M vng

M vng Cyclic codes

I/ M t
M vng (Cyclic Codes) l mt h m c ng dng c bit rng ri trong thng tin.
M c tn gi l cyclic v do c c tnh dch vng ca mt t m cng l mt t m.
M vng (hay m chu k) cn c gi mt lp con quan trng ca m tuyn tnh. M
ny ng ch v hai l do sau y:
- Mch m ho v tnh syndrome (hi chng) c th c thc hin d dng nh b
ghi dch c hi tip (feedback connection).
- Nh cu trc ca m c th tm c nhiu phng php gii m.
nh ngha: Mt m tuyn tnh C(n, k) c coi l m vng nu mi ln dch vng
mt t m ca C th kt qu cng l mt m vc t ca C.
Cho vc t m v = (v0,v1,...vn-1), cc thnh phn ca vc t m ny c th xem nh l h
s ca a thc v(x): v(x) = v0 + v1x + ... + vn-1xn-1 .
Vy mi vc t m v c chiu di n tng ng vi a thc m v(x) c bc nh hn
hoc bng n-1. Nu vn-1 0 th bc ca v(x) l n-1, nu vn-1 = 0 th bc ca v(x) nh hn vn1

. S tng ng gia vc t m v v a thc m v(x) l 1-1, v(x) c gi l a thc m

(code polynomial) ca vc t m v. Khi t vc t m v t a thc m c s dng nh

nhau.
V d: M tuyn tnh bng 1 c goi l m vng
Khi tin

Vc t m: v

a thc m v(x)

(0000)

(0000000)

0 = 0.g(x)

(1000)

(1101000)

1 + x +x3 = g(x)

(0100)

(0110100)

x + x2 + x4 = x.g(x)

(1100)

(1011100)

1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = (1 + x).g(x)

(0010)

(0011010)

x2 + x3 + x5 = x2.g(x)

(1010)

(1110010)

1 + x + x2 + x5 = (1 + x + x2).g(x)

(0110)

(0101110)

x + x3 + x4 +x5 = (1 +x + x2).g(x)

(1110)

(1000110)

x3 + x4 + x6 = x3.g(x)

(0001)

(0001101)

1 + x + x4 + x6 = (1 + x3).g(x)

(1001)

(1100101)

x + x2 + x3 + x6 = (x + x3).g(x)

(0101)

(0111001)

x + x2 + x6 = (1 + x + x3).g(x)

(1101)

(1010001)

1 + x2 + x6 = (1+ x + x3).g(x)

Hong Chin Thng - HKTCN Thi Nguyn

Email: ht.destiny@gmail.com

M vng
(0011)

(0010111)

x2 + x4 + x5 + x6 = (x2 + x3).g(x)

(1011)

(1111111)

1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 = (1 + x2 + x3).g(x)

(0111)

(0100011)

x + x5 + x6 = (x + x2 + x3).g(x)

(1111)

(1001011)

1 + x3 + x5 + x6 = (1 + x + x2 + x3).g(x)

Bng 1: M vng vi a thc sinh g(x) = 1 + x + x3

Mt s tnh cht i s quan trng ca m vng:
nh l 1: a thc m khc 0 c bc nh nht ca m vng l duy nht.
nh l 2: Nu g(x) = g0 + g1x + ... + gr-1xr-1 + xr l a thc m nh nht ca m vng
C(n, k) th h s g0 bt buc phi bng 1.
nh l 3: Cho g(x) = 1 + g1x + g2x2 + ... + xr l a thc m khc 0 c bc nh nht
ca m vng C(n, k), mt a thc nh phn c bc nh hn hoc bng n-1 l a thc m
nu v ch nu n l bi ca g(x).
nh l 4: Cho m vng C(n,k), tn ti mt v ch mt a thc m c bc n - k:
g(x) = 1 + g1x + g2x2 + ... + gn-k-1xn-k-1 + xn-k.
nh l 5: a thc sinh g(x) ca mt m vng C(n,k) l mt tha s ca xn+1.
nh l 6: Nu g(x) l a thc bc (n-k) v l mt tha s ca xn+1 th g(x) sinh ra m
vng C(n, k).

Hong Chin Thng - HKTCN Thi Nguyn

Email: ht.destiny@gmail.com

M vng
II/ Ma trn sinh v ma trn kim tra ca m vng.
Gi g(x) l a thc sinh bc n-k ca m vng C(n,k). Mt khi d liu k phn t (m0,
m1,... mk-1) c th c xem l mt a thc thng tin: m(x) = m0 + m1x + ... + mk-1xk-1. Vic
m ho thng qua vic nhn a thc thng tin vi a thc sinh. Kt qu ta c:
Cm = (c0, c1, ... cn-1)
Cm(x) = m(x).g(x) = c0 + c1.x + ... + cn-1.xn-1
Tch a thc trn c biu din di dng tch ma trn nh:
Cm(x) = m(x).g(x) = (m0 + m1.x + ... + mk-1.xk-1).g(x)
= m0.g(x) + m1.x.g(x) + ... + mk-1.xk-1.g(x)
g(x)
x.g(x)
= [m0 + m1.x + ... + mk-1.xk-1].

.
.
xk-1.g(x)

Dng tng qut ca ma trn sinh G ca m vng C(n,k) l:

g0 g1 g2 ... ... ... ... gn-k 0
G=

... 0

0 g0 g1 ... ... ... ... ... gn-k 0

... 0

0 0 g0
.. ..

gn-k ... 0

.. .. ..

0 0 0

.. 0

.. .. ..

..

g0

..

..

..
gn-k

( vi g0 = gn-k = 1)
Trng hp tng qut G khng c dng h thng. Tuy nhin c th chuyn G v dng
h thng bng php bin i hng ca ma trn.
V d: Xt m vng C(7, 4) cho bng 1 vi a thc sinh g(x) = 1 + x + x3 c ma trn
nh sau:
1 1 0 1 0 0 0
G=

0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 1

Ta thy G khng c dng h thng.

Nhng nu dng php bin i hng: h3 = h3 + h1 v h4 = h4 + h1 + h2 ta thu c
Ma trn G c dng h thng nh sau:

Hong Chin Thng - HKTCN Thi Nguyn

Email: ht.destiny@gmail.com

M vng
1 1 0 1 0 0 0
G =

0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1

Vi g(x) l tha s ca xn + 1, c: xn + 1 = g(x).h(x)

Vi a thc h(x) c bc l k c biu din nh sau:
h(x) = h0 + h1.x + ... + hk.xk, (vi h0 = hk = 1)
Cho v = (v0, v1,... vn-1) l vc t m ca C. Khi v(x) = m(x).g(x). Nhn v(x) vi h(x)
ta c:
v(x).h(x) = a(x).g(x).h(x)
= a(x).(xn + 1)
= a(x) + xn.a(x)
Do bc ca v(x) nh hn hoc bng k-1 nn cc gi tr ca xk, xk+1, ...xn-1 khng c
trong biu thc m(x) + xk.m(x). Nu khai trin kt qu v(x).h(x) th h s xk, xk+1,... xn phi
bng 0. Do nhn c n-k phng trnh sau:
hivn-i-j = 0, vi i j n-k.
Hm s ngc ca h(x) l:
x k.h(x-1) = hk + hk-1x + hk-2x2 + ... + h0xk
D dng nhn thy rng xkh(x-1) cng l tha s ca (xn + 1). Vy a thc sinh xkh(x-1)
sinh ra m vng (n,n-k) vi ma trn H(n-k) x n l ma trn sinh:

H=

hk

hk-1

hk-2

.....

h0

....

hk

hk-1

hk-2

...

h0

....

hk

hk-1

hk-2 ....

...0

h0... 0

...
0

hk

hk-1

hk-2 ...

h0

Bt k vc t m no ca C u trc giao vi mi hng ca H. Do H l ma trn

kim tra chn l ca m vng C. Do H nhn c t a thc h(x) nn h(x) c gi l a
thc kim tra ca C.
nh l 7: Gi C l m vng (n,k) vi a thc sinh g(x). M i ngu ca C cng l
m vng v c sinh ra bi a thc: xk.h(x-1) vi h(x) = (xn + 1)/g(x).

Hong Chin Thng - HKTCN Thi Nguyn

Email: ht.destiny@gmail.com

M vng
III/ M ho m vng
M ho m vng (n,k) dng h thng gm ba bc:
Bc 1: Nhn a thc thng tin u(x) vi xn-k.
Bc 2: Chia xn-k.u(x) cho g(x) nhn c phn d b(x).
Bc 3: Hnh thnh t m b(x) + xn-k.u(x).
Tt c ba bc ny c th thc hin bng mch chia vi thanh ghi dch n-k tng c
hm hi tip tng ng vi a thc sinh g(x):
g(x) = 1 + g1x + g2x2 +... + gn-k-1xn-k-1 + xn-k.
S m ho c ch trong hnh 1
Quy c:
L mt khu ca thanh ghi dch (flip-flop)
Cng cng modul-2
(XOR)
Mi lin kt (g = 0:
khng c s lin kt, g = 1 c s lin kt)
Cng
g1

g0=1

b0

g2

b1

gn-k-1

b2

bn-k-1
Thng tin xn-k.u(x)

Hnh 1: Mch m ho vng (n,k) vi a thc sinh:

2

n-k-1

g(x) = 1 + g1.x + g2.x + ... + gn-k-1.x

n-k

+x

T m
Cc s kim tra
chn l

Cc bc to m dng a thc sinh nh sau:

Bc 1: Cng ng (cho thng tin qua), k ch s thng tin: u0, u1,... uk-1 (hay dng
a thc l: u(x) = u0 + u1x + u2x2 + ... + uk-1xk-1) c dch vo mng v ng thi ni vo
knh truyn. Dch thng tin u(x) vo mch t thit b u cui nhn trc u(x) vi xn-k.
Ngay sau khi thng tin c a vo mch th n - k ch s cn li trong thanh ghi l nhng
s kim tra chn l.

Hong Chin Thng - HKTCN Thi Nguyn

Email: ht.destiny@gmail.com

M vng
Bc 2: Ct t ng hi tip bng cch iu khin cho cc cng gi (h khng cho
thng tin qua).
Bc 3: Dch nhng con s kim tra chn l v a ra ng truyn. Cc ch s kim
tra ny kt hp vi k chc s thng tin to thnh vc t m.
V d: Xt mt mch m ho m vng (7,4) vi a thc sinh g(x) = 1 + x + x3 nh
Cng
hnh 2
g1

g0=1

b0

b1

b2
Thng tin xn-k.u(x)

T m
Cc s kim tra
chn l

Hnh 2: Mch m ho m vng (n = 7, k = 4) vi a thc sinh g(x) = 1 + x + x3

Vic m ho m vng cng c th thc hin bng cch s dng a thc kim tra chn
l h(x) = h0 + h1.x + ... + hk.xk. C th coi cng thc:
Vn-k-j = hivn-i-j = 0 , vi i j n-k l lut xc nh n-k ch s kim tra chn l v0,
v1,... vn-k-1. Hnh 3 l mch m ho c h s h(x) l cc kt ni hi tip.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch v cc bc m ha dng a thc kim tra nh
sau:
Bc 1: Cng 1 ng, cng 2 h, k ch s thng tin u(x) = u0 + u1x + ... +uk-1xk-1 c
dch vo thanh ghi ng thi truyn ra knh thng tin.
Bc 2: Ngay sau khi ton b cc ch s thng tin c dch vo thanh ghi. Cng 1
h, cng 2 ng, ch s kim tra u tin l:
Vn-k-1 = h0.vn-1 + h1.vn-2 + ... + hk-1.vn-k
uk-1 + h1.uk-2 + ...+ hk-1.u0
Vn-k-1 c to thnh v xut hin ti im P.
Bc 3: Thanh ghi dch vng mt bit, ch s kim tra c dch vo knh thng tin v
ng thi cng dch vo thannh ghi, ch s kim tra th hai l:
Vn-k-2 = h0.vn-2 + h1.vn-3 + .... + hk-1.vn-k
= uk-2 + h1.uk-3 + ... + hk-2.u0 + hk-1.un-k-1.
Vn-k-2 c to thnh v xut hin ti dim P.

Hong Chin Thng - HKTCN Thi Nguyn

Email: ht.destiny@gmail.com

M vng
Bc 4: Lp li bc 3 cho n khi n-k ch s kim tra c to ra v dch vo knh
thng tin.
hk-1

Cng2

u
vo Cng1

Vn-k

hk-2

h2

h0

Vn-(k-1)

Vn-2

h0=1

Vn-1

P
u ra: Vn-k-1, Vn-k-2,..

Hnh 3: Mch m ho m vng (n, k) da vo a thc kim tra h(x) = 1 + h1.x + ... + xk
minh ho, xt v d sau:
Hnh 4 l s m ho cho m vng (7,4) c a thc sinh g(x) = 1 + x + x3 da vo a
thc kim tra: h(x) = x7/1 + x + x3 = 1 + x + x2 + x4
Mi t m c dng v = (v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6) vi v3, v4, v5, v6 l nhng con s ca
thng tin, cn v0, v1, v2 l nhng con s kim tra chn l (parity), phng trnh xc nh
bi nhng con s kim tra l:
V3-j = 1.v7-j + 1.v6-j + 1.v5-j + 0.v4-j
= v7-j + v6-j + v5-j, vi 1 j 3
Gi s thng tin cn m ho l (1011) th: v3 = 1, v4 = 0, v5 = 1, v6 = 1.
Ch s kim tra u tin l: v2 = v6 + v5 + v4 = 1 + 1 + 0 = 0
Ch s kim tra th hai l: v1 = v5 + v4 + v3 = 1 + 0 + 1
Ch s kim tra th ba l: v0 = v4 + v3 + v2 = 0 + 1 + 0 = 1
V vy t m tng ng vi thng tin (1011) l (1001011)

Cng2

h2=1

h1=1

h0=1

u
vo Cng1

P
u ra: 1001011

Hnh 4: Mch m ho vng (n=7, k=4) da vo a thc kim tra h(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x4

Hong Chin Thng - HKTCN Thi Nguyn

Email: ht.destiny@gmail.com

M vng
IV/ Gii m vng
Vic gii m vng bao gm ba bc nh vic gii m khi tuyn tnh:
Bc 1: Tnh Syndrome.
Bc 2: Da vo syndrome xc nh vct li.
Bc 3: Sa li, thc hin php cng modul-2 gia vct li v vct nhn c. Kt
qu l vct thng tin thc s c truyn i. Nu sa tun t tng bit mt th ch cn mt
cng XOR. Ngc li nu thc hin mt cch sa song song th phi dng n cng XOR.
Cu trc m vng cho php gii m vct nhn r(x) = r0 + r1x + r2x2+ .... + rn-1xn-1 mt
cch tun t. Nhng bit nhn c s c gii m ln lt bi cng mt mch gii m.
Ngay sau khi tnh syndrom. Mch gii m kim tra s tng ng ca syndrome s(x)
vi vct sa c e(x) = e0 + e1x + e2x2 +... +en-1xn-1 vi mt li sai v tr cao nht xn-1
(en-1 = 1). Nu s(x) khng c sai v tr bc cao nht (en-10) th lu gi trong thanh ghi
m (buffer register) v ng thi thanh ghi sundrome dch i mt ln. Bng cch ny,
r(1)(x) = r0x + r1x2 + ... + rn-2xn-1 v a thc syndrome mi ca r(1)(x) l s(1)(x). Lc bit th
hai rn-2 ca r(x) tr thnh bit th nht ca r(1)(x). Mch gii m tng t s kim tra s(i)(x)
c tng ng vi vct sai s vi li ti v tr xn-1 hay khng.
Nu syndrome s(x) ca r(x) tng ng vi mt vct sai vi li sai v tr xn-1 th bit
u tin nhn c rn-1 l bit sai v n phi c sa cho ng. Vic sa sau c thc hin
qua vic tnh tng rn-1en-1. a thc sa li l:
r1(x) = r0 + r1x + r2x2 + ... + rn-2xn-1 + (rn-1en-1)xn-1.
Sau li sai bit en-1 c xo b khi syndrome s(x). Vic ny thc hin bng vic
cng modul syndrome ca e(x) = xn-1 vi s(x). Kt qu cng ny l a thc sa sai r1(x).
Tip theo dch vng r1(x) v ng thi dch vng thanh ghi syndrome. Kt qu vic dch
vng thu c r1(1)(x) = (rn-1en-1) + r0x + ...+ rn-2xn-1
V th nu 1 c thm vo tn cngbn tri ca thanh ghi sundrome trong khi dch
vng th thu c s1(1)(x). Mch gii m bt u gii nhng bit nhn c rn-2. Vic gii m
rn-2 v cc loi bit cn li u c tnh ging nh gii m rn-1. Khi mt li c pht hin
v sa, n s l cho syndrome thay i. Qu trnh gii m s ngng sau n ln dch vng.
Nu e(x) l vct li c sa th thanh ghi syndrome s bng 0. Kt thc qu tringhf
gii m s nhn c r(x) c gii m chnh xc. Nu kt thc qu trnh gii m m
syndrome khc 0 th li sai c pht hin v khng sa sai c.
B gii m vng (n,k) c s nh hnh 5 gm cc khi:

Hong Chin Thng - HKTCN Thi Nguyn

Email: ht.destiny@gmail.com

M vng
- Thanh ghi syndrome.
- B pht hin vct li.
- Thanh ghi m lu gi vct nhn.
Cng2

Cng1

Thanh ghi dm

r1

Cng1

Cng

Vct
c
sa
sai

Thanh ghi syndrome

Thanh ghi syndrome

ei

Cng

Chnh syndrome

Hnh 5: B m vng vi a thc nhn c u thu r(x) c dch vo thanh ghi

syndrome t bn tri.
Th tc sa li c m t nh sau:
Bc 1: Syndrome c to ra bng cch dich ton b vct nhn vo thanh ghi
syndrome v thanh ghi dm.
Bc 2: B pht hin sai l mch logic c thit k sao cho u ra ca n l 1 khi v
ch khi syndrome trong thanh ghi syndrome tng ng vi vct sai c th sa c mt
li ti bit bc cao nht xn-1. Do nu bit 1 xut hin u ra ca mch pht hin sai th
bit nhn c l bit sai phi sa, nu bit 0 xut hin th bit nhn c l ng l khng
phi sa.
Bc 3: Bit u tin c dch ra khi thanh ghi m. Cng lc thanh ghi
syndrome cng dch mt bit. Nu k hiu va c ra l sai th s c sa v u ra s
nhn c k hiu ng. u ra mch pht hin sai cng c mc hi tip vo thanh
ghi syndrome. Kt qu c mt syndrome tng ng vi vct nhn dch v bn phi.
Bc 4: Syndrome mi nhn c bc 3 s dng pht hin sai k hiu k tip
sp c c ra khi thanh ghi m. Mch gii m lp li bc 2 v 3.
Bc 5: Mch gii m s gii m ln lt tng k hiu theo cch trn cho n khi ton
b vct nhn r c c ra khi thanh ghi m. Sau khi ton b vct r c ra khi thanh
ghi m: nu thanh ghi syndrome cha ton 0 ngha l vct li c pht hin v sa
ng.

Hong Chin Thng - HKTCN Thi Nguyn

Email: ht.destiny@gmail.com

M vng
V d: Cho m vng (7, 4) vi ma trn sinh g(x) = 1 + x + x3. M ny c khong cch
Hamming nh nht l 3 v do vy c kh nng sa li n.
Gi s chui nhn r(x) = r0 + r1x + r2x2 + r3x3 + r4x4 + r5x5 + r6x6 c dch vo thanh
ghi syndrome t sang tri. Bng vct li v cc syndrome tng ng ca chng c k
bng 2:
Vct li

Syndrome

Vct syndrome

e(x)

s(x)

(s0, s1, s2)

e6(x) = x6

s(x) = 1 + x2

101

e5(x) = x5

s(x) = 1 + x + x2

111

e4(x) = x4

s(x) = x + x2

011

e3(x) = x3

s(x) = 1 + x

110

e2(x) = x2

s(x) = x2

001

e1(x) = x1

s(x) = x

010

e0(x) = x0

s(x) = 1

100

Bng 2: Vc t li v cc syndrome tng ng vi a thc nhn c chuyn vo

thanh ghi syndrome t tri sang phi.
Syndrome s(x) c tnh bng cch ly phn d cu php chia xi cho g(x). T suy
ra vct syndrome tng ng.
Gi s rng mt li n xut hin v tr xi. Sau khi chui nhp c dc vo thanh ghi
syndrome. Syndrome trong danh sch ghi s l (101). Tuy nhin sau (6-i) ln dch th ni
dung ca thanh ghi khng phi l (101). V th cn sa li syndrome (101). Mt mch gii
m hon chnh c v nh hnh 6:

Hong Chin Thng - HKTCN Thi Nguyn

Email: ht.destiny@gmail.com

10

M vng
u
vo
B dn knh

Cng

u ra
r(x)
Cng

Cng

Hnh 6: Mch gii m cho m vng (7,4) vi a thc sinh g(x) = 1 + x + x2

Miu t qu trnh gii m nh sau:
Gi s vct m v = (1001011) c truyn thnh vct nhn r = (1011011). Mi li
n xut hin v tr x2. Khi nhp c dch vo thanh ghi m v thanh ghi syndrome.
Thanh ghi syndrome cha gi tr (001). hnh di y l m t qu trnh ghi dch trn cc
thanh ghi m v thanh ghi syndrome. Sau 4 ln dch ni dung ca thanh ghi syndrome l
(101) v mu li r2 s l s k tip xut khi thanh ghi m. Nhc im ca mch gii m
hnh 6 l thi gian gii m lu do phi dch vng tng bit mt.
B gii m nh trn c gi l b gii m Meggit. b gii m ny t m c a
vo v tr bc cao nht n v tr thp nht v khi dch vng c thanh ghi m v thanh ghi
syndrome dch vng sang phi: B gii m Meggit cng c th gii m ngc, ngha l
n s gii m t v tr bc thp nht n bc cao nht. Khi , thanh ghi m v thanh ghi
syndrome s dch sang tri.

Hong Chin Thng - HKTCN Thi Nguyn

Email: ht.destiny@gmail.com

11

M vng
Qu trnh sa sai ca mch c m t nh trn hnh v di y:
Bt u

0
Ln dch
Th1

1
0

Ln dch
Th 2

0
0

Ln dch
Th 3

1
0

Ln dch
Th 4

1
0

Ln dch
Th 5

0
Ln dch
Th 6

1
0

Ln dch
Th7

V nguyn tc, phng php gii m Meggit c th p dng vi bt k m no, nhng

trong thc t mch gii m rt phc tp v vy cn nhiu phng php gii m khc
c pht minh, chng l cc dng bin th t phng php gii m Meggit nh l: gii m
bng phng php by li, phng php gii m by li ci tin... tu theo tng trng hp
c th m c th s dng mt mch gii m hoc kt hp nhiu mch gii m nhm m
bo tt yu cu ca tng nhim v t ra.

Hong Chin Thng - HKTCN Thi Nguyn

Email: ht.destiny@gmail.com

12