Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

Tobacco burdens in India and Pakistan require continued efforts to quantify tobacco

use and its impacts. We examined the prevalence and sociodemographic and health-related

correlates of tobacco use in Delhi, Chennai (India), and Karachi (Pakistan). Analysis of

representative surveys of 11,260 participants (selected through multistage cluster random

sampling; stratified by gender and age) in 2011 measured socio-demographics, tobacco use

history, comorbid health conditions, and salivary cotinine. We used bivariate and multivariate

regression analyses to examine factors associated with tobacco use. Overall, 51.8 % were

females, and 61.6 % were below the age of 45 years. Lifetime (ever) tobacco use prevalence

(standardized for world population) was 45.0 %, 41.3 %, and 42.5 % among males, and 7.6 %,

8.5 %, and 19.7 % among females in Chennai, Delhi, and Karachi, respectively. Past 6 month

tobacco use prevalence (standardized for world population) was 38.6 %, 36.1 %, and 39.1 %

among males, and 7.3 %, 7.1 %, and 18.6 % among females in Chennai, Delhi, and Karachi,

respectively. In multivariable regression analyses, residing in Delhi or Karachi versus

Chennai; older age; lower education; earning less income; lower BMI; were each associated

with tobacco use in both sexes. In addition, semi-skilled occupation versus not working and

alcohol use were associated with tobacco use in males, and having newly diagnosed

dyslipidemia was associated with lower odds of tobacco use among females. Mean salivary

cotinine levels were higher among tobacco users versus nonusers (235.4; CI: 187.0-283.8 vs.

29.7; CI: 4.2, 55.2, respectively). High prevalence of tobacco use in the South Asian region,

particularly among men, highlights the urgency to address this serious public health problem.

Our analyses suggest targeted prevention and cessation interventions focused on lower

socioeconomic groups may be particularly important.

 Accordingly, Rachel J Sacks, Andrew J Copas, Dawn M Wilkinson, Angela J

Robinson.Sexually transmitted infections 90 (4), 315-321, 2014.The UK human papilloma

virus (HPV) vaccination programme requires 80% uptake to have a significant impact on

cervical cancer rates. Uptake in the first three years of the programme was 66%. We report the

results of a cross-sectional survey of young women attending sexual health services (SHS) in

England, reviewing HPV vaccination uptake and prevalence of HPV-related risk factors.

According to Takeo Tanihata, Hideyuki Kanda, Yoneatsu Osaki, Takashi Ohida,

Masumi Minowa, Kiyoshi Wada, Kenji Suzuki, Kenji Hayashi.

Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health. The objective was to study the relationship

between mental health and lifestyles of adolescents using samples representative of Japanese

adolescents nationwide. Method. The survey was conducted between December 2004 and

January 2005 among students enrolled in randomly selected junior and senior high schools.

Self-administered questionnaires addressed lifestyles, sleeping habits, and mental health status.

Of 103 650 questionnaires collected, 85 158 were analyzed. Results. Population

characteristics associated with poor mental health were being female, being a senior high

school student, skipping breakfast, not participating in extracurricular activities, not

consulting parents about personal matters, parental smoking, students’ smoking or alcohol use,

poor subjective sleep assessment, and short or long sleeping duration. Conclusion. Smoking

and anxiety disorders are associated with an elevation in acculturative stress in adolescents.

Prepossessing adolescents are in subclinical depression. Results suggest that lifestyles

approaches in preventions that target students can be effective in reaching high-risk

populations.

In addition at the Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi

Arabia. An online, modified version of a validated questionnaire was distributed among 2nd
to 6th year medical students. The questionnaire mainly explored the following items: 1)

exposure level to SHS; 2) impact of SHS exposure; and 3) knowledge about SHS related

health risks, with calculation of a knowledge score (range: 0–8). Adequate knowledge was

defined as a score≥ 5 (median= 5), and associations with sociodemographic and lifestyle

factors and exposure to SHS were analyzed using chi-squared and independent t-test, as

appropriate.

Ritesh G Menezes, Sonu Hangma Subba, Brijesh Sathian, Magdy A Kharoshah,

Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadip Pant, M Arun, Rashmi Kundapur, Animesh Jain, Stany

Wilfred Lobo, P Ravi Shankar

Legal Medicine 14 (4), 183-187, 2012.

Many studies have been conducted in the developed countries to know the magnitude

and factors influencing suicidal ideation among medical students, but such data are sparse in

developing countries. This cross-sectional study was therefore conducted to find out the

prevalence of suicidal ideation and factors influencing such ideation among students of a

medical college in Western Nepal. A total of 206 students were selected using random

sampling and questioned about their socio-demographic factors, other risk factors and suicidal

ideation.

Knowledge of the health consequences of tobacco smoking: a cross-sectional survey

of Vietnamese adults.

Dao Thi Minh An, Hoang Van Minh, Le Thi Huong, Kim Bao Giang, Le Thi Thanh

Xuan, Phan Thi Hai, Pham Quynh Nga, Jason Hsia.

Global health action 6 (1), 18707, 2013.

 Background : Although substantial efforts have been made to curtail smoking in

Vietnam, the 2010 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) revealed that the proportion of male

adults currently smoking remains high at 47.4%.

To determine the level of, and characteristics associated with, knowledge of the health

consequences of smoking among Vietnamese adults.

Associations between sleep bruxism, sleep quality, and exposure to secondhand smoke

in Japanese young adults: a cross-sectional study

Naoki Toyama, Daisuke Ekuni, Ayano Taniguchi-Tabata, Toshiki Yoneda, Kota Kataoka,

Aya Yokoi, Yoko Uchida, Daiki Fukuhara, Hikari Saho, Islam Md Monirul, Nanami Sawada,

Yukiho Nakashima, Yoshiaki Iwasaki, Manabu Morita.

Sleep medicine 68, 57-62, 2020.

Sleep bruxism, a major sleep disorder that causes serious harm to oral health, is

considered a multifactorial disease. Sleep bruxism can be induced by smoking, which also

adversely affects sleep quality. The objective of present study was to clarify the associations

between sleep bruxism, sleep quality, and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS).To assess

the prevalence of sleep bruxism, sleep quality, and SHS exposure, we conducted oral

examinations and self-report questionnaires on university students in Japan. Sleep bruxism

and quality were screened using the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

(PSQI) and the third edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3).

The inclusion criteria were adults aged between 18 and 19 years, non-smokers and non-

alcohol drinkers.

Influence of family resources on secondhand smoking in pregnant women: a cross-

sectional study in the border and minority urban areas of Northwest China.
 According to Jiangyun Chen, Xinhui Li, Pengqian Fang, BMC Pregnancy and

Childbirth 20 (1), 1-10, 2020.

Pregnant women’s exposure to secondhand smoke is a very serious health issue in

China. The purpose of our research is to identify factors that predict the probability of

exposure to secondhand smoke among pregnant women from the perspective of a family-

based open system. From September 2014 to August 2015, Urumqi City, Shihezi City, and

Shawan County-level City were sampled according to population characteristics. A revised

structured questionnaire based on family resources was adapted for use in this study.

Questionnaires were collected via convenience sampling at the hospitals with the largest

number of local antenatal clients. A total of 1249 pregnant women of age 18–51 years were

investigated. Descriptive statistics were calculated to characterize the participants and study

variables. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the impact of family resources

corresponding variables on the likelihood that participants would be exposed to SHS.

According to Mei-Yen Chen International Journal of Environmental Research and

Public Health 18 (5), 2514, 2021.

The literature has indicated that adolescents’ exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS)

and having smoking parents were positively associated with current tobacco smoking. Few

studies have explored the association between parental smoking and adolescent’s health-

promoting behaviors. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of SHS and the relationship

between parental smoking at home and adolescent’s health-promoting behaviors in rural areas.

According to Yunlian Xue, Zhuomin Huang, Guihao Liu, Zicheng Zhang, Yefang

Feng, Mengyao Xu, Lijie Jiang, Wenyuan Li, Jun Xu,Globalization and Health 17, 1-12, 2021.
 Suboptimal health status (SHS), an intermediate state between chronic disease and

health, is characterized by chronic fatigue, non-specific pain, headaches, dizziness, anxiety,

depression, and functional system disorders with a high prevalence worldwide. Although

some lifestyle factors (e.g. smoking, alcohol consumption, physical exercise) and

environmental factors (e.g. air quality, noise, living conditions) have already been studied,

few studies can comprehensively illustrate the associations of lifestyle and environment

factors with general, physical, mental, and social SHS.

Data from the CARRS study

Carla J Berg, Vamadevan S Ajay, Mohammed K Ali, Dimple Kondal, Hassan M Khan,

Roopa Shivashankar, Rajendra Pradeepa, Deepa Mohan, Zafar Fatmi, Muhammad M Kadir,

Nikhil Tandon, Viswanathan Mohan, KM Narayan, Dorairaj Prabhakaran

BMC public health 15 (1), 1-12, 2015

Tobacco burdens in India and Pakistan require continued efforts to quantify tobacco

use and its impacts. We examined the prevalence and sociodemographic and health-related

correlates of tobacco use in Delhi, Chennai (India), and Karachi (Pakistan). Analysis of

representative surveys of 11,260 participants (selected through multistage cluster random

sampling; stratified by gender and age) in 2011 measured socio-demographics, tobacco use

history, comorbid health conditions, and salivary cotinine. We used bivariate and multivariate

regression analyses to examine factors associated with tobacco use.

 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research design

The study used descriptive research design. It is concerned with conditions of

relationships that exist. A survey questionnaire is used as a method of collecting the data. The

analysis is descriptive in nature. The addiction to the cigarettes is the one problem of the

society and we conduct this study to know how much,how to prevent,and the last how to

aviod this kind of addiction.

The researcher is interested to find out how to prevent or to aware the students in

addition also to aviod the bad habit and the target of the study is the senior high school

students of sta. Ana national high school at sta.ana Tagoloan misamis Oriental.
3.2 Subject of the study

This study involved all the senior high school students of SANSH who are enrolled

for SY 2022-2023. Majority of the parents have the experience of smoking that the students

are doing same things like there parents and some of the parents are have no idea about the

effects of smoking. The study was conducted at sta.ana national high school at zone 3 sta ana

Tagoloan misamis Oriental, Naawan. The school campus is located in the peaceful and

friendly municipality of Tagoloan misamis Oriental.

Figu

re:Map locations of STA.ANA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

3.3 Data gathering procedure

The research was conducted to all senior high school students of SANHS. Before the

conduct of the study, the researcher sought permission from the school principal. Upon

approval, the researcher coordinated with the class advisers as to schedules. This research

aims to investigate the prevalence of cigarette smoking among senior high school students

and identify the factors contributing to its rise. A cross-sectional study design will be

employed to gather data from a representative sample of senior high school students. The

research findings will help in formulating effective interventions and policies to reduce

smoking rates among this population and promote a healthier lifestyle. The retrieval of
questionnaires followed after the respondents answered the questionnaires. The data were

analyzed and interpreted using statistical tools and methods for concept development.