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Letter of Transmittal

March 28, 2023

The College of Human Sciences Undergraduate Research

Texas Tech University
P.O. Box 41162, Lubbock, TX 79409-1162
(806) 742-3031

Dear undergraduate researchers,

We have prepared the report on “Assessing impacts of substance use on mental health and well-
being in college students”. This report is to determine how college students' general wellbeing
and mental health are impacted by the quantity and frequency of substance use. This project
officially started March 7th, 2023, and was completed March 28, 2023. College students
received a survey that includes a questionnaire on their mental health and wellness as well as
how much and how often they use certain substances.

The usage of drugs and alcohol is one of the biggest problems students encounter. Understanding
the frequency of usage as well as the relationship with general welfare is crucial given this age
group's susceptibility to substance use. Understanding the interactions between these two
elements in this particular population was the primary objective of this research. Our advice
would be to submit this study to undergraduate research so that it can be uploaded to the SONA
system. In order to distribute important information about the mental health and drug use
services available on campus, it is advised that undergraduate and graduate students who are a
part of the center visit various classrooms or regions of the classes. To guarantee that the student
body is informed about the services offered.

We look forward to receiving your feedback.

Sincerely Yours,

Stephanie Juarez, Juliana Oyegunle, Kerstin Panter, Brenda Reyes, and Carol Rumsey

Enclosure: Project Report

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ASSESSING IMPACTS OF SUBSTANCE USE ON

MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IN
COLLEGE STUDENTS

Prepared for: The College of Human Sciences

Undergraduate Research at Texas Tech
University

Prepared by: Stephanie Juarez, Juliana Oyegunle, Kerstin

Panter, Brenda Reyes, and Carol Rumsey

March 26, 2023

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Executive Summary
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Overview
A study focused on tobacco, alcohol, drug use, mental health, and overall well-being among
college students at Texas Tech University. After COVID-19, data shows an increase of
mental health related problems among college students. The studies presented throughout
this letter show that these negative effects are often accompanied by drug and alcohol
consumption among specific student age groups.

A survey was created by the Texas Tech University students to access data research after
conducting the assessment among other college students. This survey was made accessible
for a period of 10 days to gather data and develop an analysis between links of substance
use and mental health. The research results provided a weak correlation between
substance use and mental health among the participants.

Table of Contents
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Executive Summary
Table of Contents
Introduction
Problem Description
Research Methods
Research Results
Recommendation
Conclusion
References
Appendix

Introduction
There are several factors that have been linked to an increase in illicit substance use prevalence
such as tobacco use, bisexual orientation, belonging to an open relationship, gender identification
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as male or other, debt, and having had a diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder (Viohl et al., 2019).
This substance use can often play very strongly into mental health disorders, as well. Smoking,
both past and present, have been linked to the likelihood of experiencing major depressive
disorder, especially for women (Husky et al., 2008). It is important to understand the risks of
substance use, the indications for unsafe substance use, and the implications for mental health of
substance use, as these factors may play a part in universities better serving students struggling
with both substance use, mental health disorders, or a combination of the two.

Race has been shown to be a significant indicator of substance use in college students. White
students were more likely to report being both alcohol and marijuana users when compared to
non-white students (Shillington & Clapp, 2006). When considering another substance, tobacco,
students who identified as white had an increased risk for tobacco use, as did students identifying
as female (Mason et al., 2014).

Though female students were more likely to use tobacco, male-identifying students were more
likely to use non-tobacco substances than female-identifying students. Men reported a higher
number of illicit substances used than women (Franken & Muris, 2006). Additionally, men
reported a higher drinking frequency, number of alcoholic drinks consumed per occasion, and a
higher binge drinking frequency than women (Franken & Muris, 2006).

Aside from race and gender, another indicator of consumption was age, especially in the case of
multiple substance use. Those who reported using both alcohol and marijuana were significantly
younger than those who reported only using alcohol or only using marijuana (Shillington &
Clapp, 2006).

Multiple substance consumption can also be an indicator of increased illicit substance use for any
one of the substances that an individual regularly uses. Students who reported using both alcohol
and marijuana reported a higher consumption of alcohol on any single occasion compared to
alcohol-only users (Shillington & Clapp, 2006).

Aside from individual factors that influence consumption of illicit substances for college
students, social factors also play a big role as well. Rates of hazardous drinking and tobacco use
are increased when a student is surrounded by others who also consume alcohol and tobacco,
respectively (Mason et al., 2014). Prevalence of peer use alone is not the only factor that
increases consumption. Though the rate of marijuana consumption is also increased when the
student is surrounded by friends who use the drug, this effect is strengthened when the person
perceives these friendships as strong (Mason et al., 2014).

Social factors do not only affect substance use but also psychiatric disorders and their symptoms.
The closer a group of friends was reported to be, the higher the reduction of psychiatric
symptoms was for individuals diagnosed with a variety of different psychiatric disorders (Mason
et al., 2014). The 9 psychiatric disorders with the highest number of diagnoses for college
students were depressive episodes, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, hyperkinetic disorders,
post-traumatic and adaptive disorders, substance-related disorders, personality disorders, phobic
disorders, and bipolar disorders (Viohl et al., 2019).
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Substance use and the presence of a psychiatric disorder have also been shown to be linked as
many students who suffer from a psychiatric disorder feel the need to self-medicate. For students
that reported suffering from insomnia, individuals reported using alcohol, marijuana, and over-
the-counter medications 1-2 nights per week for sleep aid (Goodhines et al., 2017). For those
who used these sleep aids, it was reported that they drank more frequently than non-users and
they experienced more negative drinking effects (Goodhines et al., 2017). Rates of self-
medication also connected back to other indicators of consumption as those who reported using
sleep aids were more likely to be male than female and over the age of 21 (Goodhines et al.,
2017).

The current study aims to grow understanding about the mental health and substance use
challenges that face Texas Tech students. With an increased knowledge base of these issues
specific to the university, Texas Tech can step in to fill gaps in support for students. With greater
university intervention, the hope is that students suffering from substance use disorders or mental
health issues can have both an improved quality of life and see success as students.

Problem Description
Mental health has only recently begun to matter, in terms of the general public taking an interest
and seeking help (Terlizzi & Schiller, 2022). It seems that since 2017, and even more so since
the COVID-19 pandemic, people are wanting help in regard to their mental health (Terlizzi &
Schiller, 2022). While the amount of people seeking help for their mental health has increased,
there has also been about a 13% increase in substance use disorders as well as mental health
conditions (WHO, 2019). Substance use, as well as substance use disorders tend to go hand in
hand (NIH, 2020). This means that previous research has shown some correlation between
substance use and mental health.

Emerging adulthood is the life stage that spans from age eighteen to about twenty-nine years of
age (Arnett, 2014). Going to a college or university usually takes place in this stage of emerging
adulthood which is characterized by change and taking the first steps of trying to shape your path
in life. This time is also characterized by the first time making independent decisions. Attending
university is about many things but it is also exploration and experimentation. In a study
conducted during the 2020-2021 school year it was found that 60% of students had met criteria
for having a mental illness (Lipson, et al., 2022). As previously mentioned, research indicates
that mental health and substance use have a correlation to one another, meaning that the statistic
provided above could potentially be an indicator or some substance use.

College is a time in life that can be both stressful and exciting. The college experience is a phase
of life in which young adults are given a large amount of freedom. This is a challenge for many
students as the options of what to do with that freedom are endless. One of the greatest
challenges that students face is substance use. The average age of use and dependence is the mid-
teens and early twenties. Alcohol and drugs can play a pivotal role in this age group. Due to the
vulnerability of this age group with substance use it is important to understand the amount of use
as well as the correlation with overall wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to understand
how these two factors related to one another in this specific group. It is important to continue this
work by understanding the patterns of use and wellbeing to make changes in order to better
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support the student body. This study will address other factors such as where students partake or
are encouraged to partake in substance use. With the knowledge that this study will provide, the
institution will be able to look for gaps in which students are not being supported in this area.

Research Methods
Design
The study was conducted by having participants fill out a survey over mental health and
substance use. The survey consisted of twenty-five questions that varied in how the participant
could reply. The survey has eighteen questions which are roughly divided into mental health,
substance use, and university resources, in which the participant could answer on a scale one
meaning strongly agree to five meaning strongly disagree. The remainder of the questions were
yes or no, or had options from which the participants could choose from. There was a singular
open response question, in which the participants were prompted to enter their age.

Procedure
The survey was made using Google Forms, which made it simple for participants to remain
anonymous. Anonymity was very important as the topics being investigated are sensitive. The
survey was distributed in many ways. The survey was first put in a classroom forum for people
to participate if they felt they wanted to. The other ways in which the survey was distributed was
by sending the link to other classes as well as friends. The survey was open for participation for
ten days. After ten days, the survey closed so that analysis of the data could start. A bivariate
correlation was calculated in order to determine the correlation between substance use and
mental health.

Participants
Participants were students from Texas Tech University. While the survey was distributed in
many ways, the participants were able to decide whether they would like to participate in the
survey. The total sample size of the survey was seventeen people. There was no participant
selection process. Once the survey was distributed, those that felt interested or wanted to
participate could do so. Since people of all ages are enrolled in college, there were a range of
ages in the participants.

Research Results
In this study, we looked at mental health in relation to substance use in college students. We
operationalized the variables of mental health and substance use by gathering a number of mental
illnesses (e.g. depression, anxiety) and compared them to levels of substance use. We
hypothesized that there is a negative correlation between the variables meaning that as mental
health declines, the desire to partake in substance use increases.

With the implantation of a Likert scale, questions regarding the mental state and the use of
substances were ranked on scale of 1 to 5 with, 1 being they strongly agree with the statement
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and 5 being that they strongly disagree. For example, “On a scale from 1 to 5, how do you agree
with the following statement: I am satisfied with the overall state of my mental health” the
participant could answer “1” meaning that they strongly agreed with the statement. Below are
tables with notable findings that display the averages of responses to the prompted questions:

Figure 1

Figure 2
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Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5
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Statistical Analysis: Bivariate Correlation

A bivariate correlation was calculated to determine the relationship between mental health and
substance use. This was possible by assigning a numerical value to each response for each survey
question (i.e. strongly agreed = 1). We found that there was a very weak positive correlation
between mental health and substance use, summarized by the following values, R = 0.143, N =
17, p = .694, R2 = .011. These results suggest that there is no evidence to support a correlation
between mental illness and substance use in this sample of 17 participants. We saw these results
likely because we operationalized mental health (the lack of mental illness) instead of mental
illness. If we had operationalized mental illness, we would have more likely seen a stronger
positive correlation between the two variables. A notable finding from this data is the initial
weak positive correlation between the variables of mental health and substance use. This meant
that as mental health increased, there was a possibility that substance use could also increase.
This finding most likely took into account recreational substance use as a means to have added
pleasure, not necessarily to avoid poor mental health which is something that would require
additional studies. Another aspect to consider is our sample size. Because this data was taken
from a sample of 17 people, we were not able to see the full spectrum of possible responses.

Recommendation
After concluding our research, it was found that there was a very weak correlation between
mental health and substance use. As mentioned previously this could be due to the lack of
clarification when it came to mental health and mental illness. If this research is ever replicated,
it would be important to have that clarification so that participants could have a better
understanding. This research is very important because it could potentially help Texas Tech
University as well as other universities identify gaps in areas of mental health and substance use.
As mentioned above, mental health and substance use is important to know about and watch for
college students. While going to college is often seen as a protective factor, mental health and
substance use is almost a weak spot for college students.

While our data did not highlight any major correlations between mental health and substance use
does not mean that there could not potentially be a stronger correlation. As a group, we believe
that this research matters and should be conducted on a larger scale. Texas Tech University is a
tier one research institution, meaning that as an institution, it has the power to conduct this study
on a wider scale. Our recommendation would be to propose this research to undergraduate
research in order to have this posted to the SONA system. The SONA system at Texas Tech
University is where students who are conducting research can post their research in order to get
data from participants from the entire university. Most of the time, research participation is
rewarded in extra credit points for many courses. This seems to be the optimal choice in order to
get better data and understanding. Having higher participation as well as man power to conduct
this research has the potential to completely change the results of this study. Being able to see
where students stand on this topic could potentially help many people in the long run. Habits that
are established at a younger age, specifically substance use, are harder to break and tend to last a
longer time.
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As far as the research aspect of this goes, there is a lot more work to be done. Conducting this
research on a larger scale will most likely give us different results than those achieved in this
study. The other aspect of this research was resources. The main reason to even conduct this
research was to see if there was an issue, and if so was the problem being addressed by the
institution. Texas Tech University is one of the leading institutions in the nation for collegiate
recovery. Many different schools have modeled their recovery programs after the one at Texas
Tech University. While this center for recovery is important, the recommendation we have is to
make sure that the student body is aware of the services available. The Center for Collegiate
Recovery Communities offers sessions for substance use as well as informal mental health
services, and even eating disorder groups.

Texas Tech University also has many resources for mental health services. The recommendation
would be to have undergraduate and graduate students who are a part of the center, to come
around different classes or areas of the classes in order to spread the vital information over the
mental health and substance use services on campus. While our study did not prove a strong
correlation between substance use and mental health, it is important that the student body is
aware of what is available for them. The importance lies in making sure that students are being
taken care of.

Conclusion
There are a variety of characteristics that increase the likelihood that a person will have either
mental health concerns or substance use concerns. Race, gender identification, age and many
other factors can play a part in substance use. Mental health is also a large concern for college
students and other emerging adults. With a group of very vulnerable people, such as college
students, it is important to understand the risk factors for substance use disorders and mental
health disorders at a deeper level in order to provide the support necessary to minimize the
negative effects associated with these disorders.

Through the Google Forms survey distributed to participants for the purposes of the study, it was
concluded that there was a weak correlation between mental health and substance use for the 17
person sample. A larger sample size would be needed in future research in order to establish a
stronger correlation between the two. Though there was only a very weak correlation between
poor mental health and substance use, this does not mean that individually, they are not problems
at Texas Tech University.

With an increased focus on research specific to Texas Tech University’s students, the university
can be better equipped to help students on their journeys to better substance use practices and
better mental health. More research must be done on this topic to ensure that Texas Tech is on
the cutting edge of service to its students, especially as a tier one research institution.
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References
Arnett, J.J. (2014). Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens Through the
Twenties, Second Edition. Oxford University Press.
Franken, I. H. A., & Muris, P. (2006). BIS/BAS personality characteristics and college students’
substance use. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(7), 1497–1503.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.005
Goodhines, P. A., Gellis, L. A., Kim, J., Fucito, L. M., & Park, A. (2017). Self-Medication for
Sleep in College Students: Concurrent and Prospective Associations With Sleep and
Alcohol Behavior. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 17(3), 327–341.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2017.1357119
Hardy, S., Thomas, S., Stein, S., Kelley, R., Ackermann, K. (2023, March 22). Alcohol and
Drug Abuse Statistics (Facts About Addiction). American Addiction Centers.
https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/addiction-statistics
Husky, M. M., Mazure, C. M., Paliwal, P., & McKee, S. A. (2008). Gender differences in the
comorbidity of smoking behavior and major depression. Drug and Alcohol Dependence,
93(1-2), 176–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.07.015
Lipson, S. K., Zhou, S., Abelson, S., Heinze, J., Jirsa, M., Morrginey, J., Patterson, A., Singh,
M., Eisenberg, D. (2022). Trends in college student mental health and help-seeking by
race/ethnicity: Findings from the national healthy minds study, 2013–2021. Journal of
Affective Disorders, 306, 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.038
Martin, S. (2022, Sept.18). More americans have gotten mental health treatment since 2019,
especially younger adults. USA Today.
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2022/09/18/more-adults-received-mental-
health-treatment-over-past-two-years/10369715002/
Mason, M. J., Zaharakis, N., & Benotsch, E. G. (2014). Social Networks, Substance Use, and
Mental Health in College Students. Journal of American College Health, 62(7), 470–477.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.923428
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, April). Why is there comorbidity between substance
use disorders and mental illness?. NIH. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-
reports/common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders/why-there-comorbidity-between-
substance-use-disorders-mental-illnesses
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, July). Drugs, Brain, and Behavior: The Science of
Addiction Drug Misuse and Addiction. NIH. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugs-
brains-behavior-science-addiction/drug-misuse-addiction
Shillington, A. M., & Clapp, J. D. (2006). Heavy Alcohol Use Compared to Alcohol and
Marijuana Use: Do College Students Experience a Difference in Substance Use
Problems? Journal of Drug Education, 36(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.2190/8prj-p8aj-
mxu3-h1mw
Skidmore, C. R., Kaufman, E. A., Crowell, S. E. (2016). Substance use among college students.
Child Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25(4), 735-53.
10.1016/j.chc.2016.06.004
Terlizzi, E. P., Schiller, J. S. (2022). Mental health treatment among adults ages 18-44: United
states, 2019-2021. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db444.htm
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Viohl, L., Ernst, F., Gabrysch, J., Petzold, M. B., Köhler, S., Ströhle, A., & Betzler, F. (2019).
“Higher education” – substance use among Berlin college students. European Journal of
Neuroscience, 50(3), 2526–2537. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14340
Welsh, J. W., Shentu, Y., Sarvey, D. B. (2019). Substance use among college students. Focus
17(2), 117-127. 10.1176/appi.focus.20180037
World Health Organization. (2019). Mental Health. WHO.
https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health#tab=tab_2

Appendix
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1_4ZwiwgmL_BEpn5ArtYDeh2AOMQqNEH1-pCiA1JIRgA/
edit?ts=641b97a5

Mental Health and Substance Use

This survey was developed in order to get a better understanding of the relationship between
mental health and substance use in college students. This survey is completely anonymous.
Thank you for taking the time to complete it!

• How old are you

• I am satisfied with the overall state of my mental health.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 strongly disagree.

• I feel as if I have the best mental health of my life.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Since beginning college, my level of anxiety has increased.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Since beginning college, my level of depression has increased.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Since beginning college, I have been diagnosed with one or more mental health disorders.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

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• Since beginning college, my consumption of alcohol has increased.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Since beginning college, my consumption of marijuana has increased.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Since beginning college, my consumption of other drugs not previously stated has
increased.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I consume drugs or alcohol when I am in a state of emotional distress.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I consume drugs or alcohol when I am NOT in a state of emotional distress.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I consume drugs or alcohol socially.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I consume drugs or alcohol by myself.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I consume alcohol more frequently than I consume drugs.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I consume drugs more frequently than I consume alcohol.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Have you used drugs other than those required for medical reasons?

o Yes

o No

• How often do you use drugs or alcohol?

o Daily
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o Weekly

o Monthly

o More than once a day

• Are you able to stop using drugs or alcohol when you want to?

o Yes

o No

• Do you feel bad or guilty about your drug or alcohol use?

o Yes

o No

• On what occasions do you use drugs or alcohol? (select all that apply)

o Parties

o Family Events

o In stressful situations (eg. Studying for an exam)

• Have you asked for help with a substance use problem?

o Yes

o No

o N/A

• My mental health issues are supported by the university.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I know how to access resources on campus for mental health.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I know how to access resources on campus for substance use.

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Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I am satisfied with the overall state of my mental health.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I feel as if I have the best mental health of my life.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Since beginning college, my level of anxiety has increased.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Since beginning college, my level of depression has increased.

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Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Since beginning college, I have been diagnosed with one or more mental health disorders.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Since beginning college, my consumption of alcohol has increased.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Since beginning college, my consumption of marijuana has increased.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Since beginning college, my consumption of other drugs not previously stated has
increased.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I consume drugs or alcohol when I am in a state of emotional distress.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I consume drugs or alcohol when I am NOT in a state of emotional distress.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I consume drugs or alcohol socially.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I consume drugs or alcohol by myself.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I consume alcohol more frequently than I consume drugs.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

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• I consume drugs more frequently than I consume alcohol.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Consuming drugs or alcohol makes me feel better.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• Have you used drugs other than those required for medical reasons?

o Yes

o No

• How often do you use drugs or alcohol?

o Daily

o Weekly

o Monthly

o More than once a day

• Are you able to stop using drugs or alcohol when you want to?

o Yes

o No

• Do you feel bad or guilty about your drug or alcohol use?

o Yes

o No

• On what occasions do you use drugs or alcohol? (select all that apply)
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o Parties

o Family events

o In stressful situations (eg. Studying for an exam)

• Have you asked for help with a substance use problem?

o Yes

o No

o N/A

• My mental health issues are supported by the university.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I know how to access resources on campus for mental health.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

• I know how to access resources on campus for substance use.

Strongly agree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree.

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Revisions

Letter of Transmittal and Table of Content: The revisions made in these sections were fixing
minor grammar errors. As for the table of content I moved the executive summary page to be
before the table of content.

Introduction: For the Introduction, the revisions made were primarily concerned with word choice. The
overall language was improved to include more active voice, and other word choice revisions were made
for clarity. Largely though, the introduction is the same.

Research Methods, Recommendation, and Problem Description: There were not many changes made to
these sections. The main changes made were fixing grammar mistakes and ensuring there was clarity.
One of the feedback comments I got was to make sure I was choosing the correct words, I was able to re-
read my sections and did not change any verbiage as I felt that it fit the topic of discussion well.

Conclusion: For the conclusion, similar to the introduction, the revisions were minimal, concerned with
word choice and sentence structure. Minor revisions were made in order to ensure that ambiguous words
like “they” and “them” were removed when necessary, for clarity purposes. Additionally, 2 sentences
were restructured in order to make them more impactful, but the information contained in those sentences
remained the same.

Executive summary: In the Overview revision, I summarized the breakdown of each of the papers
elements into a much more simple description instead of the subheadings. I also moved the summary
place to before the table of contents.

Appendix: Instead of just adding the survey link, I added the whole survey as it was presented. I listed
every question given in the survey, the answer choices as well as the result graphs with the number of
participants.