
5,
wins.)
5 ch,
K Kt
Q K
i;
KR
cannot stop mate at
Queen by
and a Pawn behind,

i
23
Kt Kt
5,
and Black
except by sacrificing the
which would leave White with a
5,
a R.
Example
16.
This
same
t5TDe
of combination
seen in a more complicated form in the
is
foUowmg
position.
1
p^rjl 'tf#j
^1 % i fcli i
iy
B,
2
B ^ n^m
^m ^
'^^L
^P
B
H
^'H^^ft:^^^^^^
1^^..
-^
i:.ij
V?
1^
Kt X Kt ch (this
B X Kt (to stop the Kt
White proceeds as follows
clears the line for the
B)
from moving to Kt
after the sacrifice of the
B)
R best 3 B X P ch, K X B. (If

3...K-R1; 4 Q-R5, P-K Kt3; sBxPch,
K Kt 2; 6 Q R 7 ch, K B 3; 7 P Kt 5 ch,
K K 3; SBxPch, RxB; 9 Q K 4 mate.)
4 Q R 5 ch, K Kt i; 5 Kt Kt 5, R B i
2
RX
B,
Kt X
RELATIVE WALVE OF THE PIECES
24
6
8
Q R
Kt R
10
K B i; 7 Q R 8
ch, K K 2; 9 R K
7 ch,
7
Q X Kt
ch,
i
Kt Kt
i;
K Q
i;
ch,
mate.
This combination
rather long
is
and has many
vari-
therefore a beginner will hardly be able to
ations,
fathom
it;
but,
knowing the
of
tyjDe
combination,
he might under similar circumstances undertake and

carry out a briUiant attack which he would otherwise
never think
tions
It will
of.
shown have
be seen that
all
the combina-
for a foundation the proper co-ordi-
nation of the pieces, which have
all
been brought to
bear against a weak point.
5.
RELATIVE VALUE OF THE PIECES
Before going on to the general principles of the

openings,
it
is
advisable to give the student an idea
of the proper relative value of the pieces.
no complete and accurate table

the only thing to do
is
to
for all of
There
is
them, and
compare the pieces sep-
arately.
For
all
general theoretical purposes the Bishop and
the Knight have to be considered as of the same value,
though
it is
my
opinion that the Bishop will prove the
more valuable piece
in
most cases
and
it is
well
known
that two Bishops are almost always better than two
Knights.
The Bishop will be stronger against Pawns than

the KLnight, and in combination with Pawns will also
be stronger against the Rook than the Knight
will be.
RELATIVE VALUE OF THE PIECES
A Bishop and a Rook are also
25
stronger than a Knight
and a Rook, but a Queen and a Knight may be stronger

than a Queen and a Bishop.
A Bishop will often
be worth more than three PawTis,
but a Knight very seldom
and may even not be
so,
worth so much.
A Rook
be worth a Knight and two Pawns,
will
or a Bishop and two Pawns, but, as said before, the
Bishop
will
be a better piece against the Rook.
Two Rooks
They
are
stronger than
slightly
are slightly weaker than two
Bishop, and a
a Knight.
more
little
The power
the pieces are changed
on the contrary,
so than
of the
off.
Knights and a
two Bishops and
Knight decreases as
The power
Rook,
of the
increases.
defensive piece throughout the
The King, a purely
middle-game, becomes an offensive piece once

pieces are off the
there are one or
Queen.
all
board, and sometimes even
two minor pieces
left.
the
when
The handling
of the King becomes of paramount importance once
the end-game stage

6.
is
reached.
GENERAL STRATEGY OF THE OPENING
The main thing is to drcclop the pieces quickly.

Get them into play as fast as you can.
From the outset two moves, iP K4oriP Q4,
open up
Queen and a Bishop. Therefore,

of these two moves must be
lines for the
theoretically
one
the best, as
no other
much.
first
move accomplishes
so
GENERAL STRATEGY
26
Example
This
is
17.
Suppose
1.
P K4
2.
Kt KB
we begin
P K4
3
both an attacking and a developing move.
Black can now either reply with the identical move or

play
Kt QB3
This developing move at the same time defends

the King's Pawn.
3.
Kt-B3
Kt-B3
These moves are of a purely developing nature.

4.
//
B-Kt5
generally
is
advisable
out until
one Knight
Knight.
The Bishop could
to
4,
but
it is
out,
is
this
Bishop
preferably the
King's
not
to
also
bring
have been played
advisable whenever possible to combine
development and attack.
B-Kt5
Black
sible
replies in the
same manner, threatening a pos-
exchange of Bishop for Knight with Kt
XP
to
follow.
5-
an
indirect
0-0
way
of
preventing
more experience or study

the same time the Rook
centre,
is
will
5...BxKt, which
show
to be bad.
At
brought into action in the
a very important point.
OF THE OPENING
27
0-0
Black follows the same
line of reasoning.
P-Q3
P-Q3
6.
These moves have a two-fold object,

tect
viz.
the King's Pawn and to open the diagonal
to profor the
development of the Queen's Bishop.
B-Kt5
7.
'm
.'-1, "
mmj^m
-mm.
>
mm. a
'-"
W(im m
'
'
mm
wnî
^ W M
li
m.
^ i^
A very powerful move, which brings us to the middlegame
stage, as there
is
already in view a combination
to win quickly
by Kt Q
impossible
Black to continue the same course.
(There
lose
play
if
for
he also plays
7...BxKt,
First,
up
B Kt
as
He
is
has
now
forced to
shown,
thus
to notice three things.
the
or twelve
5.)
experience
complete development of the opening
has taken only seven moves.
it
a long analysis showing that Black should
is
bringing
This threat makes
5.
moves
rule, eight
(This varies
up
to ten
in some very exceptional cases.
should be enough.)
As
Second, Black has
CONTROL OF THE CENTRE
28
been compelled to exchange a Bishop for a Knight,
QRP
but as a compensation he has isolated White's
and doubled a Pawn.

the game,
is
is
(This, at such
an early stage
rather an advantage for White, as the
of
Pawn
Third,
doubled towards the centre of the board.)
White by the exchange brings up a Pawn

the square Q 4, puts Black on the defensive, as
to control
ence will show, and thus keeps the
initiative,
experi-
an unques-
tionable advantage.^
The
same
strategical principles
for all
the openings,
expounded above are the

only their tactical appli-
cation varies according to the circumstances.
Before proceeding further I wish to lay stress on

the following point which the student should bear in
mind.
Before development has been completed no piece should
he
moved more than once, unless
to obtain either
it
in order
is essential
material advantage or to secure freedom
of action.
The beginner would do

well as
well to
remember
what has already been stated
this, as
viz.,
bring
out the Knights before bringing out the Bishops.
7.
The
four squares,
tively,
squares
4 and
are the centre squares,

is
4 on each side respec-
and control
of these
The
control of
called control of the centre.
the centre is of great importance.
No
violent attack
can succeed without controlling at least two of these

^
The value
of the initiative is explained in section 20, p. 77.

squares,
and possibly
the opening has for

centre,
Many
three.
its sole
29
a manoeu\Te in
object the control of the
which invariably ensures the
initiative.
well always to bear this in mind, since
It is
will often
it
be
moves which could not otherwise be properly understood. As this book progresses
I shall dwell more fully on these different points. At
the reason of a series of
present I shall devote some time to openings taken
random and explain the moves according to general

principles.
The student will in that way train his
at
mind
proper direction, and will thus have
in the
trouble in finding a
new and
18.
1.
2.
P K4
Kt KB 3
timid move.
at once.
confronted with a
situation.
difficult
Example
way out when
less
On
P K4
P Q3
Black assumes a defensive attitude
principle the
move
is
wrong.
In the
openings, whenever possible, pieces should he moved in

preference to
Paums.
3-
P-Q4
White takes the
offensive
to control the centre
immediately and strives
so as to
have ample room
to
deploy his forces.
Kt-Q2
Black does not wish to relinquish the centre and also

prefers the text
move
to
Kt Q B
3,
be the more natural square for the Kt.
which would
But on
prin-
30
ciple the
move
it
blocks the action
and instead
of facihtating the
wrong, because
is
of the Queen's Bishop,
action of Black's pieces, tends, on the contrary, to
cramp them.
4.
Black
move.
itself
is
forced to
QB
pay the penalty
KR3
of his previous
Such a move on Black's part condemns by

any form of opening that makes it necessary.
White threatened Kt
it
Kt
and Black could hot stop
P X P, Kt X P
because of
with 4. .B K
5...PXP, 6 Q-Q 5); 6 KtxKt, PxKt;
Q R and White wins a Pawn and has besides a
2,
(if
5,
perfectly safe position.

5.
Kt B3
6.
KKt B3
B K2
K3
Q K2
7.
It should be noticed that
The reason
is
that he wants
and through the
PQ B
threatens
3 to
last
R Q
i,
to deploy his forces
move
make room
other alternatives
PX
White does not Castle

force
Black
for the
Queen
to be followed
would
finally
to
as
yet.
first,
play
White
by P X P. Black's
force him to play
P, thus abandoning the centre to White.

7
R Qi
8.
-O
9.
With
this last
while Black
is
examination
P-B3
Q-B 2
move White completes
his
development,
evidently somewhat hampered.
will suffice to
A simple
show that White's position

is
There are no weak spots
unassailable.
and
his pieces are ready for
may
wish to carry out
in
any manoeuvre that he
order to begin the attack on
It will
times convenient to delay Castling.
moves
as they
come
to
my mind
any standard book on openings.

given by
me
have given the
without following
WTiether the moves
agree or not with the standard works, I
do not know, but at the present stage of

it
is
armour,
The student should carefully

show him that it is some-
the enemy's position.
study this example.
in his
31
this
book
not convenient to enter into discussions of mere
technicalities
which the student
will
be able to under-
stand when he has become more proficient.
Example
19.
1.
2.
3.
P K4
Kt KB 3
P-Q4
bad move, which
P K4
P Q3
B-Kt5
violates one of the principles set
down, according to which at
least
one Knight should
be developed before the Bishops are brought out, and

also because
in the
exchanges a Bishop for a Knight, which
it
opening
is
generally bad, unless there
compensation.
4.
.P
X P
loses a
5.
6.
If
Kt B
PxP
BxKt
Pawn.
QxB
B QB4
Q Q Kt 3
PxP
Q-B3
wins a
Pa\\Ti.
is
some
TRAPS
32
8.
To prevent
P-QKt3
Q-QKt3
Kt-B3
7.
Kt Q
i^
P-QB3
5-
m.....,..,mj^^^^
1^
^^
p^
^p
P"""
Black, however, has no pieces out except his Queen,
and White, with a Bishop and a Knight already developed, has a chance of obtaining an advantage quickly
by playing Kt
Q 5 anyway. The student is
to work out the many variations arising from
left
this
position.
These examples
will
show the
practical appHcation
of the principles previously enunciated.
The student
warned against playing Pawns in preference to pieces

K R 3
at the beginning of the game, especially
is
and P
Q R
3,
which are
moves very commonly
in-
dulged in by beginners.
8.
I shall
now
TRAPS
give a few positions or traps to be avoided
in the openings,
and
in
which (practice has shown)
beginners are often caught.
TRAPS
Example
33
20.
aigli
^m
iP
PI
*a^.Ai."
.4
White plays:
1.
PxP
KtxP
Black should have recaptured with the Pawn.
Kt
2.
Kt
3.
BxPch
4.
Kt Q 5 mate.
BX Q
K K2
Example 21.
;>:
'.^^-t-^:
-^^Wm
TRAPS
34
P K
Black, having the move, should play
suppose he plays
1.
Kt
Kt
B XP
would
BR
BK
also give
White's
move
comes
White the advantage, the
ifBxQ;
5 help matters,
3 leaves
3 instead, then
But
ch
threat being of course
does
KB
3.
2BXP
because of
Black with the
in the text secures
mate.
QX
B,
inferior position.
Nor
i
But
an immediate material
advantage, and the beginner at any rate should never

miss such an opportunity for the sake of a speculative
advantage in position.
KxB
I
2.
Kt K
3.
KtxB
ch
K moves
and White has won a Pawn besides having the better

position.
There are a good many other traps

is
in
fact, there
a book written on traps on the chess board;
the type given above
is
the
most common
of
all.
but
CHAPTER
II
Further Principles in End-Game Play
We
shall
now go back
to the endings in search of a
few more principles, then again to the middle-game,
and
finally to the
vance
this
may
openings once more, so that the ad-
not only be gradual but homogeneous.
In
way the foundation on which we expect to build
the structure will be firm and solid,
9.
A CARDINAL PRINCIPLE
wm.
'fm
^^^
'^^^
^m^^^l. ^
m^^
In the position shown above. White can draw by

playing
P Kt
4 according to the general rule that
governs such cases,

free
from
opposition.
because he does not
i.e.
to
advance the
Pawn
that is
But suppose that White, either
know
this principle or
35
because he
A CARDINAL PRINCIPLE
36
does not, in this case, sufficiently appreciate the value

suppose,
of its application;
p_Q R
PQ R
4.
the high strategy of chess
in the
Pawn would
this principle.
it
hold two of the op-
It
lay too
can be applied in
much
many
weapons
constitutes one of the principal
22.
The
We
cient proof.
:
hands of a master.
Example
ation
The student cannot
ponent's Pawns.
ways, and
unit thai holds two.
In this case one
on
that he plays
say,
applying one of the cardinal prmciples of
4,
stress
we
Then Black can win by playing
1.
2.
3.
example given should be
suffi-
main
vari-
give a few
moves
P QR4
P R4
K Kt
(Best
see why.)
P Kt
of the
KB
PXP
(Best.)
5.
P R5
P R6
P Kt6
P Kt 7
6.
P-R7
P-Kt8(Q)
4.
7.
8.
P-R8(Q) Q-Ksch
KXQ
QX Q
This brings the game to a position which

Black,
and which constitutes one
endings of King and Pawns.

guiding idea of
it
of
is
the
won by
classical
I shall try to explain the
to those not familiar with
it.
A CLASSICAL ENDING
10.
Example
23.
A CLASSICAL ENDDsG
In
this
position WTiite's best line
of defence consists in keeping his
at
2.
easier for
37
As soon
as the
Black to win.
Pawn where
it
stands
Pawn is advanced it becomes

On the other hand, Black's
plan to win (supposing that WTiite does not advance
Pawn) may be divided into three

part will be to get his King to K R 6,
his
parts.
at the
keeping intact the position of his Pawns.

all
important, since, in
essential at the
his rearmost
may
first
same time
(This
order to win the game,
end that Black
Pawn one
The
it
is
is
be able to advance
or two squares according to
the position of the White King.)
K Kt3
K Kt
K-Kt K-B 7;
K K6
1.
2.
If 2
win.
4,
P-R
4,
P-Kt
Tsill
A CLASSICAL ENDING
38
K-B5
K Kts
K R 5
K R6
K-B
K Kt
K Kt
3.
4.
5.
The
first
2
I
part has been completed.
B B B B
H B i
B B
B^^H^^1 ^^ ^^
J
^^îS^^,/^^
^^ ^^ ^^ ^^
^
^^ ^^
0^
^^p
^^p
^P^ ^^(^
i^^p
^^p
^^p
^
The second part
advancing the
R P
will
^^P
^^P
^^ ^^
P F^
'P
^^
be short and
will consist in
up the K.
6.
K Ri
7.
K-Kt
P R4
P R5
This ends the second part.
^P*P**g
A CLASSICAL ENDING
The third part
the Kt P so as
King
sary
at
is
to
it is
will consist in
timing the advance of
P Kt
to play
when
necesnow becomes evident

be able to move the Kt P either one or
It
I.
King, as indicated previously.^
White's move, the
Pawn
White King
will
will
one
Kt
If
square
of the WTiite
In this case, as
it
is
be advanced two squares
be in the comer, but
were now Black's move the
vanced
the White
how
two squares according to the position
since the
39
Kt P
it
should only be ad^

WTiite
the
since
if
King
is
at
I.
K Kt
8.
K R
9.
K-Kt
P-KT5
P Kt6
10.
K Ri
11.
Px
I,
P Kt4
P Kt
7.
PXP
P Kt 7
K R7
II
12.
K Kt
13.
KB
and wins.
It is in this analytical
try to learn.
logical
that the student shovdd
thus train his mind to follow a
will
sequence in reasoning out any position.
example
it
He
way
is
excellent training, since
into three stages
and
it is
to explain the
This
easy to di\'ide
main point
of
each part.
The next
subject
we
*
shall
study
See page 37.
is
the simple oppo-
OBTAINING A PASSED PAWN
40
sition,
but before we devote our time to
two
call attention to
things.
OBTAINING A PASSED PAWN
11.
When
I wish to
it
three or
more PawTis are opposed
to each
other in some such position as the one in Example 24,

there
is
always a chance for one side or the other of
obtaining a passed Pawn.
M
'^m
^m..^^^^^m^^^^m
WM:
illl
m^
Wa
M^
^^^^^^^^^^,^
^w
^m
m.
Example
24.
In
obtaining a passed
^m
^m
the above position the
Pawn
is
way
of
to advance the centre
Pawn.
1.
If
PxP;
2.
3.
and as
in
P Kt6
PR
6,
P B6
P R6
this
case the
Queen than any
of
RPxP
the
PxBP
White Pawn
is
nearer
Black Pawns, White
to
will
WHICH PAWN FIRST TO QUEEN

win.
Now
if
it
41
had been Black's move Black could
play
P-Kt3
2.
It
BPxP
BPxP
would not be advisable
Pawn
to try to obtain a passed
because the White Pawns would be nearer to
Queen than the

3.
single
Px
Black Pawn.
PxP
and the game properly played would be a draw.
The
student should work this out for himself.
12.
HOW TO
FIND OUT WHICH PAWN WILL

BE FIRST TO QUEEN
When two Pawns
are free, or will be free, to ad-
vance to Queen, you can find out, by counting, which
Pawn
will
be the
Example
wins.
25.
to succeed.
first
In
this position
whoever moves
first
The
first
FIRST TO QUEEN
PAWN
WTIICH
42
thing
is
by counting, whether
to find out,
the opposing King can be in time to stop the passed

Pawn from Queening. When, as in this case, it cannot
be done, the point
is
to count
In this case the tune
first.
which Pawn comes
the same, but the
is
that reaches the eighth square
Queen
is
1.
2.
3.
comes a
the Pawn, but

ing,
his
command
Pawn.
Pawn
and becomes a
first
a position to capture the adversary's
in
Thus
Queen when he makes one.
Now
in
P-KR4
P R4
P-R5
PXP
P-R5
P Kt6
httle calculation.
if
he does
so,
he
White can capture
will not,
when Queen-
the square where Black will also Queen
Therefore, instead of taking, he plays:

4.
5.
6.
P-R6
P-R7
P-R6
P R7
P R8
(Q),
The student would do
and wins.
well
to
acquamt hunself
with various simple endings of this sort, so as to acquire the habit of counting, and thus be able to know
with ease when he can or cannot get there
again I must
cannot by
if
itself
Once
attention to the fact that a book
teach
how
to play.
It
can only serve
must be learned by experience,

a teacher can be had at the same time, so much
as a guide,
and
call
first.
and the
rest
the faster will the student be able to learn.
THE OPPOSITION
THE OPPOSITION
13.
When
by
43
Kings have to be moved, and one player can,
King into a position
force, bring his
similar to the
one shown in the following diagram, so that his adversary
forced to
is
move and make way
player obtaining that advantage
is
for him, the
said to
have
the
opposition.
^^^^^^^
^^^?^^^
^m.^
Example
26.
^^
^^
^^
M.
^m.^^^m^^^m
Suppose
in the
above position White
plays
I.
Now
Black has the option of either opposing the
passage
or,
K-Q4
if
of
the
WTiite
Kmg
he prefers, he can pass wdth his
by replying
K B
directly opposed to
4.
K Q
by playing
the
Notice that
own King
Kings are
each other, and the number of
intervening squares between
them
is
odd
one
in
this case.
The
opposition can take the form shown
above,
THE OPPOSITION
44
which can be called actual or
close frontal opposition
or this form:
^"J
p
^p
^ ^ ^ ^
which can be called actual or close diagonal opposition,
or, again, this
form
^ ^
^" " A
i
^P P P
^ ^p ^p
which can be called actual or close
In practice they are
all
P
lateral opposition.
one and the same.
The
Kings are always on squares of the same colour, there

is
only one intervening square between the
and the player who has moved
Kings,
last ^^has the opposition.^^
THE OPPOSITION
Now,
if
45
the student will take the trouble of moving
each King backwards as in a game in the same frontal,

diagonal or lateral line respectively shown in the dia-
grams, we shall have what
may
be called distant frontal,
diagonal and lateral opposition respectively.
The matter
and takes
of
of the opposition
is
highly important,
somewhat complicated forms,
at times
which can be solved mathematically; but,
all
for the
present, the student should only consider the
most
(An examination of some of the examples

King and Pawns endings already given will show
simple forms.
of
several cases of close opposition.)
In
when
simple forms of opposition,
all
the
Kings are on
the
same
line
and
the
number
of intervening squares between them is even, the player
who has
the
move has
'^M.
'm
the opposition.
^M^^_
W W
^
Example
tage
the
27.
^^
^^
^1^
m^
The above
enormous value
\'
position shows to advanof
the
opposition.
The
THE OPPOSITION
46
position
Very
very simple.
is
little
is
left
on the
board, and the position, to a beginner, probably looks

It is not the case,
absolutely even.
ever has
tlie
move wins.
Now
Who-
and that the number
directly in front of one another,
of intervening squares
however.
Notice that the Kings are
is even.
as to the procedure to win such a position.
The proper way
to begin
is
to
move
straight up.
Thus:
I.
2.
3.
N6w
White can
K Q
K B
K K2
K-K3
K-B3
K K2
K-K3
K K4
exercise the option of either playing
and thus passing with
his King, or of playing
4 and prevent the Black King from passing,
Mere counting
thereby keeping the opposition.
show that the former course
will
only
lead
will
to
draw, therefore White takes the latter course and

plays
4.
If4...K K3;
5.
Now by
K Kt3
K B4
5K Kt5
K K5
counting
it
will
will win.
K Kt 2
be seen that White wins by
capturing Black's Knight Pawn.
The
process has been comparatively simple in the
variation given above, but Black has other Unes of
THE OPPOSITION
defence more difficult
47
overcome.
to
Let us begin
anew.
K K2
Nowif 2K Q3, K Q
K Qi
I.
2,
or
if
and Black obtains the opposition
K K3, K K
in
both cases.
2,
(WTien
the Kings are directly in tront of one another, and the
number
the
odd,
is
intervening
of
squares
between the Kings
who has moved
player
last
has the
opposition.)
Now
There
in order to win, the
and that
is
the right place.
in such cases
file
have
when
Therefore
it is
3,
seen that
the opponent makes a so-called
move, you must advance, leaving a rank

free
between the Kings.
Therefore we
waiting
or
White King must advance.
only one other square where he can go,
is
2.
KB
K K
Now, it would be bad to advance, because then Black,

by bringing up his King in front of your King, would
obtain the opposition.
similar
move
3.
White's turn to play a
It is
to Black's first
move,
viz.
K-K3
which brings the position back to the

shown.
self
The student would do
with the handling of the King
opposition.
a game.
It often
first
variation
well to familiarise himin all
examples of
means the winning or
losing of
THE OPPOSITION
48
Example
28.
The following position
is
an excellent
proof of the value of the opposition as a means of

defence.
%^
^m^m^.m
m
White
is
jm.
Pawn behind and
wm
me;^^
ilJ^
apparently
lost,
yet he
can manage to draw as follows
K Ri!
1.
The
to
Pawns does not permit White
position of the
draw by means
of the actual or close opposition,
hence he takes the distant opposition

1
K B
K B
(actual or
2,
K Q
close
in
opposition),
effect
K Q
if
7;
and White cannot continue to
keep the lateral opposition essential to his safety,

because of his
own Pawn
after the text
move,
at
3.
On
the other hand,
if
I
2.
K R2
3.
K-R3I
K-Q7
K Q6
K-K7
THE OPPOSITION
4.
K Kt2
5.
K-Kt3
6.
K Kt 4
K K
K K6
K-Q5
Pawn and
attacking the
49
forcing Black to play 6
when he can go back
to
Kt
3 as already
shown, and always keep the opposition.
Going back to the original position,

1.
K Ri
if
P Kt5
White does not play P X P, because P
will
win, but plays

2.
If
2...PXP
will
K Q7
K Kt2
ch;
KxP,
followed
by
K K
4,
draw.
3.
P-K5
PXP
and mere counting
will
show that both
sides
Queen,
drawing the game.

If the
student will
to the examples of
now
take the trouble to go back
given in this book,^ he will realise that in

the matter of the opposition
tance
as, in fact, it is in
and Pawns, except

position in itself
have
all of
them
King and Pawns which
in
is
of
nearly
all
endings of King
such cases where the Pawn-
ensures the win.

^
paramount impor-
See page 13.
THE RELATIVE VALUE
so
14.
THE RELATIVE VALUE OF KNIGHT AND BISHOP
Before turning our attention to this matter
weU
to state
now
it
is
that two Knights alone cannot mate,
but, under certain conditions of course, they can do

so
if
the opponent has one or
more Pawns.
'^""""'
'^m.
^"'"W^
_______-m
Example
29.
In the above position White cannot
win, although the Black
King
is
cornered, but in the
following position, in which Black has a
White wins with or without the move.

I.
Kt Kt6
P R5
Pawn,
Thus
OF KNIGHT AND BISHOP

White cannot take the
51
game
Pa\\Ti because the
will
be drawn, as explained before.
P-R6
P R7
2.
Kt-K5
3-
Kt B
4.
Kt-Kt5
5-
Kt
P-R8(Q)
B 7 mate
The reason
for this pecuHarity in chess
White with
the
King, unless Black
Example
30.
is
eviaent.
two Knights can only stalemate the

Jias
Pawn
Although he
which can he moved.

a Bishop and a Pa\\'n
is
ahead the following position cannot be won by WTiite.
WM
i
i
It is the greatest
the Rook's
weakness of the Bishop, that when
Pawn Queens on
and the opposing King

Bishop
do
is
is
square.
is
a square of opposite colour

in front of the
absolutely worthless.
to keep
pi
mm
moving
his
Pawn, the
All that Black has to
King
close to the
comer
THE RELATIVE VALUE
52
^
W
Example
31.
In the above position White with or
without the move can win.
Take the most
difficult
variation.
K Ry
K R8
I.
4-
Kt 4 ch
P Kt4
K B
P R7
K B 2
5-
Kt-K3
2.
3-
6.
7-
Now
can
that
analyse
Kt
P-Kt5
Kt B I
Kt X P mate
we have
the
P Kt6ch
seen these exceptional cases,
different
merits
and the
we
relative
value of the Knight and the Bishop.

It
is
is
generally thought
by amateurs that the Knight
the more valuable piece of the two, the chief reason
being that, unlike the Bishop, the Knight can
both Black and White squares.
command
However, the
generally overlooked that the Knight, at
fact
is
any one time,

has the choice of one colour only.
to bring a
as
shown
longer
Also,
the following Example, a Bishop can
in
a compliment which the Knight
unable to return.
Example
32.
^P
^m
^m
^m
^M
^ ^
The weaker
is
much
Knight from one wing to the other.
stalemate a Knight
is
It takes
53
the player the
more
terrible the
Knight
to him, but as a player increases in strength the
value of the Bishop becomes more evident to him, and

of course there
is,
or should be, a corresponding decrease
in his estimation of the ^'alue of the
to the Bishop.
Knight as compared
In this respect, as in
many
others, the
masters of to-day are far ahead of the masters of former

generations.
While not so long ago some of the very
best amongst them, like Pillsbury

ferred Knights to Bishops, there
who would not completely

ments made above.
to-day
and Tchigorin, pre-
is
hardly a master of
agree with the state-
THE RELATIVE VALUE
54
This is about the only case when the

Example 33.
Knight is more valuable than the Bishop.
^ ^
i
what
is
^^
imi
^
It is
called a '^hlock position
Pawns are on one side of the board.

on both
sides of the
(If
^''^
and
there were
the
all
Pawns
board there would be no advantage
in having a Knight.)
In such a position Black has
excellent chances of winning.
Of course, there
extra source of weakness for WTiite in having his
on the same colour-squares as
his Bishop.
an
is
Pawns
This
is
The proper way,

mistake often made by players.
generally, in an ending, is to have your Pawns on
squares of opposite colour to that of your own Bishop.
When you have your Pawns on
squares of the same
colour the action of your own Bishop
is
limited
them, and consequently the value of the Bishop
by
is
diminished, since the value of a piece can often be
measured by the number
of
squares
it
commands.
While on this subject, I shall also call attention to the

fact that
it is
on squares
55
generally preferable to keep your
of the
same colour
Bishop, particularly
ported by the King.
Pawns
as that of the opposing
they are passed Pawns sup-
if
The
might be stated
principles
thus
When
the
opponent has a Bisliop, keep your
on squares of
the
same
your
as
colour
Pawns
opponent's
Bisliop.
Whenever you Imve a

has also one or
not,
BisJiop,
wJiether the
opponent
keep your Paivns on squares of the
opposite colour to that of your
own Bishop.
Naturally, these principles have sometimes to be
modified to suit the exigencies of the position.
Example
34.
In the following position
are on one side of the board,

in having either a
and there
is
<mA-
no advantage
Knight or a Bishop.
should surelv end in a draw.
milaf^.'
MA
.-^
^..,.j
i ill i
im
4mM
4b_
the Pa\Mis
The game
THE RELATIVE VALUE
56
Example
36.
Now
us add three
let
Pawns on
each side to the above position, so that there are
Pawns on both
sides of the board.
P^^rf
iiJ
fil*^ i mm
mm.
2 MÂi>?''^#
&
wm
m^
It
is
now
the position,
draw.
much
\
i
..^Mi_
preferable to have the Bishop, though

if
properly played out, should end in a
The advantage
in its ability to
of having the
command,
Bishop Hes as
at long range, both
sides of the board from a central position as in
abihty to
move quickly from one
side of the
to the other.
~m
mm mm
^^
mm
P
4m&
-mm
Wm
^ ^^m^
"9
'î
A
W^
ft
^^
its
board

Example 36
In
the
above position
57
it
is
un-
questionably an advantage to have the Bishop, because,
although each player has the same number of Pawns,
they are not balanced on each side of the board.
on the King's
Queen's
the
two.
in
White has three
side,
side
Black
is
it
Thus,
to two, while
that
has
three
on
to
with proper play, the game should end
Still,
though
draw,
White
has
somewhat
better
chances.
Example
37.
Here
have the Bishop
is
is
position
which to
in
a decided advantage, since not
only are there Pawms on both sides of the board,
but there
Q R P
is
for
difficulty in
at
all.
a passed
Black).
drawing
Pawn (K
Black
R P
have
should
this position,
for
if
WTiite,
extreme
he can do
it
VALUE OF KNIGHT AND BISHOP
58
Example
38.
Again Black would have great
culty in drawing
P P P
'P
The student should

I
tions.
diffi'
this position.
hope that the
carefully consider these posi-
many examples
will help
him
to understand, in their true value, the relative merits
Knight and Bishop.
of the
As
method
to the general
wiU
of procedure, a teacher, or practical experience,
be best.
might say generally, however, that the
proper course in these endings, as in

ings, is
Advance
of the
King
all
similar end-
to the centre of the
board or towards the passed Pawns, or Pawns that

are susceptible of being attacked, and rapid advance
of the passed
with
To
Pawn
or
Pawns
as far as
is
consistent
their safety.
Each
give a fixed line of play would be folly.
ending
is
different,
according to
Calculation
will count.
by
and requires
different
handhng,
what the adversary proposes

visuaHsing the future positions
to
is
do.
what
MATE WITH KNIGHT AND BISHOP

15.
HOW TO MATE WITH A KNIGHT AND A BISHOP
Now,
before going back again to the middle-game
and the openings,
how to mate with Knight

how to win with a Queen
us see
let
and Bishop, and, then,

against a Rook.
With a Knight and a Bishop

given in the earners of the
Example
at
59
QR
two
39.
In
KR
or
this
8.
same
the
colotir
mate can only be

as the Bishop.
example we must mate either
The ending can be divided mto
Part one consists in driving the Black
parts.
King
to the last line.
done
in all such cases,
We
might begin, as
is
generally
by advancmg the King
to the
centre of the board

I.
K K2
Black, in order to
make
K Q2
it
more
difficult,
the white-squared comer:

2.
3.
K-Q3
B-B4
K-B3
K-Q4
goes towards
6o
HOW TO
IMATE WITH
Kt K 2
Kt-B3
K-Kt5
4.
5.
7.
K Q4
K-B5
8.
K-B 6
9.
Kt Q5
6.
The
first
part
is
now
K B 4
K R4
K-R3
K-R
K Ri
2
over; the Black King
is
in the
white-squared corner.
The second and last part

Black King now from
will consist in driving the
QR8toQRiorKR8m
order to mate him.
QR
i will
be the quickest in this
position.
10.
Black
12.
13.
Kt-Q5
tries to
K R2
K R3
K R4
Kt Kt6ch
BB 7
B Kt8
11.
make
for
KR
K-R
with his King.
has two ways to prevent that, one by 14
White
BK
5,
A KNIGHT AND BISHOP
K Kt
15
Kt
3,
6i
and the other which
I give
as the text, and which I consider better for the student

to learn, because
accord with the

the
King
as
it
is
more methodical and more
spirit of all these endings,
much
K--B5!
15-
Kt--Kt 4
21.
B--B4
B--K5
K--B4
B--B 7ch
Kt--Q3
B--Kt6
22.
Kt-- Kt
17-
18.
19.
20.
23-
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
ch
K--Ba
K--B 2
B--B 5ch
Kt--Q3
B--Kt4
Kt--B ch
B- B 3 mate
I
K--Kt6
K--B6
K--Kt6
K--R5
K--R4
K--R5
K--R6
K--R5
K--R6
K--R7
K--R6
K--R7
K--R8
K--R7
K--R8
It will be seen that the ending
is
There are two outstanding features

ing
by using
as possible.
14.
16.
in
by the King, and the
rather laborious.
the close follow-
controlling of the squares of
by the combined action

The student would do well
opposite colour to the Bishop

of the
Knight and King.
to exercise himself methodically in this ending, as
it
gives a very good idea of the actual power of the pieces,
and
it
requires foresight in order to
accomphsh the
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK
62
mate within the
fifty
moves which are granted by
the rules.
16.
This
Pawns.
is
one of the most
The
when used
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK
skilfully
within the limit of
(The rule
is
difficult
endings without
only a very good player will prevail

fifty
moves allowed by the
that at any
However, every tune a piece
is
This
is
If it
were Black's move
^M
^^^
i^
moves.
Pawn
afresh.)
one of the standard positions
which Black can often bring about.
move.
fifty
exchanged or a
advanced the counting must begin
40.
rules.
moment you may demand
that your opponent mate you within
Example
many, and
resources of the defence are
it
Now,
it is
White's
would be simple, as
^ ^
'^^'W
^m^^^^m,^^{
he would have to move his Rook away from the King

(find
out why), and then the
Rook would be compara-
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK

lively easy to win.
We
the main object
to
is
63
deduce from the above that
force
Rook away
the Black
from the defending King, and that, in order to compel

Black to do so, we must bring about the position in
Once we know
the diagram with Black to move.
what
is
required, the
way
becomes
to proceed
Thus
find.
I.
Q K 5ch
Q R 6, because R B 2 ch
R B3ch; 3KXR. Stalemate.
Not
easier to
K Kt
6,
(The beginner
will invariably fall into this trap.)
Q R ch
Q-R5
I
2.
3.
K to R
K Kt
or to
In a few moves we have accomplished our object.
The
first
part
second part.
otherwise the
is
concluded.
Now we
The Rook can only go

first
come
to the
to a WTiite square,
check with the Queen
will
win
it.
Therefore
R Kt6
3-
Q-Ksch
KR
6.
Q R8ch
Q Kt 7ch
K-R2
K-Ri
7-
Q-Kt8ch
R-Kt
8.
QR
4.
5-
best
mate
(The student should find out by himself hov/ to win
when 3...R Kt 8; 4
Q K
5 ch,
KR
2.)
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK
64
^m^^^mWM^m
^^^
i^^^^^
^^^^
^ P P P
^^^ ^^ ^^^
Example
The
41.
The
^^^
^^^
procedure here
things to bear in
mind
42.
We
shall
because of an
3 or
now examine
cult position.
^m.,^
Rook must
same way the King must
in the
be prevented from going either to
Example
very similar.
are that the
be prevented from interposing at Kt
immediate mate, and
is
^^m^
^^,
m,
^.
i.
a more
diffi-
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK

Many
The most likely looking move

suppose we begin
6,
quickly by
K B
it
very
White, since he
difficult for
R Kt 2 ch
6 because of 3
R Kt 3 ch draws. Nor can he win

3 Q Q B 5 ch because 3...K K
R Q 3 ch! driving back the WTiite
cannot play 3
4
Thus
defence, but, unfortunately, a very effective
makes
one, which
not the best.
2.
The only
is
this position.
Q K5ch K B
K Kt6 R Q2
1.
K B
by
players would be deceived
65
Q K
i,
6,
King.
Now
that
we have
tion let us go back.
1.
IfK R2;
seen the difficulties of the situa-
The
Q Kt
2
Q K
3.
K Kt
If3...R Kt2ch;
similar to those in
5.
6.
7.
8.
5ch!
move
is
K Ri
Q Kt 6ch, K R
2.
4.
best
ch!
5
i;
3K R6!
K R 2 best
R R2!best
4K B6 leads to a position
Examples 40 and
41.
Q K4ch K Kt
Q B 4ch K R 2
R KKt 2
K B 6
Q R4ch K Kt
Q-R5
I
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK
66
and we have the position

to move.
Let us go back again.
of
Example 40 with Black
2.
Q Kt ch K B
Q Q8ch K Kt 2
3.
K Kt
1.
R B6
The best place for the Rook away from the King.
Kt 2 ch; 5 K B 6
3...K
R2; 4 Q Q 4,
would lead to positions similar to those already

4.
K B
Q Q4ch
seen.
K Kt6
Q_Q 6 ch, K Kt 2; 6Q K5 ch, K B
7 K Kt 6 would also win the Rook. The text move,
5.
however,
is
given to show the finesse of such endings.
White now threatens mate at
7.
K B 6
K K6
White threatened mate at

8.
and the Rook
Q B
8.
R Kt6ch
R B 6ch
R KR6
5
6.
K R 8.
4ch
is lost.
Note, in these examples, that the checks at long

range along the diagonals have often been the key to
all
the winning manoeuvres.
Also that the Queen and
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK

King
are often kept on different lines.
67
The student
should carefully go over these positions and consider

all
the possibilities not given in the text.
He
should once more go through everything already
written before proceeding further with the book.
CHAPTER
III
Planning a Win in Middle-Game Play

I
shall now give a few winning positions taken from
my own
games.
have selected those that
can be considered as
types,
easily occur again in
a somewhat
knowledge of such positions
i.e.
is
one cannot know too many.

player to find, with
little effort,
positions that
similar form.
of great help
It often
may
in fact,
help the
all
without such
knowledge.
ATTACKING WITHOUT THE AID

OF KNIGHTS
68
may
the right move, which
he might not be able to find at
17.
beheve
ATTACKING WITHOUT KNIGHTS

Example
43.
move, and as he
It is Black's
Kt and P behind he must win quickly,
if
at
all.
69
is
He
plays
QR Kt i!
I
2.
If,
QX
Q,
R B
RXP
ch
K R
-Q
I,
4 and mate
follows in a few moves.

2
3.
K B
4.
Ktx B
RXP
ch
BB
ch
R Kt 8mate
mm
'i''%M
HiH
fi*->i
Example
44.
mm
Black's
mm
'^
iS9i
move was P
last
6,
played with the object of stopping what he thought
was White's
threat, viz.
would have answered
by perpetual check.
forceful
follows
move, and
:R Q R
Q B
5,
to
which he
ch and drawn the game
White, however, has a more
he
mates
in
three
moves as
ATTACKING WITHOUT
70
QXR
2.
R X P ch
R Q R 5
3.
White mates
1.
^1
Black moves
W^^
i^^W;^M
^ ^ ^
Example
still he had
45.
White
better gain
^^
has a beautiful position, but
some
material,
if
he can, before
Black consolidates his defensive position.
He
there-
fore plays:
1.
2.
If
Kt X B
RX
PxR
K K2
RX Kt!
Bx Pch
Kt and Black would be
3.
Q-R7ch
4.
Q X Kt
5.
Q-R7ch
ch
K Ki
K Q2
7.
B B8
R X Q ch
Q K2
QxQ
K-Ki
8.
RxR
Resigns
6.
helpless.
In these few examples the attacking has been done
by Rooks and Bishops
in
combination with the Queen.
THE AID OF KNIGHTS

There have been no Knights to take part
We
shall
now
some examples
give
71
the attack.
in
which the Knights
in
play a prominent part as an attacking force.
18.
ATTACKING WITH KNIGHTS AS A

PROMINENT FORCE
^^^^^.'#^ ""^^^
Example 46.
White is two Pawns behind.
must therefore press on his attack. The game
tinues
He
con-
I.
Kt (B
5)xKtP
Kt B4
Evidently an error which made the winning easier

for WTiite, as he simply took the Rook with the Knight
and kept up the
attack.
Black should have played
i...KtxKt. Then would have followed: 2 KtBdch, K-Kta; 3 Kt X B, P-B3(best); 4 P-
5,
K-B
2;
and Black should
KtxP,
R-K
2; 6
Kt-K
4,
lose.^
* Full score and notes are given in

Capablanca (Game No. ii).
My
Chess Career, by
J.
R.
ATTACKING WITH KNIGHTS
72
^l(^B
"
mm
Example
47.
amine the
W m
The
student
should
carefully
position, as the sacrifice of the
similar situations
is
typical,
Bishop in
and the chance
for
it
is
The game
frequent occurrence in actual play.
of
ex-
continues
Best.
If 2
1.
BXP
2.
Kt Kt
K R
KxB
ch
ch
K-Kt3
Kt X P
and if2...K Kti; 3Q R5,
ch wins the Queen,
with an
irresistible
attack.
3.
4.
White
*
Q-Kt4
Q-Kt3
P-B4
K-R3
finally won.^
This position
is
elaborated under
Example 50
(p 80.).
WINNING BY INDIRECT ATTACK

19.
We
73
have so
far given positions
where the attacks
were of a violent nature and directed against the
Very
King's position.
game
attacks are
pieces, or
often, however, in the middle-
made
against a position or against
even Pawns.
The minning of a
Paum among
means
Hence the study
the
strength often
portance.
We
good players of even
winning of
the
of such positions
game.
is
of great im-
give below two positions in which the
attack aims at the gain of a mere
Pawn
as a
means
of
ultimately winning the game.
^^
'I,
^^
'^F
Example
is
48.
Black is a Pawn behind, and there
no violent direct attack against White's King.
Black's pieces, however, are very well placed and free

to act,
he
is
and by co-ordinating the action
of all his pieces
soon able not only to regain the
obtain the better game.
Pawn
The student should
but to
carefullv
74
consider this position and the subsequent moves.

is
It
a very good example of proper co-ordination in the
management
The game continues:
of forces.
R Ri
P QR4
2.
follow
Kt X B
ultimately win
Q Kt when would
R R 6 and Black would
move was P
White's best
Q X Kt,
the Q R P,
3
The
3,
always keeping a
text
slight
move makes matters
easier.
KtxB
2
3.
QxKt
Q-B5
4.
KR Qi
KR Kt
Black could have regained the
Pawn by
more
playing
BX
Kt, but he sees that there
and
therefore increases the pressure against Wnite's
Queen
He now
side.
R X Kt
threatens,
is
among
to be had,
other thmgs,
P.
5.
Q-K3
R-Kt5
Threatening to win the exchange by
BQ
6.
Q-Kt5
B-Qsch
7.
K Ri
QR Kt
5.
This threatens to win the Kt, and thus forces White

to give
up the exchange.
8.
9.
Now
Black
RxB
R-Qi
will recover his
QxR
Q-B5
Pawn.
75
I
Wi
Example 49.
An examination
show that Black's main weakness
position of his King,
and
the exposed
lies in
we might conclude
Indeed,
if
side,
and
his
it
were
that he would have
the better game, on account of having three
two on the Queen's
Q R
in the fact that his
has not yet come into the game.

Black's move,
of this position will
Pawns
to
Bishop commanding
the long diagonal.

It
is,
however, Wliite's move, and he has two courses
to choose from.
The obvious move, B
be good enough, since after

2
P Q Kt
there
is
position
4 would
another
make
it
iB B4,
4,
difhcult for Black.
move which completely
might
QR Qi;
But
upsets Black's
and wins a Pawn, besides obtaining the
better position.
That move
is
Kt Q
4!
continues as follows:
1.
Kt Q4!
PxKt
2.
Rx B
Kt Kt
The game
76

There
is
nothing better, as White threatened
B B 4ch
K R
R K6
RXP
P Q6
3.
4.
5.
And
BB
4.
White, with the better position,
is
Pawn
ahead.
These positions have been given with the idea of

acquaintmg the student with different types of combmations.
hope they
will also help to
develop his
imagination, a very necessary quaHty in a good player.
The student should

positions, that
note,
once the opportunity is offered,

into action 'ên masse^''
all
these middle-game
all the pieces
are thrown
when necessary; and that
the pieces smoothly co-ordinate their action with
all
machine-
like precision.
That, at
should be,
least, is
if it is
what the
ideal
middle-game play
not so altogether in these examples.
CHAPTER
IV
General Theory
Before we
it
will
revert to the technique of the openings
be ad\dsable to dwell a
little
on general theory,
so that the openings in their relation to the rest of the
game may be
better understood.
THE INITIATIVE
20.
As the
pieces are set
on the board both
the same position and the same
amount
have
sides
of material.
White, however, has the move, and the move in this

case
means
the
and the
initiative^
things being equal,
is
initiative,
an advantage.
Now
other
this ad-
vantage must be kept as long as possible, and should

only be given up
or positional,
is
if
some other advantage, material
obtained in
its
to the principles already laid
place.
WTiite, according
down, develops
his pieces
as fast as possible, but in so doing he also tries to
hinder his opponent's development, by applying pressure wherever possible.
He
tries first of all to control
the_centre, and failing this to obtain
advantage that
will
make
it
initiative
when he
gets for
possible for
He
on harassing the enemy.

it
some
positional
him
to keep
only relinquishes the
some material ad\-antage
under such favourable conditions as to make him

"
77
feel
DIRECT ATTACKS EN MASSE
78
assured that he
will, in turn,
adversary's thrust;
ority of material,
which alone can

assertion
and
finally,
through his superi-
once more resume the

give
him the
self-evident,
is
be able to withstand his
since,
initiative,
This last
victory.
in
wm
order to
the
game, the opposing King must be driven to a position
where he
attacked without having any
is
way
of escape.
Once the pieces have been properly developed the

It may
resulting positions may vary in character.
be that a direct attack against the King
or that
is
it
is
in order;
a case of improvuig a position already
advantageous;
or, finally,
that some material can be
gained at the cost of relinquishing the initiative for
a more or
less
21.
In the
prolonged period.
first
case the attack
must be
carried
on with
Under no
sufficient force to guarantee
consideration must a direct attack against the King
its success.
be carried on a outrance unless there

tainty in one's
failure in
own mind
that
it
is
absolute cer-
will succeed, since
such cases means disaster.
Example
50.
A good example of a successful direct
attack against the King
is
shown
in the
following
diagram
In this position White could simply play
and
fers
still
BB
have the better position, but instead he pre-
an immediate attack on the King's
side,
with
79
the certaint)' in his mind that the attack will lead to
The game
a win.
12.
13.
14.
continues thus:
B X P
KxB
ch
Kt Kt 5 ch
Q Kt 4
K-Kt3
P B4
P K 4 would have been immediately fatal.

Thus: 14...P K 4; 15 Kt K 6 ch, K B 3;
16 P B 4! P K 5; 17 Q Kt 5 ch, KxKt;
18 Q K 5 ch, K Q 2; 19 K R Q i ch, Kt
B 3 (if
K i, Kt Q6ch
Q6; 20 Ktx P,
Best.
wins the Queen)
K Kt
and mate
^
may
We
(if
in five
give,
21
K Q
RX
2
Kt,
mate
QXR
two)
R B
23 Q B
22
ch,
ch
moves.
from now on, games and notes, so that the student

the many and varied considerations
familiarise himself with
that constantly are borne in
take
it
mind by the Chess Master.
We
must
for granted that the student has already reached a stage
where, while not being able fuUy to understand every move, yet he
can derive benefit from any discussion with regard to them.
So
Q R4ch
Q R7ch
16.
17.
If
KX
Kt
Q X Kt P
K-R3
K Kt3
K B3
Q-Kt3
15.
ch and mate in a few moves.
Kt - Kt
19.
P K4
PX P
20.
QR Qi
Kt Q6
Kt(Q6)-B5
18.
22.
Q-R3
Q Kt3
23.
KR K
21.
PxP
Q-B2
Kt K 7 ch
This blunder loses at once, but the game could not
be saved
ch,
any case
in
e.g. 23.
..B
K3; 24RXB
27.
Kt Q 5 mate.
R X Kt
QXQ
KB 2
Kt R 7 ch
R Ri
RPXQ
K-B3
Kt Kt 5 ch
28.
PB
Ktx R;
25
24.
25.
26.
Example
51.
Another
mm
m
Resigns
example
of this
,,.W3,
m^Wm
m
Wwfmm
^_^_j^|_
kind
8i
Kt X P
In the above position the simple move
would win, but White looks for complications and

Such a course
their beauties.
is
highly risky until a
wide experience of actual master-play has developed
sufficient insight into all the possibiUties of
won
This game, which
the
Petersburg in 1914, continued as follows:
21.
B-R4
Q-Q2
22.
Kt X B
Q X R
^3-
Q Q8ch
Q Ki
-B
2; 24
24.
25-
26.
Kt Q
6 ch,
King moves;
28
K B2
Kt Q6ch
Kt R4ch
K-Kt3
30
QQ
27.
KtxQ
29.
30-
P KR3!
The climax
White
to avoid
it
K-R 4;
ch, K-
and mate next move.
Kt X P ch
Kt (Kt 7) - B
28.
R 4.
6 ch
St.
K R4
;
Kt
at
25
B Kych
26...K R 3; 27 Kt (Q 6) B 5 ch,
Kt X P ch, K- R 3 29 Kt (R 4) - B
If
a position.
brilhancy prize
ch
RxQ
K-R3
K-R4
of the combination started with 21
threatening mate, and the best
way
is still
is
for
Black to give back
all
the material
he has gained and to remain three Pawns behind.
The student should note

the attack
is
that in the examples given
carried out with every available piece,
THE FORCE OF THE
82
some
and that
often, as in
out,
the coming into action of the last available
it is
of the variations pointed
piece that finally overthrows the enemy. It
demon-
strates the principle already stated
King must
Direct and violent attacks against the

carried en masse, with full force,
The opposition must
to
he overcmne at all cost;
cannot he hroken of, since in
he
ensure their success.

the attack
such cases that means
all
defeat.
THE FORCE OF THE THREATENED

ATTACK
22.
an opportunity,
Failing
direct attack, one
weakness there
or,
is
if
there
is
in
the
must attempt
may
second case,
for
to increase whatever
be in the opponent's position
none, one or more must be created.
It
always an advantage to threaten something, but
such threats must be carried into

thing
effect
to be gained immediately.
Is
only
if
some-
For, holding the
threat in hand, forces the opponent to provide against

its
it.
execution and to keep material in readiness to meet
Thus he may more
easily overlook, or be unable
But once the
to parry, a thrust at another point.
threat
is
carried into effect,
it
exists
no
longer,
his
own
successful
ma-
your opponent can devote his attention to

schemes.
One
of the best
noeuvres in this type of

stration
on one
mobihty
game
side, so as to
opponent to that
side,
and most
is
to
make
draw the
then
and
through
a demon-
forces of
the
your
greater
of your pieces to shift your forces quickly
THREATENED ATTACK
to the other side
and break through,
S3
before
your
opponent has had the time to bring over the necessary forces for the defence.
good example of positional play
following
Example
J.
Played
52.
tional IMasters
White
is
shown
in the
game
at
Havana
the
Tournament, 1913. (French Defence.)
R. Capablanca.
Black
R. Blanco.
3.
P K4
P-Q4
Kt-QB3
P-K3
P-Q4
PXP
4.
Kt X P
Kt Q 2
KKt B3
Ktx Kt
1.
2.
Interna-
5.
Kt-KB3
6.
Kt X Kt ch
7-
Kt-K5
A'-^
WS.
mm
first
shown
1 &
ft
This move was
mm
mM
to
Venezuelan amateur, M. Ayala.
WM
m%
me by
The
the talented
object
is
to
THE FORCE OF THE
84
prevent the development of Black's Queen's Bishop
Q Kt
via
after
2,
move
which
3,
in this variation.
development
to
P Q Kt
is
Black's usual
Generally
it
is
bad
the same piece twice in an opening before
the other pieces are out, and the violation of that

principle
this
the only objection that can be
is
made
to
move, which otherwise has everything to recom-
mend
it,
B-Q3
7
8.
Q-B3
2 *"'
iii
mM.A.m...
m.:m.
m.Aw
B K Kt
'y^yy//y^
might be better.
The
text
move
gives
Black an opportunity of which he does not avail

himself
P-B3
PB
4 was the right move.
It
would have led to
complications, in which Black might have
own;
The
held his
at least, White's play would be very difficult.
text
move accomplishes
nothing, and puts Black
THREATENED ATTACK
in
an altogether defensive
B X Kt
followed by
PB
9.
The
fact that
4 ch
opment
Black has now to move his Bishop
He
faulty.
is
White brings
his
has
into
pieces
11.
any
Q R
would play
sacrifice
Kt
BX
3,
and
sort.
Kt K
was Kt
time,
most attacking
their
B Q3
alternative
much
too
lost
position without hindrance of
play
easily met.
clearly demonstrates that Black's plan of devel-
back
The
is
veiled threat
00
BK 2
B K Kt
10.
The
position.
Q R
85
Otherwise
4.
White
and Black would be forced
(not
K R
3,
to
because of the
P), seriously weakening his King's side.
12.
P KB
Q R3
White has no longer an attack, but he has compelled

Black to create a marked weakness.
whole plan
P),
will
and the student can now
is
WTiite's
be to exploit this weakness (the weak

see
expounded previously are applied
move
Now
directed to
make
tenable, or to profit
the
by the
how
in this
the principles
game.
Every
weak King's Pawn uninactivity of the Black
pieces defending the PawTi, in order to improve the
position of
White at other
13.
B X B
14.
0-0
15.
KR K
16.
R K2
points.
Qx
I
R B3
Kt Q3
B Q2
THE FORCE OF THE
S6
At
Bishop comes out, not as an active attack-
last the
make way
ing piece, but merely to
17.
QR Ki
R Ki
18.
P QB
Kt B
Rook.
for the
very clever move, tending to prevent
PB
5,
and tempting White to play Kt X B, followed by

B X P, which would be bad, as the following variation shows: 19 Kt X B, Q X Kt; 20 B x P, Kt
P-
Q-Kt 4, RxB; 22 P K R 4,
KR4; 23QxR,PxQ; 24RxRch,K R
Kt
25
4;
PX
21
cases that,
is
QX
Kt,
will
it
always happens in such
one line of attack
if
and
another;
But
P.
this
is
2;
is
anticipated, there
no exception to the
rule, as
be seen.
11mi
m,^m^m,/
'^^Mi
19.
^^^ ^
P-Q5!
^J^K,
4^^^
KtxKt
Apparently the best way to meet the manifold threats

B P X P would make matters worse, as
of White.
the White Bishop would finally bear on the weak
King's
Pawn ma Q B
4.
THREATENED ATTACK
20.
21.
22.
P KKt3
Rx Kt
Q R4
Q Q4
K Kt 2
PB
Forced, as White threatened

23.
Q Q
White
PX
Q-B3
P,
and
also
QX P
to
tempt
P-Kt3
But Black wants
better.
P X P, thinking that he will soon after

Pawn with a safe position. Such, however,
to play
regain his
is
was
87
not the case, as White quickly demonstrates.
must add that
in
any case Black's position
opinion, untenable, since
the defence of a
all his
Pawn, while
is,
pieces are tied
in
my
up
for
WTiite's pieces are free
to act.
24.
BB
PX P
#$T^
25.
2!
The deciding and timely manoeuvre.
All the
pieces are useless after this Bishop reaches
Black
5.
FORCE OF THREATENED ATTACK
8S
BxP
K B 2
Q-Q3
25
Now
it
is
up, and
it
way
his
to
26.
BB
27.
B-Q5
evident that
only remains for White to find the quickest
White
to force the issue.
Queen
the Black pieces are tied
all
K R
at
5 in order to
6,
will
now
try to place
and then advance the
K R P
break up the Black Pawns defend-
ing the King.

28.
R K2
Q K3
34
B 5; 29 Q K R P K R 4;
R K 2; 31 Q Kt K Kt 2;
QR
P-K R Q-Q 2; 33P-K Kt 3,PXP;
and Black will soon be helpless, as he has
P B
to
mark time with
If
30
32
28...P
3,
4,
5,
4,
4,
to advance
to play
PR
RX
his pieces while Wliite prepares

5,
and
finally at the
proper time
B, winning.
29.
3031.
32.
33-
Q-R6
KR4
P-R5
PxP
RxB
P
K Kt
Resigns.
Commenting on White's play

Lasker said at the time that
properly analysed
it
P-R3
P-B5
PxP
in this
if
game. Dr. E.
White's play were
might be found that there was
no way to improve upon
it.
These apparently simple games are often of the most

difficult
more
nature.
difficult to
Perfection in
such cases
is
much
obtain than in those positions caUing
RELINQUISHING THE INITIATIVE
89
for a brilliant direct attack against the King, involving

sacrilices
23.
of pieces.
In the third case, there

material advantage
is
is
nothing to do, once the
obtained, but to submit to the
opponent's attack for a while, and once

repulsed to act quickly with
on material.
is
has been
your forces and win
good example of
this
type of game
given below.
Example
53.
From
the
Masters Tournament, 1913.

J.
all
it
R. Capablanca.
PXP
Black: D. Janowski.
1.
P-K4
P-K4
2.
Kt-KB3
3.
B-Kt5
4.
0-0
Kt-QB3
Kt-B3
P-Qa
5.
B X Kt
6.
P Q4
7.
Kt-B3
might be
ch
better,
knew
and therefore
Kt
10.
PxP
Q-K2
R-Qi
11.
B-Kt
12.
Kt-KR4
9.
to be good.
7
8.
PXB
BK
but at the time I was not
familiar with that variation,
what
Havana International
(Ruy Lopez.) White:
Q2
PxP
00
B-Q3
Q-Ki
P-Kt3
played
90
Black
offers the
exchange in order to gain time and
Without considering at
an attack.
obtain
to
whether or not such a course was

of Black,
there
is
only one thing to do,
on the part
justified
evident that as far as White
it is
viz.,
is
passed, to act quickly with
is
concerned
to win the exchange
and then prepare to weather the storm.

it
all
Then, once
to derive
all forces
the benefit of numerical superiority.
To
force
hole at
the
13.
14.
R Q
15.
Kt Q
Kt B
Kt
R Kt
R6
2
I
White to play P
5 for his
hand
4,
4
I
and thus create a
Such grand
Knight.^
tactics
show
of a master.
Kt- K B
-
16.
P QB
17.
BxR
18.
Kt K3
was
Kt-K3
QxB
better.
Kt-Q5
18
19.
P-QB4
Q-Qi
R X Kt giving back the exchange,

Pawn and relieving the position.
In order to prevent
but winning a
20.
In order to play
^
A " hole "
Kt
B Kt
in chess parlance
R Kt
without blocking his Rook.
has come to
mean a
defect in
Pawn
formation which allows the opponent to establish his forces in wedge
formation or otherwise without the possibility of dislodging
by Pawn moves.
KR
B 3 and
3, where White forces, e.g. a
could establish themselves, supported by pieces or Pawns.
"holes" at
him
Thus, in the following diagram, Black has two
Kt
or B,

Black's manoeuvring for positional advantage
mirable throughout this game, and
if
91
is
he loses
adit
is
due entirely to the fact that the sacrifice of the exchange,

without even a
Pawn
for
it,
could not succeed against
sound defensive play.
If
^P
wm
i
m
WM
'^**i^,
WM
m
'.
\/^'<^
^y^/y/y^,
21.
Kt B3
22.
PxP
y//
P-B4
PxP
^^ "^ mm
The
position begins to look really dangerous for WTiite.
In reality Black's attack

force.
Very soon
it
will
is
reaching
its
maximum
reach the apex, and then
92
White,
who
action,
and through
is
well prepared, will begin his counter

his superiority in material obtain
an undoubted advantage.
23-
Kt Bi
24.
Kt X Kt
Q R 5
26. R-Ki
not play R K
P B5
B P X Kt
B Kt 2
P B4
25-
He
could
sides,
because of
he wants to be ready to play
ent White cannot with safety play
he
will
soon prepare the
way
for
it.
RxQ
5.
RXK
P.
Be-
At
pres-
P, but
Then, by giving
up a Rook for a Bishop and a Pawn, he will completely

upset Black's attack and come out a Pawn ahead.
It is on this basis that White's whole defensive manoeuvre
is
founded.
27.
28.
R Ki
R
K2
R (Q2)
K3
PB
wm.,^
1^
Wfm:
^^^^
^^^^
"'
'''mm.
'"<,
'''.
i
Now
is
the Black
prepared.
It
Rook enters into the game, but White

is now time to give back the exchange.
31-
RXP
RxB
Q K8
32.
RX
33-
R K5
Kt Q2
29.
30-
34.
RB
93
BxR
R KR3
QxQ
K B
R-QB3
Qch
The
ch might have been better.
text
move
did not prove as strong as anticipated.
K-B3
R-K3
34
R-Qs
Kt K 4 ch
35.
36.
RX
Kt would
Very
of
K Q
P-Q6!
WTiite cannot play
fine.
I
RX
RX
B,
38.
K-B
39.
PX B
40.
R Q
The ending
is
lose easily
Rx B
37.
K K
very
Kt
ch because
winning.
B X Kt
RXP
R K6
difficult
White had to make the
last
to win.
move
At
this point
before the
was adjourned.
i,n
game
CUTTING OFF PIECES FROM
94
P - Q Kt
41.
4344.
RX Pch
42.
46.
R-Kt
48.
RR 5
R R4
49.
RxP
50-
P-R4ch
51-
R-B
52.
P--Kt4
47-
K-B3
ch
K-Kt4
RxRP
K-R4
K-R3
5ch
Resigns
have passed over the game Hghtly because of
and because we are at present
nature,
difficult
its
R-K5
RxP
RxP
K-B3
K-B4
RxP
K-B3
45-
RxP
R-KR3
concerned more with the opening and the middle-
game than we
are with the endings, which will be
treated separately.
24.
CUTTING OFF PIECES FROM THE SCENE

OF ACTION
Very often
off,
in a
game a master only plays
so to speak, one of the pieces
actual conflict.
the
aU practical purposes there
on one
is
moment
side
than on the other.
furnished
by the
is
com-
In such cases we might
pletely put out of action.
for
from the scene of
Often a Bishop or a Knight
say that from that
to cut
game
will
is
won, because
be one more piece
A very good illustration
following game.
THE SCENE OF ACTION

Example
Tournament,
Knights.)
P-K4
Kt KB 3
P--K4
Kt QB
4.
Kt-B3
B-Kt5
Kt-B3
B-Kts
5-
0-0
0-0
6.
B X Kt
1.
2.
3-
Victory
White:
W.
R. Capablanca.
J.
Hastings
the
at
(Four
1919.
Black
Winter.
Played
54.
95
Niemzowitch's variation, which I have played suc-
many
cessfully in
game.
a game.
It gives WTiite
Niemzowitch's idea
is
to play P KB
time be able
a very solid
that White will in due

4,
opening a
line for his
Rooks, which, in combination with the posting of a
Knight at
K B
should be sufficient to win.
5,
He
thinks that should Black attempt to stop the Knight
from going to
in
KB
some other way.
5,
to be proved, but in
good.
On
he
will
have to weaken
WTiether this
my
is
opinion the
the other hand, there
is
Black can easily develop
his pieces.
considered
variation
that
in
this
his
game
true or not remains
move
is
perfectly
no question that
But
it
must be
White does not
attempt to hinder Black's development, he simply

attempts to build up a position which he considers
impregnable and from which he can start an attack
in
due course.
6
QPxB
96
The
Kt P X B
alternative,
gives
White the best
of
the game, without doubt.
8.
This move
B-Q3
P-Q3
B Kt 5
7.
not at
is
all in
The
of this variation.
accordance with the nature
general strategical plan for
K R 3, to be followed in time
by the advance of the K Kt P to Kt 4, and the bringing
and
of the Q Kt to K B 5 via K 2 and K Kt 3 or Q
with
the
linked
Kt
K 3. Then, possible, the K
other Kt by placing
at either K R 4, K Kt 3, or K 3
White
is
to play
is
if
it
The White King sometimes

and other times it is placed at K Kt 2,
as the occasion demands.
remains at
Kt
but mostly at
P KB
times
i,
K R
i.
Finally, in
and then the
4,
most cases comes
real attack begins.
Some-
a direct assault against the King,^ and at
it is
other times
it
comes simply to
finessing for positional
advantage in the end-game, after most of the pieces
have been exchanged.^
P KR3
P B4
8
9.
R4
^ See
game Capablanca-Kupchick, from Havana International
Masters Tournament Book, 19 13, by J. R. Capablanca; or a game
in the Carlsbad Tournament of 191 1, Vidmar playing Black against
Alechin.
^
See Niemzowitch's
ment,
^
9 14,
game
in the All Russian
See Capablanca-Janowski game,
ment,
1913.
Masters Tourna-
at St. Petersburg, against Levitzki, I believe.
New York
Masters Tourna-
THE SCENE OF ACTION
97
Em
k
fi^^
5rs5
rm
8.
.1
2 ^
k
To
prevent
Kt Q
to play
5,
Wm. t^
^?i
Jm^m
bi^^
P Q 4 and to draw White into playing

which would prove fatal. Black's plan is
Kt
4,
as soon as the circumstances
permit, in order to free his Queen and Knight from

the pin by the Bishop.
10.
Kt
Only lack of experience

can account for this move. WTiite should have considered that a player of my experience and strength
could never allow such a move if it were good.
White
falls
into the trap.
P-KKt4
10.
a
fl
i^-^
98
move White's game is lost. White cannot

play Kt X Kt P, because Kt x Kt will win a piece.
Therefore he must play B Kt 3, either before or
after Kt X Kt, with disastrous results in either case,
After this
as will be seen.
11.
Ktx Ktch
12.
B Kt3
13.
P-KR3
14.
QXB
15.
PxQ
bA
by
then.
ywSmrA ^^S ^/^
^^^^^^
practical purposes.
all
sacrificing
At
least
He
is
minus
can only free
one Pawn, and possibly not even
it
would
Black now devotes

and,
QXQ
P-KB3
simple examination will show that White
a Bishop for
it
vyy^^^^
Qx Kt
B Kt5
BxKt
lose
time besides the Pawn.
energy to the Queen's
all his
side,
having practically a Bishop more, the result
cannot be in doubt.
so that the student
such a game.
The
may
rest of the
see
how
game
simple
is
it is
given,
to
win
THE SCENE OF ACTION

16.
17.
18.
19.
There
is
K-Kt2
P QR4
R R
P-R4
99
P-QR4
KB 2
K K3
KR-QKti
no necessity to pay any attention to the
King's side, because White gains nothing by exchanging PawTis
and opening the King's Rook

20.
PxP
RPxP
21.
P-Kt3
P-B3
22.
23.
If
file.
R-QR2 P-Kt4
KR-Ri P-B
5
White takes the proffered Pawn, Black regains
immediately by
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
R- Kt
5,
RPXP
B
PxP
R R4
P Q4
R B4
RXBP
after
PX B
P X P (Kt
it
P.
6)
RxP
RxP
R Kt4
R Kt5
RxP
Resigns
25.
Now
A PLAYER'S MOTIVES CRITICISED IN A

SPECIMEN GAME
that a few of
have been given,
my
games with
my
I offer for close perusal
o\\ti
notes
and study
a very fine game played by Sir George Thomas, one

of England's foremost players, against
Mr. F. F. L.
Alexander, in the championship of the City of London
Chess Club in the winter of 1919-1920.
It
has the
100
A PLAYER'S MOTIVES CRITICISED
interesting feature for the
Thomas
student that Sir George
kindly wrote the notes to the
game
for
me
at
and with the understanding that I would

make the comments on them that I considered apSir George Thomas' notes are in brackets
propriate.
and thus will be distinguished from my own comments.
my
request,
Example
55.
Queen's
Gambit Declined.
notes within brackets by Sir George Thomas.)
Mr. F. F. L. Alexander.
I.
2.
3-
P-Q4
Kt-KB3
P-B4
5-
Kt-B3
B-Kt5
6.
P-K3
4-
Black
mm
Sir
{The
White
George Thomas.
P-Q4
Kt-KB3
P-K3
QKt-Q2
P--B3
Q-R4
^^'^m s^^rf'"'"'^!^ ^
w^m
mm r^l
(One of the objects of Black's method of defence is

K 5, followed
to attack White's Q Kt doubly by Kt
by P X
P.
But
Kt
2 is
probably a strong way
IN A SPECIMEN
There
of meeting this threat.)
GAME
are, besides,
reasons for this method of defence
much played
not as
as
some
loi
that
first,
two good
it
is
of the other defences
and consequently not so well known, and second that

it
leaves Black with
two Bishops against
B and
Kt,
which, in a general way, constitutes an advantage.

7.
8.
9.
This
B X Kt
Kt X B
P QR3
Q Kt 3
Kt K
B-K
not the logical place for the
is
have been posted at

great importance,
B which
should
In the opening, time
3,
is
of
and therefore the player should be
extremely careful in his development and
make
sure
from
that he posts his pieces in the right places.
(I
10.
BQ
11.
PX
12.
BxBP
Kt X Kt
Px
Kt
did not want White's
where
my K
P.)
complished by playing
my
to
come
Incidentally
3.
previous statement that the
13.
alternative
and then
to
5,
it
BQ
been originally played to
The
B3
by P
K B 3 without
The same result could be ac-
could not dislodge
weakening
out
Kt
it
bears
should have
3.
0^0
was P
0.
4,
followed by
5,
WTiite would thereby assume the
Pawn
initiative
but would weaken his
siderably,
and might be compelled
position con-
to stake all
on a
102
violent attack against the King.
the game, and
point in
the temperament and
it
is
This
is
a turning
in such positions that
style of the player decide the
course of the game.
0-0
13
14.
P K4
15.
P-Qs
(White might play 15

of
K R Q
breakmg up the centre
to advance this
at
QB
4.)
By
as there
this
P'-K4
i,
keeping the option
later on.
is
now a
wanted him
fine post for
move White shows
my
that he does
not understand the true value of his position.
His
only advantage consisted in the undeveloped condition

of Black's
B.
He
plan to prevent the
should therefore have
B from coming
out, or
made a
if
that
were not possible, then he should try to force Black

to weaken his Pawn position in order to come out with
the B.
There were three moves to consider:
first,
GAME
IN A SPECIMEN
PQ R
4, in
dominating
Rooks
that
position
17
Kt X B,
Q
Q X Kt
to
in the
occupies.
This
order to maintain the White
now
it
QB
would have been met by

the
103
second, either of
PX
in order to threaten 16
B X P
18
P,
3 to pre-
Thus by playing P
followed
Black
up as previously stated to force

P Q Kt 4, which would weaken
Pawns.
This would have
ch.
B Kt 5 and third, P K R
Kt 5 and by playing either R to Q

vent B
been met by
B X P
to
play
his Queen's side
K R
WTiite would
text move
have attained the desired object.
blocks the action of the White B and facihtates Black's
The
Hereafter WTiite will act on the defen-
development.
sive,
and the
game
centre mainly on Black's play and the manner
will
which he
Q-B
(This seems wrong, as
it
makes the development
B-Q
Kt
3,
because of the reply
PXP
followed
5-)
P-QKt3
B Kt 2
16
17.
PB
18.
KR-B
(With the idea of
4
I
R- Kt
only compels Black to bring his
would do
of
At present he cannot
Black's Queen wing easier.
P Q
B-Q3
16.
play
in
carries out the attack.
15
by
rest of the
throughout the
interest
in
any
case.)
and
to
P- B
QB
5.
4,
But
it
which he
I04
BK
BB
PB
i8
19.
20.
20.
been
have
would
(It
RE 2
Q Kt 2
K R K
I,
weak
is
4
3
probably,
better,
with the idea of
Black's play hereabout
P B
it
play
to
4 presently.)
lacks force,
there seems to be no well-defined plan of attack.

is
and
It
true that these are the most difficult positions to
In such cases a player must conceive
handle in a game.
a plan on a large
success,
and with
which promises chances of
scale,
must be a plan that can be
it all, it
means
carried out with the
the look of the position
it
at his disposal.
From
seems that Black's best
chance would be to mass his forces for an attack

against White's centre, to be followed
He
attack against the King.
R K
I,
threatening
by a
direct
should, therefore, play
P K
4.
If
to defeat this plan, or rather to prevent
White
it,
is
able
then, once
he has fixed some of the White pieces on the King's

side,
side,
he should quickly
and open a Une
shift his
for his
attack to the Queen's
Rooks, which, once they
enter in action, should produce an advantage on ac-
count of the great power of the two Bishops.

21.
22.
23.
QR Kt
P
QR4
R-Qi
(White has clearly
lost
QR Q
B R3
time with his Rook's moves.)
KR-Ki
23
24.
Q-Kt3
GAME
IN A SPECIMEN
(To bring his Queen across after Kt
105
R 4 and B K
2.)
R-Q3
24
25.
Kt
26.
P-Kt3
R4
K2
Ai
H
i
H PP
^W W W
'
PxP
26.
(I
W^
thought this exchange necessary here, as WTiite
is
threatening to play his Bishop via
If
he retook with the Bishop's
Pawn
Kt
4 to
6.
I intended to
exchange Bishops and rely on the two Pawns to one
on the Queen's wing.

it
I did
not expect him to retake
with the King's Pawn, which seemed to expose
him
ment
to a violent King's side attack.)

in this instance
Black's judg-
Had
believe to be faulty.
White retaken with the B P, as he expected, he would

have had the worst of the Pawn position, as WTiite
would have had a passed Pawn well supported on the
Queen's
side.
His only advantage would
lie
in
his
having a very well posted Bishop against a badly
io6
posted
Knight, and on the fact that in such posi-
tions as the above, the Bishop
than the Knight.

vented
all that,
invariably stronger
could and should have pre-
by playing B B i, as, had White

Kt 3, he could then play
then replied with
PX
He
is
P, and Wliite would not have been able to retake
with the
B P on
account of
B XP
ch winning the
exchange.
do not
to hold
it
27.
KPxP
28.
P Kt3
like this
P-Ks
P-K6
move.
in reserve
and
It
to
would have been better
P B 4,
and P B
have played
to
K Kt 4
5,
after having placed the Q at Q 2, K B 2, or some other
be followed
due time by
The
square as the occasion demanded.

blocks the action of the powerful
at
text
Q B
move
4,
and
make White's position safer than it should

have been. The move in itself is a very strong attacktends to
ing move, but
continuation.
it is
isolated,
and there
is
no effective
Such advances as a rule should only
be made when they can be followed by a concerted

action of the pieces.
29.
P-B4
30-
Kt-B3
31-
R Kt 2
32.
K-Kt
33-
Kt-Kti
B-B
B-B4
R-K5
Q-B
I
P-
Kt
GAME
IN A SPECIMEN
(If
now 34
B-B
PXP;
3,
BX
35
107
BXB
R,
ch,
with a winning attack.)
RR
34.
PX P
PX P
35.
R-KBi
P-Kt5
was the ahernative.
K R
would have been
The
WTiite's
only move
position
now
is
evi-
dently
won
finding
The final attack is now

the right course.
on by Sir George Thomas in an irreproachable
carried
and
for Black,
it
manner.
37.
only a question of
R-KB3
B-Q3
Kt K 2
36.
is
QB
im
^' '
it.
/'^^
m..
i^
(Again preventing
on White's Rook.
If
Kt B
40
RX
White
plays
R,
is lost.
Q R
K
If,
3,
R, by the masked attack
WTiite therefore protects his Rook.)
PK
4,
B X
ch
7
!
!
39
41
Kt X
B X
however, against 38
and WTiite 39
P,
R X Kt
RXR
B, best,
QB
Kt B
4,
ch;
and
Black
2,1 take pleasure
io8
in offering the position to
my
tiful
and extraordinary win
39.
.Q R
6 ch
readers as a most beau-
for Black, beginning
with
I leave the variations for the
student to work out.

38.
R(Kt2)-Kt
39.
Q-B2
Q-R3
which still
(Making a double attack on the Rook
cannot be taken and preparing to defend the K R P.)
If either the Rook or Bishop are taken White would
be mated in a few moves.
Q R6ch
3940.
K-R
"^1
RXP!!
i
m"^'
^1 m
i.
(If
40...R-R3;
Kt
2.
way
41.
Kt-Kt
Black therefore
from the defence.)

best
41
to carry
QXR
I,
QxKtP;
tries to get
42
the Queen
Q
away
very beautiful m.ove, and the
on the attack.
IN A SPECIMEN
RX
(The best defence was 41
GAME
109
B, but Black would
emerge with Queen against Rook and Knight.)
BxB
41
(Again, not
(If
42
R K R 3
42. Rx R
QX
B, then, at
because of
last,
RR
43.
Kt B
P K
6 dis. ch.)
3 wins.)
Bx
42
7!
tM.
:i
W4 ^
mm
^m
mm
(The Queen has no escape, but \Miite has no time

to take
it.)
44.
WTiite resigns.
R KKt
A
very fine
Q B 8
finish.
CHAPTER V
End-Game Strategy
We
must now revert once more
to the endings.
Their
importance will have become evident to the student
who has taken
Janowski (Example
a
my
Ruy Lopez
one of
Then
which
had
ous attack
vring of
my
made
adversary.
of the pieces,
it
Had
excellent
Finally, there
and come
to
came the time

in
off
which
But yet the ending
had the advantage.

it
an ending
at first appeared,
and
perhaps through one weak move on my part
became a very
I
difficult
matter to fmd a win.
been a weak end-game player the game would
probably have ended in a draw, and

efforts
is
manoeu-
back the material and change
was not as simple as
finally
which, of course, I
by the
possible
most
itself
offer
to defend myself against a very danger-
I could give
clearly
an
followed a very hard, arduous struggle,
when
normal variations,
its
opponent suddenly made things interesting by
accepted.
with
After an uneventful opening
53).
in
offering the exchange;
in
my game
the trouble to study
would have been
in vain.
all
my
previous
Unfortunately, that
very often the case among the large majority of
players
they are weak in the endings
which masters of the
first
a failing from
rank are at times not
free.
END-GAME STRATEGY
III
Incidentally, I might call attention to the fact that
the world's champions of the last sixty years have
all
been exceedingly strong in the endings

Steinitz,
JNIorphy,
and Dr. Lasker had no superiors
in
department of the game while they held their
have pre\iously stated, when speaking about
general theory, that at times the

in
titles.
THE SUDDEN ATTACK FROM A

DIFFERENT SIDE
26.
this
attacking
first
on one
way
side, then,
to
win consists
granted greater
mobility of the pieces, to transfer the attack quickly
from one
side to the other, breaking
through before
your opponent has been able to bring up

forces to withstand the attack.
This principle of the
middle-game can sometimes be applied

in
somewhat
Example
similar
56.
manner.
sufficient
in the endings
THE SUDDEN ATTACK
112
In the above position
with the Black pieces,
I,
played
R K ch
R QRs
P-KR4
2.
3.
The
R K2
R R2
idea, as will be seen very soon,
to play
White's King's side Pawns with a view
in order to fix
to the future.
It
evident to Black that White
is
Q Kt
wants to brmg his King to
two weak
is
isolated
3 to support his
Pawns, and thus to
free his
Rooks.
Black, therefore, makes a plan to shift the attack to

the King's side at the proper time, in order to obtain
some advantage from the greater mobihty
of
his
Rooks.
4.
R-Qi
R(Q4)-QR4
Rook
in order to force the
Rook's square, keeping
to
both Rooks tied up.

5.
6.
7.
R(Qi)-Ri
P-R5
K Q
K B
K Kt
R KKt4
2
Black begins to transfer his attack to the King's

8.
R KKt
serious mistake,
have played 8
answered
8.
which
K Kt
.R (R
side.
5)
loses quickly.
3,
White should
when Black would have

4
PB
3,
and Black
6 for his
would have obtained an opening at K
King, which in the end might give him the victory.
Kt
R-KB5
FROM A DIFFERENT
Now
Kt
113
because of
3,
4 ch.
9.
10.
If
Kt
the King cannot go to
SIDE
PX
K Q3
K K
R,
R B 6ch
RXR
followed
R K R
by
8 winning,
RXRP
10
and Black won
after a few
moves.
Example 57.
Another good example, in which
is shown the advantage of the greater mobiUty of
the pieces in an ending, is the following from a game
Capablanca-Kupchick played at the Havana Masters
Tournament, 1913.
game can be found
Ml.
'
The
in the
Mt
score
full
book
M.
'
and notes
of the
of the tournament.
M.
^^^
M.
if
m
m
k
White's only advantage in the above position
he possesses the open

will secure
him the
file
is
that
and has the move, which
initiative.
There
is
also the shght
advantage of having his Pawns on the Queen's side

united, while Black has an isolated
Q R
P.
The
THE SUDDEN ATTACK
114
proper course, as in the previous ending,
Rooks forward,
the
be able to
other,
so that at least one of
to bring
is
them may
from one side of the board to the
shift
and thus keep Black's Rooks from moving
freely.
What
stated already
this
means
it
really
enemy; force him
to
in general theory
means
use his big pieces
If he has a weak point, try
to
has been
keep harassing the
make
it
to
defend Paums.
weaker, or create
another weakness somewhere else and his positioti will
If he has a weakness, and he
collapse sooner or later.
can
get rid of
it,
ness somewhere
From
make
sure that you create another weak-
else.
the position in question the
game continued
thus
1.
KR-Ki
R-K4
with the object of repeating White's manoeuvre, and

also not to allow
2.
3.
4.
White the control
QR-K
QR-K3
K-B
I
of the
open
file,,
R-K3
R(Bi)-Ki
K-B
Black wants to bring his King to the centre of the
board in order to be nearer to whatever point White

decides to attack.
The move
is
justified at least
on
the general rule that in such endings the King should
He
middle of the board.
be
in the
all
but follow White's footsteps.
to point out anything better.
Kt
4 ch, followed by
KK
does nothing after

Besides,
it
is
hard
If4...P Q4; 5R
2,
would leave Black
a very disagreeable position. If4...P
in
KB4; 5R
FROM A DIFFERENT SIDE

Q4!
8
Rx
Q R
winning the
4,
as the three
side,
King's side would be held

5.
KK
6.
R-QR4
noeuvre Black
is
Pawns of Black on
by the two of White.
KK
that through the same
ma-
forced into a position similar to the
R-R5!
This move has a manifold object.

Black's
Pawns except
the
It practically fixes
P, which
one that can advance two squares.

vents the advance of Black's
KB
is
the only
It specially pre-
Pawns, and at the
same time threatens the advance

lâwns to
in the previous ending.

7.
all of
the
R-QR
The student should note

one shown
P, which would prac-
White with a passed Pawn ahead on the
tically leave
Queen's
6PxR,RxP; 7K-B2,R-K2;
R?
RQ R
115
of White's
K B
B 5. By this threat it practically

play P Q 4, which is all White desires,
4 and
forces Black to
for reasons that will soon
become evident.
P-Q4
K-Q3
P-QB4!
8.
Evidently forced, as the only other move to save a
Pawn would have been P X
P, which would have left
Pawns
If 8 ...
all
Black's
isolated
and weak.
R-K
1 1
R R 6, and Black's game is hopeless.
4,
K-Q
9.
10.
3;
10
P-B 5ch
P-Q4
P-Q
Kt
4!
K-Q 2
P-B4
PQ
R-K
4;
THE SUDDEN ATTACK
Ii6
Apparently very strong, since

of
it
Rooks because
of the threat
The
leads to nothing.
R-K K
Up
last
forces the exchange
it
R R 3
but
best chance
in reaUty
was
I.
11.
RxR
12.
P-B4
PxR
now White had played with finesse, but this

move is weak. R R 6 was the proper way to
to
contmue, so as to force Black to give up his

or
to play
Q B
P.
K-B
12
a bad move.
tinuation,
and
K-Kt2;
K-Q2
13.
Agam
Q R P
15
if
RR
13
then 13.
P-Kt
4,
was the proper con-
.R-Kt
K-R
with excellent winning chances; in
14
P Kt
3,
i6R-QKt3,
i;
fact, I
beheve, a
won game.
w w
'W
13
Black misses his only chance.

drawn.
%^
K-Kt2
R - Kt
would have
FROM A DIFFERENT
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
He
R-R3
R-R3
K-K2
R-R6
K-Q 3
SIDE
R-KKt
R-Kt
K-R3
R-K
2
K-Kt
goes back with the King to support his
thus be able to utiHse his Rook.
P, and
is,
however, use-
later
on gives him
It
and only White's weak play
less,
117
further chances of a draw.

19.
20.
To prevent
P-KR4
R-R
K-Bi
the Black
Rook from
controlling the open
file
KQ
20
He must
21.
R-Kt
22.
K-B 3
R-B 2
K-B
keep his King on that side because WTiite
threatens to march with his King to

23.
24.
2526.
He
Kt
4.
R-B3
K-R5
P-R4
P-R5
K-Kt
P-QR3
R-R3
can do nothing but wait for \Miite.
move
for
K-Kt
6 via
The
text
stops White from mo\'ing his Rook, but only
one move.
27.
P-Kt
The only
other
rould play
R-Kt
R-B
KR 2
even P Kt
move was
7,
or
3
;
5.
when
WTiite
THE SUDDEN ATTACK
ii8
WM
?;.;
""fî
fc
(Bis.il
^ ^
sM M m
1^
-f^
g55%5???
g^%??
ft
ft
^g;^^
^^^
^^
P - Kt
28.
gives Black a fighting chance.
weak move, which
In this ending, as
is
often the case with most players,
White plays the best moves whenever the situation

is
and requires
difficult
seems to be overwhelming he relaxes his
his position
efforts
right
but once
careful handling,
and the
result
move was
28
nothing to be proud
is
R Kt
RPxP
PxP
R-Bi!
R-Rich
31-
R-Kty
K-Kt4
32.
KxP
33-
P-B6ch
34-
RxRP
35-
K-R5
K-Kti
R-Kt7ch
R-R7ch
36.
K-Kt4
RXP
30-
Black misses his

the King to
The
7.
28.
29.
of.
last
3,
chance:
PxP
R-R7
R-Kt
ch, forcing
order to avoid the perpetual,
FROM A DIFFERENT SIDE
119
would probably draw. The reader must bear in mind

that my opponent was then a very young and inexperienced player, and consequently deserves a great
deal of credit for the fight he put up.
37.
R Kt
R-K7
ch; followed by
RxP
R-K R
7,
offered better
chances.
38.
3940.
41.
42.
4344.
P-R6!
K-Kt5
RX Pch
R-Q8
P-R7
K-B5
K-Q4
R-KtSch
K-K5
K-B6
R-KR8
K-R2
K-Kt3
49.
RxR
KxP
KxP
50-
K-K5
46.
47.
48.
This ending shows
made and
8ch
R-K8ch
P-R8 (Q)
45-
and how
R-B
R-Q8ch
R-K8ch
often,
how
KxP
K-B4
easy
is
Resigns.
it is
to
make weak moves,
even in master-play, mistakes are
opportunities are
long as there
RxQ
lost.
It
shows that, so
no great advantage of material, even
with a good position, a player, no matter how strong,

cannot afford to relax his attention even for one
move.
THE DANGER OF
120
THE DANGER OF A SAFE POSITION
27.
Example 58.
ment is shown
shall
A good proof of the previous

in the following ending
and Kupchick
in
state-
between Mar-
one of their two games in the
same Tournament (Havana, 1913).
7^^^y//>
m^^,
^^^^^^
^^^^^
;^..^
wM^^
^^
w^
^^
^^-
^^/yz^
WW^/
ffin
g_l^l_
It is evident that
difficulties
bound
The
in
Marshall (White)
the above position.
to lose a
Pawn, but
is
Not only
reason can be given for Black's loss of the
that he
how
it
careless
happened.
P-Kt4
No
game except
it
with a
and did not con-
danger that actually existed.
I.
did.
considered a safe position,
became exceedingly
sider the
it
certain of having the best of
Pawn more and what he
he
was a draw unless some-
thing altogether unexpected happened, as
felt so
is
his position is rather poor.
best he could hope for
that he
under great
RXRP
Let us see
A SAFE POSITION
The mistakes
This
begin.
Pawn
that he can take a
the
is
i2i
Black sees
first.
without any danger, and
does not stop to think whether there
is
anything
R B 7 ch was the right move. If then

K-Kt 3, R X P. If instead White played K- K 4,
then R - K 4 ch followed by R X R P.
better.
R-Q
2.
R-R
Mistake number two, and

one as to almost
lose
ch
time such a serious
this
The proper move
the game.
was to play P B 4 in order to break up White's

Pawns and at the same time make room for the Black
King, which
is
actually in danger, as will soon be seen.
R-Q4
3.
R(R5)-R4
Mistake number three and
move was
is
(Kt
no defence.
4)
Black's
this
time
fatal.
After the text
4.
game
His best
move
there
This shows that
is lost.
even an apparently simple ending has to be played
From
with care.
practically
finds himself with a lost
won
game, and
it
position
Black
has only taken
three moves.
R - Kt 2
If4...P-B4; 5R-R8ch,K-Kt3; 6 R (B 8)
Kt 8 ch, K - B 3 7 R X P ch, R - Kt 3 8 P - Kt 5 ch,
K-K 2; 9 R (R 6) X R, Px R; 10 R-Kt 7 ch,
K Ki; iiRxKtP, and wins easily.
4.
(Q
4)
-Q
The reason
5.
P-R4
P-R4
6.
R-R
Resigns.
is
8 ch
evident.
If
K Kt
Px P
ch,
ENDINGS WITH ONE
122
RxP; 8RxR, KxR;

10
PR
28.
R-R
8 ch,
K-Kt
3;
mate.
ENDINGS WITH ONE ROOK AND PAWNS
The reader has probably reaUsed by this time that

endings of two Rooks and Pawns are very difficult,
and that the same holds true for endings of one Rook
and Pawns. Endings of two Rooks and Pawns are
common
Rook and Pawns
not very
of endings arising
in actual play
are about the
but endings of one
most common
on the chess board.
sort
Yet though
they do occur so often, few have mastered them thoroughly.
They
are often of a very difficult nature,
and
sometimes while apparently very simple they are in

reality extremely intricate.
Here
is
an example from
Manhattan Chess Club Championship Tournament of
a game between Marshall and Rosenthal in the
1909-1910.
Example
59.
ROOK AND PAWNS

In
this
RB
Marshall
position
had
PB
ch, but played
6,
123
wm
simple
Luckily for him Black did
Black a chance to draw.
not see the drawing move, played poorly, and
Had
by
and thereby gave
lost.
Black been up to the situation he would have
drawn by playing
3.
P-B6
I.
Now
R Q
R-Q3I
White has two continuations,
or {b)
RB
(a)
7 ch.
3.
will finally
Or
Black's Pawn.
(6)
have therefore
P-B 7
R-R5ch
2.
and White
We
3.
PB
7,
R-Qi!
K-B5
have to
R-B 7ch
PB 7
2.
either (a)
Rook
sacrifice the
for
K-Q5!
R Kt3 ch!
a very important move, as against
R KB3,R K7
wins.
4.
K-B
5.
R-Kt
and White
for
finally
have to
sacrifice
the
Rook
the Pawn, or draw by perpetual check.
If there
not
will
R-KB3
K-B 6
be
were nothing more
of
in the
it
would
any great value, but there are other
very interesting features.
Now
suppose that after
1P-B6, R-Q3; 2P-B7,

realise that
ending
RQ
Black did not
was the only move
to
draw.
ENDINGS WITH ONE
124
We
would then have the following position
Now
(a)
there would be
R-Kt
two other moves to try
3 ch, or (6)
R-K
either
Let us examine
3.
them.
(a)
I.
2.
3.
...:....
R-Kt3ch
K-B3
K-K3
R-B3ch
R-K3ch
R R 5 ch wins, because the King

the Kmg goes up, then
goes back, then R R 6, and
R R 4 ch, followed by R K B 4 wins.
If
P_Kt
if
6;
if
4.
If
R-Q
3 ch;
5.
6.
R-KB3
K-Q3
K-K
K moves
R R 5 ch
R R 6 wins
2.
4 wins.
R-Kt
7!
R-B3
K-B 5
P - Kt 6 R - Kt 3, and White will either capture

the Pawn or go to K B 3, and come out with a winning
If
ending.
4.
ROOK AND PAWNS

P-Kt6
P-R4
R Kt 4 ch K moves
5-
R-Kt3
3.
and White
KB
3,
will either
125
capture the PawTi or play
according to the circumstances, and come out
with a winning ending.
Now, going back
to the position
shown on page
Black did not

to draw,
and
we would then have
Now
the following position
the best continuation would be
1.P-B7
2.
3.
K-B
R-K
R-Kt3ch
R-KB 3
7!
K-B 4
K-K2
P-Kt6
(best)
'
(best)
White threatened to check with the Rook

4.
122,
iP B6, R Q3; 2R Bych,

realise that K Q 5 was the only move
consequently played K Kt 3 instead,
suppose that after
at
K 6.
ENDINGS WITH ONE
126
Best.
win
If
K-B
both
5;
P-R
move
the last-named
4 and
K-K
particularly
3 will
would win
with ease.
5-
R-K3
P-Kt
6.
R-QKt3
7.
RxP
8.
R-Q2
RxP
R-KR2
RxP
9.
K-K3
^,^^
7 (best)
^^'...,....0
^....,.^^..
^^^
m.
^,
i^
^
.
^^
'^"
^^^,,
This position we have arrived at
two
because there are
files
is
won by White,
between the opposing
King and the Pawn from which the King
by the Rook, and
besides, the
Pawn
the fourth rank before the opponent's

to check
on the
portant, because
file.
if,
diagram, the Black
This
is
cut off
can advance to
Rook can
last condition is
begin
very im-
instead of the position on the
Rook were
at
KR
i,
and Black
had the move, he could draw by preventing the ad-
ROOK AND PAWNS
127
vance of the Pawn, either through constant checks

or
R K B
by playmg
Now
at the proper time.
we have explained
won, we leave it to
that
position
is
the reasons
why
the student to
this
work
out the correct solution.
The fact that out of one apparently simple ending

we have been able to work out several most unusual
and difficult endings should be sufficient to impress
upon the student's mind the necessity of becoming
well acquainted with all kinds of endings, and especially with endings of Rook and Pawns.
29.
A DIFFICULT ENDING: TWO

ROOKS AND PAWNS
Following our idea that the best

ings as well as openings
is
way
to study the
to learn end-
games
masters, wê give two more endings of two
Pawns.
of the
Rooks and
These endings, as already stated, are not
very common, and the author
is
fortunate in ha\ing
himself played more of these endings than
By
the case.
is
generally
comparing and stud>ing the
carefully
(Examples 56 and 57) \\ath

the following, the student no doubt can obtain an idea
endings already given
of the proper
The way
method
to be followed in such cases.
of procedure
is
somewhat
similar in all of
them.
Example
borg, in the
ment
of
From
a game, Capablanca-Kreym-
New York
State Championship Tourna-
60.
I 9 10.
A DIFFICULT ENDING:
128
m^^m^^m.
It
is
Black's move, and no doubt thinking that
drawing such a position (that was

for)
would be easy, he contented himself with a waiting
policy.
Such conduct must always be

The
often leads to disaster.

positions is to
on
Black played
all
assume
best
the initiative
way
criticised.
It
defend such
to
and keep
the
opponent
the defensive.
QR-Ki
move is already wrong. There is nothing

to gain by this move. Black should play P Q R 4
to be followed by P Q R 5; unless White plays
P - Q Kt 3. That would fix the Queen's side. After
The
first
that he could decide what demonstration he could
make with
his
Rooks
to keep the opponent's
Rooks
at bay.
2.
R-Q4
This move not only prevents

intended,
but
threatens
PB
P Kt
3,
which Black
followed,
after
TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS

PX P
129
by the attack with one or both Rooks
ch,
Q R
against Black's
P.
R-B3
probably with the idea of a demonstration on the
R-Kt
King's side by
P - Kt
3.
PXP
K-Q3
4.
5.
R Q R
and Kt
PXP
ch
K-B
should have been played now, in order to
Black to defend with
force
7.
RK
WTiite, however,
2.
does not want to disclose his plan at once, and thus
awaken Black
the danger of his position, hence
to
move, which seems to aim at the disruption of
this
Black's Queen's side PawTis.
R-K2
R-QR
6.
This
is
He
RR
ening
Black
a mistake.
his position.
K-K,3
is
unaware
should have played
3,
K R
move
least a
K K
KQ
Pawn.
now
develop.
R-QB 2
R-R6
could not play
win at
P Kt
P, stop the attack against his
Queen's side PawTis, w^hich will
He
danger of
4 threatdemonstration
and, by making this
against WTiite's
7.
of the
3,
because
This in
itself
PQ B
4 would
condemns
his last
which has done nothing but make his
3,
situation practically hopeless.

8.
Now
R (Q4)-QR4 P-KKt4
forced, but
play 8.
.K
it
RB
is
2,
because
little
too late.
KB
He
could not
4 would have
A DIFFICULT ENDING:
I30
left his
game completely
Black now
paralysed.
awakens to the danger, and
finally
save the day by
tries to
the counter-demonstration on the King's side, which
he should have started before.

cannot play
by
RR
3,
RXR
Black
played
is
now
Pawn
P-KR4!
in a
RX
P, because of
recovering the
9.
Of course, White
R, followed
with advantage.
P-Kt
very disagreeable position.
loRxP
9...PXP;
If
would leave him
he
in a
very awkward situation, as he could not go back

with the King, nor could he do
Rook.
He
would have to play
practically
K R 3, when White would answer

ening to win a
not enough, he
finally
11
of the
King
at
,,
^^j^
^m.,^
mmi,
ILl
if
or
KK 2
,.J^^^
10.
P Kt
Pawn by P Kt 5, or,
might play K Q 4, to
by the entry
10.
much with
either
.
4, threat-
that were
be followed
5.
TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS

P X P ch
10
Again he cannot play
PK R
KR
Q R P.
K R
would have to
his
to go to
WTiite's
That would make
a single one of his
the
KB4
of his K R P
because
safe,
retire to
Q 2, because of
4,
The advance
would leave him paralysed.
would make
131
and consequently
KB
2 to
defend the
impossible for his King
it
Q R P, nor could he advance
Pawns.
On
the other hand, WTiite
would play P Kt 4, threatening to win a Pawn by

P Kt 5, or he might first play
Q 4, and then
at the proper time
P Kt
Black meanwhile
could really
5, if
was nothing better.
there
do nothing but mark
Compare this botthngup system with the ending in Example 57, and it
time with one of his Rooks.
be seen that
will
move.
very similar.
KxP
11.
Probably
it is
12. K K 2
P Kt
wrong.
The
move
text
(B
3)-B
4 at once was the right
gives Black good chances of
drawing.
K-Q3
R-QKt 2
12
P-Kt4
13.
This could never have happened had White played

12
P Kt
P-Kt
4,
5 after
14.
Not
as he could
good.
winning by
Black's
have followed
K-Q
it
up by
3.
P-R5
K B
force.
If
4 offered
then
the best chances of
14...R Kt2;
15 P-^
A DIFFICULT ENDING;
132
lyRxP,
16 K- Q 3, R-K R 7
winning
with
19R-R6,
RxP;
iSRxR,
RxR;
R5, R-Ktych;
chances.
I mm'-
i
-
25r^"5
i
*
1^
M M M
P-R3
14.
last chance.
Black misses his

If
RxP;
18.
19.
17.
(Kt
7)
2) K
2 ch!
5
;
would draw.
16K-B
i,
RxP,
K-Q3
R-R
K-Q4
16.
(Kt
R-K 6!
R-Kt 2
P-KB4
17
15.
P XP,
then 15
PB
R (K Kt 2) - K
R-Kt 2
R-Kt 7
R (Kt 2) - Kt 2
(R
Kt
but the position
6)
-R
would have
is
lost in
offered greater resistance,
any
case.
dent to work this out.)

20.
K-O3!
RxR
21.
RxR
R-K2
(I
leave the stu-
TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS

Nothing would
R-Q
White
25
will
27,
win
easily.
R-K3
R-K2
R-Kt7
R-Kt 8
24.
is
5,
R-K Kt 2
23.
his
2,
6,
22.
Black
If2i...R-Kt8;22R-R6!
avail.
K-B R-K R 8; 24 P-Kt

RxP ch, K-Q 2; 26 R-Q R and
8 ch;
RxP;
^33
desperate.
He
P-B
sees he can
no longer defend
Pawns.
25.
R Kt
26.
PX P
27.
R-Kt
R-K3
K-Q2
K-B3
6 ch
ch
7
ch
RxP
29. R-KB
Example 61. From the
KxP
2S.
Resigns.
ski,
game Capablanca-JanowNew York National Tournament of 1913.
^M"
ft
^^
W^.
.
ft
mm
Wm
^m
^P
^m
&
:,.,^..,
M^,"^
^^H
fÂ
Black's
Q B
game has
P, which, to
the disadvantage of his double
make matters
worse, he cannot
A DIFFICULT ENDING:
134
advance, because as soon as Black plays

WTiite replies
White
P Q Kt
builds his plans.
It
4.
He
on
is
P Q Kt
3,
this fact that
will stop Black's
Queen's
Pawns from advancing, and will then bring his

own King to K 3. Then in due time he will play
Kt 5, thus
P-Q 4, and finaUy
5, or
obtaining
in that
Pawns
and
of
forcing an exchange
side
P-K
P-K
way a
clear passed
Pawn on
the King's
It will
file.
be seen that this plan was carried out during the course
of the game, and that White obtained his winning
advantage
that way.
The play was based through-
out on the chance of obtaining a passed

King's
Pawn on
the
with which White expected to win.
file,
1.
P-KKt4
already preparing to play
P - K Kt
when
the time
comes.
P-QKt3
Black wants to play

prevents
P-Q B
4,
but White, of course,
it.
2.
K-Kt2
P-Kt4!
This King should come to the King's
side,
where the
danger lurks.
3.
With the
P-QKt4
object of playing
K-Kt
and
P-Q R
P, and thus have an open
by P X
Rook and be able
followed
his
K-B
to
file
4,
for
make a counter-demonstration
TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS

on the Queen's
on the
Of course
side in order to stop White's
Black
this.
R-Q5
P-QR4I
PX P
if
advance
White, however, also prevents
right.
4.
135
will
have
all his
Pawns on
the Queen's side disrupted and isolated, and WTiite
can easily regain the
Rook on the
still
RQ
is
Kt
wants to play
to foresee that
move
Pawn by
playing either
Q R file.
5.
He
lost
White
R K4
PQ B
4,
will again
but as
prevent
really a serious loss of time.
it
it,
is
easy
the text
Black should
bring his King over to the other side immediately.
The
first
phshed.
6.
K-K3
7.
P-R5
R-Q2
part of White's strategic plan

Black's
Pawns on
is
now accom-
the Queen's side are fixed
for all practical purposes.
R-K3
If
RXR
Kt P X
powerful centre.
R
Yet
would have
it
gi\'en WTiite
a very
might have been the best
chance for Black.

8.
9.
10.
R (Kt) -KBi
P-Kt 5
RxP
R(Q2)-K2
PxP
i.s6
A DIFFICULT ENDING:
The second
part of White's
accomplished.
obtained
remains to find out
It
is sufficient to win.
passed Pawn, but his King

in the centre of the
of White's
to
move
strategical plan
Pawns,
is
if
is
now
the advantage
White not only has a
m a commanding position
board ready to support the advance

or,
to the right
if
necessary, to go to
wing
White holds the open
file
together White's position
in case of danger.
QB
with one of his Rooks.

is
superior
and
5,
or
Besides,
Al-
his chances
of winning are excellent.
R-R3
10
11.
to prevent
Rook
R-Kt3
PQ
may want
Also Black fears to keep his
4.
in front of his
R(R3)-K3
two King's
side
to utilise later.
12.
P-R4
P-Kt3
13.
R-Kts
P-R3
Pawns which he
TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS
137
White threatens P R 5, which would finally force

Black to take, and then White would double his
Rooks against
tie
isolated
the
up Black's Rooks
however, only helps WTiite;
RK
than
better
nothing
would
simply answer
not
Pawn and win

The
completely.
to
help
R-B
8,
hold
move,
text
had
Black
therefore
and
tight
or
it,
wait.
much, as WTiite would
R-K
(Kt
5)
R,
and whichever Rook Black took. White would have

an easy game.
(The student should carefully study
these variations.)
14.
15.
16.
KQ
previous
R-Kt4
R-Kt
P-Q4
R-B 8ch
K-Bi
K-Kt
would not help much, but
move he should now be
since he
consistent
made
and play
it.
17.
P-K5
P-Kt4
R(K3)-K2
20.
K-K4
PxP
R-B5
21.
22.
R-R5
PxP
K-B
R-R2
K-Q2
23-
RxR
RxR
R-B 8
K-Q3
R-R5ch
R-R6ch
18.
19.
24.
25-
(Kt
4)
X P
the
ROOK, BISHOP AND PAWNS
138
P-B4
27.
K-Q2
KtPxP
28.
PQ
Resigns.
26.
The winning
R-QR6
tactics in all these endings
consisted in keeping the opponent's
This
for action.
is
have nierely
Rooks
tied to the
my own Rooks
defence of one or more Pawns, leaving

free
v.
a general principle which
can be equally applied to any part of the game.
means
in general
Keep freedom
terms
of manoeuvre
while
It
hampering your
opponent.
There
that
is
one more thing of great importance, and
that the winning side has always had a general
is
strategical plan capable of being carried out with the
means
at his disposal, while often the losing side
no plan at
all,
had
but simply moved according to the
needs of the moment.
30.
v.
ROOK,
KNIGHT AND PAWNS
We
shall
now examine an ending
of
Rook, Bishop
and Pawns against Rook, Knight and Pawns, where

it
will
be seen that the Rook at times
same way as
Example
is
used in the
in the endings already given.
62.
From
the
first
game
of the Lasker-
Marshall Championship Match in 1907.
ROOK, KNIGHT AND PAWNS
139
t.
_feaiî^
î
e
In this position
the position
may
it
is
PSJ^
''^
Black's move.
To a
beginner
look like a draw, but the advanced
player will realise immediately that there are great
Black to win, not only because he has
possibilities for
the initiative, but because of White's undeveloped
Queen's side and the fact that a Bishop in such a position
is
better than a Knight (see Section 14).
take some time for White to bring his

into the fray,
advantage.
and Black can
It will
Rook and Knight
utilise it to
obtain an
There are two courses open to him.
The
most evident, and the one that most players would

take, is to advance the Pawn to Q B 4 and Q B 5
immediately
in
conjunction with the Bishop check
and any other move that might be necessary

with the Black Rook. The other, and more subtle,
at
course
his
was taken by Black.
Rook
in the
It consists in utilising
same way as shown
in the pre\'ious
endings, forcing White to defend something

time, restricting the action
of WTiite's
all
the
Knight and
140
v.
Rook, while at the same time keeping freedom

action for his own Rook and Bishop.
WTiite's
of
R-Kt
P Q Kt
This forces
for the
3,
which blocks that square
White Knight.
2.
bringing the
Rook
so as to force the
and thus
R-Kt 4
P-Kt3
to attack the King's side
King
indirectly
to that side to defend them,
making more secure the position

Pawns.
of Black's Queen's side

3.
P-B4
4.
K-Kt
R-KR4
P-B4
Note that the White Knight's sphere

very limited, and that after
Pawns
are in his
Kt
of action
White's
is
own
way.
5.
Kt-Q2
6.
R-B
K-B
Black's King where
ch
This check accomplishes nothing.
it is
Pawns
it
It merely drives
wants to go.
a very bad move.
PQ
Consequently
3 at once
was the
best move.
6
7.
P-QR3
K-K2
R-R3
Getting ready to shift the attack to the Queen's
where he has the advantage

8.
P-KR4
in material
R-R3
and
side,
position.
ROOK, KNIGHT AND PAWNS

Notice
how
141
similar are the manoeuvres with this
Rook
to those seen in the previous endings.
R-R
9.
B - Kt
Paralysing the action of the Knight and fixing the
whole King's
side.
10.
White
cannot
followed by
the check at
Kt B
answer
3,
because
B x Kt
K K
4 will win a Pawn, on account of
which cannot be stopped.
II.
P-R4
12.
K-Kt
13.
14.
Now
K K3
K B2
K-K4
R-KB3
R-K
R-KB
I
P-Q6
K-Q5
the King attacks WTiite's PawTis and
all
\îll
soon be over.
15.
6.
RxR
K-B
PxR
P-B
Merely to exhaust WTiite's move, which wWl

force
him
to
move
either the
17-
P-QR5
P-QR3
18.
Kt-B
19.
K-K
KxP
20.
21.
22.
2324.
I
I
Kt-Q2ch
Kt - Kt I
Kt-Q2
Kt - Kt
Kt-B 3
I
finally
King or the Knight.
B-K7
K-K6
P-B 4
P-R4
K-B6
KxP
142

25.
26.
27.
The
quickest
Kt-R4
KtxP
Kt-K4ch
way
to win.
29.
Kt-Q6
P-Kt4
30.
P-B
2^.
31.
32.
Kt-B4
Kt-K3
P-B 5
P-B 6
K-B
White should
P-B
resign.
PxP
P-Kt6
K-Kt6
P-Kt7
Resigns.
very good example on Black's part of
duct such an ending.
how
to con-
CHAPTER
Further Openings
31.
Middle-Games
SOME SALIENT POINTS ABOUT PAWNS
Before going back
to the discussion of openings
middle-game positions,
mind a few
will
ant)
VI
and
might be well to bear
it
facts concerning
Pawn
in
positions which
no doubt help to understand certain moves, and
sometimes even the object of certain variations in

the openings, and of some manoeuvres in the middle-
games.
WB
iîM
M
Example
63.
In
the position of the diagram
we
have an exceedingly bad Pa\vn formation on Black's

side.
Black's
Q B P
White could by means
is
altogether backward,
of the
U3
open
file
and
concentrate
SOME SALIENT POINTS
144
weak
his forces against that
square at White's
QB
5,
point.
which
is
There
is
controlled
also the
by White,
and from where a White piece once established could

In order to get rid of it, Black
not be dislodged.
would have to exchange
easy matter, and often
venient.
P,
which
it,
when
is
not always an
possible not at
all
con-
The same holds true with regard to Black's

B P and K Kt P, which create what is called
a "hole" at Black's
KB
Such Pawn formations
3.
invariably lead to disaster,
and consequently must
be avoided.
^^^"^.-".....
fif 1 iii
I m &
i
Example
64.
In
the White centre
while
the
position.
Pawns have
we might say
that
the attacking position,
Black centre Pawns have the defensive
Such a formation of Pawn occurs
French Defence.
attempts,
this position
the
In such positions White most often
by means
of
KB
4 and
KB
5,
to obtain
a crushing attack against Black's King, which

erally Castled
in
on the King's
side.
To
is
gen-
prevent that,
ABOUT PAWNS
and
assume the
also to
145
initiative or obtain material
advantage, Black makes a counter-demonstration by
P - Q B 4, followed by P X P (when White defends

the Pawn by P Q B 3), and the concentrating of
Black's pieces against the White Pawn at Q 4. This
might be said to be a determined attack
in substance
against White's centre in order to paralyse the direct
must be
attack of WTiite against Black's King.
It
temembered that
book
at the beginning of the
it
was
stated that control of the centre was an essential co7idi-
King.
tion to a successful attack against the
way we may say

strongest when they are
that two or more
In an abstract
Pawns
are
Thus the
next to one another.
in the
strongest in themselves, so to speak,
4 and
4 respectively, hence the question of ad-
vancing either the one or the other to the

is
fifth
one that must be most carefully considered.
advance of either
the
game
Pawn
rank
The
often determines the course
will follow.
Another thing to be considered
is
the matter of one
or more passed Pawns when they are
We
singly or in pairs.
is
same rank
Pawns are
when placed at
centre
either vev}'
isolated either
might say that a passed
weak or very
strong,
and that
its
Pawn
weakness
or strength, whichever happens to be in the case to
be considered, increases as
same time
it
advances, and
in direct relation to the
on the board.
In this last respect
it
number
Pawn
number
the board diminishes.
on
at the
of pieces
might be generally
said that a passed

of pieces
is
increases in
strength as the
SOME POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTS
146
Having
all
this clear in
mind we
now
will
We
revert
to the openings
and middle-game.
games
from beginning to end according to
carefully
general principles.
my
shall,
whenever
will analyse
possible,
use
owTi games, not because they will better illustrate
the point, but because, knowing

shall
them thoroughly,
be able to explain them more authoritatively
than the games of others.
32.
SOME POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTS FROM

A RUY LOPEZ
That some
of the variations in the openings
the manoeuvres in the middle-game are
on some
often based
of the elementary principles just
can be easily seen in the following case
Example
65.
P-K4
2.
P-K4
Kt-KB3
3.
B-Kt5
P-QR3
Kt-B
6.
B-R4
0-0
P-Q4
7.
B-Kt3
8.
PxP
9.
P-B3
P-Q4
B-K3
B-K2
11.
R-Ki
B-B 2
Kt-B 4
B-Kt 5
12.
QKt-Q2
0-0
13.
Kt-Kt3
Kt-K3
1.
4.
5.
10.
and
Kt-QB3
3
KtxP
P-QKt4
expounded
FROM A RUY LOPEZ

So
far
147
a very well-known variation of the
Ruy
In fact, they are the moves of the Janowski-
Lopez.
Lasker game in Paris, 191 2.

14.
P-Kt3
Q-Q3
Let us suppose the game went on, and that in some
way White, by playmg one
of the Knights to
at the proper time, forced the exchange of both Knights,
and then afterwards both the Bishops were exchanged,
and we arrived
some such position as shown
at
following diagram.
very similar
ing the
by
obtained such a position in a
(I
way once
in the
at
Lodz
in Poland.
was play-
against a consulting team headed
White pieces
Sal we.)
'^/^/////,
,-
'/^-//M.',
we would have here the case of the backward

B P, which will in no way be able to advance to
'ôr^
Q
QB
4.
lost,
and
win
it
Such a position
may
be said to be theoretically
in practice a first-class
from Black.
I will say that I
(If I
won
After a few moves
may be
the
master
will invariably
excused the reference,
game above
the position
may
referred to.)
be easily thus
148
"WM.
"^
B ,,,
^
^^
^ ^ ^
wm.^wm.
i
PM'^^^^ '"^^^
î
m,
The Black
plays
wM
pieces can be said to be ^xt^.
Q QB
3,
Black must answer
wise he will lose a Pawn, and

the Queen to
to
Q Kt
Q R
Black
will
if
Q Q
If
White
2,
other-
White returns with
have again to return
with the Queen or lose a Pawn.
Thus Black
can only move according to White's lead, and under

such conditions White can easily advance with his
K B 4 and K Kt 4, until Black will be forced

to stop P B 5 by playing P K B 4, and we might
Pawns
to
finally
have some such position as
Example
this:
66.
&
mAmkm^m
^ ^P ^P
f

il
^
i
%^/y/y/A
FROM A RUY LOPEZ

In this situation the
P;
White threatened
to
I.
P X
P,
could not play
would
also
2.
game might go on
Q- KB
2.
.R
6.
Q-
RX
Q-
8.
10.
K X R,
QXQ, PX
Now
R- Kt2,K- Ri
4.
R;
Kt
ch;
(B
7.
RX
9.
4,
- K Kt
i)
K-R
P - Kt
II.
Q;
R,
RX R
Q - Kt
2,
and White wins
suppose that in the position in the preceding
diagram it were Black's move, and he played
White would then simply defend
move
at least.
5.
R5,
Q- Q
3,
Pawn by Q X P, and Black

K B i, because 3 R X B P
R(B5)-B2,R-Kt3;
R(B i) - KKti,
3.
as follows
win a
Pawn
win a
149
like
Q- K B
3,
R KB
i.
K B P by some
R X Q B P, and
his
threatening
then he would bring his King up to
Kt
3,
and when
the time came, break through, as in the previous case.
White might even be able
obtain the following
to
position
'^^^^^M^
mm ^
^'^
^W^
.,.:
>
C^.
^^
A
..M
ft
^m
^
150
R B
Black would now be forced to play
White could then play
and thus
3,
QB
and follow
2,
force Black to play
it
i,
and
up with
P, which
would give White a greater advantage.
careful
reveal
examination of
besides
that,
these positions will
all
advantage of freedom of
the
manoeuvre on White's part, the power
at
5 is
enormous, and that
position of this
advance, once
it
Pawn, and the
all
is
of the
the
fact that
Pawn
commanding
free to
it is
the pieces are exchanged, that con-
stitute the pivot of all White's manoeuvres.
have purposely given positions without the moves
which lead to them so that the student

accustomed to build up
positions that
Thus he
his
way
may
in
his
arise (out of
will learn to
make
own mind
any given
strategical plans
to the master class.
The
possible
situation).
and be on
The student can
enormous benefit by further practice

33.
may become
derive
of this kind.
THE INFLUENCE OF A "HOLE"
influence of a so-called "hole" in a
already been illustrated
in
my game
game has
against Blanco
(page 81), where has been shown the influence exercised
by the
at White's
different pieces posted in the hole created

5.

Example
national
Li
67.
now
point, I
give a
Masters
order to further illustrate this
game played
Tournament
Gambit Declined.)
151
White:
Havana
in the
of
Inter-
(Queen's
1913.
D. Janowski.
Black:
A. Kupchick.
2.
P-Q4
P-QB4
3.
Kt QB
4.
B Kt5
1.
P-K3
B-Q3
BxP
5.
6.
7.
Of course the idea

it is
is
QKt-Q2
PxP
Kt Kt3
to post a
Knight at
4,
but as
the other Knight which will be posted there this
manoeuvre does not seem
Kt
P-Q4
P-K3
Kt KB3
B K2
The Knight
logical.
at
3 does nothing except to prevent the development
of his
by P
own Q
The normal
B.
4,
is
how
illustration of
00,
course
more reasonable.
to play
followed
For a beautiful
White
in that variation,
game
of the St. Peters-
see the Janowski-Rubinstein
burg Tournament of 191 4.

8.
B Kt
3 has
B-Q3
some points
in its favour in this position,
the most important being the possibility of advancing

the King's
9
Pawn immediately
after 8
BxB, QxB.
8
9.
10.
BxB
Kt B3
Kt
QxB
Kt Q
152
Had White's Bishop been at Q Kt 3 he could now play

P K 4 as indicated in the previous note, a move
which he cannot make
in the present position,
B 5 threatening, not only

but also Kt X B ch. As White's King's
of
Kt
because
the
Kt
P,
Bishop should
never be exchanged in this opening without a very
good reason White therefore cannot play
12.
4.
0-0
B Q2
10
11.
PK
0-0
R B
..
^ ^
White
is
m^WL
perfectly developed,
win a Pawn as follows

followed
J ^^
mmi
wmi
iSf
i
by
RX
12
and now threatens to
Kt X Kt, Kt x Kt
PK
4,
P.
P-QB3
The fact that Black is practically forced to make

this move in order to avoid the loss of a Pawn is sufficient reason in itself to condemn the whole system
of
development on Black's part.
BQ
2,
and now he has to shut
In
off
effect,
he plays
the action of his

own Bishop, which
a Pawn for a while.
can be
it
will
weakening
In fact,
it is
hard to see how this
White
easily seen that
two Knights at
Black
thereby becomes httle more than
be able to attack anything.
will ever
Bishop
153
QB
and
Besides,
soon post his
will
5 respectively,
and that
not be able to dislodge them without seriously
game,
his
these reasons
it
if
he can do
can be gathered that
have been better
at
it
From
all
would probably
it
Black to play Kt
for
all.
X Kt and
thus
get rid of one of the two White Knights before assuming such a defensive position.
number
the
less
In such cases, the
on the board, the better
of pieces
chances there are to escape.

13.
Kt
K4
KB
This practically amounts to committing suicide, since

it
it
creates a hole at
5 for
White's Knight, from where
be practically impossible to dislodge him.
will
If
Black intended to make such a move he should have
done
before,
it
when
at least there
would have been an
object in preventing the WTiite Knight from reach-
ing
5.
14.
15.
The
at
Kt B 5
Kt K5
BK
position of White's Knights, especially the one

5,
might be said to be
ideal,
and a
shows how they dominate the position.

henceforth will be
full
benefit
how
is
single glance
The
WTiite going to deri\-e the
from such an advantageous
This we shall soon
see.
question
situation.
154
rr^
m.P
^1
;>
is
owed by
no object
Kt Q
in this
17.
18.
2.
move, unless
As that
have gone with the Rook to

i6.
,^
R Kt
15-
There
is
it is
to be fol-
not the case, he might
i,
as he does later.
R-B3
R-R3
R B
R Ki
Q-B3
Q Kt3
White threatened to win the exchange by playing

either
Kt B
19.
20.
21.
or
Kt Kt
PB
P QR3
P R3
4.
RB 2
K Ri
these precautions are unnecessary, but

White feels that he has more than enough time to
Perhaps
all
prepare his attack, and wants to be secure in every
way
before he begins.
P-Kt4
21
PK
Q B
22.
2T,.
He had
P-B5
Kt K6
better have played
on to get
rid of
fii
*^.'
RX
Rook
Kt Q
2.
^4i
for a
was better
Knight and
Pav^Ti
position.
PX R
Kt B
24
Qx
tried later
White obtains an overwhelming
Kt Q
and
Kt
sacrifice of the
25.
^ H
24.
Kt B
White's Knights by means of
fi
with this
155
in order to get rid of
one of the
two WTiite Knights. There were, however, any number

of good
ref)lies
to
among them
it,
the
following
Kt (B 5) X Kt, B X Kt Q X P, Q X Q Kt B 7 ch,
K Kt 2 Kt X Q, and with two Pawns for the
exchange, and the position so much in his favour,
;
White should have no trouble
in winning.

R Kt3
26. Kt Kt4
156
27.
28.
moves are
All these
seen they tie
easily
R Kt2
B B2
P K5
B B4
and
practically forced,
up Black's
as
it
is
more and
position
White's manoeuvres from move 24 onwards
more.
are highly instructive.

29.
Kt B 6
Kt Kt
This wandering Knight has done nothing throughout

the game.
30.
31.
32.
33.
If
P X P;
KB
34.
35.
36.
There
is
K Kt
Kt(B5)-K4P-KR3
Kt-Q4
P-KR4
R-Kt3
Q-Q2
Q-Bi
PxP
2,
and Black would be
P B 4
P KKt4
PxP
nothing to be done.
B X
2;
Kt K
Resigns.
If
B Kt
Q R 2 ch,
notice that, apart from other
things, Wliite throughout the
QB
PxP
P.
The student should

of the
helpless.
game has had
Black squares, principally those at
control
5
and
5.
From now on
collection of
my
to the end of the
games both
lost
book
I shall give a
and won, chosen so
as to serve as illustrations of the general principles

laid
down
in the foregoing pages.
PART
II
PART
GAME
1.
II
QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED

(Match, 1909)
White
Black
F. J. Marshall.
1.
2.
P-QB4
3.
Kt-QB3
4.
B Kt5
5.
P-K3
had played
with good
still
played
my
tactics.
J.
R. Capablanca.
P Q4
P-K3
Kt-KB3
B K2
Kt-K5
Q4
this defence twice before in the
and although
results,
it
until the very last
lost this
game, when
The reason was my
match
game
changed
total lack of knowl-
edge of the different variations in this opening, coupled
with the fact that

successful with
I
it
knew that Dr. E. Lasker had been
it
against IMarshall himself in 1907.
thought that since Dr. Lasker had played
The
should be good.
of pieces
full
of
success
and
the
general principles
is
so often,
to bring about a position
and with promising chances of
possibilities
once
object
same time
at the
it
to exchange a couple
end-game stage
it
is
reached.
On
should be wrong, because the

159
GAME
i6o
same Kjiight
although
is
moved
three times in the opening,
In
involves the exchange of two pieces.
it
reality the difficulty in this variation, as well as in
nearly
all
the variations of the Queen's gambit,
the slow development of Black's
in
However, whether
safely played
is
this
still
to be decided,
outside the scope of this book.
present
my preference
opment, but
it
is
Queen Bishop.
variation can or cannot be
a question
is
lies
may add
for a different
and
it
that at
system of devel-
not unlikely that I should some
is
time come back to this variation.
7.
PX P
is
QxB
BxB
B-Q3
6.
preferable for reasons that
Px
PQ
Kt
The idea is that after 8...PXP;

Kt 2, would
Kt 3, followed by B
Bishop a powerful range.

eleventh
game
9.
No
see.
give Black's
this variation see the
0-0
Kt-B3
be good, because 11
of
For
qBxBP,
of the match.
longer would 9.
on account
soon
would be a better way to develop the
Now P X P
game.
shall
Kt X Kt
Kt Q2
7
8.
we
.P
X P
B Kt
Kt
5.
P Q Kt
would prevent B Kt
10
B X
P,
3
2

11.
PXP
Q Kt3
12.
P QR4
10.
i6i
PX P
Kt B 3
PB 4
Played with the intention of obtaining the majority

of
Pawns on
whether
this
move
good, since
is
Queen 's-side Pawns disrupted
in
course would have been to play

13.
Yet
the Queen's side.
Q-R3
it
it
is
doubtful
leaves Black's
The
a way.
PB
safer
3.
P-QKt3
mm
PR
This exposes Black to further attack by
without any compensation for
it.
If I
had
nowadays I would simply play 13

Then after 14 Q X P, Q X Q would follow,
believe that Black would regain the Pawn.
this position
R K
and
If,
to play
.
I.
instead.
White played 14 P X P then
would give Black an excellent game.

14.
PR
15.
00
16.
KR Kt
B Kt 2
QB 2
Kt Q
B Kt
GAME
l62
i......
1^rj
#^^
Black's position was bad and perhaps lost in any

case,
but the text move makes matters worse.
matter of fact I never

It
saw White's reply
never even passed through
threatened.
16.
.K
would
best
Black's
R Kt
I.
If that
my mind
As a
BB
that this
5.
was
move would have been

loses, then any other move
lose as well.
17.
From bad
BB
Kt B
to worse.
18.
19.
20.
21.
The game was

22.
23.
24.
25.
BX
Kt
P R6
PxP
QxP
lost.
KR B
3 offered the only hope.
QXB
B-B3
PxP
QR Kt
One move was
as good as another.
RxR
RxR
Kt-K5
P KB4
Qx R!
Q-B4
R Kt3
Resigns.
163
Kt X B, R
Kt 8 ch would have
drawn. The text move is pretty and finishes quickly.
A well-played game on Marshall's part.
Of course,
if
GAME
25
2.
(San Sebastian, 191 1)
White
A. K. Rubinstein.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Kt B
is
Black
P-Q4
Kt KB 3
P_B4
PxQP
P-Q4
P QB 4
P-K3
Kt-B3
P KKt3
Kt-QB3
move
the normal
development was
KPxP
B K3
in this variation.
by Rubinstein.
isolation
Black's
pieces are
move
to
in the
It
aims at the
P, against which the White
gradually concentrated.
text
WTiite's
introduced by Schlechter and
first
elaborated later on
of
R. Capablanca.
J.
In
making the
was trying
to avoid the beaten track.

Being a developing move there should be no objection
it
way
of general principles, except that the
Knights ought to come out before the Bishops.

7.
B Kt
8.
0-0
B-K2
R-B
I
In pursuance of the idea of changing the normal
GAME
164
course of this variation, but with very poor success.
The move in theory ought to be unsound, since Black's

K Kt is yet undeveloped. I had not yet learned of
Kt 5 and the exchange
the attack founded on Kt
Either Kt
of the B at K 3.
B 3 or P K R 3;
K Kt 5, was right.
to prevent either B or Kt
'ii./M,
^J
^ w/M
WA
m^,
til i
w%.
ii
W'^M
r.^î
mm.
mÂ
.,,,,,,,,,
i^H
9-
This
10.
Kt KKt
II.
KtxB
12.
B-R3
Kt-B3
PX Kt
Q K2
13-
B-Kt5
0-0
The right move was R

Q i in
Rook away from the line of the Bishop
a mistake.
is
order to get the

at
BxP
PXP
and
dentally
it
at the
same time
to support the
shows that White
failed to
move White makes a very
fine
Inci-
take proper
advantage of Black's weak opening moves.

the text
P.
Against
combination
QUEEN'S GAjMBIT DECLINED

which
had
which
seen, but
thought
165
could
be
seemed would give
me
defeated.
B X Kt
14.
I considered
PX
QXB
B, which
it
a playable game, but I thought WTiite's combination
unsound and therefore
him play
let
it,
to
regret.
:m
....Â
B^H P
IB
î_î^.
15.
Q-R3
KtxP!
'
"y/////,'
X-
.^-
^^
^^
^/
fi
^î
*=
<i^
my
lasting
GAME
i66
i6.
This
is
the
K Kt2!
move which
had not considered.
that Rubinstein would have to play

I
had
in
B Kt
mind
KR
change),
(if
Kt X P
P K Kt
this
4,
R-B
Kt Kt 5
Kt R
19
and Black should win.
move
granted
Q B
i,
B X P ch wins
X Kt, B X R ch 20
3,
It
that
did
the ex-
Kx
B,
curious that
is
It has been
combination has been overlooked.
taken for
when
(if
2,
2,
the following winning combination
Kt K 4I 17 Kt B 4
16 B-Kt
QxR!! QxQ, BxPch wins),
18
I thought
not see the
17th
i.
QR Qi
16
After White's last
move
was nothing
there
for
me
to
do but submit to the inevitable.

17.
Q B
18.
QXB
Q-Q7
19.
Q-Kt5
Kt-Qs
Q-Q3
PXQ
B Kt4
QxQ
KR Ki
20.
21.
22.
i!
This gives Black a chance.
PxKt
He
should have played
R X R ch, R X R
K R K
If then Kt B
R- Q
R-QBi,R-K7; K-B Kt- Q
B K6ch, K Bi; BxP would win) R B 8 ch,
K B 2; R B ch, R K 2; R B 5 wins.
I.
i,
5 (if
;
RQ
22
23.
RXR
24.
RXR
R-QKt3
25.
R-K5
RxP
26.
RX
Kt-B3
K B
28.
29.
BB
30.
B-B4
27.
ch
30-
KR-Ki
B K6ch
R B 5 ch
167
K Ki
K-Q2
P-QR3
bad move, which gives away any legitimate
chance Black had to draw.
It loses
a very important
game will show,

was to play
way
proper
The
it
Q 3. If then R Q Kt 5, RxR; B x R,
Kt Q 5; followed by P Q Kt 4; and WTiite
would have an exceedingly difficult game to draw on
move.
In
fact, as the course of the
loses several moves.
account of the dominating position of the Knight at
GAME
i68
5 in
conjunction with the extra
side
and the awkward position
how
this is so.)
2>^-
R B 7 ch
R X K Kt P
33-
B Kt8
31.
34.
3536.
37.
38.
With
RXP
P R4
R R6ch
R R5 ch
B-Q5
these last three
Pawn on
the Queen's
of White's King.
(See
K-Q3
P Kt4
P-QR4
P-RS
P-Kt5
K B4
K-Kt3
moves White again
gives Black
move B B 4 would
have won with comparative ease, but the text move
a chance.
is
Even
before the last
a downright blunder, of which, fortunately for him,
Black does not avail himself.
P Kt6
38
RXP
White
would make
to win,
if
it
practically
he can win at
all.
impossible
for
White's best con-

tinuation then would have been
42
R Kt
PR
is
a win
44
PR
40
5 ch,
K B
PR
5,
6,
R R
39
BB
4,
R By;
P R 6;
B Kt 8,
B X P, R X B, and
2;
43
very
is
it
difficult
3! offers
41
find
to
it,
169
as
if
there
against
chances for a
excellent
draw.
39.
40.
If
40...P
42
R Kt
P R6
R X Kt P
Px
P
B X Kt
R Kt
41
7;
K R
ch,
3;
8.
41.
42.
B-Q5
R R6ch
P-R7
Resigns.
As an end game, this is rather a sad exhibition for

two masters. The redeeming feature of the game is
Rubinstein's fine combination in the middle game,
beginning with 14
B x
Kt.
GAME 3. IRREGULAR DEFENCE

(Havana, 191 3)
White
D. Janowski.
Black
2.
P-Q4
Kt-KB3
3-
B-Kt5
4.
P-K3
5-
Kt-B3
I.
6.
7.
8.
9-
B-Q3
Q K2
0-0
KR Q
J.
R. Capablanca.
Kt KB
Kt-B
B-Kt5
I
P-Q3
Q Kt Q 2
P-K4
P-B3
BK
Q-R4
GAME
170
At
last
Black
The
ment.
is
as
his
way
to obtain full develop-
idea of this irregular opening
own
mainly
is
At the time
White on
game was played, the system of defence was not
well known as the regular forms of the Queen's
to throw
the
on
Pawn
his
Whether
openings.
yet to be proved.
Its
resources.
sound or not remains
it is
good features are that
the centre intact without creating

ness,
and that
it
it
keeps
gives plenty of opportunity for deep
and concealed manoeuvring.

long time
it
any particular weak-
The drawback
takes Black to develop his game.
the
is
It is
natural to suppose that White will employ that time

to prepare a weU-conceived attack, or that he will use
the advantage of his development actually to prevent

Black's
complete
obtaui some
development,
or
failing
definite material advantage.
11.
P KR3
PxP
12.
Kt K4
ID.
mm,
B R4
PxP
^'^'^'^'i^B
that,
to
IRREGULAR DEFENCE
Kt X Kt
12
very serious mistake,
was the
right
I considered castling,
move, but desisted because
B X
that by playmg 13
B Kt3; i5Kt B5,
Kt,
Px B
14
the game, and
was
afraid
Kt Kt
Whether
shows how closely related are
this
which
3,
White would obtain a win-
ning position for the end game.
wrong
171
consequently
how one
all
right or
parts of
will influence
the other.
13.
BxB
KxB
14.
B X Kt
B Kt
Not good.
been Kt
The
into play.
natural and proper
3, in
B x Kt
order to bring
at once
was
move would have
all
the Black pieces
also good, as
it
would
have reheved the pressure against Black's King's Pawn,
and
at the
Here
it
mentary
same time have

is
seen
how
simplified the
failure to
logical reasons, that
game.
comply with the
govern any given posi-
tion, often brings the player into trouble.
doubt influenced
of
BB
5,
in
my
ele-
choice of
was no
moves by the
fear
which was a very threatening move.
Kt-K3
16.
Q-B4
P QKt 4
17.
B X B
18.
Q K4
RPx B
K B 3
15.
QB
GAME
172
^^^
&^f
Kf
19.
P K R
4, to
R-Q3
be followed by
been a more vigorous
weak point
Black's
4,
The
which he
text
is
way
is
P Kt
to carry
4,
might have
on the attack.
unquestionably the
Pawn
at
compelled to defend with the King.
move aims
at doubling the Rooks, with the
ultimate object of placing one of
them
at
6,
sup-
Pawn at Q B 5,
P B 4, which would create a "hole"
this by
or by playing P Kt 3, which would tie the
at Q 5
Black Queen to the defence of the Q B P as well as
Black could only stop
ported by a
playing
the
ever, can
meet
all
this
by
offering the exchange of
Rooks, which destroys White's plans.
PK
Black, how-
P, which she already defends.
4 appears the proper
way
For
this reason
to carry on the
attack.
QR-Qi
P KKt4
20. QR Qi
which would
preparatory to P K Kt
This move
19
is
3,
IRREGULAR DEFENCE
make
173
Unfortunately for Black,
Black's position secure.
he did not carry out his original plan.

21.
safe
game.
Kt
would have
22.
RxR
P B4
left
Black with a perfectly
R Q
RxR
very serious mistake, which loses a
Kt
was the
Pa\\Ti.
move, and would have
right
with a very good game.
In
fact,
if it
left
P
Black
should come to
a simple ending, the position of the Black King would
be an advantage.
23.
RxR
24.
This wins a
Q R 4
KR4
Pa^\^l, as will
reply 24...Kt
26
Ktx R
soon be seen.
because 25
wins the Knight.
PXP
Black cannot
ch,
Kt X P;
GAME
174
PXP
24
29.
QxP
P-B5
K K 3
KB 3
K K3
Q Q3
Q-Q4
30.
P-K4!
Q-Q8ch
31.
K R2
PB
25.
26.
27.
28.
32.
Q X P ch
Q Kt4ch
Q Ktsch
Q Kt4ch! K K2
QXQ
34.
KtxP
KtxQ
Kt-K3
35.
P-K5
PxP
36.
KtxP
Kt Q5
33.
The game went on for a few more moves, and,

there being no way to counteract the advance of
White's two passed Pawns, Black resigned.
GAME
4.
(St.
WTiite
J.
FRENCH DEFENCE
Petersburg, 1913)
R. Capablanca. Black E. A. Snosko-Borovski.

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
P-Q4
P K4
Kt-QB3
B Kt 5
P-K3
P Q4
Kt-KB3
B Kt 5
This constitutes the McCutcheon Variation.

at taking the initiative
away from White.
It
aims
Instead
FRENCH DEFENCE
makes a counter demonstration
of defending, Black
on the Queen's
175
It leads to highly interesting
side.
games.
PXP
5.
At the time
was
this
in vogue,
move
the text
game was played

but
is
considered then, as I do now,
to be the stronger.
QxP
This
the variation
Px
considered superior to
P.
has for
It
object, as I said before, to take the initiative
from White by disrupting White's Queen's
side.
its
away
WTiite,
however, has more than ample compensation through

his breaking
laid
up
down
of the
up Black's King's
side.
It
as a principle of the opening that the breaking
King^s side
lar occurrence
The plan
on
is
of
more importance tlmn a simi-
the Queen''s side.
6.
Bx
7-
PXB
PxB
8.
Kt-B3
P-QKt3
of
Black in this variation
B X Kt
Kt
ch
is
to post his
Bishop on the long diagonal so as to be able

in
might be
later on,
conjunction with the action of his Rooks along
the open
Kt's
White's King.
will Castle
file,
It
to
is,
make a
violent attack against
of course, expected that \Miite
on the King's side because of the broken-up
condition of his Queen's side Pa^^ns.
GAME
176
10.
11.
12.
An
B Kt
Q Q
BK 2
P B4

9-
4
2
Kt Q2
Q KB4
original idea, I believe, played for the first time
in a similar position in a
Perm
Shipley,
there
as
is
game
against Mr. Walter
Philadelphia.
of
My
idea
is
that
no Black Bishop and because Black's
pieces have been developed with a view to an attack
on the King's
side, it will
be impossible for Black to
take advantage of the apparently unprotected position of White's King.

sidered.
Firstly
side, as in this
of
an attack.
side,
If
game,
Two
Black Castles on the Queen's
it is
Secondly
evident that there
If
is
no danger
Black Castles on the King's
White begins the attack
awkward
must be con-
possibihties
first,
taking advantage of
position of Black's Queen.
In addition
to the attacking probabilities of the text
move, White
the
in
one move brings his King into safety and brings
one of his Rooks into play.

moves, "tempi" as they are
him
to
develop
whatever
Thus he gains
called,
plan
which
he
may
several
will serve
wish
to
evolve.
12
13.
Q K3
14.
P-Kt3
000
KR Kt
Q-QR4
Unquestionably a mistake, overlooking Wliite's
fine
FRENCH DEFENCE
reply, but a careful examination will
177
show that WTiite
already has the better position.

15.
R-Q3!
16.
KR Q
K Kt
Q-KB4
I
W/M
fa i i
Um
lU
S
^///^//i
17.
^'-'
^Bi
'^////'X-,
Kt
R4
This move has been criticised because
Knight out
of the
way
for a
few moves.
it
puts the
But by
forc-
WTiite gains a ver}^ important move

ing Q K Kt 4
which
not only consohdates his position,
with P
B
;
4,
but also drives the Queen away, putting
game
for the
moment.
it
out of the
Certainly the Queen
more valuable than the Knight, to say nothing
is
far
of the
time gained and the freedom of action obtained thereby

for WTiite's
more important
17
18.
PB
19.
B-B3
pieces.
Q K Kt 4
Q Kt 2
GAME
178
In such positions
to get rid
and
Q B
is
it
generally very advantageous
of the Black Bishop controlling his Q R 3

"holes" for White's pieces.
3, which form
The Bishop
in such positions
of very great defensive
is
value, hence the advantage of gettmg rid of
KR Ki
19
20.
it.
KxB
B X B
P-QB 5! P-B3
threatened P B 6 ch.
Q-Bi
22. Kt B 3
21.
White
To
prevent the Knight from moving to
4 or Q B 4. It
of position.
advantage
great
and
is
23.
6 via
White has a
Kt Q2?
had considered
move, but gave
self-evident that
it
R Kt
up because
3,
it
which was the right
seemed too slow, and
FRENCH DEFENXE
179
that in such a position there had to be some quicker
way
of winning.
PX P
2Z
Kt B 4
24.
Kt
4 or
Kt Kt
would have brought about
an ending advantageous to White.
Kt Kt3
KR I
Kt Q4
24
If
R Kt
P would
25.
Kt R
26.
Px
27.
Q-Q4
28
Kt B 4 was
Pawn
win the game.

in
Kt X
P,
R-Bi
R (Kt B
i)
29
Kt x
P B 4
the right move.
I was,
however,
still
"grand combination," and thought
looking for the
way
ch
win.
28.
that the
would
later
on have at
6 would
Black deserves great credit for the
which he conducted
this exceedingly difficult
GAME
I So
defence.
He
could easily have gone wrong any
move
ber of times, but from
22
num-
onwards he always
played the best move.
P-K4!
?8
30-
Q-Kti
PxKt
31-
P Q6
32.
P-Q7
33-
K Kt
34.
Kt-Kt3
35.
RXP
29.
The
position
here
my
true
it
most
is
P-K5
PXR
R K7
R-B ych
R Kt ich
Q K2
interesting.
I believe I lost
chance to win the game, and
last
would vindicate
28, I played P B
would happen
if
4.
my
The student can
White plays
(of course
that
is
judgment when, on move
Q Q
find out
4I
have gone over the following variations
RXK R P
if
what
at once.
35
Q Q
ifRxBP, P Q8
I
4>
wins)
FRENCH DEFENCE
36QXQP! R-Q
(if
i;
37
Q-R6, K-Kt
Q Q 5 ch K R K Kt
I,
QXB P
38
and WTiite
37-
3^-
There
is
best
wins)
have a draw.
7
I
Q-K5
K-Kt
nothing to be done against this simple move,
White cannot play Kt
since
R Q Kt
R-K
R-Q
O-Q4
Q R4
Q-R6
36.
will at least
35-
I8l
4,
because
Q R
mates.
K-B
Kt Q4
RxQP
R K8ch
39.
40.
Resigns.
very interesting battle.
GAME
(St.
White
2.
3.
4.
Petersburg, 1914)
Black
Dr. E. Lasker.
1.
The
RUY LOPEZ
5.
P K4
Kt KB
middle-game
this
R. Capablanca.
Kt QB
move
without
J.
P K4
3
P-QR3
B-Kt5
BxKt
object of
is
to bring
Queens,
in
about speedily
which
WTiite
GAME
i82
has four Pawns to three on the King's

superiority of
Black's
Pawns on
somewhat balanced by the
Pawns
is
On
doubled.
side,
while
the other side
is
one of Black's
fact that
the other hand, Black has
the advantage of remaining with two Bishops while
White has only one.
QPXB
PxP
QXQ
B-Q3
6.
P-Q4
QxP
7.
KtxQ
5.
Black's idea
reason
is
side to
is
Castle on the King's side.
to
to remain
that the King ought
His
on the weaker
oppose later the advance of White's Pawns.
Theoretically there
is
very
much
to be said in favour
of this reasoning, but whether in practice that
would
be the best system would be rather difhcult to prove.
The student should
notice that
if
now
all
the pieces
were exchanged White would practically be a
won
ahead, and would therefore have a
8.
Kt
Kt
QB3
Pawn
ending.
K2
perfectly sound form of development.
In any other
form adopted the Black Kt could not be developed

either as quickly or as well.
for the
Black Kt
obstruct Black's Pawns,

ualities,
in
order
2 is
the natural position
in this variation, in order not to
to
go
and
to
also,
in
Kt
some event3.
There
is
RUY LOPEZ
also the possibility of its going to
183
QB
5 via
3 after
P-QB4.
0-0
PB 4
9.
10.
This move
5,
and
weak
I considered
It leaves the
still.
0-0
also
it
Kt by B Q B
makes
and B
Kt
R K
4; B K
BB
BK
3 because of
Kt Kt
do
3,
in
Kt
followed
conjunction with
would put WTiite
3,
Kt Q
Q 4 or B
great
Kt
by P
Kt
difficulties
to
4.
3,
which
meet the
combined attack against the two centre Pa\Mis.
P-B5
4.
B3
P Q Kt
2 in
12.
It also prevents
Preparatory to
and
advances to
it
4.
It threatens
II.
unless
possible for Black to pin the
it
10.
Best.
at the time,
P weak,
GAME
1 84
It
has been wrongly claimed that this wins the game,
but I would
like
nothing better than to have such a
on
It required several mistakes
position again.
my
part finally to obtain a lost position.
QKt3
12
B-B4
13.
m
z^^
HI
mm
mm
i
Bg
îS^
W^
&
B Kt2
13-
Played against
of course
variation:
ing
15
was
R Q
I,
H^^^B
my better judgment. The

B X B. Dr. Lasker gives
right
the follow-
i3...BxB;i4RxB, P B
B Kt 2; 16 R B 2, Q R Q
17RXR, RxR; 18R Q2, RxR;
19
and he claims that White has the best of

as Niemzovitch pointed out immediately
game, 16... Q
tion,
White
is
R Q
not the best.
will
move
have great
4;
i;
Kt x R,
it.
after
But,
the
given in Dr. Lasker's variaIf
16...
Q RB
difficulty in
i!
then
drawing the game,
RUY LOPEZ
since there
Kt B
no good way to stop Black from playing
is
3, followed
And
5.
185
by Kt
Kt
threatening
4,
should Wliite attempt to meet this ma-
noeuvre by withdrawing the
Kt
Black Knight can go to
and the White Pawn at

Taking Dr.
5,
Kt
at
then the
be the object of the attack.
will
Lasker's variation, however, whatever advantage there
might be disappears at once
3,
threatening
Kt Kt
of
which can be stopped.
5,
Kt Q
after 19.
that
5 for
.Kt
it is difficult
and
If
Black
Kt Q
also
will at least
how
to see
.Kt
draw.
neither
5,
White answers 20 Kt
Black threatens so
In
many
fact,
things
WTiite can prevent the
more Pawns.
loss of one or
It is
Black plays 19.
if
14.
BX B
15.
Kt-Q4
PXB
a curious but true fact that I did not see this
move when
played 13
B Kt
have played the right move
is
yet far from
lost,
of the Knight, Black can later
lowed by
.B
otherwise I would
B.
QR-Qi
15
The game
13.
2,
PQ
as against the entry
on play P
4.
16.
Kt
17.
QR-Qi
K6
R Q2
4, fol-
GAÎE
i86
now was on
by P
followed
'iJe^,,'/
the point of playing
4,
which
PB
4, to
thought would give
be
me
a draw, but suddenly I became ambitious and thought

B i,
that I could play the text move, i7...Kt
and
at
KP
later
6,
on
sacrifice
Pawn
winning a
still
weaker.
Now
for
it,
and leaving White's
intended to carry this plan either
before or after playing
demanded.
the exchange for the Knight
let
K Kt 4 as the circumstances
us analyse
Bx
P B 4. If
P Q Kt 4; and a
1 7
Kt; 19 PxB,
careful analysis wall show that Black has nothing to
Black's plan in this case would be to work his
fear.
Kt around to K 4, via Q B i, Q Kt 3, and Q B 5 or
18
Kt Q
2.
5,
Again, 17...P
4; 18
R B
2,
-Q
4;
2)
P X P, B X P 20 Kt X B (best, since if R
Q 2, B X Kt give Black the advantage), RxKt;
21 R X R, Kt X R; and there is no good reason why
(B
19
Black should
lose.
Kt Bi
17
18.
R B 2
P-QKt4
19.
20.
21.
RUY LOPEZ
R (Q 2) K
KR Q 2
K B 2
P QKt4
B Ri
P QR3
my
Once more changing
187
2
plan and this time without
now played R X Kt; P X R ch,

R X P as I intended to do when I went back wîth
the Knight to B i, I doubt ver>^ much if White would
any good reason. Had
At
have been able to win the game.

have been extremely
22.
K B
25.
26.
PX P
24.
P-QR4
PX
R
(R
bad game, flounders around

have been better to play
and at the same time
with the Knight at

27.
K B 3
28.
KB
Again bad.
the
Black, with a
move.
would
6 to keep the open
to threaten to
and B
It
come out
5.
R Kt
P Kt 3
Wliite's last
two moves were weak,
White King does nothing
played his Rook to
now
Kt
for a
R R
K 2
2)
This, of course, has no object now.
file,
would
it
RR 2
P R3
P Kt 4
R-Q3
P KR4
23.
least
difficult.
Kt
should have played
this
chance White has
the
game most
here.
He
should have
on the 27th move.
P Kt
it all
accurately,
his
4 ch.
since
Black
After missing
own way, and
finishes
and Black becomes more
GAME
i88
comment, excepting that

an altogether
made,
it
The game needs no
move.
helpless with each
my
play throughout was of
When
irresolute character.
must be
carried out
if
a plan
to the 27th move, which
The
move.
rest
of his
and 12th
he played well after that up
was bad, as well as

play
was
good,
his 28th
probably
perfect.
R-Kt3
P Kt4ch
Kt Kt3
32.
K-B3
PXP
R-R3
33-
K-Kt3!
34.
QR KRi
35-
P-K5
RPXP
R Q2
K Ki
B Kt2
QPXP
36.
Kt-K4
Kt-Q4
37.
Kt(K6)-B5
BB
38.
KtxR
BxKt
41.
R R7
R-Ri
R RSch
R B
K Qi
BB
42.
Kt-B5
Resigns.
29.
3031-
3940.
is
Regard-
at all possible.
ing the play of White, I consider his loth
moves were very weak
further
FRENCH DEFENCE
GAME
189
FRENCH DEFENCE
6.
(Rice Memorial Tournament, 1916)
White
O.
R. Capablanca.
J.
3-
P-Q4
Kt-QB3
4-
B-Kt5
B-Kt5
2.
K4
the variations of the French Defence I like
all
this
P-K3
P Q4
Kt KB3
I.
Of
Black
Chajes.
best,
because
gives
it
Black more chances to
obtain the initiative.
P-K5
5-
Though
I consider
P X P
the best move, there
to be said in favour of this
move, but not
is
much
of the vari-
ation as a whole, which Wliite adopted in this game.
P-KR3
5.
7.
B-Q2
PxB
Bx Kt
Kt-Ks
8.
Q-Kt4
KB
6.
The
alternative,
side very weak.
Kt 3 leaves Black's King's

White by playing P K R 4 would
;
force Black to play
P K R 4
Bishop by going to
Kt
P.
By
the text
3,
and
later,
on White's
would threaten the weakened
move Black
gives
up Castlmg,
but gains time for an attack against WTiite's centre
and Queen's
side.
GAME
iQO
B-B
9.
Threatening
threat of
last
Q R
BR
P-QB4
4 and stopping thereby White's

It
3.
demonstrates that White's
move was a complete
weakened
loss of
time and merely
his position.
II.
Kt K2
12.
0-0
13.
BxKt
Q-R4
PxP
PxP
PXB
14.
QxP
Kt-B3
10.
B-Q3
i m m
W'.
'^^*
WiW^.
'^/'/'/yy/M
B
M1^,
M_ ^
''^m
#1
^^^
^ i
-.HI.
i ^^ ^^^
i
^SB
m.^ WiA
Black has come out of the opening with a

to the good.
Pawn
His development, however, has suffered
somewhat, and there are Bishops of opposite colour,

so that
cannot be said as yet, that Black has a
it
won game
but he has certainly the best of the posi-
tion, because, besides being a
threatens White's
K P,
Pawn
to the good, he
which must of course be de-
FRENCH DEFENCE
fended, and this in turn will give
Knight at
to post his
Knight
is
3 via
and
posted at
2,
Q 4,
4 via
him the opportunity
2.
When
the Black
the Bishop will be developed to
as soon as the opportunity presents
be Black that will then have the
will
it
191
and can consequently decide the course
R-Qi
Kt K 2
itself,
initiative,
of the
game.
15.
To prevent
Kt X P, or
ever,
is
still
which would be answered by
by B
better
3.
wrong, since
strategically
pieces to the Queen's side.
White
The move, howby bringing his

loses
any chance
he might have of making a determined attack on the

King's side before Black
is
thoroughly prepared for
P-KKt3
15
16.
PB
17.
B-K3
3.
The
WTiite
K Kt
Better would have been
BR
it.
P Q R
B would
on the open diagonal than
be
here,
4, in
much
where
order to play
better posted
it
acts purely
on the defensive.
Kt K 2
Kt Q4
17
18.
BB
This Knight completely paralyses the attack, as
dominates the whole situation, and there

to dislodge
his pieces.
for
it.
Behind
it
it
no way
Black can quietly develop
The game can now be
Black strategically.
is
said to be
won
GAME
192
B Q2
19.
R Q3
20.
Kt-Q4
21.
22.
23.
R Kt3
P KR4
QR QB
K R2
KR Kt
P-R5
Q-Kt5
In order to pin the Knight and be ready to come back

to either
or
In reaUty nearly
B
all
since White's attack
Black should have
Also to prevent
i.
R Kt
i.
these precautions are unnecessary,
amounts
to nothing.
left aside all
Probably
these considerations,
up with
and played Q R 5 now, in order to follow
pB
as he did later, but under less favourable
it
4,
circumstances.
24.
24.
Not
R-R3
p B4
the best, as White will soon prove.
QB
would have avoided everything, but Black wants

assume the initiative at once and plunges into comto
FRENCH DEFENCE
plications.
is
However, as
193
soon be seen, the
will
not a losing one by any means.

25.
PXP
26.
PxPch
Kt X P (B
e.p.
RxP
^,
^M
M^m '""^
y/y^/yyii.
1
liW
27.
?r
i*^
^^
m
^^'
i^j
RxP ch
This wins the Queen.
KxR
27
28.
Kt B 5ch
29.
QxQ
Px
^
w ^
^^
Kt
ft
l^g
3)
move
GAME
194
The
most
position looks
6
I thought
interesting.
it
would be possible to get up such an attack against
make
the White King as to
much
hold out
it
longer, but I
him
to
was wrong, unless
it
impossible for
could have been done by playing B B 3

I
P Kt 3 and then playing K R
forcing
first,
followed a
4.
similar plan, but lost a very important
Q R K Kt
R Q I. I am
ing
P Kt
convinced, however, that
K R
4;
3,
is
K Kt
move
Kt K
that
tion
It
all.
either
it
will
would
to
and follow
In some
to play
K Kt 5),
will
many
be
some
circumstances.
be better
worth
be
R K R i
threatening mate, or
which
5,
There are so
draw.
to play
according
cases, of course, it will
or
White would be forced
as already indicated, which looks the best
up with
other
BB
and Black would reply with
(the plan, of course,

it
play-
which gave White time to play
at once was the right move.

to play
move by
first
at
impossible
the
this posi-
give
to
reader's
him a
give
least
possibilities in
time
them
go
to
carefully through the lines of play indicated above.
QR KKt
29
As stated B
it
was the best move.
30.
P-Kt3
B-B3
31.
R Qi
K R4
plan, of course, as explained above,
The
Kt
5 in
is
due time and threaten mate at
now
too late, the White
is
to go to
KR
8,
but
Rook having come
in
FRENCH DEFENCE
time to prevent the mancEuvre.
move,
therefore, Black should
195
Instead of the text
have played Kt
which would have given him a draw at the very

After the text moves the tables are turned.
5;
least.
It is
now
White who has the upper hand, and Black who has
to fight for a draw.
R Q6
32.
Kt
was
still
K5
the right move, and
had
the last chance Black
to
best play.
33'
34.
Kt X Q
RX
QxBP
RxR
R, Kt
49.
50-
B--R6ch
36.
3738.
3940.
41.
42.
434445-
46.
47.
48.
Kt-Q4
KxR
X P was no
Q--K5
p--B4
Q--Kt 2
B--Q4
Q--Kt5
K--B 2
Q--Kt6
K--K I
Q--Q6
P--Kt 4
P--KB5
K--Q2
P--B6
Q--K6ch
B--K3
35.
probably
draw against White's
better.
K--B 2
R--Ki
Kt--B3
R--KRi
R--R8ch
P--R3
R--R 7ch
Kt--Q2
B--B3
Px P
R--R8ch
K--K I
R--R2
K--B I
R- B 2
K--Kt
GAME
196
Most
did,
I
players will be wondering, as the spectators
why
knew
The reason
did not resign.
the
game
to be lost, I
is
was hoping
that while
for the fol-
lowing variation, which Chajes came very near playing
5iQxPch,K-R2; 52Q-R5,RxP; 53 BKt 5 ch, K Kt 2 54 B X R ch, K X B; and while

;
White has a won game
it
the reader does not believe
51
B Kt
to take
and
won
7,
finally
B Kt
53-
K K2
K B
54.
Q-Kt4
52.
55-
56.
see
who decided
51-
and
by no means
it, let
and
pieces against a master
opponent,
is
K Kt
P R4
easy.
If
him take the White

what happens. My
no chances, played
as
shown below.
P Kt6
P Kt 7
Kt B
Kt Q2
P R4
BxP
I
57-
Q-R3
RxP
58.
BxR
KtxB
59-
QxPch
K B
60.
QxP
few more moves Black resigned.

game on Chajes' part from move 25
after a very
very
fine
on, for while Black, having the best of the position,
missed several chances. White, on the other hand,

missed none.
RUY LOPEZ
GAME
7.
197
RUY LOPEZ
(San Sebastian, 191 1)
White
J.
R. Capablanca.
1.
2.
Kt KB
4.
5.
P-Q3
This
is
much
A.
P K4
Kt QB
K4
B-Kt5
B R4
3.
Black
Bum-
P-QR3
Kt B 3
a very solid development, to which I was
addicted at the time, because of
my
ignorance
of the multiple variations of the openings.
P-Q3
B K2
5
6.
P B3
In this variation there

this
Bishop via Kt
7.
2,
is
after
QKt Q
10.
B
BB
Q K
11.
Px
8.
9.
the alternative of developing
Kt
P K Kt
3.
00
P QKt4
P Q4
Px
B QB
Evidently to make room for the Queen at

I
do not think the move ad\dsable at

3
is
this stage.
a more natural and effective move.
a piece and threatens
BB
5,
B Kt
It
2,
but
develops
which would have
to be stopped.
12.
B K3
GAME
198
Now
it is
not so effective, because White's
and the Knight, in going to
B.
QB
4,
does not block the

13.
He
is
bad.
3 to defend
QB
is
out,
the square
R Ki
Q K2
Black's
game was already not
Kt K3
14.
This
good.
no choice but to take the Knight
probably had
with the Bishop before making this move.
Wm
^m
mi
m
^P
^^^
15.
Kt Qs
16.
PxB
in order to bring
and
^P '^ ^P
it
to
also his King's
BxKt
Kt Kti
2,
Pawn.
to support the other Knight
White, however, does not
by taking advantage
to win a Pawn.
allow time for this, and

superior position
17.
is
able
P-QR4
Since he had no
way
he should have given
Q Kt Q
2,
P-Kt5
to prevent the loss of a

it
in border to
of his
Pawn,
up where it is, and played

make his position more solid.
RUY LOPEZ
The
199
move not only loses a Pawn, but

game very much weakened.
text
Black's
19.
PX P
B X Kt
B X P
QXB
20.
Q-K4
21.
QxPch
B-Q3
KB
18.
leaves
P"^
'^^^-mk
With a Pa\vn more and all his pieces ready for

while Black is still backward in development,
remains for White to drive
home
his
action^
it
only
advantage before
Black can come out with his pieces, in which case,
K R
by using the open
file,
Black might be able to
start a strong attack against WTiite's King.

is
able
by
his next
22.
This
is
P Kt
practically
Q R
to eliminate all danger.
Q-R3
R4
Black
forced
3 because of
threatened
QxP.
Kt
move
BX
Wliite
P,
could
not
play
and Wliite meanwhile
S ch followed
by Kt
ch and
LrAMJn. 7
200
23.
QxQ
24.
Kt-B5
25.
B-Qi
26.
BXP
27.
B-K2
28.
KR Q
29.
BB
30.
P-R4
Black must
lose
KR Qi
P R4
time assuring the safety of this Pawn.
P-KKt3
Kt-K3
32.
B X Kt
PXB
Kt-K3
Kt-B4
KR Kt
K K2
34.
fights a hopeless battle.
for all practical purposes,
isolated
and have
35.
QR B
is
two Pawns down
by
RR
pieces.
2
B, followed by
K B X
37.
R K
R-K4
R-Kt5
38.
P-Kt4
R-R3
36.
RXR
He
Kt X B
of course
40.
R-B3
R B 3 ch
41.
P-Kt3
42.
K Kt2
39.
and the Pawns he has are
to be defended
White threatened Kt
If
Kt-Q 2
Kt-B3
KtxP
Kt-B5
31.
33-
Black
PxQ
P-KR4
R B
would win a piece
B-B4
K Kt 2
B-Qs
R-Ri
ch.
CENTRE GAME
201
P-Kt5
R-R3
45.
P-Rs
PxR
R-B3
46.
P-Kt6
Resigns.
43-
44-
Rx
GAMES. CENTRE
Kt
GAIVIE
(Berlin, 1913)
White
J.
Black
Mieses.
3.
P K4
P Q4
QXP
4.
Q-K3
5.
Kt-QB3
6.
BQ
7.
000
1.
2.
J.
R. Capablanca.
P K4
Px
Kt-QB3
Kt-B3
B-Kt5
R K
In this position, instead of the text move,

is
often played in order to develop the
was
it,
at
B.
to exert sufficient pressure against the
PQ
t,
My
idea
win
to
and thus gain a material advantage, which would,

least,
compensate whatever
position WTiite
quite feasible,
The
might have.
my
slight
subsequent
plan, I
difficulties
to faulty execution of the plan.
8.
Q Kt 3
9.
Kt X Kt
10.
KB
Ktx P
R X Kt
4
advantage of
think,
is
being due
GAME
202
l#P^
1.
4'^
B ^
Wf^
î^^^^:^^^^
^mm ^^^
^.
''^Mm.l. '/W'^
Q-B3
10
White's threat to regain the
Pawn was merely with

Black
the idea of gaining time to develop his pieces.
could have played
PQ
opening the
Q B, when would have followed,

12 Kt B 3, and White would
B Q3,
11
in accordance
for his
R Ki;
soon start a powerful
With the
direct attack against Black's King.
Black aims at taking the
way
initiative
with the principles
text
move
away from White

laid down in this
book.
II.
If
B X
P,
Kt
PQ
completely shut
if
at
all,
move aims
off,
R3
and White's Bishop would be
and could only be
with serious
now
of
position.
The
text
at quick development to keep the initiative.

II
This
loss
extricated,
is
P-Q3
not only a developing move, but
threatens to win a piece
by B x Kt.
it
also
CENTRE GAME
12.
B-Q3
203
Kt-Q5
This complicates the game unnecessarily.
was simple, and

13.
R K
perfectly safe.
B-K3
WM^jg^'frnm,
mm
is
.^^
B-Kt5
a serious mistake.
and though
interesting,
^^^
mm.
13
This
tvLfJ
in
The
position
was most
appearance dangerous for
The right move would have

been 13. .R
Kt 5, when we would have 14 B X Kt,
RXB; 15P QB3,BxP; 16 P x B,
K Kt 5
Black, not so in reality.
R-
17
Q K
19
PX
RX
Q,
(best),
QxPch; 18B B2, QxQ;
P, and Black has the best of the
game
with four Pawns for a Knight, besides the fact that

all
the White
14.
Pawns
There was nothing

15.
are isolated.
Kt Kt
5!
Rx
better.
QXB!
Kt
ch
GAME
204
iBi
i6.
17.
RxB
BxKt!
Kt K4!
RxKt
Q Kt 4ch
20.
21.
KR Ki
Q-B3
22.
R-Q5
19.
tage,
QxR
P KB4
P B3
18.
QXQ
Q-Kt4
B B4
would have given White a decided advan-
enough to win with proper play.
Mieses, however,
feared the difficulties of an ending where, while having

the exchange, he would be a Pawn minus. He preferred to keep the
the attack.
At
Queens on the board and keep up
first
sight,
and even
after
careful
thought, there seems to be no objection to his plan

From this point
but in truth such is not the case.
the
game
until,
will gradually
improve
in
Black's
with the exchange ahead, White
is lost.
favour
CENTRE GAME
Q-Q2
P-QB3
P-Q4
22
23-
P-B5
24.
R Q2
205
mm
WM
My
^1?
i
plan for the
consist in bringing
I
shall
King
from
moment
my
very simple.
is
Bishop around to
try to paralyse
It îll
Then
3.
White's attack against
by playing P K R 3, and
ever playing P K Kt
5.
also prevent
my
ad\ânce my
Once
safe
from attack
side
Pawns, where there are four to three
I shall begin to
my
White
King
is
Queen's
and that
advantage, coupled with the enormous attacking power

of
my
Bishop at
3, will
at least assure
chance of success.
25-
Q-B3
26.
QR K
27.
28.
K2
B-B3
Q-R5
P KR3
P KKt4
K R2!
2
me an
even
GAME
2o6
To prevent P K R 4, which I would answer with

P K Kt 3, winning the Queen. It can now be
my
considered that
King
is
safe
from attack.
have to withdraw his Queen via
will
3,
White
and Black
can use the time to begin his advance on the Queen's

side.
K Kt
R Q
29.
R Qi
PB 4
30.
Notice that, on assuming the defensive, White has

placed his Rooks correctly from the point of view of
strategy.
They
are both on white squares free from
the possible attack of the Black Bishop.
Q-R5
Q-R3
31.
This gains time by attacking the Rook and holding

the White
the
K Kt P.
of the fray
home.
at
now
moment, on account
3 for the
Besides, the
Queen must be
and therefore Black must
32.
of
middle
that the attack has to be brought
White has actually more value
command
in the
utilise
in
material,
everything at his
in order to succeed.
R(K2)-Q2
33' K-Ri
threatening P Kt
of action of the
34.
Q-K5ch
P-QKt4
which would open the
line
Bishop and also secure a passed Pawn.
Q-R5
Q-Kt2
indirectly defending the
take on account of
QXR
P, which White cannot
ch.
CENTRE GAME
35.
K-Kt
is
P-Kt5
The attack increases in

home directly against
force as
gradually brought
it is
the King.
The
most interesting and extremely
doubtful
if
best play.
there
The
36.
is
207
position
difficult.
now
It
is
any valid defence against Black's
variations are
numerous and
difficult.
QxP
PXP
Black has now a passed Pawn, and his Bishop exerts

great pressure.
37
RxP
White cannot very
because of
RxR;
38
now
x R, B x P
well play
and WTiite could not take the Bishop because
ch would win the Rook, leaving Black a clear
passed
Pawn
ahead.
Q-R5!
R-QKti
38.
P-QR3
RxP
39.
R(Ql)_Q2
P-B5
40.
Q Kt3
R Kt6
41.
Q-Q6
37.
GAME
208
mm
^jp
VA
^
63
,'
;'
A ^^^
^^^
^^^
^î
^^P
^M
^^
^;.-^
P B6
41.
B X P would
game
it
is
is
also
win, which shows that White's
altogether gone.
not the prettiest
In these cases, however,
move
that should be played,
but the most effective one, the
move
that will
make
your opponent resign soonest.

42.
4344.
R QB
R-Q3
R-Qi
PxP
Q-K5I
R QB6
Resigns.
Of course White must play

plays
RX
P.
Q Q
2,
and Black then
GAME
209
9.
(Berlin, 1913)
White:
R. Capablanca.
J.
I.
P-Q4
2.
Kt
3-
P-B4
45-
8.
9-
B-Kt5
7.
invention of
on the spur
of the
my
6, after
own,
P-Q4
Kt KB 3
P-K3
B K2
QKt Q2
0-0
P-QKt3
PxP
I believe.
moment simply
course of the game.

or to
B-Kt5
Kt-B3
P-K3
R B
PxP
6.
An
-^K
Black: R. Teichmann.
I played
to change the normal
Generally the Bishop goes to
Q R
4.
The
move
text
is
no principle
it
10.
II.
12.
13-
If
PX P
one of
0-0
B-R4
Q-K
PxP
R Q
it
cannot be bad.
B Kt
9-
3,
in the
nature of an ordinary developing move, and as

violates
it
P-QR3
R-B
P-B4
I
KtxP
and WTiite would play to win

Black's centre Pawns. The drawback to the
;
I,
GAME
210
text
move
is
that
QP
leaves Black's
it
isolated,
and
consequently weak and subject to attack.
KR Q
14.
The
15
alternative
BB
2,
would
P Kt
Ktx B
have
16
5;
been
Kt
Kt4;
Kt (B 4)
14...P
Q R
4,
15.
Kt X Kt
16.
RXR
P Kt
QXR
17.
Kt-B3
Q-B5
Black aims at the exchange of Queens in order to

remain with two Bishops for the ending, but in
position such a course
at
Kt
2 is inactive
by any means,
Not, of course,
I
Q4
R Q
4,
because of
Q X Q; Kt X
and there would be no good way
Q,
to prevent
7.
19.
QxQ
Kt(B3)xQ!
Notice the co-ordination of

are
manoeuvred
the
Now
and therefore
19
Knights' moves.
chain-like, so to speak, in order
to maintain one of them, either at

there.
isolated
the Bishop must defend.
18
They
up the
unless Black gives
Kt
18.
a mistake, because the Bishop
and cannot come into the game
Pawn which
Queen's
RB
R-B
is
this
4 or ready to go
White threatens to take the open

forces Black's next
.
move.
R B
file,
The student should examine
211
this position carefully.
There seems to be no particular danger, yet, as Wliite
the
may
demonstrate. Black
will
game
is
not altogether
most
of the
difficult
be said to be
lost,
kind;
the defence
indeed, I
If
lost.
is
at least
must confess
that I can see no adequate defence against White's
next move.
KB I
Kt B 5!
If2o...B Qi; 21 Kt Q6,R B 2; 22 Kt X B,
R X Kt; 23 Bx Kt, B X B; 24 R X P, R B 2;
25 R Q 2, and White is a Pawn ahead. If 20. .B
20.
moves anywhere
KB
P and
22.
then
B X
Kt, doubling
isolating all of Black's King's side

21.
This
else,
Kt X B
Kt Q4
KX
Pawns.
Kt
Kt 3
practically forced, as WTiite threatened
is
5 ch.
Notice that the Black Knight
such a
way
giving
up the
is
Kt
or
pinned in
that no relief can be afforded except
K R
the
abandoning the open
by
file
GAME
212
with the Rook, which would be disastrous, as White
would immediately
23.
sieze
it.
P-B3I
R3
23-
else except mark time with

since as soon as he moved
Rook
along
the
open
file,
his
away White would take it. White, on the other
Black could do nothing
hand, threatens to march up with his King to

via
KB2,KKt3, KB4,
after having, of course,
prepared the way.
Hence, Black's best chance was
up a Pawn,
as in the text, in order to free his
to give
Knight.
24.
25.
26.
B X P
Kt Q
P K R4
BB 4
Kt B 4
Kt K3
Black exchanges Knights to remain with Bishops of

him
opposite colours, which gives
273
the best chance to
draw.
27.
27.
KX
Kt X Kt
P X Kt would be
worse, as WTiite would then
be able to post his Bishop at

28.
be
bad,
on
5.
R KRi
R Q2
B Kt3.
Black wants to force
Kt
account
of
P KKt3
which
would
would
get the Black Bishop into the game, even though
White could answer P

however, weak, as
was
to play
and B R
and
5,
will
P Kt
3.
The
4.
soon be seen.
move
is,
R 4
Kt 4
could play P
and follow
White meanwhile
text
His best chance
it
up with P
obtaining a passed Pawn, which, with proper
play, should win.

29.
R QB 2!
R QB
30.
RXR
B X
There are now Bishops of opposite colour, but nevertheless
White has an
easily -won
game.
GAME
2l4
K B
31.
^ ^ ____
i
m\.^,
P-Qs
31
Practically forced.
march up
to
Otherwise the White King would
4 and then
Queen's side Pawns.

this
by putting
his
King at
and win
and win Black's
QB
3 then the
White King
into Black's King's side
just as easily.
32.
K-Q4
B-K3
K-B3
B B ch
B-K3
PxP
K-K3
K-Q3
34.
35- P-QR3
5
36. K-K3
37. B-R6
better not to hurry P K Kt 4 because of P B 4
33-
It is
Black attempted to stop
If
would enter through
to
for although
White could win
take longer.
Now
by going
in
any
case, it
would
the White King threatens to help
in through
4 after posting the Bishop

at
Kt
7,
where
rectly also the
it
not only protects the
Q Kt
215
P, but indi-
P.
K-Q4
37
B Kt
38.
The student ought
Resigns.
to have reaHsed
by
this
time
the enormous importance of playing well every kind

of ending.
In this game again, practically from the
opening, White aimed at nothing but the isolation

of Black's
tion
that, he tried for
fortunately, another advantage of posi-
elsewhere which translated
itself
into the
ma-
Then by accurate playing

the ending he gradually forced home his advantage.
terial
in
Once he obtained
P.
and obtained,
advantage of a Pawn.
This ending has the merit of having been played against
one of the
finest players in the world.
GAME
(St.
White:
J.
PETROFF DEFENCE
10.
Petersburg, 1914)
R. Capablanca.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
P K4
Kt KB
KtxP
Kt K B
Q K
P Q3
B-Kts
Black:
F. J. Marshall.
P K4
Kt KB
P-Q3
Kt X P
Q K
Kt KB
2
GAME
2l6
lo
Played by Morphy, and a very

is
The
point
will
be a
development and consequently
in
cramped game
get a
move.
Black exchange Queens he
that should
move behind
fine
will
White plays accurately.
if
B-K3
Marshall thought at the time that this was the best
move and consequently played
QX Q
8.
Kt B
9.
BxKt
On
in
preference to
KR3
QxB
B K2
11.
P Q4
Q Kt 5 ch Kt Q2
12.
B-Q3!
10.
It is
it
ch.
now time
to examine the result of the opening.
White's side
we
and the Queen out
find the
in a
minor pieces well posted
somewhat odd
place,
it is
true,
but safe from attack and actually attacking a Pawn.
PETROFF DEFENCE
White
is
also ready to
217
White's position
Castle.
is
evidently free from danger and his pieces can easily
manoeuvre.
On
Black's side the
thing
first
we
notice
is
that
he has retained both his Bishops, unquestionably an
advantage
but on the other hand we find his pieces
bunched together too much, and the Queen

go
The Bishop
to.
at
blocks the Queen, which, in
2
its
Besides, Black cannot Castle
cause
QxP,
to
has no freedom and
it
turn, blocks the Bishop.
on the King's
R Kti; Q K4
Nor can he
wins a Pawn.
danger
in
any good square
of being lattacked without having
side be-
threatening mate,
Castle on the Queen's side
Q R 5 would put Black's game in unminent

P R 3 because of B x P
can he play K Kt
because of Kt Kt
because
danger, since he cannot play
nor
5.
Consequently we must conclude that the opening

all in
White's favour.
P Kt
12
To make room
Kt 5.
13.
giving
is
and take the
Queen, threatening also
for his
P-KR3
up a Pawn
in
0-0
an attempt to
game
him to
free his
It was difficult for

move, as White threatened Kt
K 4, and should
Black go with the Queen to Kt 2, then P
Q 5, B
initiative.
find a
4;
Kt X P
ch, followed
by B X B.
GAME
2l8
15.
QxP
Q-K4
16.
P - Q Kt
14.
lo
QR-Kt
Q Kt 2
P-QB4
In order to break up White's centre and bring his
Knight to
4 and thus lay the foundation for a violent
attack against WTiite's

fails,
as
it
always must
development
is
The
King.
plan,
however,
such cases, because Black's
in
backward, and consequently his pieces
are not properly placed.

17.
18.
00
Kt Q5!
PxP
simple move, which destroys Black's plan utterly.
Black
and, as
lose
now have no concerted action of his pieces,

his Pawns are all weak, he will sooner or later
will
them.
Si
hW|
^gi(
i^
MAB
m
^Wi
Â\^
mm. &
w/M
ft
m WA
WJ^B
/.
B Qi
18
19.
BB
20.
QxP
Kt-B4
QxQ
PETROFF DEFENCE
The
fact that he has to
a Pawn behind shows

21.
Kt X
game
is
is lost.
B X Kt
22.
B X B
B-B3
23.
QR-Qi
Bx
The Knight was too

is
exchange Queens when he
that Black's
ending brought about
219
Kt
But now the
threatening.
one in which the Bishop

stronger than the Knight; which makes Black's
is
The game has no
plight a desperate one.

interest,
and
it is
only because of
value as a study
its
of this variation of the Petroff that I
Black was able to fight
on account
rest of the
of
it
WTiite's part.
K-Kt2
R-Kt3
27.
28.
PX Pch
PxP
K K2
R KKt
R-B3
32.
R-B ch
R Kt4
R-B5
P-KR4
33-
PxP
R B4
34.
Bx
PxB
35-
RxR
2526.
29.
30-
31-
36.
37-
it.
move
The
are given merely as a matter of form.
RxB
B-B4
R Ki
P B4
24.
have given
out until the sixtieth
some poor play on
moves
further
Kt
K-B3
Kt-K3
KR-QB
RxR
P-Kt6
K-B
R-QB4 R-QR4
I
GAME
220
lo
45.
K Kt 2
R Q4
R B ch KxP
R Q8ch
RXP
P-Q4
K-R2
R-QB8
P_R5
R-QR8
R-B
P-QKt4 R-R5
46.
P-B3
47.
R B 6
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
4344.
48.
P R4
R B 6
7
RXP
R QR3
P R6
P-Q5
PxP
RX
Kt P
Kt 2
60.
P Kt 7
PR 7
R
R QR
K-B3
K K2
K-Q3
KB 2
K-Q2
K K
KB
K Ki
RxP
R Kt3 ch
61.
K B
Resigns.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
R-R5
P Kt4
K-Kt3
K B 4
K-K5
57.
P Kt 5
P Kt6
58.
KxP
56.
59.
RUY LOPEZ
GAME
221
RUY LOPEZ
11.
(St. Petersburg, 191 4)
White:
J.
R. Capablanca.
P K4
Kt-KB3
P-K4
3-
B-Kt5
4.
B X Kt
P-QR3
QPXB
5-
Kt-B3
I.
2.
played
Black: D. Janowski,
this
move
after
Kt-QB3
having discussed
Alechin on several occasions.

at the time, superior to
He
played.
played
it
it
with
Alechin considered
PQ
4,
which
is
it,
generally-
himself later on in the Tourna-
ment, in one of his games against Dr. E. Lasker,
and obtained the superior game, which he only
lost
through a blunder.
B-QB4
PB
I
do not
is
probably the best move in this position.
like the text

6.
7.
P Q3
B K3
This opens the

his centre,
move.
KB
file
KKt5
BxB
for
White, and also reinforces
but Black naturally did not want to make
a second move with this Bishop.

8.
9.
PxB
0-0
Q K2
0-0-0
Bold play, typical of Janowski.
222
10.
GAME
Q Ki
M;??<:^ fflSa
II
Kt R3
^g
The problem for White now

to Kt 5 as fast as he can.
at once, Black simply takes
Q Kt P
P Q Kt 4
to advance his
is
If
he plays
If
it.
he plays
first
Q R 3 and then P Q Kt 4, he will still have to protect

his Q Kt P before he can go on and play P Q R 4
and
P Kt
As a matter
5.
of fact
White played a
rather unusual move, but one which, under the
cumstances, was the best, since after
once play
Kt
PQ
5.
11.
12.
13.
He
Kt
4 and then
R Kt i!
P Kt 4
P QR4
it
cir-
he could at
PQ R
4 and
P B3
Kt B 2
B X Kt
simpUfies, hoping to lighten White's attack,
which
have to be conducted practically with only the

heavy pieces on the board. He may have also done
will
it
in order to play
Kt Kt
4 and
3.
RUY LOPEZ
14.
223
RXB
Taking with the Pawn would have opened a
possi-
bihty for a counter attack.
P-QKt3
14.
He
is
of
his
forced to this in order to avoid the breaking
would have been P

it
The only
Queen's side Pawns.
Kt
which on the face of
looks bad.
15-
P-Kt5
16.
PxP
17-
Kt-Q5
18.
P-B4
t.
The White
hind
which
it
Elnight
WTiite will
will
is
......
now
BPxP
P-QR4
Q-B4
a tower of strength. Be-
be able
begin with
PQ
to
4,
prepare
5.
There
is
an attack,
to drive
Black Queen and thus leave himself
up
alternative
free to
away the
play
only one thing to take care of and that
GAME
24
is
to prevent Black
from
II
sacrificing the
Rook
for the
Knight and a Pawn.

i8.
19.
20.
Had White on
stead
of
Kt Kt4
his 19th
RB
2,
by Kt
21.
It
R Q2
text
move
Kt
4 with a winning game.
R Q
K Kt
for
Black to play
loses very rapidly.
Q-Q3
PxP
27.
PxKt
P-B6ch
QxQP
K Kt
28.
PxR
QXP
(Q
P-Q5
P Q6
Q-B 6
R K
2324.
25-
26.
29.
3031-
in-
now
K P X R, Q X P ch
P-Q4
R-B 2
PxP
P-B 5
22.
could have played
RX
would have been better
The
K RB
move played
Black
instead of the text move,
followed
Kt-K3
R--B 2
Q--B3
Kt-B5
Kt X Kt
PxP
Resigns.
2)
K Q
i.
FRENCH DEFENCE
GAME
FRENCH DEFENCE
12.
(New York,
White:
R. Capablanca.
J.
3.
4.
Not
191 8)
Black:
P K4
P-Q4
Kt-QB3
B-Q3
1.
2.
P K3
P-Q4
Kt KB
O. Chajes.
the most favoured move, but a perfectly natural
developing one, and consequently
it
cannot be bad.
PX P
225
generally played in this case instead of
is
the text move.

5.
KtxP
6.
Kt X Kt ch
QKt Q2
Ktx Kt
7.
Kt-B3
B K2
I'm
:!,
'M...Jm.
y^.
g<^
^^^^'wm^'mm^-
GAME
226
8.
This
2,
Black
Q Kt
played to prevent
is
B Kt
for
Q K
which
is
B Kt
P Q Kt
3,
followed
by
the general form of development
in this variation.
12
5 ch,
If
Black now plays 8
BQ
10
Kt K
P
and
WTiite obtains a considerable advantage in position.
8
9.
B-KKt 5
Of course Black could not

of
B X
Kt, followed by
0-0
P KR3
play P Q Kt
Q K
10.
B X Kt
11.
Q K4
3 because
4.
BX B
P KKt3
This weakens Black's King's
side.
R K
was
the right move.

12.
P KR4
m
%///M.
p K4
12
This
is
merely giving up a
out quickly with his
B.
Pawn
But
in order to
come
as he does not obtain
FRENCH DEFE^XE
any compensation
for
Pawn, the move
his
He
should have played
the
game out
227
is
bad.
Q Q
that way.
4 and tried to fight

might have continued
It
Q B 4, B Kt 2; 14QXBP, BxP;
Kt X B, Q X Kt 16 O O O with considerable
thus:
15
13
advantage
position
of
for
The
White.
might be considered a mild form of

13.
Px
14.
Q KB 4
15.
000
BB 4
B x B
B Kt 2
16.
Rx
QK
17.
Q-B4
text
move
suicide.
In order to keep the Black Queen from coming into

the game.
QR-Qi
17
18.
KR Q
better plan would have been
threatening
20.
Of course
if
Black with a
21.
i,
R K
3.
Rx R
R K
Rx R
P B 3
BxP;
P QB 3
Kt x
Pawm minus
B,
fights
Q X Kt
very hard.
R K3
The PawTi had now

last
RK
6.
18
19.
to play
move, because
to
be defended after Black's
after
BxP; KtxB, QxKt;
GAME
228
R K
3,
Black could
now
play
the Rook.
23.
White's plan
K B
P-R4
now
is
Q Kt
defending
P-QB4
P Kt3
21
22.
12
to fix the Queen's side in order
to be able to manoeuvre freely
on the other
side,
where
he has the advantage of material.
Q-Q2
Q B
Q-K3
I
K B
K-Kti
Black sees that he now stands in his best defensive

position,
and therefore waits
he intends to break through.

that the White Knight
is
which cannot advance to

rather, the
Pawn
at
5.
in
KB
for
White
to
show how
He notices, of course,
the way of the K B P,
4 to defend, or support
FRENCH DEFENCE
28.
29.
303132.
33-
34.
P-QKt3
K-Q3
R Q6
R-Q5
P KKt4
Q-B4
Q-K4
K--B I
K--Kti
Q--B
Q--K3
K--B
K--Kt
K--B I
I
Black
that
to
229
^^^^^
ta^^^^
^ ^ '^
li.
persists in waiting for developments.
if
PK
6,
and White
5,
P X P; P X
will
P, the
have to face serious
He
sees
Queen goes
difficulties.
In this situation White decides that the only course

is
to bring his
squares
KR
King
and
to
Kt
Kt
4,
3,
so as to defend the
where the Black Queen
might otherwise become a source

35.
K K
36.
KB
37.
38.
K-Kt2
K-Kt3
of annoyance.
K Kt
K B
K Kt
K B
GAME
>30
Now
12
that he has completed his
White
is
march with the King,
ready to advance.
J i
39.
39...P
K Kt
KR
'Px P
Q B
5,
Q Kt
4,
4 would be answered by
with a winning game.

40.
Against
K Kt
practically
Q K2
PxP
i
White would play
the
forcing
which White would have
exchange
Queens,
of
Httle trouble in
ending, since Black's Bishop could not do
after
winning the
much damage
in the resulting position.

41.
Q B
K Kt
Black overlooks the force of 42

defence was
R Q
either advance the
ing
Kt Kt
RQ
King or play Kt
R Q7
His best
against which White could
6 ch.
42.
7.
BxPch
4,
threaten-
FRENCH DEFENCE
231
This loses a piece, but Black's position was altogether

hopeless.
43.
44.
45-
The
K-Kt4
Q-B3
Q Kt 2ch
Ktx B
K B4
Resigns.
game
opening and on the march of
interest of this
the final stage of the game.
King becoming a
are
still
the White King during

It is
fighting piece, even while the
13.
Queens
RUY LOPEZ
(New York,
J. S.
Morrison.
2.
3.
B-Kt5
5.
Kt B 3
P-Q4
6.
KtxP
4.
191 8)
Black:
P K4
Kt KB3
1.
of the
portance.
KB
Kt
via
The Bishop
at
J.
R. Capablanca.
P K4
Kt QB3
P-Q3
B Q2
PxP
P KKt3
In this form of defence of the
opment
an instance of the
on the board.
GAME
White:
centres mainly on the
Ruy Lopez
the devel-
2 is, I think, of great
Kt
im-
exerts great pressure
At the same time the posiand Pawns in front of the King,
along the long diagonal.

tion of the Bishop
once
it
is
Castled,
is
one of great defensive strength.
Therefore, in this form of development, the Bishop,
GAME
232
we might
say, exerts its
this note ^\dth the
13
maximum
strength
(Compare
one in the Capablanca-Burn game
at San Sebastian, page 197.)
B Kt2
Kt B3
B Kt 5
7.
8.
Kt B
K Kt K
Of course not
2;
because of
Kt Q
5.
The alternative would have been P B 3; to be

but m this position it is
followed by K Kt K 2
preferable to have the Kt at K B 3.
;
10.
An
error
P-KR3
Q-Q2
B KR4
9.
White wants to keep the
judgment.
of
Knight pinned, but
it
was more important
BK B
Black from Castling unmediately.
have done
to prevent
4 would
this.
00
10
11.
0-0-0
Bold play, but again faulty judgment, unless he

tended to play to win or
lose,
in-
throwing safety to
Kt 2 becomes a
very powerful attacking piece. The strategical disposition of the Black pieces is now far superior to
White's, therefore it will be Black who mil take the
the winds.
The Black Bishop
at
offensive.
R Ki
II
12.
KR Ki
RUY LOPEZ
i^<
'J^'.
cr-3
WTiite wanted to keep his
fB
Q R
on the open
consequently brings over his other

to defend his
P K
Kt
4,
that the
Rook
file,
to the centre
followed by
Kt X
by
P.
P Kt 4!
K R
is
in the centre,
Black can safely
advance, since, in order to attack on the King's
White would have to
shift
B Kt
side,
his Rooks, which he cannot
do so long as Black keeps up the pressure

13.
and
P, which Black threatened to win
12
Now
233
Kt
in the centre.
KR
Uncovering the Bishop, which now acts along the

long diagonal, and at the same time preventing
5,
which would be answered by Kt
Kt X P
etc.,
14.
X B
PX
P
Kt,
winning a Pawn.
Kt-Q5
P-R3
Black drives the Bishop away so as to unpin his

pieces
and be able
to
manoeuvre
freely.
GAME
234
13
B-K3
B-Q3
15.
Preparing the onslaught. Black's pieces begin to bear

against the King's position.
PB
16.
M H
iJiii
With the
last
of Black's
at
his
Q Kt
move White not only

his
Queen at
KR
QB
of the
game
and then advancing
P B4!
an attack to which there
no
is
reply,
for its ultimate object either the
White
(Compare
2,
7.
16
which has
blocks the action
B, but he also aims at placing his Bishop
and
P, to check at
Initiating
Q B
this
or cutting
game with
it
the
and
winnmg
from the game.
off
Winter-Capablanca
at Hastings.)
17.
The Bishop
is
P KR4
now out
PB
of action.
White naturally
counter attacks violently against the seemingly ex-
RUY LOPEZ
235
posed position of the Black King, and, with very good

offers tiie Bishop.
judgment, even
*?i
s
k I
m
mi
yy/Ziioi
i^^
'PP
'?
^^^
<M
i8.
Px
PXP!
P!
Taking the Bishop would be dangerous,

bad, while the text
which
is
move
20.
R R
K Kt
BB
This move unquestionably loses time.

retire his
might have done

ever,
for
if
it
Bishop to
White
to save the
game
Since he would
sooner or later, he
It is doubtful,
it
would be possible
Kt K
Kt X Kt
difficult
how-
game.
20
was
immediately.
at this stage of the
21.
It
not actually
to put the Bishop out of action.

19.
have to
if
accompHshes Black's object,
to decide
R X Kt
which way to retake.
GAME
236
took with the
Rook
13
in order to
have
it
prepared for
a possible attack against the King.

22.
Now
BR
that the White Bishop has been driven back,
Black wants to get

Knight at
at
Kt-B3
which blocks the attack of the Bishop
may
It
2.
5,
strongly posted
rid of White's
be said that the Knight at
Q5
is
the key to White's defence.
23.
White
P KKt 3
strives not only to
have play
for his Bishop,
but also he wants to break up Black's Pawns in order

to counter-attack.
23
Kt X Kt
ening
QX
alternative
that he
is
would have been
Kt; and Black would be threat-
R R 4, and also Q K 3.
notice that
is
ch,
The
Black's drawback in
The student should

all
this is the fact
playing minus the services of his
this fact that
out longer.
makes
it
R.
It
possible for White to hold
RUY LOPEZ
237
KtxP
23-
24.
Bx
25-
PxP
RxB
Kt
P-B3
*
K
26.
Kt Kt
Kt
K3
4 was the alternative, but in any event
White could not
resist the
attack.
I leave it to the
reader to work this out for himself, as the variations are

so
numerous that they would take up too much
Q R4
26
27.
P-B4
28.
RXQ
29.
Kt Kt 4
QxQ
PxP
B Kt
This forces the King to the corner, where he

in a
mating
is
RxP,
be
Q R
QR Ki
enters into the
game and soon
over.
31If
K Ri
at last the
the battle
w^ll
net.
30.
Now
space.
P-R3
R K
8 ch;
R Q
i,
(K
i)
7.
GAME
23S
14
R K8ch
-21
33.
RxR
K-R2
34.
K-Kt3
32.
the quickest
way
RxRch
B-B 2
P-Q4
to finish the
game.
35.
BX P
PX Pch
36.
K Kt4
P B6
PxP
P-B4
R-K5ch
RX P ch
K-R5
R Q8ch
R-Q
RXB
K R2
B-K 3
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Resigns.
very lively game.
GAME
14.
(New York,
White
F.
J.
I.
2.
34.
5-
6.
7-
This
is
191 8)
Black
Marshall.
P-Q4
Kt KB 3
PB 4
Kt-B3
B-Kt5
P-K3
RB
I
J.
R. Capablanca.
P-Q4
Kt KB3
P-K3
QKt Q2
B K2
0-0
P-B3
one of the oldest systems of defence against
the Queen's Gambit.
had played
it
before in this
Tournament against Kostic, and no doubt Marshall

At times I change my defences,
expected it.

or
rather
systems of defence
during a Tournament,
good
results,
II.
Q-B
BxP
BxB
0-0
12.
QX
8.
9-
10.
This
is
on the other hand,
one of them has given
if
generally play
239
it
all
PxP
Kt-Q4
QxB
KtxKt
P-QKt3
Kt
the key to this system of defence.
Having
game considerably by a series of

now develop his Q B along
simplified the
me
the time.
changes, Black will
ex-
the
long diagonal without having created any apparent
weakness.
The proper development
of the
Q B
is
Black's greatest problem in the Queen's Gambit.
KR K
14.
wM
m
The developing
on both
game
sides.
begins.
B Kt
P K4
13.
KR Qi
isr?
^;5^
^^
* mm
^.
.JA
now be said to be complete

The opening is over and the middle-
stage can
WTiite, as
is
generally the case, has
GAME
240
14
obtained the centre.
Black, on the other hand,
entrenched in his
three ranks,
QR
will post his
and
finally
first
play
QB I
PQ B
at
White's centre and give
posted at
Q Kt
by
when
I.
was
3,
break up
an advance on the
initiating
analysed,
is
truly
an
P.
Kt-B4!
P-Qs
It
KB
action to the Black Bishop
Against Kostic in a previous
Kt B
Knight at
in order to
4,
carefully
attack against Black's

15.
his
given time
if
In this game White attempts to
2.
anticipate that plan

centre, which,
full
and
and
is
carelessness
game
on
shall believed differently, otherwise
my
had played
part, but
Mar-
he would not have
played this variation, since, had he analysed this move,

he would, I think, have realised that Black would
obtain an excellent game.
only
The
BPX P
position
but also Kt
is
Black now threatens not
XP
followed
very interestmg and
1
'
Sf
|ga^
by B P X P.
full of possibiUties.
ill

16.
17.
PX KP
B X Kt
Kt X P (K
241
3)
QXB
played under the impression that White had to lose

time in defending his
QB
QR
when
P,
could play
obtaining a very superior game.
4,
be seen,
my
opponent had quite a
But, as will
httle surprise for
me.
18.
Kt Q4!
Q K4!
19 R R
18
Of course,
if
The
the Queen.
factory
move
have been
18.
.Q
x R P
text
move
in the position.
Q Q
KKt3
Qi,
(threatening
probably the only
is
QRQ
5,
i),
The
text
Q B
PB
KR
Q KB2; 22P KR4,
satis-
The obvious move would
to defend the
would have come 19 Kt
would win
P,
and then
20
3;
i;
21
QR
with a tremendous
move, on the other
hand, assures Black an even game at the very

as will soon be seen.
least,
GAME
242
QXQ
R-Q7
KtxP
19.
RxQ
R Kt
20.
21.
14
very serious error of judgment.
White
is
under
the impression that he has the better game, because
he
Pawn
is
ahead, but that
is
so.
Rook at Q
Pawn minus.
pensates Black for the
Bishop
not
the Black
position of
ful
is
better with
The powerfully com-
Besides, the
Rooks than the Knight
(see
pages
48-56, where the relative values of the Knight and
Bishop are compared), and, as already stated, with
Pawns on both
because of
sides of the
board the Bishop

Incidentally,
long range.
its
is
superior
this
end-
power of the Bishop.

take a draw at once, thus.
ing will demonstrate the great
White's best chance was to

21
Kt
(not
B X P
best of
it);
cause of
24
7
;
KB
ch
because
23
RXB
i;
B 3 would
(best;
is
is
not
Kt
RK
give
White the
Kt
6 ch, be-
B P X Kt; foUowed by R X K P), R X Kt;

K i; 25 RxR ch, K X R,
Kt 8 ch, R
and with proper play White

It
RB
22
will
curious that, although a
the one
who
is
draw.
Pawn
always in danger.
ahead, White
It is only
now,
after seeing this analysis, that the value of Black's

1 8th
move
QK
4 can be fully appreciated.
R-Ki
21.
With
this
centre,
powerful
move Black
an assault which
will
begins, against White's
soon be shifted against

the
Kmg
because of
White
itself.
PB
afraid to play 22
is
P K5
To prevent P B
The White Knight
pinned, because he does not
This
is
dare
is
practically
move on account
P.
t.:
23.
P KKt4
4.
RXK
PB
4.
22.
of
24^
M g
S .,M
P KR4
a sequel to the previous move.
Pawns, and thus make them weak.
to disrupt Black's
23.
Though doubled and

enormous pressure.
to be followed
by
WTiite expects
isolated
XP
this
Pawn
Black now threatens
R Kt
and P
slow
death
exercises
R K
and R 7
3;
at
the proper time.

24.
White
R K
cannot
stand
the
any
longer^
GAME
244
He
14
sees danger everyw'here,
by giving up
his
by taking the
initiative
R-K3!
better than taking Pawns.
to defend the
This forces White
Knight with the Rook
R Kt
25. R (Ki) QB
Preparatory to R Kt
of the threat
atK
i,
because
3.
3.
K Kt
The game
decided on the King's side, and
Pawn
it
side.
24
Much
to avert
Queen's side Pawns, expecting to
regain his fortunes later on
on the King's
and wants
it is
is
going to be
the isolated double
that will supply the finishing touch.

26.
P Kt4
QKt4
To prevent P Kt
5,
defending the Knight and
erating the Rooks.

27.
P-R3
R-Kt3
28.
K B
R-R7
^^
i^l^
3iLH 'ÂWi
1
i
ft
lib-
245
Notice the remarkable position of the pieces.
White
cannot move anything without incurring some
His best chance would have been to play 29
loss.
P K
6,
but that would only have prolonged the game, which

is
lost in
any
case.
29.
K Kt
30.
P-Kt3
R6
P-QR3
Again forcing White to move and to

thereby, as
31.
all his
PR
R R
If
35
33
ch;
something
RxKP
P K6
Not even now can

of
lose
pieces are tied up.
WTiite
move
the Knight because
KxP, R R
ch;
K Kt
i,
8 mate.
32.
P-Kt4
33-
P-B3
P-Kt
RX
R,
5,
RX
P-R
R-R3
7
ch;
34K-R1, RxKt;
P, winning easily.
GAME
246
R-Q3
33-
37-
Kt-K7
Kt-B 5ch
Kt R4
Kt-B 5
38.
K B
39-
P-B4ch
40.
Resigns.
34.
35.
36.
An
14
R(Q3)-Q7
K-B3
K Kt4
R Kt 7ch
P-R7
KxBP
ending worth very careful study.
fiNIS
university of California
UBRARVFACUTV
SOUTHERN REGIONAL
'"'
,irANGSs:crF?.RN>r90095-,38S
AA 000
753 088

José Raúl Capablanca - Chess Fundamentals

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José Raúl Capablanca - Chess Fundamentals

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CHESS CHAMPION OF THE WORLD

HARCOURT, BRACE AND COIMPANY

All rights reserved.

published thirteen years

Since then there have appeared at different times

a number of articles dealing with the so-called H>per-

Those who have read the

have thought that something new,

importance, had been discovered.

merely the application, during

the opening stages generally, of the

through the medium of somewhat new

has been no change in the fundamentals.

In chess the tactics

change but the strategic

fundamental principles are always the same, so that

It will be as good a hundred years from now;

as long in fact as the laws

what they are

go over the contents of the book with the assurance

everything he needs, and that there

nothing to be added and nothing to be changed.

Chess Fundamentals was the one standard work of

kind thirteen years ago and the author firmly beUeves

the one standard

First Principles: Endings, Middle-game and Openings

Some Simple Mates

Some Winning Positions in the Middle-game

Pwvs will be the

Planning a Win in Middle-game Play

Attacking without the aid of Knights

Direct Attacks en masse

The Sudden Attack from a Different Side

(A Final Example of preserving Freedom whilst

Further Openings and Middle-games

Some Salient Points about Pawns

The Influence of a "Hole"

Queen's Gambit Declined (Match,

Irregular Defence (Havana,

Queen's Gambit Declined (San Sebastian,

French Defence (Rice Memorlal Tournament, 1916)

(St. Petersbltig, 1914)

RvY Lopez (New York,

French Defence (New York, 1918)

Petroff Defence (St. Petersburg, 1914)

Queen's Gambit Declined (Berlin, 1913)

Centre Game (Berlin,

Rin Lopez (San

First PRiNcrPLEs: Endings, Meddle-Gaaie

thing a student should do,

of the simple mates.

ending Rook and King against

drive the opposing

SOME SIMPLE MATES

In this position the power of the Rook

confines the Black

to the last rank,

which mate can be

rank, or, as in this case,

as the opposing King.

in this case, the

the sixth rank,