CCHTHNGXLNCTHI

Tcgi:LHongVit

Trong bi ny chng ti mun giithiuviccbncctrangwebcaiHcCatolica,

B o Nha v x l ncthi. Cctrangwebnytrnhbytmttcccngonx l
nc thi gia dng v cng nghip, ng thi gii thiu a ch cc trang web ca cc
trngiHckhccchathngtinvlnhvcny.

Nc thi t cc hot ng khc nhau ca con ngi (sinh hot, cng nghip, nng
nghip) khng cn c thi thng ra mi trngmphiqua xl.Vicxl baogm
mt chui cc qu trnh l hc, ha hc v sinh hc. Cc qu trnh ny nhm thc y
vic x l, ci thin chtlngncthisauxlcthsdngli chnghocthi
ramitrngviccnhhngnhnht.

Vicxlctinhnhquacccngonsau:
iuluvtrungha
Keot,tobngcnvktta
Tuynni
Xlsinhhchiukh
Lng
Xlcp3(Lc,hpph,traoiion)

iulu

iu lu l qu trnh gim thiu hoc kim sot cc binngvctnhcancthi

nhm to iu kin ti u cho cc qu trnh x l k tip. Qu trnh iu lu c tin
hnhbngcchtrncthilitrong mtbln,saubmnhlngchngvo cc
bxlktip.

Qutrnhiulucsdng:

iuchnhsbinthinvlulngcancthitheotnggitrongngy.
Trnhsbinngvhmlngchthu clmnh hngnhotngca
vikhuntrongccbxlsinhhc.
Kim sot pH ca nc thi to iu kin ti u cho cc qu trnh sinh hc,
hahcsau.

Kh nng cha ca b iu lu cng gp phn gim thiu cc tcngnmitrng

dolulngthicduytrmtmcnnh.
B iu lu cn l ni c nh cc c cht iviqutrnhxlsinhhclmchohiu
sutcaqutrnhnytthn.

Trungho

Nc thi thng c pH khng thch hp cho cc qu trnh x l sinh hc hoc thi ra

mi trng, do n cn phi c trung ha. C nhiu cch tin hnh qu trnh
trungha:
Trn ln nc thi c pH acid v nc thi c pH baz. Bng cch trn ln hai
loi nc thi c pH khc nhau, chng ta c th t c mc ch trung ha.
Qutrnhnyihibiululnchancthi.
Trung ha nc thi acid: ngi ta thng cho nc thi c pH acid chy qua
mt lp vi trung ho hoc cho dung dch vi vo nc thi, sau vi
ctchrabngqutrnhlng.
Trung ha nc thikim:bngccacidmnh(luntnhkinht).CO2cng
c th dng trung ha nc thi kim, khi sc CO2 vo nc thi, n to
thnhacidcarbonicvtrunghavincthi.

KEOTVTOBNGCN

Hai qu trnhha hc ny kt tcc chtrn l lngvcc ht keotonnnhnghtckch

thclnhn.Ncthic chacc ht keo c mangintch(thng lin tch m).Chnh
in tch ca n ngncnkhngchon va chmvkthp livinhaulmchodungdchc
gi trng thi nnh.Vic cho thmvonc thi mt s ha cht(phn,ferrous chloride...)
lmcho dung dchmttnh n nh vgiatng skthpgiacc ht tothnhnhngbng
cnlncthloibbngqutrnhlchaylngcn.

Ccchtkeotthngcsdnglmuisthaynhmchatr3.

Cc cht to bng cn thng c s dng l cc cht huc caophn t nhpolyacrilamid.

Vickthpsdngcc chthu ccaophn tvicc muivccithinngkkhnng
tobngcn.

KTTA


Kt talphngphp thng dngnhtloib cckimloinng rakhinc thi.Thng
cc kim loi nngc kt ta di dnghydroxide.Do,honthnhqutrnhnyngita
thng cho thm cc base vonc thi cho ncthitnpHmcc kim loi nngcn
philoibckhnngha tanthpnht. Thngtrcqutrnhktta,ngitacnloibcc
cht nhim khcckhnng lm cntr qutrnhktta.Qutrnhkttacngcdng
khphosphatetrongncthi.

TUYNNI

Qu trnhnydngloibcc chtckhnngnitrnmtncthinhdu,m,chtrnl
lng.Trongbtuynningitacnkthpccvloibbn.
u tin ncthi,haymt phnca ncthic to p sutvis hindinca mtlng
khng kh ln. Khi nc thi ny c tr v p sut tnhin cakh quyn,n stonn
nhng btkh. Cc htdu,mvcc chtrn l lngs ktdnhviccbtkhvvinhau
nilntrnvbmtthanhgttchchngrakhincthi.

LNG

Qu trnh lng p dng s khcnhau v t trng ca nc,cht rnllng v cccht nhim

khctrongnc thi loichngra khi ncthi. yl mtphngphpquantrngloi
bccchtrnllng.

Blngthngcdngchnhthochnhtrn.

i vi dng b lnghnhch nht yb c thit k thanhgtbntheochiungang cab,

thanhgt nychuynngvphauvocanc thivgombnvmthnhy,sau
bncthirangoi.

Chailoiblnghnhtrn:
Loi1ncthicavobtmcabvlyrathnhb
Loi2ncthicavothnhbvlyratmb.
Loiblnghnhtrnchiusutcaohnloiblnghnhchnht.

Qu trnhlng cn c th kt hp viqutrnh tobngcnhayathmvomtshacht

cithinrnthiusutlng.

XLSINHHCHIUKH

Phn ln cccht huctrongncthibphnhybiqutrnh sinhhc.Trongqutrnhxl

sinh hc cc vi sinh vt s s dng oxy phn hy cht hu c v qutrnh sinhtrngca
chng tng nhanh. Ngoi cht hu c (hin din trong nc thi), oxygen(dota cungcp)qu
trnhsinhhccnbhnchbimtschtdinhdngkhc.Ngoitr nitvphospho,cccht
khchindin trongcht thi vihmlng choqutrnhxlsinhhc.Ncthisinhhot
cha cccht ny vi mt t lthch hpchoqutrnhxlsinhhc.Mtsloincthicng
nghipnh ncthinh my giyc hmlng carboncao nhnglithiu phosphovnit,do
cnbsung hai ngunnyvi khunhot ngc hiuqu. Nhngyu tkhcnhhng
nqutrnhxlsinhhclnhit,pHvccct.

Cnhiuthitk khcnhauchobxlsinhhchiukh,nhngloithngdngnhtlb bn
hot tnh,nguyntcca bny lvi khunphn hy cccht huc trong ncthivsau
tothnh ccbng cn ln tin hnhqutrnhlngddng.Sauccbngcnctch
ra khi ncthibng qutrnh lng chc.Nh vymththngxlbnhot tnhbaogm:
mtbbnhottnhvmtblng.

SCKH

Qu trnhsckh khngnhng cungcpoxychovikhunhotngphnhychthuc,n

cn gip cho vicvic khst,magnesium,kch thch qutrnh oxy ha hahcccchthuc
kh phn hy bng con ng sinh hc v to lng DOtyucu thira mi trng.C
nhiucchhonthnhqutrnhsckh:bngconngkhuchtnkhhockhuyo.

XLCP3

Lc:qutrnhlcnhm loi bcc chtrn l lnghoccc bng cn(tqutrnh keothoc

tobng cn),blccnnhmmcchkhbtnccabnly ratccblng.Qutrnhlc
da trn nguyn tc ch yu lkhi ncthii qua mt lp vt liu c l rng,ccchtrnc
kch thclnhn cclrngsbgili.C nhiuloiblckhcnhaunhngtcloinos
dng ttchoqu trnhxl ncthi.Hailoithng s dng trongqutrnhx lncthil
blcctvtrngquay.

Hp ph: qu trnh hp ph thng c dngloib ccmnhhu c nh trong ncthi

cng nghip (loi ny rtkhloib bngqu trnhxl sinhhc).Nguyntcchyucaqu
trnhl bmtca cccht rn(sdnglmchthpph)khitipxcvincthickhnng
gi licc chthatantrongnc thi trn bmtca ndos khcnhau casccngbmt.
Chthpphthngcsdnglthanhottnh(dnght).Tytheoctnhcancthi m
chngta chnloithanhot tnh tng ng.Qu trnhhpphchiu qutrongvickhCOD,
muphenol...Thanhottnhsaumtthigiansdngsboha vmtkh nnghpph,chng
tac thtisinhchnglibngccbinphptchcc chtbhpphrakhithanhottnhthng
qua:nhit,hinc,acid,base,lytrchbngdungmihocoxyhahahc.

Traoi ion: traoiion lqu trnhng dngnguyntctraoi ionthunnghchcachtrn

vcht lng m khnglmthayicu trcca chtrn.Qu trnh ny ngdngloibcc
cationvanion trong ncthi. Cccations traoiviion hydrogenhaysodium,ccanions
traoiviionhydroxylcanhatraoiion.

Huhtccloinhatraoiionlcchpchttnghp.Nlccchthuchocvccao
phntnhktviccnhmchc.Ccnhatraoiiondngtrongxlncthilcchp
chthuccaophntccutrckhnggian3chiuvclrng.Ccnhmchccnh
vocutrccaophntbngcchchohpchtnyphnngvicchachtchanhmchc
thchhp.Khnngtraoiionctnhbngsnhmchctrnmtnvtrnglngnha
traoiion.Hotngvhiuqukinhtcaphngphpnyphthucvokhnngtraoi
ionvlngchttisinhcnsdng.Ncthicchochyquanhatraoiionchotikhi
ccchtioncnloibbinmt.Khinhatraoiionhtkhnngtraoiion,nscti
sinhlibngccchttisinhthchhp.Sauqutrnhtisinhccchttisinhscraibng
ncvbyginhatraoiionsnsngsdngchochutrnhk.