Method of Research (Final Na Ito)

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Smoking is one of the most important and most preventable causes of early
death and morbidity in the world. It is an addiction that can lead to very serious health
threats. Cigarette smoking is one of the most common forms of recreational drug use
and a major cause of lung cancer and many other illnesses. Cigarette smoke contains
over 4,000 chemicals, including 43 known cancer causing (carcinogenic) compounds
and 400 other toxins. These include nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide as well as
formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and arsenic. Nicotine is highly addictive.
Many Filipinos die due to smoking related diseases.
Smoking among youth is often associated as a bad habit. Some reasons of this
addiction are obvious influence of friends or community member. As teenage is an
enjoyable period of life span which offers all delights. As a part of teen’s everyday
lives, peer pressure can be a strong influence when it comes to smoking that first
cigarettes. For them, they have got to do what makes them happy. They think that
smoking is an act of being mature and smart. They may even never think the effect of
smoking regarding their health and health of their non-smoking friends or the
secondhand smoke, family members and neighbors by making them breathe in polluted
by the cigarette smoke air.
Curiosity is one of their major reasons for the initiation of smoking. Usually,
mostly of the teenagers starting smoking out of their curiosity to know what it is and
how it is. Peer influence also found to be strong predictor for initiation of smoking habit
and this is similar to the studies done by Naing et al. in 2004.
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Seeing this depressing reality that affect many teenagers, the researcher
ventures into exploring and seeking possible answer to this problem particularly on
cigarette-smoking habits. It is the hope of the researcher, that this study may open the
minds of the youth, adults, and the government officials specially to become advocates
of anti-smoking even in their own homes. Being aware, showing concern and
commitment towards the young adult, family and society by every individual can solve
the problem. This study will look into the level of frequency for the factors and effect
of smoking habits among youth aged 15-19 years old of Barangay Compania,
Tumauini, Isabela.
This study is very essential to the youth and the adults who may be concerned
about their health, yet, are hooked to the habit of smoking. The purpose of this study is
to prevent and reduce the use of tobacco among young people and adults so that we can
develop a healthy living environment that is beneficial to their mental and physical
growth because youngster is the future pillar of society.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Each year, a great amount of money is being wasted in smoking, although it is
quite obvious that smoking habit is dangerous and injurious to health but still a large
number of people especially teenagers are attracting and getting involved in smoking
habit day by day. Some teens do experimental smoking just for taste in friends gathering
but this experience enter in their life as a regular experiment.
One in two smokers dies because of tobacco addiction. Seven out of top ten
causes of death are linked to cigarette smoking. According to the results of the opinion
poll surveys conducted by the UP-Communication Research Society, smoking in the
country is still on the rise. There are currently over 17.3 million adult Filipinos smokers.
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The number increases every day. Smoking prevalence among the youth is also
increasing. Over 22.7% of the Filipinos youth are using tobacco products. That’s a lot
when you consider that only 0% of the youth should be smoking. Instead, one in every
three Filipino teenagers has smoked a cigarette, or worse, is still smoking up to now.
At the previous issues, (bone keeper, Thomas W. et. Al, 1957) M. Mcginnis et
al., (1992) says that smoking is the single greatest cause of preventable death. By itself
and the interaction with the other risk factors. It may also be the chief cause of death in
development countries. Trying cigarettes smoke one significantly more likely to use
other drugs in the future. Bauman, Koch and Fisher (1989) parental cigarette smoking
may lower cognitive performance in adolescents by reducing the oxygen capacity of
the blood and increasing carbon monoxide levels. E. Marshall (1986) the dangers of
smoking are not confined to the smoker. Studies of secondhand smoke reveal that
spouses, family members of the smokers and co-workers at are risk for a variety of
health disorders.
For young people, nicotine addiction can develop within days of smoking or
just smoking one cigarette every day (DiFranza et al.,2000) and of those who
experiment by smoking 3 to 4 cigarettes, almost 95% go on to become regular smokers
with a 30 to 40-year career span of smoking (Russell, 1990). Generally, however, young
people see addiction as being relevant only to adult smoking (Rugkasa et al., 2001).
Therefore, becoming addicted is often an unforeseen consequence and young smokers
are frequently surprised when they find that they cannot give up cigarettes (Moffat &
Johnson, 2001).
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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
One of the most promising models applied to smoking initiation is social
cognitive theory (Wang, Fitzhugh, Eddy, Fu, & Turner, 1997). Social cognitive theory
(SCT), describes the influence of individual experiences, the actions of others, and
environmental factors on individual health behaviors. SCT provides opportunities for
social support through self-efficacy, which is concerned with people’s beliefs in their
capabilities to perform a specific action required to attain a desired outcome. Outcome
expectancies are the other core construct of SCT which are concerned with people’s
belief about the possible consequences of their actions. It also includes goals and
perceived impediments and opportunity structures. As Albert Bandura (1986)
developed and posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and
reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior. The unique feature of
SCT is the emphasis on social influence. Many theories of behavior used in health
promotion do not consider maintenance of behavior, but rather focus in initiating
behavior. This is unfortunate as maintenance of behavior, and not just initiation of
behavior, it is the true goal in public health. The goal of SCT is to explain how people
regulate their behavior through control and reinforcement to achieve goal-directed
behavior that can be maintained over time.
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PARADIGM OF THE STUDY
Figure 1.
Independent Variables:
Dependent Variables:
Profile
Factors and effects of
a. Age smoking habits among
b. Sex respondents.
c. Educational
level
d. Parental
approval of
smoking
e. Consumption
Figure 1. Paradigm of the study shows the relationship between the independent and
dependent variables.
The framework of this study is based on the system concept. It shows the socio-
demographic profiles such as age, sex, consumption, educational level, and parental
approval of smoking serves as the independent variables that directly affect the
dependent which is the factors to consider in smoking habits of the youth. The
researchers also identified some extraneous variables which may affect the smoking
habits of the respondents, these include the impacts or effect of smoking habit on health
and alternative and possible solutions of smoking habits among youth.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study determined the factors and effects of smoking habits of the youth
aged 15-19 years old of Barangay Compania, Tumauini, Isabela.
This study attempts to answer the following questions:
1. Determine the profile of the respondents vary:
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a) Age
b) Sex
c) Educational Level
d) Parental approval of smoking.
e) Consumption
2. Determine the factors and effects of smoking habits among respondents.
3. Determine the alternative or possible solutions for cigarette smoking among
youth.
4. Determine the significant relationship between the factors and effects of
smoking habits among respondents when grouped according to their profile.
smoking habits among respondents.
HYPOTHESES:
1. There is no significant relationship between the factors and effects of smoking habits
among respondents when grouped according to their profile.
2. There is no significant relationship between the factors and effects of smoking habits
among respondents.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study focused on the factors and effects of smoking habits of the youth
aged 15-19 years old of Barangay Compania, Tumauini, Isabela. The respondents of
the study are 50 selected youth ages 15-19 years old only in the said Barangay.
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IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
This research is important and beneficial to the following persons or groups and
it would be provided the information and knowledge on the factors and effects of
smoking habits among youth ages 15-19 years old.
Students or Youth:
This study will make them aware of the effects to the second-hand smoke and
causes why some are smoking at the early age.
To create an awareness among teenager the hazards of smoking.
To explain to them the negative impact smoking will creating to their health, to the
social life and to their mental life.
Parents:
For them to become aware of their children why they are into a smoking.
To understand and guide their children.
Teachers:
The results of this study maybe used by teacher educating students regarding the use of
smoke.
Community:
The community will know the reasons why they have to stop smoking.
Government:
Will help them to be aware of growth population among young who are smoking.
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Future Researchers:
This study may give them ideas in conceptualizing their own research problem.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Cancer – the proliferation of malignant cells that have capability for tissue or organ
invasion.
Cigarette – a small role of finely cut tobacco for smoking usually enclosed in a wrapper
of thin paper.
Firsthand Smoke or Mainstream smoke – he who one is smoking.
Secondhand Smoke or Side stream smoke – a non-smoker who accidentally inhale
the mainstream smoke. Rising from the burning end of the cigarette. To draw in and
exhale smoke from a cigarette.
Health – the general condition of body and mind or being free of physical or
psychological disease, illness, or malfunction.
Nicotine – this is drawn into the smoker’s mouth. A poisonous alkaloid, derived from
the tobacco plant, used in medicine and as pesticide.
Parental Approval – the term that is given to the consent that a child or minor must
obtain before getting or making their own decisions.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
The researchers conducted review of related studies and literature to
conceptualize their research problem. It was in this stage of research undertaking that
able to identify the research gap. They were able to gather a collection of studies
literatures that are integrated into this chapter. They consider this as their baptism of
fire in the field research, so the following literature and studies are reviewed and
summarized below.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The youth today is the hope of the future. What future holds for a nation depends
on how its citizens conduct their affairs. Good health is essential in preparing the fated
young generation in the Philippines. It becomes increasingly alarming that what was
imagined to be role model and leaders of the future will have become a short life
expectancy due to smoking habits.
Cigarette smoking is the single most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality
(National Environmental Health Association, 2008)
Beginning of Smoking
Children have a natural tendency to imitate adult behavior not only because of
a desire to be a member of the grown-up world but also in an effort to identify with the
parents. Thus, parents and appealing and mature to the young. Children view these
behaviors as socially acceptable and tempting despite parental and medical admonitions
against the initiation of the habit. It is not surprising, therefore, that even with the
knowledge that cigarette smoking is a potentially harmful habit, a sizeable proportion
of teenager’s smoke.
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During the past decade, the proportion of boys between 15 and 16 who have become
regular smokers has remained fairly stable whereas a steady increase in smoking is
evident among girls this age (U.S DHEM, 1976a).
Impacts of Cigarette Smoking
Smoking is one of the most important issues of health problems in the world.
Smoking overuse results in serious consequences for the community health and society.
The major impacts on health are physically, psychologically, socially and economically
due to smoking.
1. Physical Effects
Tobacco use harms directly health of smokers and second-hand smokers even
the third hand smoker. The most important chemicals containing in cigarette is nicotine
(Baker, Pereira Da Silva, & Smith, 2004; Fowles, BATES, & Noiton, 2000). Nicotine
affects the brain, cardiovascular, and pulmonary systems. The affect depends on the
number of years that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes. Starting
smoking earlier in life increases the risk of these diseases.
Adolescent smokers also experience shortness of breath at higher rates
compared to nonsmoking adolescents and produce phlegm more often than those who
do not smoke. (Page & Page; cited by Appau, 2011).
Another study revealed that the smoking is damage to different parts of the body
such as mouth, teeth, skin, fingernails and hair. It also contains the danger elements and
compounds of health such as arsenic, nicotine and formaldehyde which may cause
wrinkles, discoloration of skin complexion and yellowing of fingernails when they
enter the bloodstream. Smoking makes people seem older than they actually age
(McCay et al., 2009).

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2. Psychological Effects
Most smoker have stressful feeling more than non-smoker, and adolescent
smoker believe that increasing levels of stress as they develop regular patterns of
smoking (Parrott, 1999). Anxiety, hostility and depressive symptoms were significantly
associated with a higher risk of lifetime smoking for both boys and girls (Hayes &
Plowfield, 2007; Weiss et al., 2008). The regular and higher smoker reported
significantly (nervousness, anxiety, worry) than did similarly aged non-smokers (Mitic,
McGuitre & Neumann, 1985 cited Parrott, 1999). Smoking also increase the risk of
learning and behavioral problem such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD), which can disrupt schooling and life generally (CDC, 1994).
3. Social Effects
The smoker does not only harm him or herself but also puts the life of others at
risk. Research showed that an environment devoid of smoke is effective way to protect
the population from the detrimental effects of secondhand smoke exposure (WHO,
2007). Smoking can create a tremendous financial burden for smokers and their
families. Smoking is also related to social harms. It’s not surprising that research shows
smoking increases financial stress and reduces material wellbeing. Spending on
cigarettes means less money for essentials like food, clothing and housing. Giving up
smoking reduces financial stress and improves standards of living (Alters & Schiff,
20009).
4. The Economic/Financial Costs
Several studies found that people in the lower socioeconomic classes smoke
more than people in the upper socioeconomic classes (McCay et al., 2009). Tobacco
use compromises the health of both the smoker and nonsmoker exposed to tobacco
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smoke. Treating of tobacco related diseases requires a number of medical services, such
as hospital stays, physician services, other health practitioners’ services, prescription
drugs, home care, and nursing home care. Health care in many advanced countries is
catered for by private insurance and socialized health care system whereas patients in
many developing countries pay for medical care costs themselves. As a result, many
countries are loss of huge amount of foreign exchange for the purpose of treatment
(RITC, 2003).
Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking
The argument for smoking prevention among adolescents is based on the
observation that, if smoking does not start during adolescence, it is unlikely ever to
occur.
Once smoking has begun, cessation is difficult and smoking is likely to be a long-term
addiction. Although there are educational programs available with demonstrated
effectiveness in reducing the prevalence of adolescent smoking over the short term, the
long-term evaluations are not as encouraging.
There are current for an association between each factor and adolescent smoking:
1. Sociodemographic factors – The factor summarized included age, gender, ethnicity
and acculturation, living arrangement, family size and structure, parental
socioeconomic status (SES), spending money and employment status, and rural/urban
residence. In some studies, it was difficult to separate these factors because there are
collinear relationship between such variables as SES, family size, and educational
level of parents. The effect of SES may explain some of the inconsistent results for
maternal and paternal education. Several studies that have reported non-significant
effects of parental education on adolescents smoking have examined maternal
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education only or have found paternal but not maternal education to be significant.
Traditionally, however, paternal education has been a stronger determinant of
household SES than maternal education, whereas maternal educational level has been
associated with the health behaviors in a household.
The personal income of adolescents has been associated with adolescent
smoking: young people with more spending money showed higher levels of smoking
presumably because money is needed for the purchase of cigarettes. Adequate income
may supersede other protective factors. Who were working and had their own personal
income showed higher cigarette use even though they came from two-parent families
(Blackford, Bailey, and Coutu-Wakulczyk).
Initiation and prevalence of smoking among adolescents typically rise with
increasing age and grade. Adolescents who began smoking at a younger age were more
likely to become regular smokers and less likely to quit smoking.
2. Environmental Factor – Factors in the environment that potentially
influence initiation and maintenance of smoking by adolescents have been the focus of
many investigations since early studies demonstrated the importance of peer and
parental smoking as risk factors. The broad categories that have been studied are:
smoking among parents, siblings and peers, attitudes and norms about smoking
(including parental reactions to smoking by their children), family environment, and
attachment to family and friends.
Parental attitudes toward smoking and, in, particular, toward their own
children’s smoking have been shown to be related to adolescent smoking. By Botvin et
al found that parental attitudes to be related to smoking in Black student in bivariate but
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not multivariate analyses, as did by McNeil and colleagues for English adolescents
starting to smoke.
Aspects of the family environment which have been examined with regard to
adolescent smoking include parental supervision, attachment, support, and parenting
style. The amount of time of time in self-care, lack of knowledge about their children’s
friends and inadequate monitoring were associated with increased smoking, although
other studies on parental supervision did not observe a significant relationship.
Findings with regard to peer smoking were consistent than those for parental
smoking. “Peers” have been variously defined as classmates, friends, and boyfriend or
girlfriends. Peer influence may be modified by group membership: smoking by best
friend was found to be related to adolescent smoking for group outsiders but not for
group members. This result was supported by the observation by Ennett and Bauman
that social isolates were more likely to become smokers.
3. Behavioral Factors – There were three major categories of behavioral variables. First
were those factors related to school, primarily academic performance and aspirations.
A second category contained risk-taking or deviant factors such as violence and gang
membership. A final related grouping included lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise,
sleep, and dental care. Lifestyle behaviors tend to occur together in adults, so that
individuals who adopt a healthy lifestyle with regard to one aspect of their lives tend to
do so in others as well.
4. Personal Factors – Research on psychosocial correlates of smoking and other drug
use, specifically investigations of personality characteristics, motivational factor such
as stress, and personal resources such as coping, has arisen from attempts to delineate
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the mechanisms explaining initiation to smoking among some population subgroups
defined by their sociodemographic characteristics.
Stress and associated distress or depression are important factors in the initiation
to smoking. It has long been recognized that life change or life stress may have a
substantial negative impact on emotional wellbeing. It is the unsuccessful adjustment
to this life change that is postulated to lead to psychological distress. According to Wills
and Shiffman, in their review of literature, cited that, smoking as a means of dealing
with stress among young smokers as well as among adults and smoking was
consistently reported to be a coping mechanism. The relationship of smoking status and
the availability of other coping strategies for dealing with stress has been investigated
with significant and non-significant results.
Factors Influencing Smoking Behavior Among Adolescents
Tobacco related cancers account for approximately 43% of all cancers for male
and 12% of all cancers for females in Calcutta (CNCI, 1997). Recent trends in tobacco
smoking indicate that prevalence among the adolescents is increasing and the age at
which they initiate smoking tobacco is becoming younger. Since tobacco is a source of
nicotine addiction, adolescent tobacco users are also more likely to become adult
tobacco users (Aloise-Young 1994, Biglan 1995, Botvin et al 1993, Brynin 1999). For
this reason, adolescents are increasingly being targeted for tobacco prevention
activities.
The finding of tobacco advertisements not having a significant association with
smoking habits among adolescents could be due to the fact that, at the time of this
survey, tobacco advertisement was not frequent in the prime channels due to
Government regulations. Peer influence had the strongest association with adolescent
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smoking. It is therefore suggested that the peer influence factor should be considered
for anti-tobacco regulatory activities that target adolescent smoking in India.
Determinants of Adolescents smoking behavior
Evidence on the determinants of adolescent smoking reveal that immediate
social circumstances, parental smoking (Dapper et al 1996, DiStefan 1998) having a
smoker sibling and peer smoking are significantly associated with an adolescent being
a smoker (Evans 1995, Gilpin 1997, Gilpin 1997a, Pierce 1998)
Adolescents smoking behavior (ASB) attracted a lot of attention due to its
undesirable influence on health, high prevalence, and early onset. The prevalence of
smoking amoking adolescents was investigated by Currie et al., King et al., Hibell et
al., Geckova et al. The undesirable effect of smoking on health in adolescent was
confirmed by Poikolainene et al., Twisk et al., Tynjala et al., Geckova et al., Holmen et
al. Wide range of factors is investigated for their possible effect on adolescents smoking
behavior.
Generally, it can divide into: a) individual, b) social and c) societal factors.
a) INDIVIDUAL FACTORS:
o Knowledge, Intention, Attitudes – smokers are significantly less knowledgeable
about smoke-related diseases than ex-smokers or non-smokers but to have
knowledge about effect of smoking on the health does not seem to be enough
for protection against experimentation with smoking adolescents. The effect of
knowledge about smoking on ASB was found non-significant by Donato et al.,
Griffin et al., Horn et al.
o Attitudes towards smoking – According to the theory of planned behavior,
intention to smoke is the immediate determinant of ASB. Intention to smoke, in

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turn, is a direct function of three independent variables: attitudes towards
smoking, the subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control over smoking
behavior. Findings of Hanson, Hill et al., Maher, Rickwood supported the
theory of planned behavior.
o Health Related Behavior – Findings of Epstein et al. support the problem
behavior theory. Smoking can be thought of as a part of the constellation of
adolescent problem behaviors.
o Personality and Social Acceptance – According to Challier et al., some of the
personality traits had protective roles (serious, attentive, calm, organized) while
some of them were risk factors (easily irritable, aggressive, worried, clumsy,
careless, solitary, etc.) with regard to ASB. Smoking in younger age was
positively related to extraversion and cheerfulness, while the maintenance of
smoking was unrelated to extraversion. Explored personality profile of
adolescents who were smokers and found support for the following
characteristics: being anxious, angry, and impulsive-antisocial, which means
emotionally distressed.
o School-related Factors – Low school performance and low perceived school
competence are related to higher risk of ASB. Commitment to school, absence
at school, and extracurricular activity are related to ASB. According to Yarnold,
academic performance, and extracurricular activities (athletics, music, school
clubs and other activities) unrelated to ASB.
b) SOCIAL FACTORS
o Family – Within households, the probability that a young person smokes, how
much they smoke, and the type of cigarette the smoke is closely associated with
the smoking behavior of older adults in the household. The influence of sibling’s
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smoking behavior on ASB was confirmed by Kartasasmita et al., Santi et al.,
Donato et al., Bergström et al., Dappen et al., Pederson et al., Abram et al.,
Azevedo et al., Griffin et al., Unger and Chen, West, Horn et al.
Findings of Wakefield et al. shows that restrictions on smoking at home may
reduce teenage smoking: the earlier stage of smoking, the lower prevalence of
smoking during last 30 days. The parent-child relationship ca be expressed in
terms of social support. Parental social support can protect adolescents against
experimenting with smoking behavior, selection of smoking peers, and peer
pressure to smoke. Social support is according to Gillis, the second strongest
determinant of health-promoting life style after self-efficacy.
o Socio-economic Status (SES) – The SES indicator ca be based on parents:
education of parents, occupation of parents, family income, but also on
adolescents themselves: type of school or in other words participant education.
According to Greenlund et al., type of school is stronger predictor of ASB then
parent’s education. According to Millar and Hunter, youths at all socio-
economic levels were influenced by parental smoking behavior, however, the
prevalence of smoking among youths was greater in groups of lower SESs and
it was associated with higher smoking rates of adults in lower SES households.
o Peers – An issue attracting a lot of research attention is the difference between
peer influence and peer selection. Peer influence is the process when the
preference of smoking peers predicts adolescents smoking behavior. Peer
selection is an adverse process, when adolescents with certain behavior is
looking for friends, groups with similar behavior. Peer influence as the
difference between the subjects smoking behavior and that of their best friend
by Urberg et al. Findings of Norton et al., imply that, peer influence is more
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important than peer selection for ASB. Resnick et al., shows that both peer
influence and peer selection contributed to ASB.
o Significant Adults – Most smokers obtain their first cigarette from social source,
usually friends, relatives, stranger and not a store. The social support of
significant adults, particularly teachers or school personnel was inversely
related to leer level of ASB. Teacher attitude toward smoking policies were
found to be strongly associated to the current smoking behavior of the teacher
but not consistently related to student smoking. The probability of teacher anti-
smoking intervention was strongly associated with the prevalence of smoking
among students, teacher-smoker were less likely to intervene.
c) SOCIETY
o There is a growing body of evidence that elimination of cigarette advertisement
and promotional campaigns could reduce adolescent smoking. Youth is daily
and widely exposed to tobacco industry marketing efforts. A higher marketing
effort, exposure to cigarette advertising and ownership of promotional items or
willingness to use them seem to be related to adolescents smoking behavior.
The influence of adolescent’s role-model smoking by Sasco and Kleithues. Role
models for the adolescents may be teachers, doctors, nurses, movie stars, sport
stars, and fashion models. Stars who smoke on and off screen may encourage
youth to smoke. This effect was only slightly weaker than that of exposure to
friends and family who smoke.
Effect of Smoking Behavior on Nicotine Dependence Level among Adolescents
Cigarette smoking is one of the major causes of many diseases worldwide
(Benowitz 2010). Smoking prevalence among youth is a widespread behavior and also
a major issue discussed all around the world. A study by the United State Department
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of Health & Human Services (1994) indicated that nicotine dependency was greater in
those who have started smoking since adolescence than those who started during adults.
Smoking leads to tobacco addiction, which cause is the major worldwide health
problems that contributes to cancer, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease.
Nicotine has a pharmacological effect that plays a crucial role in tobacco addiction.
Tobacco mediated the actions of the tobacco dependency by delivering nicotine in the
central nervous system essentially. Even though the basis of nicotine addiction respites
its effects on the brain, other agents like genetics, experienced or conditioned factors,
social and environmental conditions may be the influencing factors of the addiction. It
explains how nicotine induces pleasure, reduces stress and anxiety (Benewitz 2010).
Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence or FTND is the most noteworthy
ranges to determine the dependency level in a clinical and research setting (Li &
Burmeister, 2009). The development of FTND was to assess the level of tobacco
dependence from a physical perspective (Heatherton et al. 1991). This is a useful guide
to making match treatment to individuals on the basis of the extent of the physical
dependence.
Effect of Smoking on adolescents or youth’s health
Tobacco is one of the main causes leading to cancer nowadays. According to
WHO, tobacco use is a risk factor for six of eight leading causes of deaths in the whole
world and in the 20th century, about 100 million deaths were caused by tobacco and
there will be up to one billion deaths in the 21st century if the tends do not change
(WHO, 2010b). Knowledge has been proved that smoking harms almost every part of
human body.
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In term of cancers, lung cancer and larynx cancer in men were the first ones which are
identified to have a link with smoking (U.S Department on Human Health Services,
2014). The list of cancers that are related to smoking behaviors has been spreading. Not
all pancreatic, kidney, stomach, liver, laryngeal cancers (U.S Department on Human
Health Services, 2004) but also bladder (Quirk et al., 2004), oral cancers (Bunnell et
al., 2010) are found to have a significant association with tobacco use. Smoking is a
crucial determinant of stroke, even passive smoking might increase the risk of getting
stroke (Paul et al., 2004) as well as coronary artery diseases (Inoue, 2004). Facing all
these health problems, smoker will have a lower quality of life’s score than non-
smokers. Daily-smokers have both health-related qualities of life and overall quality of
life lower than non-smoker, by Heikkinen et al., 2008.
RELATED STUDIES
There are several studies that are closely related to the study about factors and
effect of smoking habits among youth.
Impacts of Smoking Habit by Young Generation in our Society
Tobacco use is rising quickly; it kills 5.4 million people a year worldwide. Using
180 primary data from different public and private university students of Bangladesh,
the analysis finds that smoking is associated with poor overall health and a variety of
short-term adverse health effects among young people and may also be a marker for
underlying mental health problem such as depression among adolescents. The habit of
smoking is largely seen among young generation because of lack of the awareness and
proper education. There are some other causes like, peer pressure, attractive advertising,
desire to look mature and others. Some also biological factors encourage young people
to smoke.
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Factors Affecting Smoking Habits of Students of Selected Schools in Davao City
How does the habit of cigarette smoking start? A person who has smoking habit
starts with a casual smoking activity during socialization or just to relieve stress. The
same act is repeated again and again until the person would crave for it. And when he
has reached that point of craving, he is said to have been addicted to smoking.
Cigarette smoking kills an estimated 440,000 U.S citizens each year. Between
1964 and 2004, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) reported that more than
12 million Americans died prematurely from smoking, and another 25 million U.S
smokers alive today will most likely die of smoking related illness.
In the Philippines, Manila Bulletin (2012) published that tobacco smoking
related illness kill one out of ten Filipinos every hour. This is the reason why the
Philippine Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) has an intense drive to monitor
Filipino smokers. In their recent survey, GATS reported that among the 17.3 million
Filipinos who are currently smoking, 47.7% (14.6 million) are men, and 9.0% (208
million) are women. Eighty percent of the current smokers are daily smokers. Men
smoke an average of 11.3 cigarettes per day and women, 7 cigarettes.
There have been organization like Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance
(SEATCA), Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA), Philippine Medical
Association (PMA), World Health Organization (WHO), Food Drug Authority (FDA),
and recently Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids (CTFK), individually and communally
aimed to curb if not stop smoking addiction.
In Davao City, the Sangguniang Panlungsod promulgated an anti-smoking
ordinance and a Task Force is assigned to monitor and penalize the smoking violators.
The Republic Act 9211 or the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 did not include
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imprisonment as punishment, but Davao City ordinance is inclusive of such penalty.
This ordinance was enacted in 2002 and been implemented since then. But this
ordinance had not curbed the case of death related to smoking (CIO, 2012). Despite
ordinances of anti-smoking people are hooked to use cigarette smoking for them to
supplement their pleasure.
Smoking habits and attitudes towards smoking among University students in
Jordan
Friends, not family were the main source of the first smoking, and this most
often occurred after 15 years of age. Males preferred smoking in the cafeteria, females
in the bathroom. The main advantage of smoking for males was calming down, while
for females it was independence. Non-smoker chose not to smoke because of health
and hatred of the habit. The non-smoker had more positive attitudes against smoking
and were more aware of the adverse effect of smoking. The reasons smoker gave for
starting smoking were pleasure, followed by stress and curiosity. Two-third of smoker
intended to quit smoking in the future. Some smokers disagreed with some criticisms
against smoking, and reasons why they did not want to quit included social attitudes,
addiction, and not knowing how to quit.
Smoking Habits Among Adolescents
Friends are an important influence in the smoking behavior of adolescents.
From the study, it was found that adolescents whose friends smoked were more at risk
than those whose friends did not smoke. Adolescents who had best friends who smoked
cigarettes were more susceptible to smoking and this is one of the major and strongest
factors associated with smoking.
23
Adolescents who are more worried and nervous, having troubles in regulating anger,
feeling sad and lonely, were more likely to have tried smoking. Poverty may result in
stress, anxiety and depression and poor people are more likely to smoke.
Adolescents who are less interested in their health, who have low self-image and who
have low confidence are also bound to start smoking.
The Extent of Influence of Factors on Cigarette Smoking Among Teenagers.
Also, in the research of School of Nursing, Saint Louis University, Baguio City,
2600, Philippines, they study to determine the “The Extent of Influence of Factors on
Cigarette Smoking Among Teenagers”. Smoking decision process starts very early
for many children and appears only to be narrow time for a period of two to three
months where teenagers can be converted to regular smoker. Most adult smoker begins
sometime between ages 13-17 years old and are addicted before the age of 20. This is
strengthening by the findings of American Lung Association that about 80% of adult
smokers started as teenagers.
The Philippines having a population around 92 million is the 15th biggest
consumer of cigarettes in the world and the largest consumer among the Association of
Southeast Asian Nation. In 1999, the government’s white paper on smoking calculated
that two Filipinos die every hour from tobacco use (Philippine Senate Committee on
Health Demography, 1999)
Along with the many harmful effects of smoking such as cancer, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, dental problems, ulcer and many more smoking related
problems including the social implications such as second hand smoke which is the
third leading preventable cause of death in the US (National Environmental
Association, 2008), is the effect of nicotine considered as a number one entrance to
24
other substance abuse problems and is common with psychiatric and substance use
disorder.
Although there were several studies conducted on teenage smoking, the causes
to become smokers in adolescence remain unclear. Several factors were identified but
the extent of its influence still obscure.
Social Influence and Smoking Habit in Adolescent
The teenager at this developmental stage is invited to discover himself and also
to determine the social integration and acceptance. Teenagers try to be dear, accepted
and often eccentric to the eyes of their friends and in their social environment. The
failure of adolescent to incorporate in ay social group, creates a significant mental
health disorders and social problems.
The nicotine intake of cigarettes is the most common form of addictive
substance among teenagers. According to a study by the Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) in the U.S. The percentage of systematic smoking is estimated at
7.9% for junior high school students and 23.2% for high school students.
The friendly environment of adolescents contributes decisively to the initiation
of smoking and adopting smoking. A particular characteristic shows the influence of
ads on smoking behavior of adolescents. The direct and indirect promotion of tobacco
seems to push young people to smoking.
Causes of Smoking Habit Among the Teenagers
A lot of research has been done adolescent smoking and teen behavior. Majority
of the research is focused measuring volumes of smokers in schools, the paternal
control and negligence, quitting smoking among teens. Extensive research has been
produced by over parental influence and smoking status over initiation of smoking
25
habits. Results surprisingly showed that those children of smokers showed stronger
negative reactions toward their first exposures to cigarettes compared to that of non-
smoking parents. Smoking in perspective of social relationship was researched and
found that effects of smoking are drastic and related with specific problems especially
for young smokers.
Between the age group of 14-18 years old, a person is most likely to attract
towards the smoking habit and become an addict for the rest of his life. This age
represents that the growth of maturity where teens make choices for their life style and
plan where they want to see themselves in the future. This is the age where the
inspiration is at the maximum level and adolescents are more conscious of their
personality, styles and making up their role models. On the other hand, this is the age
where factors like stress, attention disorder, psychological pressures and conflicts from
parents play an important role in impacting the individual personality and most of the
teens are seen fighting with these kinds of problems due to lack of parental interest, or
sometime over protectiveness of parents.
SYNTHESIS
These studies dealt with the factors and effects of smoking habits among youth
ages 15-19 years old of Barangay Compania, Tumauini, Isabela wherein both studies
are related and has similarity with the two variables to the present study including the
early age bracket among youth in the initiation of smoking.
26
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals the research methodology of the study, which includes the
description of research design, population, sampling method, the respondents of the
study, the research locale, the instrument used, data collection technique and
statistical treatment used in study.
RESEARCH DESIGN
In this study, descriptive correlational is use to look and to determine the
relationship between the variables, which is the factors and effects of smoking habit
among youth. This study identified the prevalence of smoking and the factors related
to smoking habits among youth of Barangay Compania, Tumauini, Isabela. It also
implies that the researcher in this research do not attempt to control or manipulate the
variables as an experiment, instead they relate using the correlational statistics.
LOCALE OF THE STUDY
This study will be conducted at Barangay Compania, Tumauini, Isabela which
is consist of six (6) Purok.
SELECTION OF DESCRIPTION OF THE RESPONDENTS
The respondents are the youth of Barangay Compania, Tumauini, Isabela ages
15-19 years old, both male and female. The respondents were composed of fifty (50);
11 females and 39 males. The researcher chooses them as their respondent because they
are related to their study.
27
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
To gather significant data for the study, the researcher personally
approaches the Barangay Captain of Barangay Compania, Tumauini, Isabela, headed
by Barangay Capt. Guillermo Tumamao for collaboration in survey procedure. After
its approval, the researchers will now proceed to the target area to gather the data. The
study involved the youth ages 15-19 years old as a subject respondent. The researchers
will explain to each youth the purpose and importance of the test and will explain well
the instruction to the respondents and followed by distribution of the questionnaires.
The researcher reminded the participants to checked and filled out the completed
questionnaire before returning them to the researcher. Moreover, the participants were
informed that answers were analyze anonymously and will be checked and the scores
will be tallied and interpreted accordingly.
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
The questionnaire will be utilized as the major instrument used in this study by
the researchers as a primary data gathering technique so that we are secure despondence
to certain questions. The questionnaire that was used in this study was designed to
obtain information on the factors and effects of smoking habits among youth ages 15-
19 years old. The first is intended for the profile of the respondents followed by a set
of questions addressing the problems met by respondents and its measures as well.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
The following statistical treatment was used to determine the factors and effects
of smoking habits among youth ages 15-19 years old of Barangay Compania, Tumauini,
Isabela.
28
1. Simple frequency and percentage distribution was utilized in treating the profile of
the respondents.
Formula: where:
P=f/n * 100 p = percentage
f = frequency
n = total of respondents
2. In the assessment of the respondents in the factors and effects and the alternatives
or possible solutions of smoking habits among youth ages 15-19 years old of
Barangay Compania, Tumauini, Isabela, the researchers used Weighted Mean.
Formula: where:
WM = (5)f+(4)f+(3)f+(2)f+(1)f WM= Weighted Mean

n f= frequency
n= number of respondents
The weighted mean was interpreted using a 5-point scale in factors and effect
of smoking habit.
Arbitrary Value Numerical Value Descriptive Scale
5 4.20 - 5.00 Always
4 3.40 – 4.19 Very Often
3 2.60 – 3.39 Sometimes
2 1.80 – 2.59 Seldom
1 1.00 – 1.79 Never
29
Scale for Mean of the Respondents Alternatives and Possible Solutions of
Smoking Habits
Arbitrary Value Descriptive Scale
1 YES
2 NO
3. Pearson-r was used to determine the significant relation between the factors and
effects of smoking habits among youth if grouped according to age, educational level,
and consumptions.
Where:
N = number of pairs
∑xy = sum of the products of paired score
∑x = sum of x score
∑y = sum of y score
∑x2 = sum of squared x
Degree of Linear Correlation
Range Degree of Correlation
+/-1.00 Perfect Positive/Negative Correlation
+/-0.91 - +/-0.99 Very high Positive/Negative Correlation
+/-0.71 - +/-0.90 High Positive/Negative Correlation
+/-0.50 - +/-0.70 Moderately Positive/Negative Correlation
+/-0.31 - +/-0.50 Low Positive/Negative Correlation
+/-0.01 - +/-0.30 Negligible Positive/Negative Correlation
0.00 No Relation
30
Test Statistics for testing the level of significance of r.
t = r[√(n − 2)/√(1 − 𝑟2)]
Where:
r = degree of relationship between x and y
n = Sample size
Point Biserial Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the significant
relation between the factors and effects of smoking habit among the respondents if
group according to sex and parental approval.
Point Biserial Correlation Coefficient
Testing the significant of rpb

Where:
r = degree of relationship
between x and y
n = Sample size
31
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents and interprets the data gathered from the responses of the
respondents through the structured questionnaire.
PART 1. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
1.1 Age
Table 1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According
to their Age
Age Frequency Percentage
15 years old 4 8%
16 years old 6 12%
17 years old 10 20%
18 years old 11 22%
19 years old 19 38%
Total 50 100%
The table shows the distribution profile of the respondents in terms of their age.
There are 4 or 8% who are in the range of 15 years’ old which is the youngest. Another
6 respondents or 12% whose age are 16 years old, 10 or 20% of the respondents are
belongs to 17 years’ old, 11 or 22% belongs to 18 years’ old and 19 or 38% belongs to
19 years’ old which is the oldest.
The data implies that the majority of the respondents or have a highest
percentage belong in the age of 19 years’ old having 38% are initiating smoking.
32
1.2 Sex
to their Sex
Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 36 72%
Female 14 28%
Total 50 100%
The table shows the distribution profile of the respondents according to sex. It
is evident that there are more men who smoke than women, 72% or 36 of them are men
while 28% or 14 are women. The findings mean that most of the respondents were
male dominated.
1.3 Educational Level
to their Educational Level/Year
Educational Level/Year Frequency Percentage
Junior and Senior High School

Grade 8
Grade 9
Grade 10 22 44%
Grade 11
Grade 12
High School Graduate 22 44%
College Level: 6 12%
Total 50 100%
The table shows that High School graduate, Junior and Senior High School rank
first among the respondents according to their educational level/year, they have the
33
highest the same total number of respondents of 44% or 22. Next is college level having
12% or 6 total respondents.
1.4 Parental Approval of Smoking
to their Parental Approval of Smoking
Parental Approval of Frequency Percentage

Smoking
Yes 12 24%
No 38 76%
Total 50 100%
The table shows that 38 or 76% has the highest number of the respondents who
answered NO according to their Parental Approval of Smoking while in YES has
only12 or 24% of the respondents.
1.5 Consumption
to their Consumptions
Consumption Frequency Percentage
1-5 sticks 28 56%
5-10 sticks 15 30%

10-15 sticks 4 8%
More than 15 3 6%
Total 50 100%
The table shows the distribution profile of the respondents in terms of their
consumption. It is evident that there are 28 or 56% is the biggest who can consume 1-
34
5 sticks per day. Next is 5-10 sticks among 15 or 30% of the respondents, then 10-15
sticks among 4 or 8% of the respondents and the lowest number of consumptions is
more than 15 sticks with the respondents of 3 or 6%.
The data implies that the majority or have a highest percentage in consumptions
of cigarettes among respondents is having 56% who are initiating cigarette smoking.
PART 2. FACTORS AND EFFECT OF SMOKING HABIT AMONG
YOUTH AGES 15-19 YEARS OLD OF BARANGAY COMPANIA, TUMAUINI,
ISABELA
2.1. FACTORS OF SMOKING HABIT
Table 6. Mean Distribution of the Respondents According to their Factors of
Smoking Habit
FACTORS OR MEAN DESCRIPTIVE SCALE

REASONS
Curiosity 4.20 Always
Peer Influence 4.08 Very Often

Environmental Factors 3.32 Sometimes
Other Family Members 2.66 Sometimes
Personal Problem 3.20 Sometimes
Relaxation/Enjoyment 3.62 Very Often
Stress/Tension 3.30 Sometimes
Habit/Activity 3.48 Very Often
Total Mean 3.48 Very Often
The table shows that Curiosity is the main reason why the youth initiate smoking
with the mean of 4.20. Second is Peer Influence with the mean of 4.08. Next is
Relaxation/Enjoyment with the mean of 3.62. Fourth rank is Habit/Activity with the mean
of 3.48. Environmental Factors with the mean of 3.32. Sixth is Stress/Tension with the mean
35
of 3.30. Next is Personal Problem with the mean of 3.20. Then lastly because of Other
Family Members with the mean of 2.66.
However, the overall computation is 3.48 and it indicates that the Factors of smoking
habits is Very Often. And the study implies that most of the reasons are psychological and
social in nature.
2.2. EFFECT OF SMOKING HABIT
Table 7. Mean Distribution of the Respondents According to their Effect of
Smoking Habit
EFFECTS MEAN DESCRIPTIVE SCALE
Cough 2.90 Seldom
Shortness of Breath 3.04 Sometimes

Respiratory Infection 2.00 Seldom
Increasing of Heart Rate 2.94 Sometimes
Acid of Stomach 2.44 Seldom
Tooth and Gums Decease 2.64 Sometimes
Tuberculosis 1.26 Never
Decreasing of Body
Endurance 3.56 Very Often
Total Mean 2.60 Seldom
The table shows that Decreasing of Body Endurance is the main effect of their
smoking with the mean of 3.56. Second is Shortness of Breath with the mean of 3.04.
Increasing of Heart Rate with the mean of 2.94. Fourth rank is Cough with the mean of 2.90.
Next is Tooth and Gums Decease with the mean of 2.64. Sixth is Acid of Stomach with the
mean of 2.44. Then Respiratory Infection with the mean of 2.00 and lastly because of
Tuberculosis with the mean of 1.26.
36
However, the overall computation is 2.60 and it indicates that the Effects of smoking
habits is Seldom.
2.2. ALTERNATIVE OR POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR THEIR SMOKING
HABITS
Table 8. Mean Distribution of the Respondents According to their Alternative or
Possible Solutions for Their Smoking Habits
ALTERNATIVE OR
POSSIBLE MEAN DESCRIPTIVE
SOLUTIONS SCALE
Make Cigarette Very 1.22 YES
Expensive
Ban and Penalize Young 1.1 YES
People from Cigarette
Make Anti-Smoker 1.16 YES
Warning Bigger
E-Cigarette 1.06 YES
Change Life Style 1.16 YES
Motivation 1.1 YES
Total Mean 1.33 YES
The table shows that Make Cigarette Very Expensive is the main alternatives or
possible solution of their smoking among the respondents with the mean of 1.22.
Second, are Make Anti-Smoker Warning Bigger, and Change Life Style with the mean
of 1.16. Third rank, Ban and Penalize Young People from Cigarette, and Motivation
with the same mean of 1.1. Lastly, E-Cigarette with the mean of 1.06. The total mean
of the alternatives or possible solution of their smoking among the respondents is 1.33
with a descriptive scale of Yes.
PART 3. CORRELATION OF THE FACTORS AND EFFECTS OF SMOKING
HABITS OF THE RESPONDENTS AND THEIR PROFILE VARIABLES
37
3A. Correlation of The Factors of Smoking Habits of the Respondents and Their
Profile Variables
3.1 Age and Factors
Table 9. Pearson-r test of relationship between the factors of smoking habit
among the respondents and their age profile
VARIABLES Df Level of Pearson T Critical Decision/Descri

Significance r Value Value ption
Factors of No Relation
Smoking Habit if
group according 48 0.05 -0.002 -0.01 +/-2.014 Non-significant-
to Age Fails to reject Ho
In testing the relationship between the factors of smoking habits and their age
profile, Pearson-r was used.
The computation yielded with T-value of -0.01 and with a Critical Value of +/-
2.014. It indicates that there is no significant relationship between the factors of
smoking habits and their age profile.
3.2 Sex and Factors
Table 10. Point biserial coefficient test of relationship between the factors of
smoking habit among the respondents and their Sex profile
VARIABLES Df Level of Rpb T Critical Decision/

Significance Computed Value Description
Factors of Negligible
Smoking Habit Positive
if group 48 0.05 -0.01 0.07 +/- Correlation
according to 2.014
Sex Non-significant -
Fails to reject Ho
38
In testing the relationship between the factors of smoking habits and their sex
profile, point biserial coefficient was used.
The computation yielded with T-computed of 0.07 and with a critical value of
+/-2.14. It indicates that there is no significant relationship between the factors of
smoking habits and their sex profile.
3.3 Educational Level and Factors
among the respondents and their educational level profile
VARIABLES Df Level of Pearson T Critical Decision/

Significance r Value Value Description
Smoking Habit if Negative
group according 48 0.05 -0.13 -0.92 +/-2.014 Correlation
to Educational
Level Non-significant -
Fails to reject Ho
In testing the relationship between the factors of smoking habits and
their educational level profile, Pearson-r was used.
smoking habits and their educational level profile.
3.4 Parental Approval and Factors
Table 12. Point biserial coefficient test of relationship between the factors of
smoking habit among the respondents and their Parental Approval profile

39
Factors of Low Positive
Smoking Habit +/- Correlation
if group 48 0.05 0.34 2.65 2.014
according to Non-significant -
Parental Fails to reject Ho
Approval
In testing the relationship between the factors of smoking habits and their
parental approval profile, point biserial coefficient was used.
+/-2.14. It indicates that there is no significant relationship between the factors of
smoking habits and their parental approval profile.
3.5 Consumptions and Factors
among the respondents and their consumptions profile

Smoking Habit Negative
if group 48 0.05 -0.11 -0.78 +/-2.014 Correlation
according to
Consumptions Non-significant -
Fails to reject Ho
In testing the relationship between the factors of smoking habits and their
educational level profile, Pearson-r was used.
smoking habits and their consumptions profile.
PART 3B. CORRELATION OF THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING HABITS OF
THE RESPONDENTS AND THEIR PROFILE VARIABLES
40
3.6 Age and Effects
Table 14. Pearson-r test of relationship between the effects of smoking habit
among the respondents and their age profile

Effects of Negligible
if group 48 0.05 0.08 0.54 +/-2.014 Correlation
according to
Age Non-significant -
Fails to reject Ho
In testing the relationship between the effects of smoking habits and their age
profile, Pearson-r was used.
The computation yielded with T-value of 0.54 and with a Critical Value of +/-
2.014. It indicates that there is no significant relationship between the effects of
smoking habits and their age profile.
3.7 Sex and Effects
Table 15. Point biserial coefficient test of relationship between the effects of
smoking habit among the respondents and their Sex profile

Effects of No Relation
Smoking Habit
if group 48 0.05 0.09 0.63 +/- Non-significant -
according to 2.014 Fails to reject Ho
Sex
In testing the relationship between the effects of smoking habits and their sex
profile, point biserial coefficient was used.
41
+/-2.014. It indicates that there is no significant between the effects of smoking habits
and their sex profile.
3.8 Educational Level and Effects
among the respondents and their educational level profile

Factors of Low Positive

Smoking Habit if Correlation
group according 48 0.05 0.33 2.27 +/-2.014
to Educational Significant -
Level Reject Ho
In testing the relationship between the effects of smoking habits and their
2.014. It indicates that there is significant relationship between the effects of smoking
habits and their educational level profile.
3.9 Parental Approval
Table 17. Point biserial coefficient test of relationship between the effects of
smoking habit among the respondents and their Parental Approval profile

Effects of Negligible
if group 48 0.05 0.21 1.53 +/- Correlation
according to 2.014
42
Parental Non-significant -
Approval Fails to reject Ho
parental approval profile, point biserial coefficient was used.
+/-2.014. It indicates that there is no significant relationship between the effects of
smoking habits and their parental approval profile.
3.10 Consumptions and Effects
among the respondents and their consumptions profile

if group 48 0.05 0.16 1.08 +/-2.014 Correlation
according to
Consumptions Non-significant -
Fails to reject Ho
2.014. It indicates that there is no significant relationship between the effects of
smoking habits and their consumptions profile.
43
PART 3C. CORRELATION OF THE FACTORS AND EFFECTS OF
SMOKING HABITS OF THE RESPONDENTS
3.11 Factors and Effects
Table 19. Pearson-r test of relationship between the factors and effects of
smoking habit among the respondents

Factors and Negligible

Effects of Positive
Smoking Habits 48 0.05 0.18 1.26 +/-2.014 Correlation
among the
respondents Non-significant -
Fails to reject Ho
2.014. It indicates that there is no significant relationship between the factors and effects
of smoking habits
44
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings that were obtained after a
careful and thorough analysis of data, the conclusion as well as recommendations.
SUMMARY OF THE STUDY
FACTORS AND EFFECTS OF SMOKING HABITS AMONG YOUTH AGES
15-19 YEARS OLD OF BARANGAY COMPANIA, TUMAUINI, ISABELA;
ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THEIR PERSONAL PROFILE
INTRODUCTION
Smoking among youth is often associated as a bad habit. Some reasons of this
addiction are obvious influence of friends or community member. As teenage is an
enjoyable period of life span which offers all delights. As a part of teen’s everyday
lives, peer pressure can be a strong influence when it comes to smoking that first
cigarettes. For them, they have got to do what makes them happy. They think that
smoking is an act of being mature and smart. They may even never think the effect of
smoking regarding their health and health of their non-smoking friends or the
secondhand smoke, family members and neighbors by making them breathe in
polluted by the cigarette smoke air.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
One of the most promising models applied to smoking initiation is social
cognitive theory (Wang, Fitzhugh, Eddy, Fu, & Turner, 1997). Social cognitive theory
(SCT), describes the influence of individual experiences, the actions of others, and
environmental factors on individual health behaviors. SCT provides opportunities for
45
social support through self-efficacy, which is concerned with people’s beliefs in their
capabilities to perform a specific action required to attain a desired outcome.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Personal Profile
 Age
 Gender
 Educational Level
 Parental Approval of Smoking
 Consumption
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
 Factors and effects of smoking habits among respondents.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This study determined the factors and effects of smoking habits of the youth aged 15-
19 years old of Barangay Compania, Tumauini, Isabela.
This study attempts to answer the following questions:
1. Determine the profile of the respondents vary:
a) Age
b) Gender
c) Educational Level
d) Parental approval of smoking.
e) Consumptions
2. Determine the factors and effects of smoking habits among respondents.
46
3. Determine the alternative or possible solutions for cigarette smoking among
youth.
smoking habits among respondents when grouped according to their profile.
smoking habits among respondents.
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Descriptive Correlational
LOCALE OF THE STUDY
 Barangay Compania, Tumauini, Isabela
SELCETION OF DESCRIPTION OF THE RESPONDENTS
 Our respondents are the youth ages 15-19 years’ old
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
 The researchers personally approached the Barangay Captain of Barangay
Compania, Tumauini, Isabela, headed by Barangay Capt. Guillermo Tumamao
to float a questionnaire among the youth Barangay Compania for collaboration in
survey procedure.
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
 Used the questionnaire to gather data
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
 Simple frequency and percentage distribution
 Weighted Mean
 Pearson-r
 Point Biserial Correlation Coefficient
47
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of?
a. Age
4 or 8% who are in the range of 15 years’ old which is the youngest. Another 6
respondents or 12% whose age are 16 years old, 10 or 20% of the respondents are
19 years’ old which is the oldest.
b. Sex
72% or 36 of them are men while 28% or 14 are women.
c. Educational Level
Junior and Senior High School rank first among the respondents having 44% or
22. Next is college level having 12% or 6 total respondents.
d. Parental Approval of Smoking
38 or 76% has the highest number of the respondents who answered NO
according to their Parental Approval of Smoking while in YES has only12 or 24% of
the respondents.
e. Consumptions
28 or 56% is the biggest who can consume 1-5 sticks per day. Next is 5-10 sticks
among 15 or 30% of the respondents, then 10-15 sticks among 4 or 8% of the
respondents and the lowest number of consumptions is more than 15 sticks with the
respondents of 3 or 6%.
2. What is the level of factors and effect of smoking habit among youth summary
of findings?
48
a. Factors
The results of the overall weighted mean computation of the factors of smoking
among youth is 3.48.
b. Effects
c. Alternatives or Possible
3. Is there a significant relationship between the factors and effects of smoking
habits among respondents when grouped according to their profile?
 There is no significant relationship between the factors of smoking habits in
their age, sex, educational level, and consumption profile.
 There is a significant relationship between the factors of smoking habits in their
parental approval of smoking profile.
 There is no significant relationship between the effects of smoking habits in
their age, sex, parent approval, and consumption profile.
 There is a significant relationship between the effects of smoking habits in their
educational level profile.
4. Is there a significant relationship between the factors and effects of smoking
habits among respondents?
 There is no significant relationship between the factors and effects of smoking
habits among respondents.
49
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The major findings of the study are as follows:
PART 1. PROFILE OF THE YOUTH AGES 15-19 YEARS OLD OF
BARANGAY COMPANIA IN TERMS OF:
1.1. Age
4 or 8% who are in the range of 15 years’ old which is the youngest. Another 6
respondents or 12% whose age are 16 years old, 10 or 20% of the respondents are
19 years’ old which is the oldest. It implies that majority of the respondents are belong
to 19 years’ old.
1.2. Sex
72% or 36 of them are men while 28% or 14 are women. It implies that majority
of the respondents are male dominated.
c. Educational Level
Junior and Senior High School rank first among the respondents having 44% or
22. Next is college level having 12% or 6 total respondents. It implies that majority of the
respondents are belongs to Junior and Senior High School.
1.3. Parental Approval of Smoking
38 or 76% has the highest number of the respondents who answered NO
according to their Parental Approval of Smoking while in YES has only12 or 24% of
the respondents. It implies that majority of the respondents answered NO for their
parental approval of smoking.
50
1.4. Consumptions
28 or 56% is the biggest who can consume 1-5 sticks per day. Next is 5-10 sticks
among 15 or 30% of the respondents, then 10-15 sticks among 4 or 8% of the
respondents and the lowest number of consumptions is more than 15 sticks with the
respondents of 3 or 6%. It implies that majority of the respondents can consumed 1-5
sticks per day.
PART 2. FACTORS AND EFFECT OF SMOKING HABIT AMONG YOUTH
AGES 15-19 YEARS OLD OF BARANGAY COMPANIA, TUMAUINI,
ISABELA
2.1. Factors of Smoking Habit
The result of the overall computation weighted mean computation of the factors
of smoking habits is 3.48.
2.2. Effects of Smoking Habit
The result of the overall computation weighted mean computation of the effects
of smoking habits is 2.60.
2.3 Alternatives or Possible Solutions
The result of the overall computation weighted mean computation of the
alternatives or possible solutions of smoking habits is 1.13.
PART 3. CORRELATION OF THE FACTORS AND EFFECTS OF SMOKING
HABITS OF THE RESPONDENTS AND THEIR PROFILE VARIABLES
3A. FACTORS OF SMOKING HABITS OF THE RESPONDENTS AND
THEIR PROFILE VARIABLES
51
3.1 Age
The computation on age and factors of smoking habits yielded with T value of -0.01
and with a Critical value of +/-2.014.
3.2 Sex
The computation on sex and factors of smoking habits yielded with T computed of 0.07
The computation on educational level and factors of smoking habits yielded with T
value of -0.92 and with a Critical value of +/-2.014.
The computation on parental approval and factors of smoking habits yielded with T
computed of 2.65 and with a Critical value of +/-2.014.
3.5 Consumption
The computation on consumptions and factors of smoking habits yielded with T value
of -0.78 and with a Critical value of +/-2.014.
3B. EFFECTS OF SMOKING HABITS OF THE RESPONDENTS AND THEIR
PROFILE VARIABLES
3.6 Age
The computation on age and effects of smoking habits yielded with T value of 0.54 and
with a Critical value of +/-2.014.
52
3.7 Sex
The computation on sex and effects of smoking habits yielded with T computed of 0.63
The computation on educational level and effects of smoking habits yielded with T
value of 2.27 and with a Critical value of +/-2.014.
The computation on parental approval and effects of smoking habits yielded with T
computed of 1.53 and with a Critical value of +/-2.014.
3.10 Consumption
The computation on consumptions and effects of smoking habits yielded with T value
of 1.08 and with a Critical value of +/-2.014.
3C. CORRELATION OF THE FACTORS AND EFFECTS OF SMOKING
HABITS OF THE RESPONDENTS
3.11 Factors and Effects
The computation on factors and effects yielded with T value of 1.26 and with a Critical
value of +/-2.014.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The dominant age among the respondents is under 19 years of age.
2. The most of the respondents are male dominated.
53
3. The most of the respondents are belong to Junior and Senior High School who are
initiating smoking as their habits.
4. The most of the respondents answered NO when it comes to their Parental
Approval of their smoking habits.
5. The most of the respondents can consumed 1-5 sticks of cigarettes per day.
6. The smoking habits among youth ages 15-19 years old in terms of their factors of
smoking are very often.
7. The smoking habits among youth ages 15-19 years old in terms of their effects of
smoking are seldom.
8. The smoking habits among youth ages 15-19 years old in terms of their alternatives
or possible solutions of smoking are majority answered yes.
9. There is no significant relationship between the respondent’s profile in terms of
age to their factors of smoking habits.
sex to their factors of smoking habits.
educational level to their factors of smoking habits.
12. There is a significant relationship between the respondent’s profile in terms of
parental approval to their factors of smoking habits.
consumptions to their factors of smoking habits
age to their effects of smoking habits.
sex to their effects of smoking habits.
54
16. There is a significant relationship between the respondent’s profile in terms of
educational level to their effects of smoking habits.
parental approval to their effects of smoking habits.
consumptions to their effects of smoking habits.
19. There is no significant relationship between the factors and effects of smoking
habits among the respondents.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In view to the facts and results of the study, the researcher came up to some
recommendations:
1. Parents must be a perfect model for their children in terms of discipline on
smoking.
2. Strict implementation on the rules of selling of cigarettes to minors. Then other
smoking implement rules must be continued.
3. Smoking effects must be integrated on a Barangay or community and even at
school to better inculcate to the youth on how smoking can affect their health and
even their academic standings.
4. Fines and corresponding sanctions must be implemented to those who are caught
violating rules especially among youth.
5. One must stop, if not limit smoking by resorting to other alternatives that equates
smoking addictive effects.
6. The researcher recommends the conduct of a follow-up study with the same
concept with larger scope to further assess the impacts of cigarette smoking among
all youth not only in the family and friends’ relationships but the society as a whole.
55
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Websites
 https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/7/4/409
 https://www.academia.edu/494639/Factors_influencing_smoking_behavior_among
_adolescents
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11125833_Determinants_of_adolescent
s'_smoking_behaviour_A_literature_review
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814054950
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269819305_Impacts_of_Smoking_Habit
_by_Young_Generation_in_Our_Society
 file:///C:/Users/Jean%20Madariaga/Downloads/496-1291-1-PB%20(1).pdf
 https://www.academia.edu/12177905/Smoking_habits_and_attitudes_towards_sm
oking_among_university_students_in_Jordan
 https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/39841/KUSI-
APPAU_ISAAC.pdf?sequence=1
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236990685_The_Extent_of_Influence_of
_Factors_on_Cigarette_Smoking_Among_Teenagers_in_Baguio_City_A_Cross-
Sectional_Study
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281667339_Social_influence_and_smoki
ng_habit_in_adolescent
 https://journal-archieves14.webs.com/848-855.pdf
56
APPENDIX A
Letter to the Respondents
HGBaquiran College
Centro Tumauini,Isabela
Telefax (078) 323-1113
March 19, 2019
Dear Respondents:
This questionnaire is formulated and administrate for the purpose of gathering

information needed to complete the study regarding to the subject in Method of
Research. Your answers will only serve as the basis of the researcher for their research
about the “FACTORS AND EFFECT OF SMOKING HABITS OF THE YOUTH
AGES 15-19 YEARS OLD OF BARANGAY COMPANIA, TUMAUINI, ISABELA.
Everything that is being ask is not being recorded and will be very secure.
Your responses will help researchers learn more about people’s smoking
patterns especially among youth like you so that they can help other people who want
to reduce or quit smoking and to lessen the number of smoking among youth or
adolescent.
.
Anticipating your affirmative action and immediate response in answering the
questions herein. Thank you and God bless!
Truly yours,
Baby Jean A. Madariaga
Mike-Justine B. Ida
Roberto A. Balla
Roger Angelo Lucas
57
APPENDIX B
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT (QUESTIONNAIRE)
HGBAQUIRAN COLLEGE
CENTRO TUMAUINI ISABELA
TELEFAX NO. (078) 323-1113
Part 1. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENT

Dear Respondent’s,
As part of our research, we 3rd year students Major in Information Technology,

wants to float our questionnaire to among youth ages 15-19 years old of Barangay
Compania, Tumauini, Isabela.
As a researcher we really need your cooperation to answer the following

questionnaires given below.
We heartily give thanks if your response as seriously and attentively.
Truly yours,
Baby Jean A. Madariaga

Mike-Justine B. Ida
Roberto A. Balla
Roger Angelo Lucas
Part I.
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS:
Direction: Please answer the following questions honestly and correctly.
NAME: ________________________________________________
AGE: _______
GENDER: ___________
EDUCATIONAL LEVEL/YEAR/COURSE: ____________________________
PARENTAL APPROVAL OF SMOKING: Yes No:
CONSUMPTION: 1-5 10-15

5-10 More than 15
58
Part II:
Assessment of the respondents in the Factors and Effect of Smoking Among
Youth Ages 15-19 years old of Barangay Compania, Tumauini, Isabela.
Directions: Please put a ( ) on the column that correspondents to your perception in

the Factors and Effects of Smoking Habits Among Youth Ages 15-19 Years old of
Barangay Compania, Tumauini, Isabela.
Legend:
5-Always 4-Often 3-Sometimes 2-Seldom 1-Never
Factors or Reasons of your smoking 5 4 3 2 1

habits
Curiosity
Peer Influence/Friends
Environmental Factors
Other Family Members
Personal Problem
Relaxation/Enjoyment
Stress/Tension
Habit/Activity
Effects of your smoking habits 5 4 3 2 1
Cough
Shortness of Breath
Respiratory Infection
Increasing of Heart Rate
Acid of Stomach
Tooth and Gums Decease
Tuberculosis
Decreasing of Body Endurance
59
Legend: Yes No
Alternative or Possible Solutions for Yes No

Cigarette Smoking
Make cigarette very expensive
Ban and penalize young people from cigarette
Make anti-smoker warning bigger
E-Cigarette
Change life style
Motivation
60
APPENDIX C
STATISTICAL TREATMENT COMPUTATION
Pearson-r Correlation Coefficient Test Result
Correlation of the factors of smoking habits among the respondents and their
age
Factors of Smoking vs. Age
Factors of Smoking
Age Mean
4 3.75
4 3.5
4 2.75
2 3.25
2 3.125
2 3.25
2 3.375
2 3
3 3.25
3 3.75
3 3.75
3 3.125
3 3.125
3 4.25
3 3.5
4 3.375
4 3.375
4 3.375
4 4
4 3.375
4 3
4 4.5
4 1
5 3.375
5 3
5 3.75
5 4.375
5 4.25
5 4
5 2.5
5 3.625
5 3.25
5 4
5 3.125
61
5 3.75
5 3.875
5 3.75
5 3.625
5 4.25
5 3.75
5 4.5
1 3.125
1 3.125
1 4
1 3.25
2 3.625
5 3
3 2.75
3 3.5
3 3.25
AGE FACTORS
AGE 1 -0.00166
FACTORS -0.00166 1
Test Statistics for testing the level of significance of r.
𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒅 = r√(𝑛 − 2)/(1 − r)2
= -0.00166√(50 − 2)/(1) − (−0.00166)2
= -0.00166√47.99999724
= -0.011500817 or -0.01
educational level
Factors of Smoking vs. Educational Level
Factors of Smoking
Educational Level Mean
1 3.75
1 3.5
2 2.75
1 3.25
2 3.125
2 3.25
2 3.375
62
2 3
2 3.25
1 3.75
1 3.75
2 3.125
2 3.125
1 4.25
3 3.5
2 3.375
2 3.375
2 3.375
2 4
1 3.375
3 3
1 4.5
1 1
3 3.375
2 3
3 3.75
3 4.375
2 4.25
2 4
2 2.5
1 3.625
1 3.25
2 4
2 3.125
2 3.75
1 3.875
1 3.75
1 3.625
3 4.25
1 3.75
2 4.5
1 3.125
1 3.125
1 4
2 3.25
1 3.625
1 3
2 2.75
1 3.5
1 3.25
63
EDUC. LEVEL FACTORS
EDUC.
LEVEL 1 -0.13303
FACTORS -0.13303 1
= -0.13303√(50 − 2)/(1) − (−0.13303)2
= -0.13303√47.98230302
= -0.921488958 or -0.92
consumptions
Factors of Smoking vs. Consumptions
Factors of Smoking
Consumptions Mean
1 3.75
2 3.5
2 2.75
1 3.25
1 3.125
1 3.25
1 3.375
2 3
1 3.25
2 3.75
2 3.75
1 3.125
1 3.125
1 4.25
1 3.5
1 3.375
2 3.375
2 3.375
1 4
2 3.375
1 3
2 4.5
1 1
1 3.375
1 3
2 3.75
64
2 4.375
3 4.25
3 4
1 2.5
3 3.625
2 3.25
2 4
1 3.125
2 3.75
4 3.875
4 3.75
1 3.625
4 4.25
1 3.75
3 4.5
1 3.125
1 3.125
1 4
1 3.25
1 3.625
1 3
1 2.75
2 3.5
1 3.25
CONSUMPTIONS FACTORS
CONSUMPTIONS 1 -0.11187
FACTORS -0.11187 1
= -0.11187√(50 − 2)/(1) − (−0.11187)2
= -0.11187√47.9874851
= -0.774957049 or -0.78
Correlation of the effects of smoking habits among the respondents and their age
Effects of Smoking vs. Age
Effects of Smoking
Age Mean
4 2.75
4 2.75
65
4 2.75
2 1.875
2 1.875
2 3.125
2 3
2 2.75
3 3.375
3 2.375
3 2
3 1.875
3 3.125
3 3.25
3 3.25
4 3.25
4 2
4 2.375
4 3.75
4 2.625
4 2.875
4 3.7
4 1
5 2.75
5 2.375
5 2.125
5 3.5
5 3.125
5 2.375
5 2.125
5 2.375
5 2.5
5 2.5
5 1.75
5 3.25
5 2.625
5 2.375
5 2.375
5 3.25
5 1.875
5 3.625
1 2
1 2.375
1 2.875
1 2.5
2 2
5 2.375
3 2.625
3 2.375
3 2.75
66
AGE EFFECTS
AGE 1 0.07800
EFFECTS 0.07800 1
= 0.07800√(50 − 2)/(1) − (0.07800)2
= 0.07800√47.993916
= 0.540365603 or 0.54
Correlation of the effects of smoking habits among the respondents and their
educational level
Effects of Smoking vs. Educational Level
Effects of Smoking
Educational Level Mean
1 2.75
1 2.75
2 2.75
1 1.875
2 1.875
2 3.125
2 3
2 2.75
2 3.375
1 2.375
1 2
2 1.875
2 3.125
1 3.25
3 3.25
2 3.25
2 2
2 2.375
2 3.75
1 2.625
3 2.875
1 3.7
1 1
3 2.75
2 2.375
67
3 2.125
3 3.5
2 3.125
2 2.375
2 2.125
1 2.375
1 2.5
2 2.5
2 1.75
2 3.25
1 2.625
1 2.375
1 2.375
3 3.25
1 1.875
2 3.625
1 2
1 2.375
1 2.875
2 2.5
1 2
1 2.375
2 2.625
1 2.375
1 2.75
EDUC. LEVEL EFFECTS

EDUC.
LEVEL 1 0.327024
EFFECTS 0.327024 1
= 0.327024√(50 − 2)/(1) − (0.327024)2
= 0.327024√47.8930553
= 2.263163332 or 2.27
68
consumptions
Effects of Smoking vs. Consumptions
Effects of Smoking
Consumptions Mean
1 2.75
2 2.75
2 2.75
1 1.875
1 1.875
1 3.125
1 3
2 2.75
1 3.375
2 2.375
2 2
1 1.875
1 3.125
1 3.25
1 3.25
1 3.25
2 2
2 2.375
1 3.75
2 2.625
1 2.875
2 3.7
1 1
1 2.75
1 2.375
2 2.125
2 3.5
3 3.125
3 2.375
1 2.125
3 2.375
2 2.5
2 2.5
1 1.75
2 3.25
4 2.625
4 2.375
1 2.375
4 3.25
1 1.875
69
3 3.625
1 2
1 2.375
1 2.875
1 2.5
1 2
1 2.375
1 2.625
2 2.375
1 2.75
CONSUMPTIONS EFFECTS
CONSUMPTIONS 1 0.155682925
EFFECTS 0.155682925 1
= 0.155683√(50 − 2)/(1) − (0.155683)2
= 0.155683√47.9757628 = 1.078331113 or 1.08
Correlation of the factors and effects of smoking habits among the respondents
Factors of Smoking vs. Effects of Smoking
Factors of Smoking Effects of Smoking

4.2 2.9
4.08 3.04
3.32 2
2.66 2.94
3.2 2.44
2.48 2.64
3.3 1.26
3.48 3.56
FACTORS EFFECTS
FACTORS 1 0.181496
EFFECTS 0.181496 1
= 0.181496√(50 − 2)/(1) − (0.181496)2
= 0.181496√47.9670592 = 1.257009629 or 1.26
70
TABLE OF T CRITICAL VALUE (PEARSON R AND PONT
BISERAL CORRELATION COEFFICIENT)
71
POINT BISERIAL CORRELATION RESULT
Correlation of the factors of smoking habits among the respondents and their sex
Factors of Smoking Habits vs. Sex
SEX
MALE 𝑿𝟏 ² FEMALE 𝑿𝟐 ²
3.75 14.0625 3.125 9.765625
3.5 12.25 3.25 10.5625
2.75 7.5625 3.125 9.765625
3.25 10.5625 3.375 11.390625
3.25 10.5625 3.375 11.390625
3.375 11.390625 3.375 11.390625
3 9 3 9
3.75 14.0625 4.5 20.25
3.75 14.0625 3.75 14.0625
3.125 9.765625 4.25 18.0625
4.25 18.0625 4 16
3.5 12.25 2.5 6.25
3.375 11.390625 3.125 9.765625
4 16 3.75 14.0625
1 1
3.375 11.390625
3 9
4.375 19.140625
3.625 13.140625
3.25 10.5625
4 16
3.75 14.0625
3.875 15.015625
3.75 14.0625
3.625 13.140625
4.25 18.0625
4.5 20.25
3.125 9.765625
3.125 9.765625
4 16
3.25 10.5625
3.625 13.140625
3 9
2.75 7.5625
3.5 12.25
3.25 10.5625
𝑿𝟏 124.625 444.421875 𝑿2 48.5 171.71875
X̅ 𝟏 3.461805556 X̅ 𝟐 3.464285714
72
SD = √ 𝑁(𝑿𝟐𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐𝟐 ) − (𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 )2 /𝑁 2
=√ 50(𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓 + 𝟏𝟕𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓) − ( 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒𝟖. 𝟓)2 /502
=√ 50(𝟔𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓) − (𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟓)2 /502
=√ 30,807.03125 − 29,972.26563/2500
=√ 834.76562/2500
=√ 0.333906248
= √ 0.33 =0.58
X̅𝟏 −X̅𝟐 𝒏𝟏 −𝒏𝟐

Rbp =
𝑆𝐷
√ 𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝟑.𝟒𝟔−𝟑.𝟒𝟕 (𝟑𝟔)(𝟏𝟒)
=
0.58
√ 50(50−1)
−0.01 (𝟑𝟔)(𝟏𝟒)
= √
0.58 50(49)
= -0.02√ 0.21 = -0.02(0.46) = -0.01
t = rpb √(50 − 2)/√1 − (𝑟𝑝𝑏)2
= -0.01√(48)/√1 − (−0.01)2
= -0.07/1.0 = -0.07
Correlation of the factors of smoking habits among the respondents and
their parental approval of smoking
Factors of Smoking Habits vs. Parental Approval of Smoking
PARENTAL APPROVAL OF SMOKING

YES 𝑿𝟏 ² NO 𝑿𝟐 ²
2.75 7.5625 3.75 14.0625
4.25 18.0625 3.5 12.25
3.375 11.39063 3.25 10.5625
73
4.5 20.25 3.125 9.765625
3.75 14.0625 3.25 10.5625
4.25 18.0625 3.375 11.39063
4 16 3 9
2.5 6.25 3.25 10.5625
4 16 3.75 14.0625
4.25 18.0625 3.75 14.0625
4.5 20.25 3.125 9.765625
3.5 12.25 3.125 9.765625
3.5 12.25
3.375 11.39063
3.375 11.39063
3.375 11.39063
4 16
3 9
1 1
3.375 11.39063
3 9
4.375 19.14063
3.625 13.14063
3.25 10.5625
3.125 9.765625
3.75 14.0625
3.875 15.01563
3.75 14.0625
3.625 13.14063
3.75 14.0625
3.125 9.765625
3.125 9.765625
3 4 16
2.75 3.25 10.5625
3.5 3.625 13.14063
3.25 3 9
2.75 7.5625
3.25 10.5625
𝑿𝟏 45.625 178.2031 𝑿𝟐 127.5 437.9375
X̅ 𝟏 3.802083 X̅ 𝟐 3.355263
SD = √ 𝑁(𝑿𝟐𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐𝟐 ) − (𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 )2 /𝑁 2
=√ 50(𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟏 + 𝟒𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟓) − ( 𝟒𝟓. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 + 𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟓)2 /502
=√ 50(𝟔𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟔) − (𝟏𝟕𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟓)2/502
=√ 30,807.03 − 29,972.27/2500
=√ 834.7656/2500 =√ 0.333906 =0.58
74
X̅𝟏 −X̅𝟐 𝒏𝟏 −𝒏𝟐
Rbp =
𝑆𝐷
√ 𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝟑.𝟖𝟎−𝟑.𝟑𝟓 (𝟏𝟐)(𝟑𝟖)
=
0.58
√ 50(50−1)
0.45 (𝟏𝟐)(𝟑𝟖)
= √
0.58 50(49)
= 0.78√ 0.19 = 0.78(0.44) = 0.34
t = rpb √(50 − 2)/√1 − (𝑟𝑝𝑏)2
=0.34√(48)/√1 − (0.34)2
=2.36/0.89 =2.65
Correlation of the effects of smoking habits among the respondents and their sex
Effects of Smoking Habits vs. Sex
SEX
MALE 𝑿𝟏 ² FEMALE 𝑿𝟐 ²
2.75 14.0625 1.875 9.765625
2.75 12.25 3.375 10.5625
2.75 7.5625 3.125 9.765625
1.875 10.5625 2 11.390625
3.125 10.5625 2.375 11.390625
3 11.390625 2.625 11.390625
2.75 9 2.875 9
2.375 14.0625 3.75 20.25
2 14.0625 2.125 14.0625
1.875 9.765625 3.125 18.0625
3.25 18.0625 2.375 16
3.25 12.25 2.125 6.25
3.25 11.390625 1.75 9.765625
3.75 16 1.875 14.0625
1 1
2.75 11.390625
2.375 9
3.5 19.140625
2.375 13.140625
2.5 10.5625
75
2.5 16
3.25 14.0625
2.625 15.015625
2.375 14.0625
2.375 13.140625
3.25 18.0625
3.625 20.25
2 9.765625
2.375 9.765625
2.875 16
2.5 10.5625
2 13.140625
2.375 9
2.625 7.5625
2.375 12.25
2.75 10.5625
𝑿𝟏 95.125 262.3594 𝑿𝟐 35.375 94.54688
X̅ 𝟏 2.642361 X̅ 𝟐 2.526786
SD = √ 𝑁(𝑿𝟐𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐𝟐 ) − (𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 )2 /𝑁 2
=√ 50(𝟐𝟔𝟐. 𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟒 + 𝟗𝟒. 𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟖𝟖) − ( 𝟗𝟓. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝟓)2/502
=√ 50(𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟖) − (𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟓)2/502
=√ 17,845.314 − 17,030.25/2500
=√ 815.064/2500
=√ 0.33 =0.58
X̅𝟏 −X̅𝟐 𝒏𝟏 −𝒏𝟐

Rbp =
𝑆𝐷
√ 𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝟐.𝟔𝟒−𝟐.𝟓𝟑 (𝟑𝟔)(𝟏𝟒)
=
0.58
√ 50(50−1)
0.11 (𝟑𝟔)(𝟏𝟒)
= √
0.58 50(49)
= 0.19√ 0.21 = 0.19(0.46) =0.09
t = rpb √(50 − 2)/√1 − (𝑟𝑝𝑏)2
76
=0.09√(48)/√1 − (0.09)2
=0.62/0.9919 = 0.63
parental approval of smoking
Effects of Smoking Habits vs. Parental Approval of Smoking
PARENTAL APPROVAL OF SMOKING

YES 𝑿𝟏 ² NO 𝑿𝟐 ²
2.75 7.5625 2.75 7.5625
3.25 10.5625 2.75 7.5625
2.625 6.890625 1.875 3.515625
3.75 14.0625 1.875 3.515625
2.125 4.515625 3.125 9.765625
3.125 9.765625 3 9
2.375 5.640625 2.75 7.5625
2.125 4.515625 3.375 11.39063
2.5 6.25 2.375 5.640625
3.25 10.5625 2 4
3.625 13.14063 1.875 3.515625
2.375 5.640625 3.125 9.765625
3.25 10.5625
3.25 10.5625
2 4
2.375 5.640625
3.75 14.0625
2.875 8.265625
1 1
2.75 7.5625
2.375 5.640625
3.5 12.25
2.375 5.640625
2.5 6.25
1.75 3.0625
3.25 10.5625
2.625 6.890625
2.375 5.640625
2.375 5.640625
1.875 3.515625
2 4
2.375 5.640625
2.875 8.265625
2.5 6.25
2 4
77
2.375 5.640625
2.625 6.890625
2.75 7.5625
𝑿𝟏 33.875 99.10938 𝑿𝟐 96.625 257.7969
X̅ 𝟏 2.822917 X̅ 𝟐 2.542763
SD = √ 𝑁(𝑿𝟐𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐𝟐 ) − (𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 )2 /𝑁 2
=√ 50(𝟗𝟗. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟑𝟖 + 𝟐𝟓𝟕. 𝟕𝟗𝟔𝟗) − ( 𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 + 𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓)2/502
=√ 50(356.90628) − (𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟓)2/502
=√ 17,845.314 − 17,030.25/25002
=√ 815.064/2500
=√ 0.33 =0.58
X̅1 −X̅𝟐 𝒏𝟏 −𝒏𝟐

Rbp =
SD
√ 𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝟐.𝟖𝟐−𝟐.𝟓𝟒 (𝟏𝟐)(𝟑𝟖)
=
0.58
√ 50(50−1)
0.28 (𝟏𝟐)(𝟑𝟖)
= √
0.58 50(49)
= 0.48√ 0.19 = 0.48(0.44) =0.21
t = rpb √(50 − 2)/√1 − (𝑟𝑝𝑏)2
=0.21√(48)/√1 − (0.21)2
=1.46/0.9559 =1.53
78
APPENDIX D
CURRICULUM VITAE
MADARIAGA. BABY JEAN A.

Brgy. Rizal Delfin Albano, Isabela
Email Address: kristelmadriaga1@gmail.com
Mobile Number: 0977-0197598
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY EDUCATION
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
HGBaquiran College, Tumauini, Isabela
S.Y. 2019 Present
SECONDARY EDUCATION
Magsaysay Memorial High School
Villaluz, Delfin Albano
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
Delfin Albano Central School
Rizal, Delfin Albano
PERSONAL DATA
Nickname :” Jean”
Age : 29
Date of Birth : October 30, 1989
Place of Birth : Delfin Albano
Sex : Female
Citizenship : Filipino
Height : 5’2” ft.
Weight : 48 kgs.
79
CURRICULUM VITAE
IDA, MIKE JUSTINE B.

Brgy. 3, Compania Tumauini Isabela
Email Address: mikejustineida2@yahoo.com
TERTIARY EDUCATION
S.Y. 2019 Present
SECONDARY EDUCATION
Tumauini National High School, Tumauini, Isabela
San Nicolas Elementary School
PERSONAL DATA
Nickname : Bruce
Age : 20
Date of Birth : July 19, 1998
Place of Birth : Brgy. Compania Tumauini isabela
Sex : Male
Weight : 65 kgs.
80
CURRICULUM VITAE
BALLA, ROBERTO A.
Brgy. 3, Compania,Tumauini, Isabela
Email Address: balla_roberto81@yahoo.com
TERTIARY EDUCATION
S.Y. 2019 Present
SECONDARY EDUCATION
School of Saint Matthias, Tumauini, Isabela
South Central School, Tumauini, Isabela
PERSONAL DATA
Nickname : Tony
Age :20
Date of Birth : August 24, 1998
Place of Birth : Brgy. Compania,Tumauini, Isabela
Sex : Male
Height : 5’9’’ ft.
Weight : 65 kgs.
81
CURRICULUM VITAE
LUCAS, ROGER ANGELO

Brgy. San Antonio, Delfin Albano, Isabela
Email Address:
TERTIARY EDUCATION
S.Y. 2019 Present
SECONDARY EDUCATION
San Antonio National High School
San Antonio Elementary School
PERSONAL DATA
Nickname : Chongsi
Age : 22
Date of Birth : May 10, 1997
Place of Birth : Brgy. San Antonio,Delfin Albano, Isabela
Sex : Male
Weight : 68 kgs.
82
APPENDIX E
MATRIX OF RELATED LITERATURE
Name of the Problem and Procedures Findings Conclusions or

Authors, Hypothesis or Recommendations
Titles of the Methodology
book,
Publication,
Publisher and
Place of
Publication
1. Isaac Kusi This thesis The method The study The review showed
Appau examined the employed in comprises that the family,
factors this study was 4666participa peers, adolescents’
Smoking contributing Systematic nts. Data was sense of wellbeing
Habits Among to smoking Literature gathered by and self-esteem are
Adolescents initiation Review. means of strong influences in
among questionnaires the smoking habit of
Turku adolescents. Data was . The findings adolescents. The
University of gathered by of the research study also found
Applied means of suggested that that adolescents
Sciences questionnaire those whose with psychological
s. mothers, problems have a
2011 siblings and or high chance of
Logistic friends were initiating smoking.
regression and smokers and
the Chi- those with
square test poor grades
were used in were at
data analysis. significant
risk.
According to
their study,
poor
achievement
was an
influential
factor in the
progression to
regular
smoking of
those who had
experimented.
2. Urmi Sen, The impact of The students While Peer influence had
Arindan Basu tobacco were selected planning any the strongest
advertisement from High anti-tobacco association with
83
Factors s and other Schools by regulatory adolescent
Influencing social factors Simple approach or smoking. It is
Smoking on the Random activities therefore suggested
Behavior smoking Sampling. directed at that the peer
Among habits of adolescent influence factor
Adolescents Adolescents smoking, the should be
in Calcutta, issue of peer considered for anti-
Department of India influence tobacco regulatory
Epidemiology should be activities that the
and Bio considered. target adolescent
Statistics, smoking in India.
Chittaranjan
National
Cancer
Institute,
Calcutta, India
Health
Services
Research, St.
Louis
University
School of
Public Health,
St. Louis, MO
63108
2000
3. Suzanne L To extend the Studies were The rising Attempts should be

Tyas, Linda L analysis of selected if interest in the made to use
Pederson psychosocial they related identification standard definitions
risk factors directly to of predictors of outcome and
for smoking smoking; of adolescent predictor variables.
Psychosocial presented and relevant smoking is When available and
factors related proposed a articles which demonstrated appropriate,
to adolescent theoretical dealt with the by the surge previously
smoking frame of acquisition of at the validated scales
reference for other beginning of should also be used.
Dr LL understanding substance this decade in
Pederson, the abusing the number of
Department of development behaviors publications.
Community of smoking. were
Health and reviewed but
Preventive not
Medicine, summarized
Morehouse in the tables.
School of
84
Medicine, 720 Only studies
Westview published in
Drive, SW, English or
Atlanta, French were
Georgia included.
300310, USA
First published
December 1,
1998
4. Teresita Q. Smoking Conducted The There is a

Adriano, cigarette is this study in Cronbach’s relationship
Francis the cause of two alpha between the factors
Kenneth D. many universities in
coefficient such awareness on
Canono, Juvy terminal Penang State. obtained was bad effects, peer
P. Amad diseases and 0.92 for the influence,
the major Distributed a awareness on psychological
Factors cause of set of self- bad effect, factors, to the level
Affecting millions of administered 0.684 for of frequency of
Smoking has risked the questionnaire peer/environm smoking habits.
Habits of population’s s the ental
Students of health. validated to influence and
Selected the 0.918 for
Schools in undergraduate psychological
Davao City students to factor,
gather suggested that
University of demographic the items in
Immaculate data, smoking the survey
Conception history, the questionnaire
current have
February 2016 smoking relatively high
habits and internal
FTND ( reliability.
Fagerstrom
Test for
Nicotine
Dependence)
level
Used FTND
scores scales
to measure
the level of
nicotine
dependency
among
students
85
5. Roz Azinur Smoking Conducted 57 smokers Most of the
Che Lamin, prevalence this study in have students were
Nursyuhadah among two voluntarily expecting smoking
Othman, Che adolescents universities in
participated in to alleviate the
Noriah caused by Penang State. this study. All negative mood,
Othman addiction has of the such as stress,
risked the Distributed a respondents anxiety, and crisis.
Effect of population’s set of self- are male. The In addition,
Smoking health. administered age ranges of enjoyment of
Behavior on questionnaire the smoking after
Nicotine s the respondents meals, during
Dependence validated to were 18-24 driving, boredom,
Level among the years-old hunt for inspiration
Adolescents undergraduate students. All and desire for social
students to of the acceptance are also
Faculty of gather respondents commonly cited
Pharmacy, demographic are reasons for
Universiti data, smoking undergraduate smoking.
Teknologi history, the s. The Smoking
MARA, current percentage of can result in
Bertam smoking students from health
Campus, habits and pre-diploma, implication
13200 Pulau FTND ( diploma and risk
Pinang, Fagerstrom program, and factor in
Malaysia Test for bachelor influencing
Nicotine program are one’s
January 4-5, Dependence) 10.5%, 49.1% quality of
2014 level and 40.4 life.
respectively.
Used FTND
scores scales
to measure
the level of
nicotine
dependency
among
students.
86

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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

over 4,000 chemicals, including 43 known cancer causing (carcinogenic) compounds

formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and arsenic. Nicotine is highly addictive.

Many Filipinos die due to smoking related diseases.

addiction are obvious influence of friends or community member. As teenage is an

by the cigarette smoke air.

and this is similar to the studies done by Naing et al. in 2004.

growth because youngster is the future pillar of society.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Each year, a great amount of money is being wasted in smoking, although it is

but this experience enter in their life as a regular experiment.

poll surveys conducted by the UP-Communication Research Society, smoking in the

may lower cognitive performance in adolescents by reducing the oxygen capacity of

experiment by smoking 3 to 4 cigarettes, almost 95% go on to become regular smokers

Therefore, becoming addicted is often an unforeseen consequence and young smokers

One of the most promising models applied to smoking initiation is social

environmental factors on individual health behaviors. SCT provides opportunities for

capabilities to perform a specific action required to attain a desired outcome. Outcome

perceived impediments and opportunity structures. As Albert Bandura (1986)

promotion do not consider maintenance of behavior, but rather focus in initiating

behavior. This is unfortunate as maintenance of behavior, and not just initiation of

regulate their behavior through control and reinforcement to achieve goal-directed

behavior that can be maintained over time.

and alternative and possible solutions of smoking habits among youth.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

aged 15-19 years old of Barangay Compania, Tumauini, Isabela.

This study attempts to answer the following questions:

1. Determine the profile of the respondents vary:

d) Parental approval of smoking.

2. Determine the factors and effects of smoking habits among respondents.

3. Determine the alternative or possible solutions for cigarette smoking among

4. Determine the significant relationship between the factors and effects of

smoking habits among respondents when grouped according to their profile.

5. Determine the significant relationship between the factors and effects of

smoking habits among respondents.

among respondents when grouped according to their profile.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

smoking habits among youth ages 15-19 years old.

causes why some are smoking at the early age.

To create an awareness among teenager the hazards of smoking.

social life and to their mental life.

To understand and guide their children.

Firsthand Smoke or Mainstream smoke – he who one is smoking.

Secondhand Smoke or Side stream smoke – a non-smoker who accidentally inhale

exhale smoke from a cigarette.

psychological disease, illness, or malfunction.

the tobacco plant, used in medicine and as pesticide.

obtain before getting or making their own decisions.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

The researchers conducted review of related studies and literature to

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

expectancy due to smoking habits.

(National Environmental Health Association, 2008)

knowledge that cigarette smoking is a potentially harmful habit, a sizeable proportion

evident among girls this age (U.S DHEM, 1976a).

Impacts of Cigarette Smoking

smoking earlier in life increases the risk of these diseases.

Adolescent smokers also experience shortness of breath at higher rates

do not smoke. (Page & Page; cited by Appau, 2011).

wrinkles, discoloration of skin complexion and yellowing of fingernails when they

(McCay et al., 2009).

learning and behavioral problem such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

smoking increases financial stress and reduces material wellbeing. Spending on