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Hubungan Antara Merokok Dengan Penyakit Parkinson
Hubungan Antara Merokok Dengan Penyakit Parkinson
ABSTRACT
Cigarettes contain 2,3,6-trimethyl-4-napthoquinone which can inhibit the breakdown of dopamine;
therefore, smoking can reduce the risk of Parkinsons disease. On the other hand, smoking is the second
cause of death in the world. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between smoking status,
smoking duration, smoking quantity, types of cigarettes and Parkinsons disease. This study was an
analytical observational research using case control approach that involved 34 patients of Parkinsons
disease as a case group and 34 respondents that were non Parkinson as a control group. The former and the
later were age- and sex-matched control subjects selected by using purposive sampling technique. In
Parkinson group it was obtained that as much as 64.7% of the respondents were non smokers, 14.7% were
former smokers, 8.8% were current less than daily smokers, and 8.8% were current daily smokers. In non
Parkinson group, 41.2% of the respondents were non smokers, 23.5% were former smokers, 8.8% were
current less than daily smokers, and 26.5% were current daily smokers. The data were analyzed using
Wilcoxon test and it was found that there was a significantly negative relationship between smoking status,
smoking duration, smoking quantity, types of cigarettes and Parkinsons disease (p<0,05). There was a
significantly negative relationship between smoking status, smoking duration, smoking quantity, types of
cigarettes and Parkinsons disease.
Keywords: Smoking, Parkinsons disease
PENDAHULUAN
Penyakit
Parkinson
merupakan
penyakit
pestisida
meningkatkan
risiko
penyakit
Penyakit
dunia.
Parkinson6.
Penyakit
Alzheimer .
ke-2
tersebut
menyerang
protektif
Penemuan
Total
kasus
kematian
akibat
penyakit
terhadap
ini
penyakit
penting
Parkinson7.
Parkinson.
karena
penyakit
Penyakit
antara
Hubungan
dapat
parkinson
dipercaya
81
dilaporkannya
antara
hubungan
negatif
memunculkan
Soekarjo Purwokerto.
Analisis
tahun
1950 .
Hal
ini
data
menggunakan
program
METODE PENELITIAN
Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan
adalah
observasional
pendekatan
kasus
analitik
kontrol.
dengan
Penelitian
non
Parkinson
yang
telah
22
6
3
Persentase
(%)
64,7 %
14,7 %
8,8 %
8,8 %
26,5 %
0
1 19
20 40
> 40
22
5
3
4
64,7 %
14,7 %
8,8 %
11,8 %
14
3
12
5
41,2 %
8,8 %
35,3 %
14,7 %
Kuantitas
Merokok ( batang)
Tidak merokok
1 10
11 20
21 30
22
8
1
3
64,7 %
23,5 %
2,9 %
8,8 %
14
9
9
2
41,2 %
26,5 %
26,5 %
5,9 %
Jenis Rokok
Tidak merokok
Sigaret kretek filter mesin
Sigaret kretek non filter
mesin
Rokok putih
22
10
1
64,7 %
29,4 %
2,9 %
14
15
1
41,2 %
44,1 %
2,9 %
2,9 %
11,8 %
Status Merokok
Durasi
(tahun)
Merokok
Frekuensi
Non Parkinson
Frekuensi
14
8
3
Persentase
(%)
41,2 %
23,5 %
8,8 %
82
hubungan
durasi
negatif.
Hubungan
antara
menunjukkan
bahwa
current
smokers
penelitian-penelitian
antara
Parkinson.
sebesar
konsisten
dengan
merokok
dan
penyakit
yang
berbasis
keluarga
54%.
Jenis
rokok
sigaret
pelepasan
dopamine
dari
0,005.
open-label
menunjukkan
bahwa
resiko
yang
melibatkan
15
pasien
pyridine,
pyrazine,
nitrosamin,
rokok10.
ditemukan
pada
penelitian-penelitian
enzimatik
Oksidase
dari
tipe
mengkatabolisme
MAO-B
B)
di
(Monoamine
otak.
dopamine
dan
MAO-B
dapat
83
mengaktivasi
neurotoksik
yang
serupa
hidroksilase
yaitu
MPTP
(N-methyl-4-
phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine).
MPTP
(N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-
tetrahydropyridine).
Senyawa
tembakau
2,3,6-trimethyl-1,4-
yaitu
naphthoquinone
dalam
dilaporkan
dapat
Gejala
homozigot
non
yang
buruk
atau
pernah
perokok
singkat
17
dibanding
individu
dengan
Berdasarkan
penelitian
didapatkan
bukti
cenderung
oksidasi
monoamine
individu
untuk
tertentu,
kecenderungan
memetabolisme
sehingga
toksin
mempengaruhi
untuk merokok.5
Penelitian
bahwa
N-methylated
terakumulasi
P450
atau
oksidase
dengan
pyridines
pada
pasien
oksidasi
B.
melalui
Nikotin
predisposisi
juga
genetik
dan
heterozigot
yang
molekular
buruk
pada
pasien
dunia.20,21
seluruh
menunjukkan
18
Penelitian
bahwa
terdapat
di
China
hubungan
yang
didetoksifikasi
oleh
debrisoquine
84
22
2.
3.
Dalam
penelitian
keterbatasan-keterbatasan
ini
terdapat
yang
dialami
penelitian
retrospektif,
yang dilakukan
sehingga
4.
bersifat
kemungkinan
5.
6.
7.
8.
efek
terapeutik
9.
terhadap
penyakit Parkinson.
10.
KESIMPULAN
11.
12.
13.
Parkinson
Semakin
tinggi
merokok, maka
secara
durasi
dan
semakin
signifikan.
kuantitas
rendah
risiko
14.
15.
16.
17.
85
18. Smith,
C.A.D. et al.
1992.
Debrisoquine
Hydroxylase
Gene
Polymorphism
and
Susceptibility
to
Parkinsons Disease. Lancet. 339: 137577.
19. Cholerton, S. et al. 1994. Poor Metabolisers
of Nicotine and YP2D6 Polymorphism.
Lancet. 343: 6263.
20. Lopez, A.D. et al. 2006. Global and Regional
Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 2001:
Systematic Analysis of Population Health
Data. Lancet. 367:1747-57.
86