ArcWelding - KTHTTpart2

CC PHNG PHP HN H QUANG
Khi qut v h thng phn loi cc phng php hn.

Cc phng php hn h quang thng dng p dng trong cng
nghip tu thy
Khi qut v cc phng php hn tin tin
Chn la cc phng php hn ph hp vi ng dng hn khi thi
cng kt cu thn tu
NIDUNG
1. Phn loi cc phng php hn .................................................................... 2

2. Phng php hn que (SMAW)[-] ................................................................. 25
2.3. Thng s hn[-][-]. .............................................................................................. 28
2.6. Phn nhm que hn theo c trng cng ngh................................................... 37
2.9. Phn nhm mi hn theo cc c trng cng ngh ............................................ 43
3. Phng php hn dy li thuc (FCAW) ..................................................... 47
4. Phng php hn MIG - MAG ..................................................................... 64
4.2. Kiu chuyn dch kim loi khi hn MIG - MAG........................................... 67
4.4. Cc nhn t nh hng n cng ngh hn MIG - MAG .................................. 80
4.5. Cng ngh hn MIG - MAG. ............................................................................. 89
Th.sTrnNgcDn2005
ArcWelding-(KTHTTpart2).doc
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
1.
1.1.
Phn loi cc phng

php hn
nh danh cc phng php hn
Hn l mt nguyn cng cng ngh c vai tr rt quan trng trong hu ht cc ngnh cng
nghip.Thnghiuvcim,vbitcchxcnhcctiuchphhpkhiphntch,chn
laccphngphphnpdngtrongthicngsgpphntolnnngcaochtlng,nng
sutlaongvhgithnhsnphm.
Vicnhdanhvphnloiccphngphphngipchocnbkthut,cnbqunlsn
xut,nhthitkthngnhtvmtthutngvctmnhnkhiqutmangtnhhthngkhi
thcthinhimv.
HaihthngnhdanhvphnloicgitrtonculhthngcxutbiAWSvh
thngEN.
HthngAWSdohiphihnMxutvchuhtccncchpnhn.Theo
hthngny,ccphngphphncnhdanhvhthnghotheongunnhit
vmitrngbov.
HthngENdocctchctiuchunhocaccncthuccngngchuu
xut.Hthngnynhdanhccphngphphnbngtphp2hoc3chsdng
XXX.Chsutinthhinngunnhit,chsthhaichobitmitrngbov
(x,kh)vchsthbalkhiuchcccitin.
TCVNcngphthnhtiuchunnhdanhccthutnghn,phnlnldcht
ccthutng,nhdanhcAWSnhngha,nnvmtthcchtnkhngkhc
bitnhiusovihthngAWS;ngoitrmtsthutngciuchnhtheocch
giphbinVitNam
1.1.1.
nh danh cc phng php hn theo EN
Ccnhdanhkhiuphngphphnsauycthngnhtsdngtrnccbnvk
thut,cngnghcaccncthuccngngchuu.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
1Ccphngphphquang
45
Hn khuch tn
Hn h quang vi que c thuc bc.

Hn bng b g trng lc (Gravity arc
welding)
47
Hn kh p lc
48
Hn p ngui
Hn bng dy c li thuc (Flux cored wire)

Hn bng dy c thuc bao ngoi (Coated
wire)
Hn bng que hn t sn hn kiu t
pho (Firecracker welding )
Ccphngphphncbit
121
131
11
111
112
113
114
115
118
12
13
135
136
14
141
149
15
18
181
185
H quang kim loi mi trng bo v bng x
Hn h quang kim loi que trn.
71
Hn nhit ha (Thermit welding)
72
Hn in x (Electro-slag welding)
Hn h quang chm
73
Hn in kh (Electro-gas welding)
Hn MIG (h quang kim loi bo v bng kh

tr
Hn MAG (h quang kim loi bo v bng kh
hot ha (oxy hoc kh)
H quang kim loi bng dy thuc c kh
CO2 bo v ngoi.
74
Hn in t (Induction welding)
75
Hn bng chm bc x nng lng cao
H quang ngm
H quang c bo v bng kh.
751
Hn LASER
H quang in cc khng nng chy, bo v

bng kh
752
Hn bng h quang phn x (Arc image

welding )
H quang tungsten tng cng bng kh

hydro (Atomic-hydrogen welding)
753
Hn bng ngun hng ngoi (Infrared

welding )
Cc phng php h quang khc

Hn h quang bng in cc carbon
Hn h quang xoay vng (Rotating arc
welding )
76
Hn bng chm tia electron (Electron beam

welding )
77
Hn cng (Percussion welding)
78
Hn cy goujong (Stud welding)
781
Hn cy h quang (Arc stud welding)
782
Hn cy in tr (Resistance stud welding)
Hn TIG (h quang tungsten bo v bng kh

tr)
H quang plasma
2Ccphngphpintr
22
22
221
225
Hn im
Hn dng (hn ln)
Hn ln chng m
Hn ln c tm ghp
23
24
Hn im tip xc in cc dp ni
(Projection welding)
Hn cy (Flash welding)
25
Hn u m
29
Cc phng php hn in tr khc
291
Hn tip xc bng ngun cao tng HF
3Ccphngphphnkh
31
311
312
313
Phng php Oxy kh nhin liu

Hn Oxy-acetylen
Oxy-propan (LPG)
Oxy-hydro
32
321
322
Phng php Khng kh kh nhin liu

Hn khng kh -acetylen
Hn khng kh -propan
4Ccphngphphnplc
41
42
Hn siu m
Hn ma st
43
Hn rn
44
441
Hn bng nng lng va p

Hn n
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
Trch t tiu chun BS EN ISO 4063

Qua danh mc nu trn ta thy cc
phng php hn rt a dng. Cc
phng php in nghing c s dng
trong cng nghip ng v sa cha
tu
Bng1nhdanhccphngphphnthngdng
Phng php hn que (SMAW)
Phng php 111
Phng php hn MAG dy li thuc khng dng kh bo v
Phng php 114
Phng php hn h quang chm (SAW)
Phng php 121
Phng php hn h quang chm vi in cc tm
Phng php 122
Phng php hn MIG bn t ng dy rn
Phng php 131
Phng php hn MIG dng xung dy rn
Phng php 131
Phng php hn MAG bn t ng dy rn (GMAW)
Phng php 135
Phng php hn MAG dy li thuc c kh bo v (FCAW)
Phng php 136
Phng php hn TIG (GTAW)
Phng php 141
Phng php hn TIG bng b g "qu o (Orbital)"
Phng php 141
Phng php hn TIG hai ngun nhit
Phng php 141
Phng php A-TIG (hn TIG c cht tr dung)
Phng php 141
Phng php hn Plasma (PAW)
Phng php 15
Phng php hn Micro-Plasma
Phng php 15
Phng php hn in x (Electro Slag Welding)
Phng php 72
Phng php hn in kh (Electro - Gas Welding)
Phng php 73
Phng php hn cy (goujons)
Phng php 781
Phng php hn im tip xc
Phng php 21
Phng php hn ln
Phng php 22
Phng php hn tip xc in cc dp ni
Phng php 23
Phng php hn cng (Upset Welding)
Phng php 24
Phng php hn bng chm tia electron
Phng php 76
Phng php hn bng chm tia LASER
Phng php 751
Phng php hn ma st
Phng php 42
Phng php hn ma st xoy (Firction STIR welding)
Phng php
Phng php hn bng sng n
Phng php 441
Phng php hn khuch tn
Phng php 45
Phng php hn nhit nhm ( aluminothermique)
Phng php 71
Phng php hn Oxy- Acetylen
Phng php 311
1.1.2.
nh danh theo AWS
Hnh1SphnloiccphngphphntheoAWS
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
1.2.
Cc nguyn l hnh thnh mi hn
cthhnhthnhnnmihn,vngtipgipgiahaimphncntnnglngv
iu kin ha l cc nguyn t t hai b mt c th di chuyn (khuch tn) vo nhau hnh
thnhnncclinktnguyntmi.Nicchkhc,vbnchtlinkthnllinktnguyn
t.
Cnhiucchcungcpnnglngvtrngthibmtcngnhcciukinhalto
nnmihn.
(1)
Cchthngdngnhtlnungchyvngkimloimphntrongiukinhalphhp
, sau vng chy (b hn weld pool) s ng rn li to nn mi hn. Cc phng
phphndngnguynlhnhthnhmihntnguynlnngchyngrnthng
cgilphngphphnnngchy(fusionprocesses).
Ngoiphngphpnngchynutrn,mihncncthchnhthnhbngccht
nnghaibmttipgipntrnnhittikttinh(recrystallisation),sautonncc
bindngdoccbtikhuvchn.Trongtintrnhnguili,qutrnhticutrcca
mngtinhth,tohtshnhthnhnnmihngiahaibmttipxc.Phngphpny
clchsrtluivthngcgivitndngianlchy;thutngkthutl
hnrnforgeweldinghochinihnhn(tipxc)trngthirnsolidestate
welding,hnplcpressurewelding.
Qutrnhkhuchtnccnguynttbmtnysangbmtkhccngcthdinrati
mttipxcgiahaiphalngrn.choccnguynttphalngcthkhuchtn
vobmtrn,kchthcvcimccnguyntkhuchtnvnguynttrongbmt
rnphicstngngvmtluynkim.Theothutngluynkim,tanichngcth
hnh thnh nn cc dung dch rn thay th hoc xen k interchange / intermediate solid
solution. Phng php hn c nguyn l hnh thnh mi hn theo kiu ny thng c
(2)
(3)
gi l hn vy . Phng php hn vy c phn nhm chi tit l hn vy mm

(soldering)hnvycng(brazing)vhnvynngchy(brazewelding).Hnvymm,
sdctnnhthvvtliup(fillermetal)thngkhmm,khinhitnngchy
cavyhnnhhn4500C;caohnscgilhnvycng(brazing).Hnvynng
chy(Brazewelding)thctchngcrngbucnovinghocthau.Thutngny
dngchccphngphphnvtliubnghpkimcngtinh(eutectic)lhpkimc
cngbnchtvikimloinn(basemetal)songcnhitnngchythpnht.Vdhn
2
nhmbngquepnhmsilic5%scgilbazewelding
Thut ng vy l thut ng chuyn ngnh ca th kim hon dng ch hp kim vng pha bc dng
hn ni cc chi tit ca trang sc. Thc t th hn t khi gi l hn vy m thng dng cc thut ng
nh hn ch / thic , hn thau / bc / ng khi cp n phng php hn ny.
2
Braze welding khng c xp nhm hn nng chy v nhit khu vc hn nh hn nhit nng chy
ca kim loi nn.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
Bng2Ccnguynlhnhthnhmihn
Hn Nng chy
Hn trng thi rn
Hn vy
Tkt < Th < Tc
Tv < Th < Tc
Th > Tc
Lc xung kch
/ dao ng
p lc tnh
Hn vy mm
0
Tv < 450 C
Hn vy nng
chy
Hn vy mm
0
Tv 450 C
Tv Tc
Hn im (spot)
Hn Kh (OFW)
Hn h quang (xAW)
Hn in x
Hn Laser
Hn bng chm tia Electron
Hn ma st xoy (FSW)
Hn
(seam)
ng
Hn
(upset)
cng
Hn ng /
thau bng que
p thau
Hn n
Hn cy (stud /
flash welding)
Hn siu m
Hn ch / thic
Hn vy thau /
bc
Hn xung t
Hn
gang
bng que p
nickel
Hn
nhm
bng
que
nhm AlSi 5%
Hn ma st (FW)
Bng3Ccngunnnglnghn
Nhit
nng
C nng
Nhit
nng
Ha
in (tr)
H quang
in t
Cc chm tia
nng lng
cao
Hn que
Hn dy thuc
OFW
Nng
chy
FSW
Thermo
Chemical
welding
Hn h quang chm
ESW
LBW
Hn MIG/MAG
EB
Hn in kh (EGW)
Hn TIG
Hn Plasma
Hn im
p lc
FW
Hn n
Hn kh p
lc
Hn in cc
dp
ni
(projection
welding)
Hn cy phng h
quang (Flash welding)
Hn cng phng h
quang (Flash upset)
Hn ng
Hn cng
Hn cm ng
Hn xung t
nng
lng
cao
Hn cy (stub
welding)
Hn vy
Hn ch
hn ng
Hn ch
hn in)
(m
Hn vy cm
ng
Hn
Laser
vy
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
H
quang
Kh
C th
C th
Laser
52
C th
in tr 2
C th
C th
Ma st
Khng
Khng
Hn vy 9
Khng
Khng
bulong
rivet
Khng
Khng
Keo dn Khng
Khng
42
p dng c trn
cng trng
Kh nng c kh / t
ng ha
Hn th cng
Kh nng c ng
Hn ng
Hn trn thp tm
mi ghp chng m
mi ghp u m
p dng trn nhm
p dng trn khng g
Ch s nh danh
p dng trn thp
Phng php
Ngun nng lng hn
Bng4 Tnhnngcngnghcaccphngphphn/lp:
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
C th
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
C th
C th
Khng
C th
C th
NgunTWITheWeldingInstitute
3
4
Theo danh php EN - 499

Vi phng php hn ma st xoy kt hp vi t ng ha , cc mi hn ng c th thc hin d dng
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
1.3.
c im ngun nhit hn
Hnh2Mtngunnhitcaccphngphphnthngdng
Khi a mt thit b sy tc cng sut

1.5kW gn mt tm thp khng g 304
dy1.6mm;chngtathylvngnung
nng c ng knh n 50mm , song
khng th hy vng l n lc no
tmthpkhnggsbnngchy.Tri
livimthquangTIG(GTAW)cng
sut c 1.5kW, th vng nung nng ch
khong 6mm ng knh , song tm
thp s b t nng chy hu nh tc
th.Thnghimnychothychnhmt
ngun nhit , ch khng phi cng
sut ngun nhit , l yu t chnh khi
xem xt mt ngun nng lng no
c thch hp vi cng vic hn hay
khng.
Hnh3:Nhitlnghpthubichitithntheomt
Hnh 3 cho thy quan h gia mt dngnhit
ngun nhit v nhit lng chi tit hn
hp thu c. Ta thy ngun nng
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
lngcmtdngnhitcngcao,thnhitlnghpthubichitithncnggim.Khi
mtdngnhitquthp,khuvcnungnngphntnrnglmchovichnhthnhvng
chyhockhngthhnhthnhhockhngthkimsotc.
Rrnglmtdngnhitcngcaothkhuvcnngchyhnhthnhnnbhn(weldpool)
cng nh, khu vc nh hng nhit (HAZ) cng hp. Tit din mi hn c thc hin bi
phngphphnOxyacetylensrngvnng
hntitdinmihncthchinbiphng
phphnque.iviccngunnhitcmt
cao nh h quang plasma , LASER, chm tia
Electronthbhnhunhbnhthngtc
thi,Mihnchchnhthnhkhilngkim
loi p c cung cp nhanh lp li l
5
thng .
Ccphngphphnvimtdngnhitcao
cho php thc hin cc mi hn c ngu su,
tchncaolccgiiphpphhpchonng
sutvchtlnghn.
ivinhmvhpkimnhm,dotnhchtc
trngcavtliunhdnnhitcao,bnnhy
cmvitcngnhit,nnmtngunnhit Hnh4quanhgiacngsutngun
c nh hng rt ln n bn mi hn (Hnh nhitvbnccmihntrnhpkim
3); theo bn suy gim nhanh khi mt nhm
ngun nhit tng cao. Cc nhm nhm ho bn
Hnh5(a)Tcngcamtngunnhitvmctnnhitkhi
hnnbindngvnngsuthn(b)Quanhnngsut,chiphut
vmtngunnhit.
K thut ny c tn gi l KEYHOLE
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
10
(durablealuminium)(6061,7039)suygimbnnhanhhnccnhmnhmdo(2019,5083).
hnh5achngtathytcngcamtngunnhitvbdychititngcbindng
hn.Mtcngcaothnhhngcabdychititnbindnghncnggim.
Hnh5bmtmitngquangiamtngunnhitvitchnvchiphut.
Ngoicngsutngunnhit,haiyutchnhquytnhmtngunnhitltitdinphn
bvthigiantngtccnthittonnvngchy.
1.3.1.
Tit din phn b nhit khi hn.
iviphngphphnkh:mtngunnhittrirnglnmttitdinrngv
tngcngsutngnlacngngthivivictngtitdinnungnng,dovytrong
phngphphnkhvictngcngsutngnlaikhikhngmanglihiuquhn
mong mun. Thc t th khi hn kh Oxy Acetylen trn thp chng ta thng chn
6
cngsutngnlatheobdychitithn
i vi phng php hn im tip xc : Tit din ca im hn hu nh hon ton

cxcnhdatrnccyut:nhpnhvschcavngtipxc,ng
knhmiincc,plcrnkhihn.Dovymtngunnhitnhnhtvlnnht
cthcxcnh.Vncnlilxcnhthigianhncnthitimhnc
7
hnhthnhtheongyucu.
Cng sut ngn la OA c xc nh theo lng Acetylen tiu th trong 1 gi . i lng ny ph

thuc vo c m hn c s dng , Nh vy , thc cht khi hn kch c m hn cn phi c chn ph
hp vi b dy chi tit c hn.
7
Nu gi nh ngun nhit l phng v phn b u th c th c lng thi gian cn thit vng chy
hnh thnh nh cng thc thc nghim sau : ( tm : l thi gian hn , HI : mt ngun nhit )
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
11

Hnh - 6 Mt ngun nhit , thi gian tng tc v ng knh vng chy
iviccphngphphnnngchymtnnglngng(Cngsut/tc
hn)cnghathitthchn
1.3.2.
Thi gian tng tc gia ngun nhit v

vng chy
Theo hnh6v7 th ngun nhit c mt cng thp, thi giancn hnh thnh vng chy
cngkodinnglngtnthtdonungnngchitithncngln.iviccphngphp
hnnngchythigiantngtcphthucvotchn;trongkhitchncquyt
nhbinngsutpvlngkimloicnpthmhontttitdinhn.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
12
ng knh ngun nhit (Cm)
Tc hn ti a (cm/s)
Mt ngun nhit W / cm2
Hnh7Tchntia,kchthcvngchytheomtngunnhitT.W.Eagar
T hnh 7 tathy vic tng mt ngun nhit thc y tc hn tng nhanh trong khi tit
dinvngchycxuhngthuhp,dophidichuynnhanhtrnhchythngnnthigian
tngtcgim.
Tccphntchtrnhnh7cthclngmtngunnhittheocngthcsau
q=
k ,UI
V .b
Trong
(1)
q : mt ngun nhit (W/s2)
k : hiu sut trao i nhit
V : tc hn (m/s)
b : b rng mi hn(m)
iviccphngphphnhquangnngchythhiusuttraoinhitphthucvo:
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
13
Nhit plasma h
quang
H s truyn nhit ca
mitrngbov
Hstnnhitvbdy
chitit
H s tn tht nhit trn

km,sng,uchn(khi
c gii nhit bng
nc)
Hnh 8 cho thy phn b tng

i ca cng sut nhit khi hn.
Phnnnglngthcstcng
vovichnhthnhmihn(hnh
thnh vng chy, t chy
dy/quehn)tnthtdotnnhit
ch chim khong 6080% ty
phngphp.
Hnh8Phnbcngsutnhitkhihn
Bng5hiusuttraoinhit
khihn
Phngphp
Hsk
Hnhquangchm
1.0
Hnque
0.8
HnMIGMAG
0.8
HnTIG&Plasma
0.6
Khihn,nngsuthnphthucvonngsutpcavtliuhn(que/dyhn)vphng
phphn.Trongkhichtlngmihn,thhinquactnhvbnvngcamihnkhi
chutiliphthucvochutrnhnhitvcutrcluynkimcakhuvcchutcngca
ngunnhithn.
Chutrnhnhithnldinbinnungnngvlmnguikhihnphthucvomtngun
nhit,cctnhchtvtlcakimloihnvkimloip,sltpvlngkimloip
chomilt.
Cutrcluynkimvlncavngchutngtcnhitphthucvomtngunnhit,
tnhchtvtl,luynkimcakimloipvkimloichitit.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
14
Thc t hin nhin l khi vng nh hng nhit (HAZ) cng ln th cc tn tht cht lng
cngcao.Tnthtnhnhtkhihntrnccvtliuctnhhnccttlbindngnhit.Hnh9
chothyquanhgiamtngunnhitvrngcaHAZ.
Hnh9rngcavngnhhngnhittheomtngunnhit.
T.W.Eagar
Mt phng trnh quen thuc vi cc chuyn gia hn v c tn rt n tng l phng trnh

EINSTEINthhinquanhgianguvthigiantcngngunnhit.
X = t
(2)
TheophngtrnhnythXlngutlvicnbchaicalhskhuchtnnhitca
vtliuCm2/Svtlthigiantcng.
ngucnghaquantrngkhihnptrnthphpkimvnslmthayithnhphn
kimloicamihnvdotcngnctnhvtnhbnvngcamihnvvngHAZ.
Hskhuchtnnhitttnhinsphthucvonhitngunnhittitdinphntnca
ngunnhit,cnthigiantngtcsphthucvotchnvnhvyrrnglmt
ngunnhitcnggintipnhhngnngu(bsuvngchy)khihn.
Ccthcnghimxcnhcchsphngtrnh(1)vphngtrnh(2)cnghathc
tinrtlniviccnghincutnghaqutrnhhn.
HAZ = Heat Affect Zone
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
15
1.4.
H quang hn
Ccphngphphnhquangnngchylphngphpthicngchyuthchincc
mighphnktcuthntu.Hiurbnchthquanghnlcnthitvbchkhithitk
vthicnghn.
1.4.1.
nh ngha
Hquanglhintngphnginquachtkh.Sphnginnycnhiubiuhinkhc
nhautythucvoinp,dngin,khangcch,thnhphnkhvthigianduytr.Cc
dngphnginhquanggm:phnginphtsng(nhynhquang),tialain,chp
vsmvhquanghn.
Hquanghnl:
hintngphnginduytrquachtkhkhangcchngn(1:10mm)
inpthp(15:45V)
vdngintrungbnh(5:5000A)
1.4.2.
Cu to h quang
(1) Hquangtdo&hquangnn:
Hnh10SosnhchiudihquangPlasma(nn)&hquangTIG(tdo)
Hquangtdocthnilctplasmabaogmcciondngvmintdichuynngc
chiu nhau , cc phn t ny lin tc va chm kt hp v phn ly to nn bc x v nhit
nng.Hquangtdokhngchutcngcamitrngkhbaoquangnhocttrnghay
ccnhntvtlkhc.Phnlnccphngphphnhquangsdnghquangtdongoi
trphngphphnPlasmasdnghquangnn.
10
Hquangnn,lctplasma chutcngmnhcattrnghocdngkhbaoquanhlm
chochngtptrungvkodihnnhmmcchsdng.
Hquanghnbaogmcchtmangin,cnghalcccctnhcngvtdnin,val
dngkhplasmatccao.iunychophp:
9
Rubakov Gas & Arc Welding

Tp bi ging phng php ct bng plasma (http://science.howstuffworks.com/plasma-cutter3.htm )
( http://www.centricut.com/New_Lessons/online_training.html )
10
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
16
Dngttrnggyracctcnglnhquangnhthilch,nn
Dngintrnggiatc,kodihquang
Dng cc hiu ng kh ng nh dng xay nn v ko di h quang (plasma hai

dngkh,plasmadngnc).
ivihquangtdo,thcthquangcdnghnhchungvlunhngphnloevpha
chitithn,btklncgnvomcchaydngcc.Nhngkhostchititchothy
lcthquangcthchiathnhbaanringbit
A : Vt dng cc (40000C)
K : Vt m cc (~30000C)
L : Ct h quang (4500-200000C)
I : Chiu di h quang
Phn b in trong
h quang hn
Hnh11Ccvngstptrnhquanghn
Vtmcc(cathode)niccelectronbbtrathnglccimrtnhkchthct
104n101mmdchchuynngunhintrnincc.
Vngstpmcccdykhong104mmvstpkhong8:10V
Vtdngcc(anode)nicciondngctothnhlmtvngbbnphbicc
electronvckchthcphthucvomtdnginvinpcahquang.
Vngstpdngcccbdy0.5mmvistpt6:10V
Cthquang,ctplasmackchthcphthucvomtvngknhincc,
lnicnhitcaonhtvistptlbcnhttheochiudihquang.
Vmtinthcckhostchothytntihaivngstpchyumccvdngcc(t
10n20Vtymitrngkhvchtliuincc),cntrncthquangthstptlbc
11
nhtvichiudihquang
12
(hstlkhong15,7V/cm)
11
Khi tnh chiu di h quang th khong cch st p dng cc v m cc c b qua nv chng c

gi tr rt nh (10 -4 -:- 10-2 cm)
12
Theo G. Ayrton th U h = a + bLh +
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
c + dLh
vi a = 15 -:- 20V , b=15,7 V/cm c=10W , d=3W/cm
I hn
17
NhvyvidnghnlnthcthbquaphnscuicngcacngthcGAyrtonvkhi
tac:
U h = a + bLh
(3)
Nicchkhc,inphquanghntlbcnhtvichiudihquang.
Mtcuhitnhinlquanhgiainpvdngintronghquanghnsnhthno?
(2) Phnlaihquanghn
a.
Hquangkhngnngchy(nonconsumable):lhquangsinhragiaincckhng
bnngchyvvngchyhn,vdhquangtungsten,hquangcarbon.Trongloi
hquangnykhngcccchuyndchkimloi.Gmhaidngtrctip(Openarc)v
gintipnn/khngnn(transferred/nontransferredArc).
Hnh12PhnbnhittronghquangTIG
b.
Hquangkimloi(metalarc)lhquangchygiaincckimloivvngchyl
dngphbincaccphngphphnhquangtrongincccngchnhlkim
loipbsung.
(3) Cciukinmi,duytrhquanghn
TheothcnghimcaGAyrtonthhquangcthchycthinpgiahaiccphi
tmtgitrnotythucphngphphn.
inptithiuduytrhquangcchiudiLcclngbngphngtrnh(3)hoc
13
chnbnginpquichun(conventionvoltage).
inpmihquangthnglnhnnhiuinpduytrvcngphthucvovtliuhn
(que/dy/kh/thuchn).
13
S d c tn in p qui chuNn v in p duy tr h quang ph thuc ch yu vo mi trng bo v, vt

liu v thit b hn. Tt nhin s rt khc bit nu cc nh cung cp khng tun theo mt chuNn no v
s khc bit ny s lm cho cc thit k cng ngh kh khn. in p qui c l in p ti thiu duy tr h
quang mt cng hn nht nh c cc nh sn xut vt liu hn thng nht.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
18
Trongthctsnxut,ccngunhnucinpkhngtiquichunvinpnythng
14
gi l OCV c gi tr cao hn in p mi h quang. i vi phng php TIG , PAW vic

khinghquangbngcchgyngnmchgiainccvchititslmhngmiincc
nnccthitbnythngphitrangbthmmchHF(highfrequency)mihquang.
Hquangsckhingkhivngkhnggiangiahaiccbionhavtrnndnin.
Chngtacthionhavngkhnggianbnginpxoaychiutnscaoc1000V(hn
TIG,PAW)hoclmnnginccnhngnmch(Hnque,MIGMAG,SAW).
Saukhikhinghquangsduytrnuinpcaovvngkhbovhquangchacc
thnhphndionha(muigcNatri,kali,khargon,helium,phnngoxyhakhgia
mitrngbovvkimloinngchy).
1.4.3.
c tnh in ca h quang hn
Hquanghnchaictrngin,chaictrngnyuthhinquanghgiainpv
cnghn.
ctnhtnhhquanglquanhVIcthitlpvichiudihquangkhngi.
(hnh13)
ctnhnghquang(thngcgilctnhVIcathitbhndocquanh
chtchvimyhn)thhinquanhVIkhichiudihquangthayi.
Quan h VI ca thit b hn ty phng php c th l CC (dng khng i) hoc l CV (p

khngi)Hnh14
Hnh13ctnhtnhhquangTIGvhquangMIGMAG
14
OCV = Open Circuit Voltage (in p khng ti) thng c cc gi tr 40,50,60,70,80 VAC v 60, 90
VDC.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
19

Hnh14CcdngngctnhVIcahquang
1.4.4.
Cc tnh h quang hn
Cc tnh l khi nim ch c tnh ngun in ca h quang hn. Vic chn cc tnh AC hoc
15
DCEPhocDCEN
ctcnglnnqutrnhhn.
Khi hn vi dng hn cao h quang AC c a chung hn ; do chng gim thiu c tc

ngcathilchhquangdohiungt(Arcblowing).Thnhngcthduytrqutrnh
chynnhcahquangAC,nguninhncnphicthamnmtsccyucuchuyn
bitcaphngphp.
nggcnnhhquangvchtlnghn,phnccdng(que/dyhnhocin
ccuvoccdngcangun)lphhpnht.Vkhitcngtysch(cleaneffect)
cahquangcphthuytia,tcpcnngcaonnhdkimsot.
iviccphngphphndngincckhngchyhao(nonconsumable)nhphng
php TIG , Plasma , th phn cc dng s lm cho in cc qu nng v hiu sut hn gim
mnhdophnbnhitlngkhngugiahaicc.Ccdng70%,ccmchc30%.Do
,iviccphngphpnyphnccmlgiiphpcchn.
V mt thc hnh khi hn que , phn cc m s lm cho que hn chy chm hn , kt qu l
lngkimloipbsungvobhnthn,kotheonhitbhncaohnkhincho
ngucamihnsuhn.Dovyphnccmthngcchnkhihnlpnguhockhi
16
hntthngang
15
DCEP = Direct Current Electrode Positive dng mt chiu in cc u vo cc dng , DCEN =

Direct Current Electrode N egative dng mt chiu in cc u vo cc m
16
Do ngu tng , lng kim loi p b sung t nn m cao ca mi hn nh hn ch hin tng
chy x.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
20
Vicchncctnhphhpcngchutcngcamitrngkhbaoquanhhquang.Nhtl
ivihquanginccnngchycthucbc.Nicchkhcchngphthucvotcnhn
17
ionha,nnhhquang
iviphngphphnMIGMAG(GMAW)thphnccdnglchnlabtbuc,vkhi
phn cc m b mt b hn khng c ty sch oxt nn cht lng hn rt xu do nguy c
ngmx(inclusion),thiuchycao(LOFLackoffusion).
iviccphngphpcsdngthuchnnh:phngphphndythuc(bt)(FCAW)
vhquangchm(ngm)(SAW)thtythucvothnhphnthucmchnphnccmhay
dng.
Mtskimloiclpoxtbnvngcnhitchycaonhnhm,titanthkhihnphncc
dnglchnlaphhpnht.Tuyvy,nudngphngphpTIGhocplasmaviphn
cc dng th phi c c ch gii nhit in cc tht hiu qu . V mt thc hnh , ngi ta
thngchnngunACkhngcnbngschohiuquhntthn.
(4)
PhnccmDCENDirectCurrentElectrodeNegative(DCEN,DC)
Phn cc ny cn c tn l cc
tnh thng (straight polarity), v
chiu phn cc trng vi chiu
dng in , thng dng trong
phng php hn TIG (GTAW).
Vi phn cc ny , chi tit s b
bn ph bi cc electron , vn c
tc cao hn nhiu so vi cc
ion dng , v bin ng nng
ca chng thnh nng lng
nhit. Do khng c kim loi p Hnh15CctnhkhihnTIGvtcngnngu
chuyn sang t cc m nn b
hn nng hn (70% tng nng
lng),ktqulngusuhn.
(hnh15).
(5)
PhnccdngDirect
CurrentElectrodePositive
18
(DCEP)
Kiu phn cc ny c tn khc l

cc tnh ngc (reverse polarity)
v chiu phn cc ngc vi chiu
qui c ca dng in. . Que hn
u vo cc dng s b t nng
nhiu hn kt qu l khi hn bng Hnh16Hiungtyoxtkimloicahquang
cc in cc kim loi (nng chy) phnccdng
17
Cc tnh c quan h cht ch vi thnh phn thuc bc , thuc hn . C loi ch ph hp vi DCEP hoc
AC vi OCV cao hn mc xc nh no ; do vy cn tham kho c im s dng que/dy/ thuc hn
khi hn t hiu qu cao nht.
18
Trong thc hnh , lun lun dng phn cc dng (DCEP) khi hn p.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
21
lngkimloipchynhanhhnvchuynsangbhn,phnnnglngnungnngbhn
thn(ch30%)nnbhnscngucnhn.
Lichcbncakiuphnccnylhiungtyschtrnhbyhnh16.Bnchtcahiu
ngnyllpoxtkimloiblymtccionlinktdovychngshonnguynlmchob
mtschhn.Hiungnycngmnhthkimloipcngtrirng,thnnkhihnviphn
ccdngtacmihntngu,brngmihntrirnggimmcaovnguycchng
mp,thiuchy.Viphnccnycnchgiinhitkpincc.
(6)
HquangAC
HquangACthchhpnhtkhidnghncaovhncckimloiclpoxtbnvng,nhit
nngchycaonhnhm,TitanbngphngphpTIG.
1.4.5.
Cc phng thc chuyn dch kim loi trong

h quang hn
Cchthcmgitkimloinngchydichuyntque/dyincchnsangvngchyc
gilphngthcchuyndchkimloi.Hiuvphngthcdchchuynkimloigipxc
nhccthngsvkthuthnthchhp.Qutrnhthchincctthnghchsddng
hnkhicphngthcchuyndchkimloithchhp.
Hnh17Lccothtkhihnviccphncckhcnhau
Kimloilundchchuyntquehnsangvnghnbtkhquangangchyviloidng
in,cctnhno.Cclcsauyctnhnvtythucvomctngtcmgit
kimloiccckiudchchuynkhcnhau.
Cclchnhthnhvchuyndchgitkimloilnguincckimloi
(1)
(2)
Trnglc,scvaitrchokhihnvihquangdi,mtdnghn(cng/tit
dinque/dy)thp,sccngbmtln.
Lccothtint(pincheffect),hnh17,cvaitrchokhihnvingknhque/
dyhnnh(mtdnghncao).Lccothtcngvisccngbmtsquytnhkch
thcgitkimloinngchyuincctrckhintchrachuynsangvngchy
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
22
(3)
(4)
hn.Khisccngbmtchimuth,gitkimloitngnhanhkchthctrckhibtch
vngcli,sccngbmtyuslmkchcccgitkimloinhhnkhibtchra.
psutbayhi,phthucvophnnghalgiathnhphndyhnvthnhphn
thuchn.Dy/liquechanhiuluhunh,phospho,silickthpvithuchnctnh
basic(vi,cellulose)sphnngtokhlmtngpsuthquangygitkimloitch
nhanhvbaysangvngchy.
sccngbmt,ngcvitcngtchgitkimloicalccothtvpsutbayhi,c
xuthtrhonqutrnhhnhthnhvtchgitkimloirakhiuincc.Sccngb
mtphthucvotnhchtcamitrngbov(x,kh)vpsutringcacckh
O2,CO,H2.Nicchkhc,sccngbmtphthucvomitrngbovvngchy.X
stctnhdninkm,psutringPO2caoslmtngsccngbmt;trongkhix
long,dnintt,psutringPCO,PH2chimuthslmgimsccngbmt.
Khihntythucvotngtcgiacclcmtacccphngthcchuyndchkhcnhau.
1.4.6.
Hin tng thi lch t
Vphngdindnin,hquanghncthccoinhmtdydnmmvkhistn
ti mt t trng bao quanh h quang. Cc b tr (lung dn in, vt liu nhim t, t d)
quanh khu vc hn s lm mt i xng phn b t trng quanh h quang ; kt qu l h
quangsbylchdotcngcalcint.
Cng v chiu di h quang l hai nhn t tng cng thi lch t. Do vy, khi hn vi
cng cao (>600A) nn dng cc tnh AC.B tr cc lung dn in (thng qua im tip
mass)cnggyrahintngthilchtnghimtrng.
(a)
(b)
d)
(C)
Hnh18(a)hquangcxuthbyxakhiimnimass(b)dngfoucaultkhngi
xngslmhquangbthilch(c)lcthilchhquanghngvphachacmihn
(d)mihnbthilcht.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
23
(a)
(b)
Hnh19(a)tcngcaimnimass(b)Giiphpkimsotthilchtkhihnng
Ngoicckhkhngyrakhihn,thilchtcnlnguynnhncckhuytttnghimtrng
nhthiuchy(LOF),thiunguhocchngmp,chyx.
Cnthchinccbinphpthchngngnngathilcht,nhhnh19(b)chnghn.
Trongtrnghpkhkhnnnchuynsangdngngunxoaychiu.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
24
2.
Phng php hn que

(SMAW)[-]
Hn que hay cn gi l phng php hn h quang tay l phng php

hn h quang nng chy c p dng rt rng ri.
Chng ny ngoi phn trnh by v nguyn l c im, cc kha
cnh khc ca k thut v cng ngh hn que cng c lm r.
2.1.
Thc cht c im.
2.1.1.
Tng quan
Hn que , nh danh theo AWS l SMAW Shielded Metal Arc Welding, theo EN499 l 111.
Phngphpnyctn thngdnglhnque/hnhquangtay.ylphngphphn
cpdngrngri.
Trongphngphphnque,hquanggiaincclquehncthucbcvchititst
chyhaimphncngquehntothnhvngchy.Vngchyvhquangcbov
bnglpxvkhsinhrakhithucbcbtchy.Trongqutrnhnguilivngchyskt
tinh thnh mi hn , xlng ngrnto thnhlp che phkim sot tc ngui cavng
chy.
2.1.2.
u / nhc im.
Phngphphnquelphngphphnctnhcngcaocthhnhuhtccloithp,
hpkimnickel,ngvnhm.Phngphphncthpdngcmitth,thchhp
choccngdngtrncngtrngvcngtcphchisacha.
Thitbhnquenginchiphutthp,d botrchucmitrngthitit khc
nghit.(hnh20)
Hnh20Slptthitbhnque
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
25
Hnquesdngquehncthucbcngoi(coated)hoclithuc(tubular)hocvacli
thucvabcngoi(composite).Lpthucnychaccnguynthpkimhaadngnn
hnquecccngdngvttritronglnhvchnpphchivhnccthpHSLA.
Tuynhinlpxtothnhvcctialavngtekhihn,phnuikpbilmchohiuqu
sdngvtliuhntngithp(tnthtn44%).
Mtkhchnqueyucuthhnphichunluynkvcnhiukinhnghimloitr
cckhuyttthn.Rbt,ntvngmxlcckhuytttthnggptrongccmihnque
vixcsutkhcao.
2.1.3.
(1)
(2)
(3)
c im qu trnh hn.
incc(quehn)cphnlicchtotthpcappedchmlngcarbonthp,
hocbngcchpkimchasiliconvihmlngthchhp(CuSi,NiSi,AlSi)ngvai
trdninvbsungkimloipchovngchy.incccbcngoimtlpthuc
bcgmcchpchttokhbovvnguynttngcngtnhluynkimmihnc
ktdnhbngsilicatekhichystomitrngcinthionhathpgiphquangduy
trnnh.
Hquangcbovvabngcckhsinhrakhiphnhycchpchtctrongthuc
hn,vbnglpxlngctnhoxyhokhcao.Thnhphnthucbcrtadng,cung
cpmitrngbovphhpvikimloihnvtngcngcctnhchtclcami
hn,pngchuhtccngdng.
Hnh21mtsmchhnqueinhnh.Mchhngmmtmyhnbinngunin
cngnghip220V/1phahoc380V/3phathnhnguninhn(40:80VAC/60:90
VDC),haidydn,mtgnvokpincc,mtgnvokpmass.Mchhnskhp
knkhiquehnchmvochititlcmihquanghaykhihquangchynnh.Ty
thucvoquehnuvongunAChocccdnghocccmmhquangccctnh
AC,DCEP,DCENtngng.Phnlnccngdnghnuccctnhdng(DCEP).
Hnh21SmchhnSMAW
(4)
Khiquehnchmvochitit,mchhnbngnmchvidngcci,ccimtipxc
nhanhchngbnngchyvvngkhngkhgiacckhehbionha.Khinhcquehn
lnhquangsphnginlmnngchythucbc,quehnvmphn.Cchpcht
trongthucbc(hpchtcarbonate,cellulose,oxttitan,oxtst)chutcngnhitcah
quangssinhrakhCO2,vccphnngoxyhakhlintcbovvngchykhi
sxnnhpcacckhchinhnit,hydro,oxy.Mtkhcchtktdnhlccsilicate
cngphnhyvoxtsilickthpviccoxtst,oxttitanhnhthnhnnlpxlng
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
26
chephbmtvngchy.Xlngtngtcvikimloilngkhntcctpcht,btkh
trckhivngchyngrnthnhmihn.
Tythucvotnhchtcaxvmitrngkhbovvngchy,ccgitkimloilng
hnhthnhuquehnschuyndchsangbhntheoccphngthcchuyndch
khcnhau(thamkho1.4.5).Nhithquangkhihnquec50000Cmtngunnhit
c104W/cm2nnvngchyhnhthnhgnnhtcth.Khidchchuynhquangvimt
tcno(tchn)thtythucloivngknhquemtlngkimloinhtnh
scpvomphnnngchytonnmihn.Tcchmmphnbnngchy
suvrnghn,tcnhanhngucn.
Ccdngchuyndchkimloikhihnque.
Khihnque,vhnviccphngphpbovbnghx(FCAW,SAW)tythucvo
tngtccacclckimloischuyndchtheo1trongbadngmthnh22.
(5)
Hnh22Ccdngchuyndch(a)phun,(b)baytdo(c)trnglc
Bng6Tmttccdngchuyndchkimloikhihnque
Lc
Trng lc
Co tht in t
Chuyn dch phun

Yu
Hn leo , hn khi u
Mnh
Mt dng hn cao
Chuyn dch bay t do

Trung bnh
Hn phng , hn ngang
Trung bnh
Mt dng trung bnh
Thuc hn to kh trung
bnh
Hiu ng to vm thp
Thnh phn dy hn giu
silic, nhm
Chuyn dch trng lc

Mnh
Hn t th phng, ngang
Yu
Mt dng thp
p sut bay hi
Thuc hn to nhiu kh
chy chm to vm tt
Thnh phn dy hn cha
nhiu silic ,nhm
Lc in trng
(p sut h quang)
Trung bnh
Mnh
Yu
Yu
X c tnh basic
Mi trng kh giu CO2 ,
H2
Trung bnh
X c tnh basic
Mi trng giu CO2, H2
Mnh
X c tnh acid
Mi trng giu oxy
Basic
Cellulosic
Cellulosic
Rutile
Acid
Oxydant
Sc cng b mt
Nhm thuc bc
Thuc hn to t kh
H quang di
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
27
2.2.
Thit b hn
Thit b quan trng nht my hn tora ngun in hn xoay chiu hoc mt chiu. My hn
xoaychiugmhailoibinthhnhocmyphthnxoaychiuchybngngcinhoc
chybngngcxng,diesel.Loithnhtchthchhptrongxngphtdnghnctn
s50/60Hz.Loithhaithchhpchocccngtrngdnghnthngctnscao(150Hz:
250Hz).
Myhnmtchiulthpbinpnnin(rectifier)hocngcmypht.nndng
xoaychiuthnhdnghnmtchiumyhncthlloidngcudiodehocdngthyristor
/ transistor. Loi th nht c st p trn mch hn ln nn ch dng trong nh xung khong
cchtnitmynvtrhnkhngqu6m.Loithhaicstprtnh,chophpko
dyhnxan100m.
inpkhngti(OCV)camy:
Xoaychiugmcctrs40,50,70,80VAC.Loiinpthpthngccngsutnh,
cngdngtrongcccngvichnnichthpxoaytrkh.Loi80VACdng
trongnhxngsnxut.NgoicngtrngthngtrangbloicOCV50/70VAC.
Mtchiugmhaimcinp60v90VDC.Loi60VDCdngcngtrng,loi90V
DCdngtrongnhxng.
Cngdnghncphmvit60n600A(max)tycmy,phbinnhtlloicphm
viiuchnhdnghnt60n300/400A.
Cngdnghncthiuchnhtngcphocvcp.
Mtthngsquantrngcamyhnlhscngtc(dutycycle).Hscngtclhsphn
nhcutrcvkhnngtnnhitcamyhn.Hscngtcthayitheocngsdng
vcnhnghanhsau:
Hscngtc=thigianduytrnnhdnghn/10pht
Vd:hscngtc60%150Acnghalmycthduytrdnghnnnhtrongvng6
phtsauphichykhngti4phtlmcccundy,litclmngui.
Hscngtcbiuhinkhnngsinhnhitvtnnhitcamy,nphthucvolngst
t,lngdyngvchtlnglpcchincsdng.Chngtacquanhsau:
CVMax.Imax2=CVi.Ii2
2.3.
(4)
[-][-]
Thng s hn
.
Nhcpmc1.3,mtngunnhitlyutchnhtcngnqutrnhhn.Theo
(1)thcngdnghnvtchn(tcdchchuynhquanglccthngsquantrng
bc nht. in p hquang hn ques thay ikhi chiu di h quang thayi , song ga tr
inpchtcngtnmtdngnhit.(bng7).
Hnh 23 l gi gii hn tc v cng ca cc que hn in hnh c dng hn ktcu
thntu.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
28
Tc v cng gii
hnca
quehncp
E6010.
1/8(3.2mm)
Ccngthngchgii
hnthpnhtvcaonht
bo m bin dng
mi hn ng u v
khng b chy bin
(undercut)
Quehn
cpE6011
1/8(3.2mm)
Quehn
E6013
1/8(3.2mm)
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
29
Quehn
E7018
1/8(3.2mm)
Quehn
E7024
1/8(3.2mm)
Hnh23Tcvcngtihncccpquehntuinhnh
Bng7inpgiihncccpqueinhnh
Quehn
inpgiihnhquanghn
E6010
E6011
E6013
E7018
E7024
E8018(2)
28-32
28-32
22-26
25-28
26-32
22-28
(1)
(2)
V
V
V
V
V
V
Cctnh
DCEP
AC / DCEN
AC / DCEN
DCEP (AC)(1)
DCEP (AC)
DCEP
CthdngngunACviOCV>70V
QuehndngtrnthpHSLA
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
30
2.4.
Xc nh & hiu chnh thng s hn
Ccnhntnhhngncngdnghn:
ngknhliquehn
Cutrcvnhmthucbc
Tthhn
Tcdchchuynhquang
Vichiuchnhcngdnghnthngkhontrngchokinhnghimvtaynghcath
hn. Kt qu l cht lng v nng sut hn tr nn bp bnh kh kim sot. Cc hng dn
diystipcnphngphptnhtonccthngscngnghtiuhn.
Thngscnxcnh(bngthcnghimhocbngccsliucungcpbinhcungcpque
hn):
Nngsutpllngkimloipthcttrongmtnvthigian(tnhtlng
kimloipct1quehnngvimtcnghnxcnh/thigianchyht
mtquehn)
Giihncngvtchnngvikiumighpvtthhnthct
Hspllngkimloipctrongmtnvthigianngvi1Ampedng
hn(nngsutpng/dnghnxcnh)
Gischngtaxcnhcnngsutpthctcaquehnngvikiumighpvt
thhnthct.Ttitdinhntatnhctchntheocngthc:
V =
(5)
Trong
Vtchn(cm/pht)
Mcnvg/pht
Trnglngringcakimloip(g/cm3)
STitdinlpp(cm2)
Sosnhtctnhtontcngthc(5)vitcgiihncanhmquetngng(hnh23)
xcnhxemcngvtchncnmtrongmcchophp.Nutcquthpcn
chianhtitdinhnvtnhtonli;qucaocngimcngctchnthchhp.
19
Tnhtonmtnnglnghn(heatinput) theocngthcQ=0.5UI/Vvtcngthc(1)
hochnh 7clngbrngmihncpngckchthclppvhnh9c
lngrngvngnhhngnhit(HAZ).Lutnhtonnhhnh24
19
H s trao i nhit tnh theo thc t 0.5 do phi b qua 0.3 nng lng nhit dng cho vic t chy
que hn v lm nng chi tit.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
31
Nng sut p thc nghim

hoc t s liu cung cp
c lng tc hn theo
cng thc (6)
Chia nh tit din p tnh li

tc hn
So snh vi cc s liu t
hnh 23 ng vi nhm que
hn ang kho st
Tc qu thp
Ph hp ?
Gim cng v xc nh
tc hn mi
Tnh ton mt nng lng

ng Q=0.5UI/V
c lng b rng mi hn
v vng nh hng nhit
Tng / Gim tc hn c
b rng ph hp
Ph hp ?
Hnh24Luxcnhthngshn
Kt thc tnh ton thc

nghim xc nhn thng s
qui trnh hn
Thngsquitrnhhnvnhmquehnphthucvongdngvyucuclcamihn.
Victhchinvktqu,chtlngquitrnhhnphthucvonnglcthicnghn(thitb,
trnhth).lldoQuitrnhhnphicngkimvlminhchng/tisnringca
tngnv.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
32
2.5.
Que hn
2.5.1.
Vai tr ca thuc bc que hn
Ccctrngcngnghvtnhchtclcamihnphthucchyuvothucbc.Thnh
phncaliquectcdngrtt.
Thcbcquehnmnhimccchcnngsau:
Toramitrngkhvxbovhquangvvngchyhn.
Cung cp cc nguyn t to x nhm kh oxt, lm mn ht, chng nt nng v nt

ngui.
Gipgyhquang,nnhhquangkhihn.
Tovmvmitrngcccphngthcchuyndchkimloithchhp.Cheph
vbovvngchykhingrnkimsottcnguimihn.
Cungcpccnguynthpkimpngyucuringvtnhchtclcamihn.
Thucbccpnbmchtvoliquevibdythchhp.Cbanhmquecphn
cptheobdy:
NhmthucbcmngctlD/d~1.11.2
Nhmthucbctrungbnh,tlD/d~1.31.4
Vnhmthucbcdy,tlD/d>1.4.
dythucbccquanhchtchvidylpxhnhthnh.
Lpxdy,vngchyngrnvnguichmnnmihncxuthhilm,bmt
nhnvp.
Lpxtrungbnhchotitdinhimcaohocphngccvyhnhith.
Lpxmngchotitdinhnmcao,ccvyhnth.
Hnh25nhhngcabdythucbc(1)quethucbcmng(2)quethucbctrung
bnh(3)quethucbcdy
tngcngnngsutp,quehnthpcthcbtst,qungsttrongthucbc.Btst
lmtngkchcccgitkimloilnghnhthnhuquetrckhitchchophpdngk
20
thuthnt tngtcvnngsutp;tuynhin,quehnclngbtstcaosch
phhpchoccngdngtthphng.
Bng8Chcnngcacchpchtctrongthucbcquehn
20
Drag technique : Ko l khng lc ngang mi h quang vi tc v chiu di h quang xc nh.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
33
CHC NANG
Kh Oxyt
Oxy hoa
Hp chat kh
Ion hoa
Kh hp chat Nitrua
Chat tr dung
Moi va Duy tr ho
quang
Tang o ngau
Lam loang x
Ket dnh
2.5.2.
HP CHAT
Mangan va silic. Aluminium va titanium hoan thanh cac
tac dung cua Mn va Si tao ra cac hp chat vo hai cho c
tnh moi han
Thach anh , ferro-silicates
Ferromanganese, ferrotitanium
Silicate Na2SiO2 hoc K2SiO2
Ferrosilicium, cellulose, bot talc, titanium
Rutile (TIO2), silica, fluorspar (Ca2F), cryolite
Ferro-oxides va titanium oxide
Cellulose
Oxyt sat
Silicat Sodium va Silicat Kali (Nc thuy tinh) la chat ket
dnh
Kaolin giup tao x de troc
Cc nhm thuc bc chnh
ien cc co the phan loai theo 5 nhom thuoc han chnh :

Cellulosic (C)
Rutile (R) va Rutile thuoc boc day (RR)
Basic ( B)
Oxydant (O)
Acid (A ) va Rutile Acid (AR)
Que han Cellulosic thuoc boc chu yeu la cac hp chat cellulose khi chay se sinh ra kh
CO2 bao ve vung han. Moi han map mo , Toc o chay cao
Tnh chat:
Ngau sau , han moi v the
Thch hp khi han tuot
C tnh tng oi tot
Ham lng Hydrogen trong moi han cao . De b nt vung anh hng nhiet (HAZ)
Que han Rutile Thanh phan chu yeu la Oxyt Titan giup cho ho quang de moi va duy tr
, t vang toe.Han c vi nguon AC hay DC moi t the. ac biet thch hp cho moi
han goc t the ngang hoac ng.
Tnh chat:
C tnh trung bnh
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
34
Moi han phang ep

Khi cho them hp chat Flour co the han tot t the ngc
X ran de troc
Que han Basic Thanh phan chu yeu la Carbonate Calcium (a voi) va Calcium
Flouride. X loang hn loai rutile. Kim loai han ong ran nhanh thch hp cho cac t the
han leo hoac khoi. ay la loai que han thch hp e han cac ket cau ln vi chat lng
cao. C tnh moi han rat tot ac biet co tnh chong nt nguoi cao do ham lng kh
Hydrogen trong moi han rat thap nen con goi la que han Hydrogen thap (Low Hydrogen)
Tnh chat:
Ham lng kh Hydrogen trong moi han rat thap
Dong han va toc o han kha cao
Be mat moi han tho hi mo cao
X dang bot mn kho tay
Que han Oxydant Thanh phan chu yeu la bot sat va cac kim loai co li cho
qua trnh luyen kim han . Co the han c vi dong rat cao , he so ap ln (130 140 %
) , x de troc . Chu yeu c dung t the phang hoac ngang. o ngau thap , thch hp
cho cac cong viec han ap.
Que han Acid Thanh phan chu yeu la oxyt sat va oxyt mangan , kha nang qua dong cao ,
x de troc , moi han ep . De b nt nong khi han thep co C% > 0,24
Xu the hien nay la tao ra cac chung loai que han a thanh phan ( v du loai AR ) hoac
thay oi cau truc thuoc boc (loai RR , que han loi thuoc TUBULAR)
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
35
Thap
Trung bnh Moi han ep

Thch hp han ton mong
, T the ngang va phang
DC (-) AC Uo 30 V
Khoi Nitrua Khong oc
De troc
Trung tnh
Cao
Tot Moi han

ep De nt
nong khi %
carbon >0.24
DC (-) AC Uo 30
V
Khoi Nitrua
Khong oc
RUTILE ACID
(AR) Thuoc
boc day
De troc
Trung tnh
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
Qua dong khong cao
Qua dong khong cao
Chay nhanh
Kha nang qua
dong cao
Khoi
Cac tnh
chat khac
Giam s hap thu Hydro
vao moi han Chu nhiet
Kha nang qua dong
kem
oc cha acid Flouride

10 mg/m3
Nhieu khoi
Khong oc
chu yeu la
CO2
Khoi cha nhieu kh
nitrua Khong oc 20
mg/m3
Dong
ien
DC (+) AC Uo 60 V DC () khi han lp ngau
DC (+) AC Uo
60 V
Tuyet hao Deo , dai

Chu tai trong cao
Chong nt tot
DC (-) AC Uo 40 V
Tot ac biet
dung cho han
ong
Trung bnh
Chu yeu mang tnh kh
Chat lng
moi han
Rat thch hp cho cac

moi han co c tnh
trung bnh
Cao
Tnh kh
o
ngau
Trung bnh
Tnh kh
Tng oi kho troc va

chay loang kem
Kho troc do
be mat han
nhap nho
Tnh
nang
De troc
a voi Trang thach

(Fluorspar) Ferro Mn, Ti,
Si, Cr Acid (Quartz)
Cellulose TiO2,
silicate, nhom
Ferro-hp kim
Oxy hoa
RUTILE DAY
(RR)
-
RUTILE (R)
Thuoc boc
hi day
TiO2 (50 %) Cellulose
Silica Ferro-Hp kim
CELLULOSIC
(C)
Them cac
hp chat
cellulosic
BASIC (B)
Thuoc boc
day
Thanh phan
chnh
Qua dong
khong cao
Ferro-oxide Mn, Ti Khong

cha ferro-Hp kim
ACID (A)
Thuoc boc
hi day
hoac day
Ferro-oxide Mnoxide Mn, Si

Ferro-hp kim
Loai thuoc
boc
T troc
OXYDANT (O)
Thuoc boc
day
Them TiO2
Bng9Thnhphnvcimccnhmthuchn
36
2.6. Phn nhm que hn theo

c trng cng ngh.
Nhm ng rn nhanh (Fast-Freeze)

Exx10
Exx11
Exx22
Hp chat hu c
Hp chat hu c
Hp chat hu c
Ch han DC
AC hoac DC
AC hoac DC
Nhm p nhanh (Fast-Fill)

Exx24
Exx27
Rutile, va khoang 50% bot sat

Khoang & va khoang 50% bot sat
AC hoac DC
AC hoac DC
Nhm ng v p trung bnh (Fill-Freeze)

Exx14
Exx12
Exx13
Rutile & khoang 30% bot sat

Rutile
Rutile
AC hoac DC
DC or AC
AC or DC
Nhm gim hydro vi ac tnh ong nhanh Fill-Freeze

Exx18
Giam hydro & khoang 30% bot sat
DC hoac AC
Nhm gim hydro vi ac tnh ap nhanh Fast-Fill

Exx28
Giam hydro va cha khoang 50% bot sat
AC or DC
Nhm hn thp hp kim c tnh ng v p trung bnh

Exx18
Giam hy dro va cha khoang 30% bot sat.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
DC or AC
37
2.7.
K thut hn
2.7.1.
Que ng nhanh Fast-Freeze
Cc tnh Tr phi co nhng chu dan ac biet , ta dung dong DCEP ( DC+), que han gan
vao cc dng vi loai Exx10 va AC vi loai Exx11 Loai Exx11 co the han vi cc tnh
DC+ va dong thap hn 10% so vi khi han AC . Cc tnh DCEN ( DC-) hoac AC thch
hp hn vi que E6022.Chu y luon hieu chnh dong sao cho co the kiem soat vung chay
de dang .
Han phang Gi chieu dai ho quang c 1/8 (3.2 MM) hoac ngan hn , co the ty nhe
au que vao vat han . Di chuyen u nhanh e au que luon nam pha duoi vung chay.
Dung dong ien cao hn tr so trung bnh cua khoang dong ien tham khao.
Han ng Dung que co ng knh nho hn 3/16 . Khi han tuot th dung ky thuat han
keo nh khi han ong lp lot va han ton mong . Han leo c ap dung khi han tam day .
Tao lp lot bang ky thuat whipping (Nhay coc) khi han leo moi vat V hoac moi han goc
Cac lp ke tiep dung cach dch que kieu hop hoac ZigZag ket hp vi dng hai bien e
bao am o ngau va tranh ngam x bien moi han . Dung dong ien thap hn trung
bnh cua khoang dong ien tham khao
Han moi vat V t the khoi au va t the ngang Dung que co ng knh nho hn
3/16.Cac moi han nay can c lap ay bang cac moi han thang (Khong lac que) ke
tiep nhau. Co the dung ky thuat nh khi han lp lot t the leo.
Han moi han be g tren ton mong va moi au m Dung cc tnh DC-, que han gan
vao cc am, gi chieu dai ho quang 1/16 hoac dai hn. Di chuyen nhanh song van bao
am s nong chay cua mep han . Chi tiet at nghieng 450 va han tuot dung dong trung
bnh cua khoang dong ien tham khao.
Han ong Can tien hanh th nghiem quy trnh han e xac nh c que va cc tnh
thch hp vi be day thanh ong , chat lng ben yeu cau cung nh thanh phan hoa hoc
cua kim loai han .
2.7.2.
Que Fast-Fill
Cc tnh Dong dong AC e co toc o han cao nhat va de han hn.Dong DC co the
han song hien tng thoi lech t co the gay kho khan cho cong viec han.
Han phang Dung ky thuat han keo va ap moi han khong lac que. Di chuyen u
nhanh e gi khoang cach 1/4-3/8 trc vung chay. Dong han toi u ln hn tr trung
bnh t 5-10 amps . Khi han cac moi han co yeu cau kiem nh bang X-quang , khong
nen s dung dong cao hn mc trung bnh .
Han goc ngang & va moi han chong m - Gi que han trong mat phang 450 va dung
ky thuat han phang neu tren . au que han can duy tr tiep xuc vi ca hai mat vach cua
chi tiet han .
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
38
2.7.3.
Que Fill-Freeze
Cc tnh Dung cc tnh DCEN ( DC-) la thch hp nhat, tr phi hien tng thoi lech t
xay ra nghiem trong th dung nguon AC
Han phang va han tuot Dung ng oc chiec cho lp mot ngoai tr khi viec chuan
b co khuyet tat (khe h (Root gap) rong qua hoac be day chan (Root Face) qua mong th
can lac que chut t e khong b anh thung. Lp ke tiep van dung ky thuat han khong lac
que (chon que co ng knh ln hn ) Ty au que vao chi tiet va chieu dai ho quang
1/8 hoac ngan hn . Di chuyen nhanh song van bao am be rong moi han. Dung dong
ien han cao hn mc trung bnh cua khoang tham khao.
ng knh que han Dung ng knh 3/16 hoac nho hn khi han ng va han khoi
au.
Han tuot Dung ky thuat han ng oc chiec hoac lac nhe que . Ky thuat han keo vi
loai E6013 . Tao moi han hep hng que han sao cho ap lc ho quang ay vung chay
len tren . Di chuyen u nhanh va dung dong han cao hn tr trung bnh cua khoang tham
khao.
Han leo Dung kieu lac que tam giac cho lp lot . Han theo ky thuat tao be di chuyen
men theo be a han leo dan len. Chu y dng bien moi han e bao am ngau va bien
moi han khong b khuyet chan hoac ngam x. Khong nen dung ky thuat nhay coc
(whipping) hoac nhac que han ra khoi vung chay. Que han co hng nhe len tren sao
cho ap lc ho quang gi vung chay khong b chay xe . Toc o di chuyen cham sao cho
van gi c be han ma khong b chay.Dung dong han thap hn tr so trung bnh.
Han khoi au Tao ng han hep vi ky thuat han keo ket hp tao vong nho vung
chay. Khong nen lac ngang. Di chuyen u nhanh e loai tr chay xe. Dung dong ien
mc thap hn tr trung bnh.
Han tren ton mong Han tuot khi co the . Di chuyen nhanh trong khi van gi be rong
moi han . Dung dong han mc cao hn tr so trung bnh.
2.7.4.
Que gim Hydro (Low hydrogen)
Cc tnh Dung cc tnh DCEP ( DC+) khi co the, Chon que han co ng knh 5/32
hoac nho hn. Dung nguon AC khi phai han vi que han ng knh ln e loai tr thoi
lech t .
Han phang lp lot hoac khi can thiet phai giam s hoa tan kim loai han (co tnh
han xau) vao trong moi han nen dung dong han thap. oi vi cac lp han ke tiep dung
dong ien bao am yeu cau cua thao tac han .Ty nhe que han va gi chieu dai ho quang
ngan en mc co the 1/16 max. Khi moi han co yeu cau kiem nh bang X- quang
khong nen han vi ho quang dai bi v loai que han nay dung x loang nh la yeu to bao
ve vung chay. ng han hep hoac lac nhe se co chat lng cao hn ng han
rong.Cac lp han khong nen day qua 3/16 max. e bao am chat lng. Khi thay que
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
39
han , moi ho quang tren ranh han sau o keo ve vung chay va tiep tuc han bnh thng .
Dung dong ien cao hn neu han vi dong AC . Toc o eu , bao am be rong moi han
Han ng Han leo vi c que en 5/32. Dung dch chuyen tam giac cho cac moi
han mot lp , lp lot dung moi han hep lac nhe . ap eu hai ben mat chi tiet va ng
ngai dng bien lau e bao am khong khuyet chan va u thi gian ay x nong chay ra
khoi bien moi han . Khong dung ky thuat nhay coc hoac keo dai ho quang . Di chuyen
cham u e tao be han ma khong b chay xe . Dong han nen chon mc thap hn tr
trung bnh va phu hp vi be day va s chuan b mep han (Root gap va Root Face)
Han khoi au Dung c que nho hn 5/32 . ap moi han hep co chuyen ong tron
nhe vung chay . Chuyen ong cham va than trong . Toc o han u nhanh e loai tr s
chay xe . Tuy nhien ng phat hoang khi x b chay.Dung dong ien mc thap hn tr
trung bnh
Que han (Jetweld LH-3800) E7028 - Han theo ky thuat han que Fast-Fill Tat ca cac
chung loai que E7018 eu nen han keo vi chieu dai ho quang Max = 1/16 e bao am
chat lng kim loai han
2.8.
Sy que hn
Quehngimhydroclpthucbchonc,khilyrakhibaobshpthumrtnhanh.
Syquengquitrnhhngdntrckhihnlyucubtbuc.
Bng10Hngdnsyquehnnhmgimhydro
Nhit sy (2 3 gi)(1)
Tnh trng
Que ly khi bao b khng qu 1
tun v khng b t.
Que b t hoc phi ngoi
khng kh qu lu (2)
Nhit sy
s b
180 - 220F
(80 -105C)
E7018, E7028
650 - 750F
(340 - 400C)
650 - 750F
(340 - 400C)
E8018, E9018,
E10018,
E11018
700 - 800F
(370 - 430C)
700 - 800F
(370 - 430C)
Quegimhydronnlyrakhibaobvangslngcnthit.Lunboqunquetrongl
synhit500C.
(1)
(2)
Chphnlnquehnsbhngsau3ltsykhm
Quehnbngoikhngkhqu3giphisyli
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
40
Bng11KhiuquehntheoAWS
Que hn thp HSLA
Que hn thp carbon

E
60
E 8 0 1 8 - B 1
in
cc
hn
in
H 4 R
in
cc
hn
in
bn ko mi
hn tnh bng
ksi
bn ko
mi hn
(ksi)
T th hn
T th hn
Cc tnh v c trng thuc
bc
Cc tnh & c
trng thuc bc
Thnh hp kim cha
trong mi hn
Gii hn nng hydro ha tan mml/100g

Ch s t th hn (3)
1 Phng, ngang, ng (leo) ,
Khi u
2 Ch phng v ngang
K hiu nhm que hn c tnh khng m cao, cho php dng

khng sy nu thi gian tnh t lc ly ra khi bao b < 3H
4 Phng , ngang , ng (tut)
K hiu thnh phn hp kim

K
hiu
A1
%Mn
%Ni
%Cr
%Mo
.50
Cellulose (kali)
AC, DC
Titania (natri)
AC, DC-
2.50
Titania (kali)
AC, DC+
3.25
Ititania bt st
AC, DC
Gim hydrogen (natri)
DC+
Gim hydrogen (kali)
AC, DC+
Bt st + oxt st
AC, DC
Gim hydro
+ bt st.
AC, DC
B2
1.25
.50
B3
2.25
C2
C3
G(1)
Cc tnh
.50
1.00
.15
1.25.200
.50
min.
.30
min.
Loi thuc bc
DC+
.50
C1
Ch
s
Cellulose (natri)
B1
D1/D2
Ch s th 4
%V
1.00
.35
.25.45
.20
min.
.10
min.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
41
Bng12Ccnhmquecngkimquctphduyt
AWS/ ASME
ABS Grade
Lloyds
Register
Grade
E6010
E6010
3M
E6010
E6010
E6011
E6011
DNV
Grade
BV Grade
CWB/CSA
Grade
GL Grade
Military
E4310
E4310
3M
E6011
E4311
E6011
E4311
E6012
E6012
E6013
E6013
3M
E6027
E6027
3M
E7010-A1
E7010-A1
E4910-A1
E7010-G, E7010-P1
E7010-P1
E4910-P1
E7014
E7014
E4313
E6022
1M
E7018
E4914
MIL-7010-A1
E4918
3M,
3MYH5
3M,
3MYH5
E7018 H4R
E7018
E7018 H4R
E7018
E7018 H8
E7018
E7018 E7018 H4R
E7018M, 3, 3YH5
3M,
3MYH5
3YH5
3YHHH
E4918
3YH5
E7018-1, E7018-1
H4R
E7018M, 3, 3YH5
3M,
3MYH5
3YH5
3YHHH
E4918-1
3YH5
E7018-A1 H4R
E7018-A1 H4R
E4918-A1
E8018-C1 H4R
E8018-C1 H4R
E5518-C1
E8018-C3 H4R
E8018-C3 H4R
E5518-C3
E9018-M H4R
E9018-M H4R
E6218-M
E7024
E7024
E7024-1
E7024-1
E4924-1
E7028 H8
E7028
2M,
2YM
2Y10
2YHH
E4928
2YH10
E8010-G
E8010-G
3Y40H5
3YHHH
E4918-1
3YH5
3YH5
3YHHH
E4918-1
3YH5
MIL-7018
E4918
E5510-G
E8010-G, E8010-P1
E5510-G
E8018-B2 H4R,
E9018-G H4R
E8018-B2 H4R
E8018-C1 H4R
E8018-C1 H4R
E8018-C3 H4R
E8018-C3 H4R
E55018-C1
MIL-8018-C3
E9010-G
E9018-B3 H4R
E11018-M H4R
E69018-G
E11018-M
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
MIL-11018-M
42
2.9. Phn nhm mi hn theo cc

c trng cng ngh
Mimihncyucuringvtcngrnvtcp.Sauylccphnnhmcc
mihntheoccctrng:
Yucungrnnhanhngnhanh(fastfreeze)
Yucupnhanhpnhanh(fastfill)
Yucungptrungbnhngp(fillfreeze)
T th phng (1F,PA)
Nhm p nhanh
E7028 , E7024
T th phng
Nhm p nhanh
E7024 , E7028
T th gc ngang
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
T th ngang (2F,PB)
T th nghing
Nhm p nhanh
E7028 , E7024
Nhm ng-p
E7014 , E7018
T th ng
T th nghing
Nhm ng nhanh
Tn mng E6010, E6011
Tn dy E7018
Nhm ng p
E7014 , E7018
T th gc ng
43
Nhm ng - p
E7014
Tn mng (ng nhanh) E6010, E6011

Tn dy (ng p) E7018
Mi t th (mi hn b g, tn mng, gc ngoi)
Mi t th
(mi hn gc tn mng)
Nhm ng p
E6012 , 013
Nhm ng nhanh
E6010 , E6011
ng nhanh E6010,E6011
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
ng p E6012 , E6013
44
Mi hn c tnh ng p
T th ngang, ng , khi u
Tn mng ng nhanh E6010, E6011

Tn dy ng p E7018
T th phng
Lp ngu ng p E7018
Lp p , ph - p nhanh E6027, E7028
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
Mi hn c tnh ng nhanh
T th phng
Tn dy p nhanh
E6027 , E7028
T th phng
Lp ngu ng p
E7018
Lp p, ph - p
nhanh E6027, E7018
45
2.10.
Cc ch khi chn que hn
QuehnthpHSLAthngbaogm3nhmthucgimhydro.chs15,16,v18,cth
hncmitthvicckhcbitnusau:
(1)Chs15lkhiuquecthnhphnthuclcchpchtvi,thimcao
nnchhnvicctnhdng(DCEP).
(2)Chs16lquehncthnhphnthucgmvivhpchtqungvhpcht
ionhanncthhnvicctnhAC.
(3)Chs18lquegimhydroctngcngbtsttrongthnhphnthucbc.
Cnngsutpvhsphiudngcaohn.
iviquehnHSLA,thnhphnkhiucthmcckhiuchthnhphnhpkimho
(E7010A1hocE8018C1).Khichnquechongdngcnbomtnhtngthchgiakim
loipvkimloicbn.
Quitcchnquehnthpcarbon:
Tyvongdngchnnhmquehnthchhpkimtrayucucngnghkimtrac
tnh.
QuitcchnquehnthpHSLA:
Tythnhphnhpkimthpchnnhmquephhpkimtrayucuctnh
Quitcchnquehnthphpkim:
Thnhphnhpkimchnnhmquecthnhphntngthchkimtracccimcl
camihn.
(Thamkhotiliuringvhnthpkhngg,thpduplex,nhmvcchpkimnickel)
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
46
3.
3.1.
Phng php hn dy
li thuc (FCAW)
Tng quan
Han day loi thuoc (FCAW) la mot bc phat trien mi cua phng phap han ho quang
trong moi trng kh bao ve (GMAW) .
Phng phap han nay ngay nay a c ap dung rong rai cac nc phat trien. ac biet
trong cong nghe han ap v co the nang cao tnh nang luyen kim cua qua trnh han va c
tnh cua lp ap thong qua cac nguyen to hp kim cha trong thuoc han . Co the noi han
day loi thuoc la mot s ket hp tuyet vi cac u iem cua hai phng phap GMAW va
SMAW .
Han day loi thuoc , tuy loai day va thuoc co the dung kh bao ve (outter shielded) hoac
khong dung kh bao ve (inner shielded).
3.2.
Nguyn l hot ng
Hnh26Nguynlhndylithuc(FCAW)
Hnh 26 la s o nguyen ly han day loi thuoc. Ho quang chay gia day ien cc tiep
ien bang ong tiep ien va chi tiet se lam chay ong thi ong day, thuoc han va mep
han. Cac giot kim loai nong chay se c bao quanh bang x nong chay. Khi cac giot kim
loai chuyen sang vung chay, x han se noi len tao thanh lp x long che chan bao ve moi
han.
(6) Loi thuoc co cac vai tro sau :
Hnh thanh lp x mong bao ve cac giot kim loai va vung chay han , hoac sinh ra
kh bao ve
Cung cap cac chat kh oxyt , ngan chan cac phan ng co hai
Cung cap cac nguyen to can thiet cho qua trnh luyen kim va cai thien c tnh
kim loai han
On nh ho quang han
(7) Cac kieu chuyen dch kim loai khi han FCA
Hai kieu chuyen dch c ban cua han day loi thuoc la chuyen dch cau va chuyen dch
phun. Do han day loi thuoc c thc hien vi ien ap va dong han tng oi cao (hnh
27 ). Han day loi thuoc co chuyen dch cau khi dung ng knh day nho hn 1.6mm ,
cac ng knh ln hn chuyen dch phun se chiem u the
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
48
Hnh27CcchchuyndchkimloivnngsutpFCAW
3.3.
Tc ng ca thng s hn
(8) Cng o va ien ap ho quang

Bng 13 gii thieu pham vi cng o va ien ap han ng vi cac c day thong dung.
Bng13HiuchnhthngshnFCAW
C day
1,2
1,6
2,0
2,4
Han phang
Dong ien
ien ap
150 225
22 26
175 275
25 28
200 375
26 30
300 450
25 32
Han v tr nghch
Dong ien
ien ap
125 200
22 25
150 200
24 27
175 225
25 29
(9) Toc o cap day

Giong nh phng phap GMAW cng o dong ien se c quyet nh bi toc o cap
day han. ng knh day cang ln th cng o se tang nhanh khi hieu chnh toc o cap
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
49
day va pham vi ieu chnh toc o cap day cang hep. Thc ra han day loi thuoc (va cac
phng phap GMAW khac) la phng phap co ac tnh ap khong oi (CV) nen khi han
viec hieu chnh ien ap se co tac ong ln ho8n so vi viec hieu chnh cng o.
Hnh28Tccpdyvtcchy(FCAW)
(10)
Cc tnh
Hnh29nhhngcctnh(FCAW)
Khac vi han GMAW ch luon dung cc tnh DCEP , han day loi thuoc co cc tnh han
tuy thuoc vao loai thuoc han cha trong day. Cc tnh DCEN ( Day han mang cc am ) b
ot nong t hn va be mat chi tiet (cc dng) khong co tac ong tay sach, cac giot kim
loai long khi chuyen dch sang vung chay nhanh chong b nguoi nen o ngau sau thap.
Cc tnh DCEP (Day han mang cc dng ), day han c ot nong nhieu hn vat han
lam cho no chay loang hn, cong them vi hieu ng tay sach oxyt, lng kim loai chuyen
dch nhieu va o ngau moi han se cao hn. (hnh 29). Hnh 30 minh hoa cac tac ong
cua cc tnh khi han day thuoc.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
50

Hnh30Tcngcacctnhvngumihn(DCEP,AC,DCEN)
Hnh31nhnghanh
o nhu (CTWD Contact Tip Work Distance21 )
(11)
Hnh32Hnthun(drag)vhnnghch(push)
Trong han day loi thuoc, o nhu ien cc (CTWD hnh 31) co tac ong manh en qua
trnh hnh thanh moi han. Tac ong cua o nhu nh sau :
21
Tang CTWD se lam day han nong va de chay hn nen cng o dong han se
giam va ngc lai
Cn c tn khc l ESO Electrical Stick Out
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
51
Tang CTWD se lam tang ien ap ho quang moi han co xu the mo cao song do
kim loai ap chay loang tot hn nen han che cac ro x , ro kh
Giam CTWD se lam dong han va giam ien ap ho quang nen o ngau tang len
Khi han nen theo cac hng dan cua nha san xuat e chon o nhu thch hp ( t 30 90
MM tuy loai day ) .
(12)
Goc han
Trong phng phap han day thuoc, do co s hnh thanh x (du rat t ), nen thng ap
dung ky thuat han thuan (drag keo) , goc nghieng t 0 en 85 o. hnh 32.
hnh 33 cho thay khi han thuan moi han ngau va mo cao t hn. vung chay tiep tuc
c bao ve (neu co dung kh bao ve) va nung nong . Han nghch (push ay) co moi
han hep ngau sau va mo cao hn.
(13)
Kh bao ve
Hnh33nhhngkhbovv
gchn
Han day loi thuoc co the khong

can dung kh bao ve va ac iem
nay giup han day loi thuoc c a
chuong va mang lai nhieu hieu qua
kinh te. Song khi han ( ac biet
tren thep HSLA va han tren thep
hp kim) , viec dung day thuoc
bao ve bang kh (outter shielded)
hoac (dual shielded) se giup qua
trnh bao ve moi han tot hn va
quan trong hn , day han co gia
thanh thap hn. Khi o cac thanh
phan thuoc han ch cha cac
thanh phan cai thien tnh chat c
ly cua moi han. Qua trnh bao ve
va on nh ho quang do kh bao ve
ngoai am nhiem.
Cac kh bao ve thng dung khi
han day loi thuoc :
a.
CO2 : thch hp khi han

thep carbon va thep hp
kim thap. Khi ham lng
carbon trong chi tiet han
thap hn 0,05 % th qua
trnh han lam tang lng
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
52
Carbon trong moi han co the en 0,10 % . Khi ham lng Carbon trong kim loai
nen cao th qua trnh han xay ra hien tng thoat Carbon lam anh hng en o
cng , tnh tham toi cung nh co the gay ra cac vet nt.
ATAL 22: la ten goi hon hp kh 82% Ar + 18% CO2 . Vi loai kh nay chung ta co
the han vi kieu chuyen dch cau giot nho , thch hp khi han cac v tr nghch .
Ngoai ra c tnh moi han con c nang cao do s mat mat Mang gan va Silic do
qua trnh kh Oxyt giam.
b.
CARGAL : la ten goi hon hp kh 98,5% Ar + 1,5 % O2. Loai kh nay rat thch
hp khi han vi chuyen dch phun. ac biet ap dung khi han tren thep INOX
c.
HELOXAL : la ten goi hon hp kh 85% He + 15% O2 . Loai kh thch hp khi

han tren thep INOX vi chuyen dch phun . No co u iem la loai tr s hnh
thanh Carbide Chrome gay tac hai en s an mon tinh gii vung bien cua moi
han .
d.
3.4.
Thit b hn FCAW
So vi han day tran , thiet b han day thuoc co mot chut khac biet . Nguon han ( may
han) can co cong suat ln hn v han day loi thuoc co dong ien han cao hn .
May han can co dong han 400 500 A vi chu ky tai la 100% . ac tnh V- A loai ien
ap khong oi (CV Constant Voltage) . ac tnh nay cung vi thiet b cap day toc o
hang se giup ho quang duy tr on nh hn . Nhc iem la dong ngan mach ln , e
khac phuc , cac thiet b hien ai co lap cac board mach ien t e kiem soat dong ngan
mach . Can nh la ac tnh V-A cua may han cang cng th che o han day loi thuoc
cang tot do giot cau chuyen dch co kch thc nho hn , o nhay t ieu chnh cao hn .
Sung han la loai co dong nh mc cao va thng lam nguoi bang nc . Mo phun va
contact tube c thiet ke ac biet e cho o nhu ln hn va kha nang tiep xuc ien tot
hn .
Bo cap day Trong han han day loi thuoc viec duy tr chieu dai ho quang va dong ien
han rat quan trong . Motor thiet b cap day la loai toc o khong oi vi o chnh xac toc
o cao , tinh chnh tot Day han thng co ng knh ln , khong chu luc ep cao do vay
banh xe ay day can phai bao am chong trt tot thng la loai co kha ranh ngang .
Ong dan day han (gain) bang teflon thay v ong xoan thep e tranh xc day.
Tom lai , thiet b han han day loi thuoc cung la thiet b han GMA song co yeu cau cao
hn, chat lng ieu chnh tot hn .
22
Tn gi theo nh cung cp MESSER
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
53
3.5.
Thit k chun b mi hn
Nh a e cap , hai kieu chuyen dch chu yeu trong han han day loi thuoc la chuyen
dch cau va chuyen dich phun (Sau nay vi cac tu ve thuoc han va thiet b han con co
kieu chuyen dch cau ma sc cang be mat chiem u the , co tac dung nh chuyen dich
ngan mach . Hai kieu chuyen dch nay co dong han va ien ap han cao hn nen khi han
tren ton mong ( < 6MM ) thng han vi mieng lot (backing).
Qui trnh han hai pha , ngau ban phan to ra co nhieu u the hn qui trnh han mot pha ,
ngau hoan toan nen thng c thiet ke .
Do han vi o nhu cao khong dung kh bao ve nen goc vat co the giam ( en 25o ) ieu
nay giup giam nhe khoi lng chuan b va giam tieu hao vat lieu va thi gian han .
Hnh34CuhnhmihnFCAW
3.6.
Dy hn FCAW
Day han la mot ong rong co cha thuoc bot ben trong va c che tao theo s o nguyen
ly ch ra hnh 35
Hnh 36 la cau tao tiet dien day han loi thuoc gom nhieu dang cau hnh khac nhau tuy
gia thanh va muc ch s dung. Day han compsite loi day co the co cac phan lam bang
kim loai khac nhau hoac cac phan cha kim loai bot e phan tan cac nguyen to hp kim,
tao cau truc matrix e tang cng c tnh.
Day han loi thuoc thng che tao vi cac c day 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4 3,2 c 1,4 cung
co song t pho bien. anh thanh cuon 15 25 Kg , khong co lp ong hoac nikel bao ve
chong r .
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
54

Hnh35Schtodylithuc
Hnh36ccdngtitdindylithuc
Theo cong nghe chia day han ra 3 loai sau :
Day han loi thuoc co dung kh bao ve con goi la DUAL SHIELD, GAS
SHIELDED , OUTER SHIELD tuy nha san xuat
Day han khong kh bao ve , con goi OPEN ARC , SELF SHIELDED , INNER
SHIELD tuy nha san xuat .
Day han co loi thuoc phc hp , COMPOSITE MELTAL CORED c phat trien
cho cac ng dung han ap, han cac hp kim chu nhiet .
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
55
3.6.1.
K hiu dy li thuc theo AWS
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
56
E70T9
Khbov
E70T9M
7580%Ar+CO2
CO2
E71T9
CO2
7580%Ar+CO2
E71T9M
CO2
E70T10
M
H,F,VU,OH
E71T1M
E70T2
H,F,VU,OH
H&F
E70T2M
DCEP
CO2
H&F
7580%Ar+CO2
E71TT1
ngdng
E70T1M
Tthhn
KhiuAWS
ngdng
Cctnh
CO2
H&F
Cctnh
E70T1
Khbov
Tthhn
KhiuAWS
Bng14ThngtindyhnFCAW
7580%Ar+CO2
S
H&F
7580%Ar+CO2
Khng
E70T11
DCEN
DCEP
E71T2
CO2
E71T11
H,F,VU,OH
H,F,VU,OH
E71T2M
7580%Ar+CO2
E70T12
CO2
H&F
E70T3
E70T12M
7580%Ar+CO2
E71T12
CO2
7580%Ar+CO2
Khng
DCEP
E70T4
H&F
E70T5
CO2
E71T12M
E70T5M
7580%Ar+CO2
E61T13
E71T5
CO2
H,F,VU,OH
E71T5M
7580%Ar+CO2
H,F,VU,OH
Khng
E71T13
DCEP &
DCEN
DCEN
E71T14
M
DCEP
E70T6
Ex0TG
H&F
Ex1TG
H,F,VU,OH
ExoTGS
H&F
Ex1TGS
H,F,VU,OH
H&F
E70T7
E71T7
H,F,VU,OH
Khng
Theothathun
DCEN
E70T8
H&F
E71T8
H,F,VU,OH
(1)
(M)hnnhiulp
(2) (S)hnmtlp
(3) (G)dyhnchtotheothathungianhcungcpvnhmy
(4) (GS)dychtotheothathunchhnmtlp.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
57
3.7.
K thut hn dy li thuc
3.7.1.
Thng s hn
Khi han day thuoc , cac thong so han phu thuoc nhieu vao day han va cac hang khac
nhau se co cac ac iem cong nghe khac nhau. Bang 14 la cac thong so cong nghe ien
[-]
hnh
Bng15Thngscngnghhndythucinhnh
Loi dy(2)
Cc tnh, AWS Class.
CTWD In (mm)
Trng lng / cun
.120" NR-1 / NR-5(1)
(DC+) E70T-3
1-3/8" (35)
2.63 lbs/1000
Tc cp dy
in/min (m/min)
140
160
240
320
(3.6)
(4.1)
(6.1)
(8.1)
in p hn
(volts)
Dng hn
(amps)
Nng sut p
lbs/hr (kg/hr)
20
21
23
25
450
500
700
850
18.4
22.0
33.0
43.0
(8.3)
(10.0)
(15.0)
(19.5)
100
(2.5)
21
600
21.2
(9.6)
(1)
5/32 NR-1
(DC+) E70T-3
1-1/2" (38)
4.07 lbs/1000
130
150
220
(3.3)
(3.8)
(5.6)
23
24
26
810
900
1120
30.0
35.0
48.3
(13.6)
(15.9)
(21.9)
100
(2.5)
22
340
7.8
(3.5)
(1)
3/32 NR-5
(DC+) E70T-3
1-1/4" (32)
1.60 lbs/1000
150
200
250
(3.8)
(5.1)
(6.4)
23
24
26
435
510
575
12.3
16.9
21.4
(5.6)
(7.6)
(9.7)
(1)
3/32 NR-131
(DC+) E70T-10
1-1/2" (38)
1.58 lbs/1000
(1)
.045 NR-152
(DC-) E71T-14
5/8" (16)
.39 lbs/1000
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
.062 NR-152
(DC-) E71T-14
5/8" (16)
.74 lbs/1000
.068 NR-152
(DC-) E71T-14
3/4" (19)
.91 lbs/1000
5/64" NR-152
(DC-) E71T-14
1" (25)
1.15 lbs/1000"
150
(3.8)
25
390
11.6
(5.3)
200
250
425
(5.1)
(6.4)
(10.8)
26
26
27
490
570
810
15.6
19.6
33.6
(7.1)
(8.9)
(15.2)
60
(1.5)
15
95
1.1
(0.5)
90
120
(2.3)
(3.0)
16
17
135
160
1.8
2.5
(0.8)
(1.1)
150
(4.6)
18
180
3.2
(1.4)
30
(0.8)
13
90
1.2
(0.5)
50
70
(1.3)
(1.8)
15
16
140
185
2.0
2.8
(0.9)
(1.3)
110
(2.8)
19
265
4.4
(2.0)
40
50
80
(1.0)
(1.3)
(2.0)
13
14
16
95
120
190
1.9
2.4
3.9
(0.9)
(1.1)
(1.8)
110
(2.8)
20
240
5.4
(2.4)
40
(1.0)
16
125
2.5
(1.1)
80
100
125
(2.0)
(2.5)
(3.2)
19
21
24
260
310
355
4.9
6.1
7.6
(2.2)
(2.7)
(3.4)
Chhnmtlp
DycungcpbiLincolnElectric
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
58
Bng16Thngshnvchunbmpvtccmihntthphnginhnh
Chuyndchphun
n
g knh Thngshn
dy
U=2123V
1.6
Chunbmpvt
(tthhn)
(a)
(b)
I=230340A
Vf=4.57
(c)
(a)hntthphng(b)hnhaipha(c)hngccvtkhi>12mm
U=2232V
2.0
I=300450A
Vf=3.56.5
U=2533V
2.4
I=350550A
Vf=3.26.2
U=2836V
3.2
I=450750A
Vf=24.5
Chngtathyphnlnccmihntrnchthchinmtlp(hailpkhihnumtmdy).
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
59
Bng17Vdthngscngnghkhihndylithuc
K
dy
B
dy
mm
Mm
1.2
13
1.4
13
1.6
13
2.4
25
3.7.2.
Lp
hn
Dng
hn
in
Tc
p
cpdy
hn
Cm/pht
V
Tc
Thi
hn
gian
Cm/pht hn
pht/M
Lng
kim
loi
p
Kg/m
Lng
kh
tiu
th
140
351
17
20
5.9
0.17
89
280
1176
31
35
2.9
0.29
44
280
1176
31
20
3.6
0.35
54
110
198
18
14
7.1
0.16
107
280
708
31
28
3.6
0.29
54
280
708
31
23
4.3
0.35
65
230
366
22
46
2.2
0.12
11
350
812
28
19
5.3
0.62
27
350
812
27
68
1.5
0.17
230
366
20
17
5.9
0.30
30
370
813
26
39
1.9
0.21
370
813
26
29
4.1
0.47
21
360
813
27
24
4.8
0.55
24
360
813
27
21
5.6
0.64
28
Chn dy v kh bo v
DylithucvactnhnngcaphngphpGMAWvacccctrngcahnque.Khi
chndyhntythuctth,kiumighp,thnhphnhpkimcachitithnmchn
nhmdythchhp.Bng18lccnhmdyccctchcngkimquctphduyt.
Dophngphphndythuchnmtdnghncaovnngsuttngicaonnhu
htcpdngtthphngvngang.Khihncctthnghch(ng,khiu),chn
cdy<1.4mm,nhmdycnngsutpphhpvthitkminingumtphnhocc
23
tmlt
,chnthnhphnkhthchhpctnhnnghnttnht.
KhihntrnthpHSLAvthphpkim,dythuclchnlattnhtvcnngsutvcht
lnghnrtcao.Trngilcnyltchnkhcaobommcnnglnghnph
hp.hndylithucthnglchnlattnhtchoccmihnphngvngang.Mihn
23
Cc mi hn ngu ton phn hn t mt pha rt kh thc hin bng phng php hn dy li thuc
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
60
ngvkhiuihithhnctaynghkhcaovcclichvmtkinht(hgithnh
hn)khngmykhquan;dovychnnpdngkhicyucubtbuc.
Khbov
cim
ngdng
CO2
Oxyhamnh
ThpcarbonvHSLA
Argon
Tr
Nhm,hpkimnhm,Nickel
Argon+Helium(24%)
Kh
Hpkimnhm,ng,Magi
Argon+Oxy(12%)
Oxyha
Thpinox,HSLA
Argon+CO2(2025%)
Oxyha
Thpcarbon,thpHSLA
Bng18Ccnhmdythucccctchcngkimquctphduyt
AWS/
ASME
ABS
Grade
Lloyds
Grade
DNV Grade
E61T8K6
3SA
3SH15
IIIMSH15(2)
BV Grade
CWB/CSA
Grade
GL
Grade
Military
Other
JIS
E70T-3
E70T-3
E4802T-4CH
E4802T-6CH
E4802T-7CH
E70T-4
E70T-6
2SA-2YSA
E70T-7
JIS
JIS
JIS
E70T-10
JIS
E70T7K2
JIS,
NKK
2SA-2YSA
2S-2YS
3SA3YSAH15
3SA3YSAH15
3S3YSH15
3S3YSH15
IIYMS
SA2YM
IIIYMSH15
SA3YMH
IIIYMSH15
SA3YMH
2YS
E71T-7
E71T-8J
E71T-8
E71T8K2
E4801T-8CH
E4801T-8CH
JIS,
NKK
JIS,
TUV
3YSH15
3YSH10
MIL-71T8AS
4SA4YSAH10
JIS
E71T8K6
IIIYMSH15
SA3YMH
E71T8-K6H16
3YSH15
E71T8-Ni1H16
3YSH15
JIS,
TUV,
NKK
JIS,
TUV
E71T8K6
E71T8Ni1
3SA-3YSA
3S3YSH15
IIIYMSH15
E71T-11
E71TGG
JIS,
TUV
E4801T-11CH
E71TG-GCH
JIS
JIS
E71T-14
JIS
E91T8G
JIS,
TUV
Kh bo v tham kho bng 14
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
61
3.7.3.
Hiu chnh cc thng s hn
Hiuchnhthngshndythuctngikh,ihikinthcvkinhnghim.cbitl
nh c tc ng rt nhy cm , ch cn khc nhau cht t lm qu trnh hn khc i rt
nhiu.
Hnh37Ccthngstitdinhn
Hnh37lcckchthcmihninhnhvbng19lcctcngcathngshnncc
kchthcmihn.
Bng19Thngshiuchnhvtcngntitdinhn
Mc o
Anh hng
Thong so
Khi hieu chnh se tac ong en thong so

o ngau P
Be rong d
o mo cao s
DCEP
+++
DCEN
+++
+++
AC
++
++
++
ien ap han
++
--
Toc o han
---
++
Mat o dong ien han
++
++
ng knh day han
--
--
ESO
Goc han (Push)
+(++)
-(--)
+(++)
-(-)
Goc han (Keo)
+(++)
+(-)
-(++)
+(+)
o doc cua chi tiet khi han tuot

o doc chi tiet khi han leo
+(++)
-(--)
+(++)
-(+)
Cng o
dong ien
(1)
+Tng,gm
(2) +tcngt,(++)Trungbnh+++mnh
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
62
Bng20Khuytttvcchiuchnhngnnga
Khuyt tt
R , bt
Mi hn qu li
Chy khng
u
Chy dy
Vng te
Thi lch t
Cng hn
5
4
4
4
4
4
Cc thng s cn tng gim

in p
Tc hn
nh
h quang
1
1
1
1
1
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
Gc hn
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
1
Bng21iuchnhtitdinmihn
iu chnh
Cng
hn
Tng ngu P
1
1
1
5
1
Gim ngu P
Gim b rng d
Gim m cao s
Tng lng kim
loi p
Cc thng s cn tng gim

in p
Gc hn
h quang
2
2
4
1
2(900)
2
Tc hn
nh
Kh
6
4
2
4
4
5
6
CO2
Ar+CO2
(3) Ccchschthtutinkhitnghocgim
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
63
4.
Phng php hn
MIG - MAG
Phng php hn h quang trong mi trng kh bo v vit tt l

GMAW ( Gas Metel Arc Welding) c p dng trong cng nghip t
nm 1948, mc d nguyn l c xut t nhng nm 1920s.
Khi ny n c tn gi l MIG (metal inert gas) v h quang c bo
v ch yu bng kh tr (argon , helium).
Sau ny kh CO2 c dng hn thp v c gi tn l phng
php MAG (metal Actived Gas). Tn chnh thc do AWS xut l
GMAW.
Cc phng php GMAW c nghin cu pht trin mnh m, ch
yu trn hai lnh vc :
Xc lp mi trng bo v c tnh hiu qu hn
Kho st qu trnh chuyn dch kim loi trong h quang hn v

cc nhn t nh hng.
Cc phng php GMAW tin tin nh hn GMAW P (thng gi l

MIG xung), GMAW S (MIG chuyn dch sc cng b mt). TWIN Arc,
TIME, H quang xoy (rotary arc), Hybrid laser arc l cc phng
php GMAW tin tin ngy cng c vai tr trong cng nghip.
Phng php GMAW c th vn hnh bn t ng hoc t ng ha.
Hn c hu ht cc kim loi v hp kim. u im chnh l nng sut
p tng i cao, mi hn sch gim thi gian ty sch, h s s
dng vt liu p cao.
Chng ny cp n cc c trng cng ngh ca qu trnh hn
MIG MAG phng php hn c bn nht thuc nhm GMAW.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
64
4.1.
Nguyn l c im
4.1.1.
Nguyn l
MIGMAGlphngphphnthucnhmphngphpGMAWsdngngunnhitth
quangchygiadyinccrncplintcnhmtbcpdyctckhngi.Vng
chyhnhthnhcbovbngdngkhtr(MIG)hocdngkhhotha(MAG).Phng
phpnycncgilhnbnt ng,tuynhintngikhngchnhxc.Trongcng
nghip hnMAG vi kh bo v CO2thng gil hndy hoc hn CO2.Hnh ls lp
trangthitbhnGMAW.
Hnh38Slpthitbhn(GMAWtngqut)MIGMAGinhnh
Trangbquantrngnhtlsnghnnmnhimccchcnngnhcpdnginhncho
dyhnthngquangtipxc(tubecontact),khbovquamphun(nozzle)vhthnggii
nhitsnghnkhicnthit.
Trangbthhailbcpdyhn(wirefeeder)ctcnnhccgitrxclp.Tyloi
dyhncthdngbcpdyhaiconln(2rolls)hocbnconln(4rolls).Bcpdyc
thrihoclpsnvonguninhn.Chcnngcabcpdylduytrqutrnhchyt
ngcahquangsaukhimi.
My hn dng trong phng php GMAW thng c c tnh p khng i CV constant
Voltage.KhihnCO2gimvngtovnnhhquangthnglpthmcccunkhng
kimsottcvdngngnmch.
4.1.2.
c im.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
65
Hn MIG MAG ni ring v hn GMAW ni chung l phng php p khng i (CV) c

trngbngccphngthcchuyndchkimloitronghquanghn.Hnh39
in p
Chuyn
dch cu
Chuyn
dch phun
Chuyn dch xoy (2)
Chuyn
dch
xung
Chuyn dch
ngm mch
Chuyn dch
h quang
ngn (1)
(1) Thit k c quyn ca SAF

(2)Ch p dng hn t ng
Cng
Hnh39CcphngthcchuyndchkimloiGMAW
Bakiuchuyndchcbnlngnmch,cuvphun.Gnycckiuchuyndchtintin
nhchuyndchsccngbmt,chuyndchxoycpdngtrongccthitbGMAW
tng.
Cckiuchuyndchphthucvoccctrngdypvmitrngkhbov.Hnh40
mtctrngnngchyvcckiuchuyndchcadynhmvthpkhihnMIG(chs
oxyhanhhn2%).
Hnh40ctrngchuyndchkimloikhihnMIG
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
66
4.2.
Kiu chuyn dch kim loi khi hn MIG - MAG
4.2.1.
24
Chuyn dch phun
Chuyndchphuncththchinckhinngkhtr(argon)caohn80%.Trongkiu
chuyndchnyccgitkimloinngchyckchthcnhdichuynnhanhsangvngchy
dotcngmnhcalccothtkthpvilcdopsuthquangmnhvsccngbmt
yu.Kiuchuyndchnytvngto,mihnschmcaot,ngusuvbmtnhnp.
Muntcchuyndchphun,ngoiyucumitrnggiuargon(>80%)dnghncn
vtquanngnggiihn(hnh41)phthucvongknhvkimloidyp.
Chuyndchphuncnngsutpkhcaochphhpkhihnphngvgcngang.
Hnh41Dng
tihnc
chuyndch
phun(dy1.6
Ar+1%O2)
24
Trong ti liu ny thut ng GMAW c dng khi cp n cc tnh cht chung ca cc phng
php hn h quang kim loi trong mi trng kh ; thut ng MIG MAG s c dng trong cc trng
hp ring.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
67
4.2.2.
Chuyn dch cu
Hnh42Chuyndchphunvchuyndchcu
Khimitrngkhctnhoxyho(CO2)hoctnhkhcao(Helium)thchuyndchcuchim
uth.Trongkiuchuyndchnyccgitkimloinngchycdngcukchthcbtnh
ctchratdyhnbaytdosangvngchydovyhintngvngtertnghimtrng.
Cthhnchvngtebngcchhiuchnhccthngshnthchhpsaochohquanggn
nhchyngmtrongvngchy(buriedarc)bngcchdngkhtrnargon+CO2tlthch
hp.KhihnMIGthheliumcngctcngnhkhCO2khihnMAG.
Kiuchuyndchcucnnglnghncao,nnhhquangthp,mihnrng,ngusu,
tuynhinlngvngtecao,mihndbbtkh.Tngtlargontrongkhtrnlgiiphp
cnthitkhipdngkiuchuyndchny.(hnh42).
Chuyndchcuchphhpvitthhnphngvhngcngang.
4.2.3.
Chuyn dch ngn mch
Hnh43binthindnginvinphnkhichuyndchngnmch
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
68
HnMAGcuthngdngdocthhiuchnhtckiuchuyndchngnmch.
ctrngkiuchuyndchnylnnglnghnthp,tvngte,phhpvicctthhn
nghch.
Hnh44Ccgiaionchuyndchxung
Mt khc chuyn dch ngn mch c nhc im l mi hn c b rng hp , ngu nng ,
nng lng hn thp nn rt thch hp khi hn thp c b dy mng. Khi hn trn thp dy,
nguycthiunnglnghnrtcaodsinhracckhuytttnhnt,thiuchy,thiungu
dovyvicpdngtrnthpdynhtthitphitngcngtlargontrongkhtrn(khng
nhhn80%)vchuynsangchuyndchphunkhicth.
4.2.4.
Chuyn dch xung
Badngchuyndchtrnvnchapngcyucungdng(nhtlkhitngha
phngphpGMAW).HnMIGMAGvichuyndchxungcxpthnhnhmphng
phphnring,nhdanhlGMAWP.PhngphpMIGMAGdngxungccccim
uvitvlphngphptintinhnphngphpMIGMAGchoccngdngtrnnhm,
Inox,NickelvGMAWtngho.
cickiuchuyndchny,thitbhncnccccimring,cthcungcpdng
hn hai ngng , dngnn v dngnh vi tns v phn b thi gian c nh hochiu
chnhc(hnh44).
Trong chuyn dch xung , kim loi chuyn dch xung trong mtxung thi gian ngn vi dng
hnkhcaovnhpktipdyhnchnungnngqutrnhhnhthnhgitkimloilng
udyhnbtrhon.
Chuyndchxungchimuthtuytichoccngdnghntrnnhmtthnghchdo
vngtetithiu,ngusu,loitrnguycthiuchy,chngmp.Quantrngnht,kiu
chuyndchnydhiuchnhvchonngsutpkhcao.
CcthitbhnGMAWdngxungthnglloiinvertercctnh(CC)dngkhngic
tngiuchnhtnscaohn40khz.ctnhCVcangunhnthngthngkhngp
ngc.Ngoirasnghnvbcpdycnhiucitinpngyucuquntnhkhi
hiuchnhtccpdytnscao.Bcpdy4conlnvsnghncthitbkohtr
(pushpulltorche)lchnlathchhpnht.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
69
4.2.5.
Chuyn dch sc cng b mt Surface

Tension Transfer(STT)
Hnh45Ccgiaionchuyndchsccngbmt
Khcvichuyndchxungcthhiulchuyndchphunckimsot,chuyndchsc
cngbmt(vitttSTT)kimsotdnghnkhingnmchtcmcnnglngtt
hn,vlngkimloichuyndchnguhn.
c trng ca chuyn dch STT l : dng hn tc thi c iu chnh ph hp vi tng giai
oncaqutrnhngnmch(hnh45),vtccpdycgigitrcnhclpvi
dnghntcthi.
Cc giai on chuyn dch (T1 T2) dng hn ngng trung bnh tch git kim loi v t
nngudyhn.(T3T5)dnghngimxungbttcngcalccotht,saochosc
cngbmtchimuthkchthcgitkimloilnglnlnchonkhingnmch.(T5
T6)dnghntnglntngttchgitkimloi.Trongqutrnhthayidnghn,tc
cpdygitckhngi.
ChuyndchSTTthcchtlchuyndchngnmchckimsotnnrtphhpchocc
ngdnghncctthnghch,vngtetithiu,nnglnghncnkimsotchtch.
(hnthpHSLA,Duplex,hpkimbnnhit).
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
70
4.3.
Thit b hn
PhngphpGMAWcthvnhnhthcng(bntng)hoctng.Thitbcbngm
ccmounsau:
Sng hn ccc kiu thng, conglmngui bng kh hoc bng nc. C hoc khng
trangbmotorkodyph.
Bcpdy2conlnhoc4conlnvnhnhtheochtchng(hquangtiu
25
chnh)hocckimsotvixl(Thitbloisynergic )
B kim sot thng s hn gm b iu khin ng m van kh , hiu chnh in p ,
hiuchnhtccpdy,ngngtcccunkhng,vnhnhthitbgiinhit
BngunhnDCkiuthyristor,hocinvertercctnhCVhocCV/CCcngsutln
26
(thng>400A ).
Hthngcpkhbovgmbnhkh,vanlulngvbxngkh(nuhnCO2).
Gimangcundyhnhocthngchadyhn.
Hthngcablengun,cableiukhin,ngvvandnkh.
Hthnglmngui.
Hnh46SlpthitbMIGMAGloithngthngvsynergic
Chgiihnh46
ThitbMIGMAGloithng
(1)Xcnhtngiinphn
(1)Chththngsxclp(loidy,kh,ngknh
dy,cxunghockhng)
25
Thit b hn tin tin iu khin ng b cc thng s da trn chng trnh v gii thut (Master
Sleeve H dy & hc) ly tn hiu iu khin t hi tip thng s hn.
26
Loi cng sut nh <250A/350A ch thch hp hn CO2 trn thp b dy mng (<6mm)
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
71
(4) (2)Hiuchnhinphn(2)Chnhsbtccpdy
(5) (chthtrnmnhnh)
(6) (3)Tinhchnhinp
(3)Tinhchnhchiudih
quang
(7) (4)Hiuchnhtccpdy
(8) (5)ChthVvIkhihn
(9) (6)chnhnggitrV
(10) (7)chnhngdnghnthngquatccpdy
(8)Thmhocngtinkhngkhng
(11)
a Th hn vi trang b bo h
b Kh bo v
c Van chnh p v lu lng k
d Ngun s cp
e On/off
f - ng bao bo v mn rch
g Dy ni t v kp mass
h B cp dy
i Dy hn
j uc hn
k ng h ch th cc thng s hn
l Cun dy hn
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
72
4.3.1.
(1)
Thit b hn MIG MAG bn t ng
Snghnvcctrangbph
Hnh47Cutosnghn
Hnh47lcutrcinhnhcamtsnghnmigmag.Snghncnhiukiudngp
ng yu cu s dng, lm ngui bng kh hoc lm ngui bng nc. Sng hn lm ngui
bngkhccngsutn300Avbngncn600A.
Snghngmcctrangbsau:
a.
b.
c.
d.
ngtipin(contacttip),cchtobngnghochpkimngcmttrong
tipxcinttvidyhnvnivingunhnquacablednin.ngtipin
cnhdanhbngngknhldyhnchuiqua,saukhisdnglchuidys
bmnkhngcntipxcintt,cnphidoalisdngchongknhdyln
hn.Chtlngvdungsaikchthcdyhnkmsgytrngichoqutrnhhn
vphhngngtipinrtnhanh.
Mphun(nozzle)cnhimvhngdngkhbovvokhuvcvngchy.M
phunclmbnghpkimthaummtlpchrmechngcctiavngtobm
dnh.Khihncthbimtlpsiliconbov.Cnhiucmphunkhcnhau
thchhpvitngngdngcth.Clnthngdnghnphng,cnhdnghn
mihnvt,mihngcvtthnghch.
ngdndyhn(liner)thnglmtngrutgbngthpkhihnvidythp
cng,hocbngteflonkhihnnhmhocdythuc.
ngdnkhbov,ngdnnclmnguivcontact(On/Off)
Snghntiuchunthngcccdyvngdndi12ft.(3.7m).Khicnkodihnnn
dngbcpdytngoi.
Cccsnghntrangbthmmotorkodyphchyinhockhnn(pushpulltype)
hoccloicundyhncnhclpngaytrnsng.
(2)
Bcpdy.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
73
Bcpdyhn(wirefedder)lthitbquantrngnhtcatrangbhnGMAW.Bcpdy
ctrngbngccyutsau:
2conlnhoc4conln
Cbphnnndyhaykhng
Phmvitccpdy(minMax)
Phmviiuchnhtccpdyt75n1200ipm(1.930.5m/min.).
Gmccdygiihnnhsau:
LN7GMA*
75700ipm(1.9to18m/min.)
vLN9GMA/LN9FGMA
80980ipm(225m/min.).
LN25gmhaidyhiuchnh
50350ipm(1.28.9m/min.),
V50700ipm(1.2to17.8m/min.)
LN742
50770ipm(1.2519.5m/min.)
LN742H
801200ipm(2.0030.5m/min.).
(12) *CcbcpdycahngLincolnElectric
Hnh48BcpdyMIGMAGinhnh
(3)
Bhiuchnhccthngshn.
Bhiuchnhthngshncthlptrnbngunkthpvibiuchnhtxa,hoclp
trn b cpdy(c hockhng c biu chnh txa). Chc nng chnh ca b iu chnh
thngshnl:
Chnh(th/tinh)inphn
Chnhtccpdy
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
74
(4)
Tyloi,cthtrangbthmtimernhthikhihnim,Bngngtinkhng
27
(chuynthnMAGMAG),bnhthichovankhbov(pregas/postgas).
Vangimpvchnhlulngkhbov
Chailoivan,vandngchoargon/heliumvvandngchoCO2.LoidnhchoCO2thng
tchhpsnbxngkhbngin.Ngoirahnvikhtrncthdngvanargonhoc
vanCO2+btrnkh.
Trnvangimpclpsnbphnolulngkhthotra(nghkimhockiuvinbi
cholulngchnhxchn.
Khbovccptccbnhkhnnctrnsn.Trnccbnhkhthngsnccvch
muphnbitloivthnhkh.
(5)
Nguninhn.
Hn MIG MAG s dng ngun hn DCEP c c tnh CV. Ba nhm ngun hn chnh l
ngcmypht,BinthNninvInverter.
CcthitbtintinthngdngbnguninvertercctnhlaiCC/CV.Thitbloiny
ttin,chiphboquncaonnkhngphbinbngloibinpnnin(thyristor).
Hnh49sosnhdchchuynthngshngia
nguncctnhCCvCV
27
Tn ca b chuyn mch ny ty tng hng c th khc nhau V d nh burnback (On/Off),

MIG/MAG, Inductance (On/Off).
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
75
ctnhCVkthpvimotorcpdytchnggipchohquangtngduytrmt
inpvphmcngxcnhtrc.Hnh49sosnhccdchchuynthngshnkhi
hnvinguncctnhCCvCV;tathyngvimtVdothayichiudihquang,
th ngun CV c A ln hn lm tng gim nhanh tc chy ca dy hn b p cho
chiudihquanghn.
Hnh50minhhacacchtiuchnhchiudihquangkhihnGMAW
Hnh50MinhhatnhtiuchnhchiudyhquangkhihnMIGMAG
(6)
ThngsctrngcanguninhnGMAW.
Hnh51dcvtcngcothtkhichuyndchngnmch
ctnhCVlcnthitthitchoqutrnhtnghiuchnhcahquanghnmkhngcn
thayitccpdy.ctuynVIcngphng(nmngang)thnhyhiuchnhcng
cao.Tuynhin,khihnvichuyndchngnmch,dngngnmchtngnhanhngatr
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
76
caoslmdybn(burnback)thayvtchgitkimloilngudyincc.hnch
dngngnmch,ctuynVIcnmtdcnhtnh.
HaithngssaulctrngkthutcathitbhnGMAW:
a.
b.
in p v cc mc iu chnh. NguninhnGMAWgmnhiungng
inpOCVvidcctuynVIkhngi.mingngOCVtinhchnh
chnhinpbngdcctuynVIchiuqutiuchnhmongmun.
dc c tuyn V - I. cnhnghanhsau:
dc=Sgiainp/Sgiadngin
dccnvl(V/A)=Ohms.Nncthnidclintrtrongcangunin,ph
thucvocutrccangun(mcht,inkhngtonmch).Khihncnlulcctc
ngnintrringcamchhn(tipxcin,stptrndydn)ulmthayi
dcVIvtcngnquanhVIcahquang.
dcstcngndngngnmchvlccothttlvibnhphngdnginnnkhi
thayidcthgitrcalccothtthayinhanhhn(ngBhnh52).
Khihnvichuyndchngnmch,chngtacnkimsottttnsngnmchhnch
vngte,nhocchydy.unimtcunkhngvomchhnshnchtctng/
gimdngin,quakimsotctnsngnmch.
Khihnvichuyndchcuvchuyndchphun,cunkhngthngctchratng
hiuquiuchnhhquangvnnhkchthcccgitkimloinngchy.
Hnh52Tcngcadcngitrdngngnmch
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
77
ngknh
Dng
ngn
mch
in
mm
0.030
0.8
300
0.035
0.9
320
0.030
0.8
175
0.035
0.9
195
Dyhn
Thpcarbon
Hnh53Tcngcainkhnggimtctng
dngin
c.
in khng. Ctcngtrhonsbin
thindnginhnnhhnh53.
Nhm
Tr s dng ngn mch ca dy hn

thp&nhm
TronghnGMAW,ltngtcchnhtchccgit
kimloilngrakhiudyinccllccotht.Ccnhnttcngnlccothtc
tngkttrongbng22.
Bng22Ccnhnttcngnlccotht
Lccothttithiu
Lccothttia
inkhngtia
inkhngtithiu
1.ngusuhn
1. n nh h quang tt hn khi hn vi
chuyndchcu/phun
2.Vngchylonghn
3.Mihnphnghn
4.Bmtmihnminlnghn
2.Mihnmcaohn
3.Tngvngte
4.Bmtmihnthhn
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
78

Hnh54ThitbhnMIGMAGbntng
4.3.2.
Thit b hn MIG MAG t ng
HnMIGMAGlphngphphncthtnghaddngvvictnghamang
linhiuhiuqukinht.
tnghacnlucckhcbitvtrangbhncncsauy:
Snghnlloithng,cngsutcao,giinhitbngnc.
Dyhnvbcpdygntrctipvisnghn.
Biukhinlpringiukhinchungchobcpdy,nguninhnvccng
ctochuynng.
HnMIGMAGtngccccuhnhsau:
Khunggitochuynngtheohtaphng
Xevraytrt
Ccbgchuyndnghnngang,leo,hnng
Robothn
Thitbhntnghathngdngbngunsynergicvccchuynngcthchin
bngccservomotor,iukhinstheochngtrnh(CNC)hoctbm.Viclptrnhcc
chuynngtngiphctpnnccgiiphptnghnMIGMAGhnccng
hnngin(phng,thnghocccongxcnh)shiuquhn.ivicngvichn
cc mi hn phc tp, i hi eo bm rnh hn ; Cc thit b chuyn ng hot ng theo
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
79
nguynldy&hccuthhn.Ngoira,nginhavgimchiphut,ht
nghacgimsthiuchnh(thngquacamera/quanst)cpdngphbintrong
cngnghhn.
Hnh55ThitbhnMIGMAGtng(htaphng)
4.4. Cc nhn t nh hng n

cng ngh hn MIG - MAG
HainhntquantrngtcnglnnqutrnhvchtlnghnMIGMAGlkhbov
vdyhn.
4.4.1.
Kh bo v
(7)Tng quan.
Yucuchung,nhdanhphnnhmkhbovccpphn1.Chngnys
khostchitithnvnhhngcakhbovivihnMIGMAGvaraccthng
tincnthitchnlathnhphnkhbovphhp.
KhbovcccvaitrsautronghnMIGMAG.
nnhhquang
TcngnphngthcchuyndchkimloitronghquangMIGMAG
Thayinguvbindngtitdinhn
Tcngmnhntchn
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
80
Tnghocgimxuthchybin(undercut)
Tyschkimloivbmtmihn(vngte,nhnmnbmtmihn)
(8)c im ca Argon v Helium.
Argonvheliumulkhtr,songchngccimhnrtkhcnhaudoccctrng
sau.
Mt(khilngring)
dnnhit
ctrnghquang(nhit,thionha,dnin)
Argonnnghnkhngkhc1.4lntrongkhiheliumrtnh(0.14%sovikhngkh)nn
hiuqubovcaargontthn,lulngcnthitthn.Lungheliumdngchobov
thngcaogp2hoc3lnsovikhargon.
Heliumdnnhittthnargonvplasmahquangcnnglngphntnnguvtri
rnghnargon.
Plasmahquangargoncnnglngnhittptrungphnliphnbaongoinhitthp
nntitdinmihnbovbngargoncdngnmvnsuvobmtchitithn.
Plasma hquang heliumc mt phn b nhit tng i u nn tit din c dng na
ellip,bnnguytngucnhnvobmtchitithn.(hnh53).
nguvhnhdngtitdinhncnhhnglnncutrcluynkimmihn,kh
nngthotkh,tcnguivbindnghn.(cbitlkhihntrnthpHSLAvthp
hpkim).
Bng23litkccthnhphnkhhnvngdnginhnh.
Hnh56nhhngcakhbovlntitdinmihn
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
81
Bng23Thnhphnkhbovvngdng
Khbov
cim
ngdng
Argon
Tr
Hn MIG trn hu ht cc kim loi , khng tt khi hn

trnthp
Helium
Tr
Hn hp kim nhm , magnesium, v ng cho nng

lngnhitcao,gimbtkhtrongmihn.
Ar+2080%He
Tr
Nhtrnsongchquangnnhvtnhnnghntt
hn
Cungcpnhithquangcaonht,Thchhpkhihn
ngvhpkimng.
Nh trn song c h quang n nh v c tnh hn tt

hn
Ar+12%O2
Oxyhanh
Hntrnthphpkim,thpinox,hpkimng,nickel.
Ar+35%O2
Oxyha
HnthpcarbonvthpHSLA
CO2
Oxy
mnh
Ar+2050%CO2
Oxyha
Nitrogen
Ar+2530%N2
ha
HnthpcarbonvthpHSLA
Hn thp carbon thp HSLA vi ch ngn mch tt
hnsovi100%CO2
Ar+10%CO2+5%O2 Oxidizing
Nhtrn(dpngquiphmhnchuu)
CO2+20%O2
Hntrnccloithp(quiphmhnNht)
Oxyha
90% He + 7.5% Ar +
Oxyhanh
2.5%CO2
Hntrnthpinoxvichuyndchngnmch,hnch
tiavngte
60%to70%He+25to
Oxyha
35%Ar+4to5%CO2
Hn thp HSLA yu cu dai, chng mi vi chuyn

dchngnmch.
Bng24aracchngdnchnkhbovkhihntrnccvtliuthngdng
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
82
Bng24Hngdnchnkhbov(hnMIG)
Kimloi
Khbov
uim
Argon
Cthhntrnchititdyn25mm,Hquangn
nh,tvngtochuyndchphun
Nhm v hp
35%Ar+65%He
kimnhm
Magnesium
Hn chi tit dy (25 76 mm), nng lng hn cao,

tng cng tnh chy long ca vng chy khi hn
trn hp kim nhm ng tu 5XXX (Hp kim Al
Mg).
25%Ar+75%He
Chi tit dy trn 76 mm, nng lng hn cao , mi

hnstchtloitrnguycbtkh.
Argon
Hiuqulmschtuytho
Argon+15%oxy
Tng cng n nh h quang, vng chy long d

kimsot,mihnsngp,loitrchybin,cho
phpvitccaohnsoviargon100%.
Thpcarbon
Bin dng tit din hn p, vng te ti thiu, loi
Argon+310%CO2 trnguycthiuchy,chngmp.Nhcim:Ch
pdngtthphngvgcngang.
ThpHSLA
Argon+2%oxy
Loitrchybin(undercut),mihncdaith
vacao.Chumitt.
Argon+1%oxy
Tng cng n nh h quang, mi hn chy long

tt,dkimsot,bmtsngp,bindngphng
u.Loitrchybinkhihntrnchititdy.
Argon+2%oxy
Nhtrnsonghquangnnhvsngmihn
phn
Thpinox
bmdnhtt,gimchylongkhihnchitit
Argon
ng, nickel v
dytrn3mm.
hp kim nickel
Argon + helium Tngnnglnghn(5075%He)vphnbnhit
(inconel,conel)
(Nit28)
tthnkhihnchititdy.
Titan
28
Argon
nnhhquangtt,mihnschkhngnhimtp
kh. Cn bo v mt lng (backing) v mi hn
(trailer)bngkhtr.
Ty qui phm hn (Qui phm chu u cho php trn N it n 30%)
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
83
btccngnothhquangargonvncinpthphnsovihquanghelium;
ktqulhquangargoncnhykmhnnnchynnhhn.
Khargonchochuyndchphunvicgitcunhvuhnkhhelium,dovykhihn
viheliumnguycvngtecaohn.
Khargonchomihnpbindngu,khheliumchomihnrngbindngkhngu.
Khargonchiungtyschcaohnkhhelium.
(9) Kh trn Argon v Helium.
Khargon100%lchnlacathchkhihntrnkimloi,hpkimmudokhhelium
cgithnhtngicaovkhkim.Khhelium100%rttsdng.Victrnheliumvo
argonvimttlnhtnhlgiiphptchcccithinnnglnghnvtitdinmi
hn.KhihnMIGtrnchititdysdnghnhpArgonHeliumschiuquhncao
hn.
cchuyndchngnmchkhihnMIGthtlheliumtrnvokhargonphimcrt
cao(6090%)nnkhnngnykhngthct.
KhihnMIGMAGtrnthpvthphpkim,victhaymtphnCO2bngheliumvalm
tng tnh hn va hn ch tn tht v mt c tnh do helium c tc ng ging CO2 song
khngthamgiaphnngvivngchy.
(10)
Kh trn Argon/helium vi Oxy v CO2 .
Argon v helium c dng trong phng php hn MIG , thch hp vi hu ht cc ng

dngtrnhpkimmu.Tuynhin,khihntrnthp,khheliumlmtnglngvngte,
trongkhikhargonlmchotnhtrngchybinmihnrtnghimtrng.khcphccn
thm vo argon 1 n 5% Oxy hoc 3 n 10% CO2 . Khi tnh tr ca kh bo v vn
khngmtvqutrnhhnccithinrtnhiu.LngCO2thmvocthn25%.V
mcchlcnylcithintitdinhnsaochoncdngparabollmchoqutrnhhnh
thnhmihncnhiuyutthunlihn;vdnhthotkh,tnnhittthn,bindng
nhit,ngsutdthn.
CuhitralliucmttltiunovlungOxyhocCO2thmvoargontng
cngtnhhn.Cckhostchothy,tythucvothnhphnthp,tnhtrngoxtbmt
(millscale),kiuminivtthhnmlngyucucckhoxyhanhiuhayt.Thng
thng,khngqu3%oxyhoc9%CO2.
(11)
CO2 hn MAG.
KhCO2cgilkhhothavkhihnthpvikhbovgiuCO2ccphnngoxy
hakhvivngchyhndinrartmnh.Ccphnngnylmtngngu,tngtc
vcbitgimgithnhhnvkhCO2cnguncungcpdido,githnhh.Phng
phpGMAWdngkhbov100%CO2hocchahn20%CO2cgilphngphp
hnMAG.Phngphpdng100%CO2gilphngphphnCO2.
Vikhbov100%CO2,chtntikiuchuyndchngnmchvchuyndchcu.Trong
khi kh bo v 100% Argon ch c chuyn dch cuv chuyndch phun. Dovy c th ni,
chuyndchngnmchlctrngcakhbovctnhoxyhacaocnchuyndchphun
lctrngcakhtr.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
84
Nhnchungthsosnhvikhbovgiuargon,cckhctnhoxyhacaochomihnc
ngutthnsongbmtthhn.Mihnstcht,trkhsongdodaikhngcaokhi
kimloihnboxthamnh.
(12)
Chn la kh bo v
Bng25diycngvibng23,24lcchngdncnthamkhokhichnkhbov
choccngdnghnMIGMAG.
Bng25ChnkhbovkhihnMAG
Kimloi
Khbov
cim
CO2
pdngchobdynhhn3mm.Tchn
tngcaohnchtithiunguycchythng,
bindng,vngtenhiu.
75%Ar+25%CO2
p dng cho b dy ln hn 3mm, gim vng

te,mihnschp,vngchydkimsot
thch hp vi cc t th hn nghch. ngu
suvtchncao.
Thp
carbon
Thpinox
90%He+7.5%Ar+2.5%CO2
(MIG)
6070%He+2535%Ar+45%
CO2
Thp
HSLA
(MIG)
75%Ar+25%CO2
Nhm,
hp kim Argon
nhm
,
Hocargon+helium
maggi,
(MIG)
ng
Nickel
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
Khp6ng lm tn tht tnh chng n mn ca

mi hn, vng nh hng nhit hp. Loi tr
chybinvtithiubindnghn.
Gim oxt ha song vn bo m cc c tnh
hn,chodaittnht.nnhh quangv
bm dnh tt. Mi hn c tit din ti u ,
vngtetithiu.
dai tng i cao, n nh h quang,
bmdnhtt.Titdinhnpvtvngte.
Argon thich hp vi b dy mng, Argon +

heliumivibdydy.
85
4.4.2.
(13)
Dy hn
Tng quan
Chndyhnchongdngcnbom:
Mihntnhclphhpvikimloicbn.
Mihnchc,ptnguyckhuyttt.
DohnMIGMAGlqutrnhhnbovbngkh,nnthnhphnhpkimcadyhnc
vaitrquantrngiviqutrnhluynkimkhihnhthnhmihnvtnhchtclmi
hnkhisdng.
Ngay c khi dng dy p c thnh phn ging ht kim loi chi tit , th tri qua qu trnh
luynkimhn,chachccccutrckimloitrongmihnpngccctnhchtcl
mmihncnphic.
Khichndyhncnquantm:
Thnhphnhohccadyhncbomtnhhnttnht.cbitcccnguyn
thnchntnng,mnht,tngtcntibomctnhmihnbng
hoctthnkimloichitit.
Dyhncchnbomhnchtiaccnguycgyrakhuyttthnvccc
thngscngnghnhtcchy,nngsutpphhpvingdng.
(14)
Thnh phn ha hc.
Dyhncphncpchtlngdatrnccchtiusau:
Thnhphnhahc
bnko
do
daithva
Dyhncnbomcctnhchtnnhhquang(dnintthayikhinhittng,
intrtipxcvingtipintt),cccimchuyndch(tpchtbayhi,sccngb
mt git kim loi nng chy) v qu trnh kt tinh mi hn (cc nguyn t lm mn ht, cc
nguyn t ngn chn hnh thnh cc cu trc pha bt li, gim n ti). Ngoi ra cc
nguyn t kh oxt, lu hunh (manggan, silic) cc nguyn t kh nitride (titan, ziconium)
cngmcphhp.
Ccnguyntkhoxttrongdyhnthp:(manggan,silic,nhm).Trongdyhnhpkim
ng(titan,phospho),trongdynickel(titan,silic)
Hplnhtldatrncctiliuhngdncanhcungcpchndyhnthchhp,
sauthcnghimquitrnhvoccchtiuxcnhntnhphhp.(bng26).
(15)
Hnh thc.
Vmthnhthc,dyhncnhthnhcuncccctrnglngvngknhkhc
nhau.Dycphmtlpnghocnickelchnggst.Cchngkhcnhaucthc
bdylpm,dungsaingknhdy,chnguncadykhcnhau.Cckhcbitny
tuynhrtkhphnbitsongsnhhnglnnchtlngqutrnhhn.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
86
Bng26Ccdyhnthngdng(kimloimu)
Phncp ngknhcsn
dy theo
Cpdyhn
in.
mm
AWS
1100
ER1100/ER4043
0.8
3003,3004
ER1100/ER5356
1.2
Nhm v hp 5052,5454
ER5554, ER5356,
A5.10
1.6
kimnhm
ER5183
2.4
5083,5086,5456
ER5556 / ER5356
3.2
6061,6063
ER4043/ER5356
ERAZ61A,
ERAZ92A
ERAZ61A,
AZ10A
ERAZ92A
AZ31B,AZ61A,
ERAZ61A,
AZ80
ERAZ92A
1.0
AZE10
ERAZ61A,
1.2
Hp
kim AZK21A
ERAZ92A
A5.19
1.6
maggnesium AZ63A,
AZ81A
ERAZ61A,
2.4
AZ91C
ERAZ92A
3.2
AZ92A, AM100A
HK31A, HM21A
ERAZ92A
HM31A
ERAZ92A
LA141A
EREZ33A
EREZ33A
ng (CuSi)
ERCuSiA
ng
0.9
ERCu
ng v hp ng nickel (Cu
1.2
ERCuNi
A5.7
kimng
Ni) ng k thut
1.6
ERCuAlAl, A2or
in
ng
2.4
A3ERCuSnA
phospho
0.5
0.8
Nickel v hp Monel , Alloy 400 ERNiCu7
A5.14
0.9
kimnickel
InconelAlloy600 ERNiCrFe5
1.2
1.6
ERTi0.2Pd
Titannguyncht
0.8
Titan v hp
ERTi5Al2.5Sn
Ti0.15Pd
A5.16
0.9
kimtitan.
Hoc dy titan
Ti5Al2.5Sn
1.2
nguyncht
Dyhn
Kim loi chi
tit
Phncpvtliu
Dng hn
ngdng
50175
90250
160350
225400
350475
150300
160320
210400
3205 10
400600
150300
200400
250450
350550
100160
150260
100400
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
87
Bng27Ccdyhnthngdng(thpvthphpkim)
201
301,302,
304,&308
Thp inox , 304L
austenite
310
316
321
347
ER308
ER308
ER308L
ER310
ER316
ER321
ER347
A5.9
Thpcnnng
ER70S3 / ER70Sl
hoccnngui,
Thpthng
ER70S2, ER70S4 A5.18
thp
carbon
ER70S5,ER70S6
thng
Thpbncao
Thp bn
Thpcarboncao
cao
HSLA
ER80SD2
ER80SNi1
ERIOOSG
A5.28
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.2
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.3
1.6
2.0
2.4
3.2
0.9
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
3.2
4.0
75150
100160
140310
280450
40220 60
280 125
380 260
460 275
450
60280
125380
275450
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
88
4.5. Cng ngh hn MIG - MAG.

KhihnMIGMAGbayutsaunhhnglnnchtlngqutrnhhn:
Myhnvcctrangbphtr
Khbov(kiuchuyndchkimloi)
Dyhn(ngknh)
4.5.1.
Chn thit b
Thitbvcctrangbcnchnlaphhpviccngdngcth.Ccctrngcnquan
tmlCngsut,ctnhVIcathitb,khongiuchnhtccpdyphipng
cyucungdng.cbitcnchnsnghnphhpvitthhnvkiuchuyn
dchmongmun.
Thctchngtactchichncthitbviccyucutnhtrc,songhontonc
thlpcmtdanhmckimtranhgimcphhpcathitbsoviyucu
ngdng.
4.5.2.
Kh bo v & kiu chuyn dch.
Cndavoccyucunhtitdinhn(ngu,brng,mcao),lngvngte
chophp,dychitit,yucuctnh,tthhnchnkiuchuyndchvkhbov
phhpphhp.
Thit k hnh hc, c tnh v cng ngh. Khitnhtonthitkquitrnhhn,
chngtabittrckiumighphn,tththchin,kchthcmihn.Thng
quaclngcslpvnngsutpcnthitchndyhnvng
knhdyphhp.Tythuctth,iukinthicngkiuchuyndchcxc
nhvquanhgictnhmihnloi/thnhphnkhbovcxcnh.
Kim sot thng s cng ngh. Bitcmitrngbov,kiuchuyndch
vloidyptaxcnhctcchyvtccpdycnthit.ngthi
mcinpvcngdnghncngcxcnh.Xcnhtchn(tc
dchchuynhquang)nhvonngsutpvtitdinlpp.ny,nng
lnghn,ccyutcngnghcxcnh,bcktiplthcnghimxc
nhnvngkimquitrnhnucn.
Hnh thc, cht lng b mt mi hn. Dngvbnngoicamihntuy
khngphilyutquantrng,songkhihntrnhpkimmunhnhm,ng,
thpinoxthmuscvchtlngbmt,vngtecnglccyutcnquan
tmkhichnkhbovvdyp.
a.
b.
c.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
89
4.5.3.
Chn dy hn
Dyhnphitngthchvivtliuhnvmtclvphhpvingdngvmtcng
ngh.(bng26,27).
Ccthngscngngh.Baogmccthngtinsau:
Nngsutplmcschovicxcnhtchn.
Tccpdytnhtonphmvicnghn
Kiuchuiyndchxcnhinphquang
nhhiuchnhthngshn
Nng sut p. llngkimloipctrongmtnvthigian.Nngsutp

phthucvongknhdy,tcchycady,vkiuchuyndchkimloi(khbo
v,phmvihiuchnhthngshn).Hnh58hnh??
Tchnsxcnhdavonngsutpvtitdinlphn.
VdxcnhccthngscngnghhnMIGMAG
(1)
DyER70S2
1.2
98%Ar+2%O2
in p h quang (V)
Hnh57CchxcnhccthngshnMIGMAG
Chuyn dch phun
Chuyn dch cu
Tc cp dy (m/Pht)
Nng sut p (Kg/h)
Cng hn (A)
Tsthcnghimxcnhquanhthngshnvkiuchuyndch(phlc)Xcnh
ccdy,cng,inphntngng.Tscngvtcchytnhc
nngsutp.
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
90
Hnh58ctnhchuyndchkimloidyhnER70S2(98%Ar+2%O2/CO2)
DyER70S2
1.2
98%Ar+2%O2
in p hn (V)
Chuyn dch phun
Chuyn dch cu
in p hn (V)
Cng hn (A)
Chuyn dch
cu
Chuyn dch
H quang ngn
DyER70S2
1.2
100%CO2
Chuyn dch
Ngn mch
Cng hn (A)
(13) Khihnvikhtrn98%Ar+2%O2chchaikiuchuyndchCuvphun
(14) KhihnviCO2cbakiuNgnmch,cuvchuyndchhquangngn(shortarc)
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
91
DyER70S3
in p hn (V)
Hnh59ctnhchuyndchdyhnER70S3/ER70S4
Chuyn dch
cu
Chuyn dch
H quang
ngn
Chuyn dch
Ngn mch
1.2
100%CO2
Cung A
DyER70S4
1.2
100%CO2
in p hn (V)
Chuyn dch
cu
Chuyn dch
H quang
ngn
Chuyn dch
Ngn mch
Cung A
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
92
Hnh60ctnhchuyndchkimloidyER70S6vdythpHSLAER110S
DyER70S6
1.2
100%CO2
in p hn (V)
Chuyn dch
H quang ngn
Chuyn dch
cu
Chuyn dch
Ngn mch
Cung A
in p hn (V)
DyER110S
1.2
98%Ar+
2%CO2
Chuyn dch
Phun
Chuyn dch
cu
Cung A
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
93
(2)
Vai tr ca nh . Khihnnukhongcchtungtipxcnchitithn
tng/gimslmnhtng/gimtheo.nhctcnglnnquanhtcchy
cngdngin.Khinhtng,nghsgccangchytngv
ngucli.(hnh61,62).Khinngsutptnglnthtchncngtngtheoktqul
nnglnghngimxung.
Hnh61Cchxcnhnh(ESO)
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
94
Hnh62ngcongchydyhnER70Sx
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
95
4.6.
K thut hn MIG MAG
HnMIGMAGkhngyucutaynghthcaolm,songyucunmvngkinthcca
qutrnhhnvhiuchnhmy.Bng28diylkinhnghimxlcctrctrcthng
gptrongqutrnhhn.
Bng28KhcphccctrctrckhihnMIGMAG
Khuyet tat
Nguyen nhan
Cha m Gas
Het Gas
Sai cc tnh
Kho moi ho quang

Noi ien hoac Mass khong tot
Mach ieu khien hong
Banh xe cap day khong ung
c
Banh xe ep day khong u ap
lc
Banh xe ep day cang qua
Toc o cap day qua cham
Contact tube b mon , dnh
Phong ho quang trong contact
Chay day (Burntube
backs ) va ho quang
ien ap nguon khong on nh
that thng
Sai cc tnh
Ro kh
Giai phap
Kiem tra van kh.
Thay bnh kh mi.
Cc tnh phai la DCEP
(Electrode +, Chi tiet -).
Kiem tra mass.
Kiem tra mach ieu khien , thay cac
linh kien b hong
Kiem tra c banh xe cap day va hieu
chnh ap lc cho ung
Tang ap lc
Giam ap lc
Tang toc o cap day
Lam s ch hoac thay contact tube mi
Lam sach hoac thay contact tube mi
Kiem tra ien ap cung cap

Kiem tra cc tnh la DCEP
(Day han +, Chi tiet -).
Sung han b nong
Thay sung co cong suat ln hn
(Hau het sung co dong ln hn 200
amps phai lam nguoi bang nc).
Kiem tra he thong nc lam nguoi
Bo loc hoac nguon cap nc
Ong dan day b d hoac mon
Thay ong dan day .
B nhot khi do dong kh bao ve ieu chnh lu lng kh cho phu hp
b roi
vi c mo phun
B nhot kh do dong han qua
Giam dong han hoac toc o han
cao
Day han b dnh dau hoac ban Bao quan day ni kho rao khong b
nhiem ban , dau
Ch m bao b khi s dung
Bao che cuon day lap tren may , hoac
thao ra bao kn e bao quan neu
khong tiep tuc dung en trong thi
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
96
gian dai
Neu day han b d , r set nhieu th
Banh xe cap day b ban
loai bo cac b ban s dung phan con
Ong dan day b ban
lai
Kh bao ve b am
Ra sach va lam kho rao cac banh xe
Thay ong dan mi
Kiem tra iem sng (dewpoint) cua
kh bao ve
Mach nc lam nguoi sung han Khong dung cac chai kh co iem
b ro
sng tren -400F .
Chi tiet b dnh dau
Sa cha sung han
Vang toe t vung han qua nhieu Ra sach bang dung moi va chay sach
Toc o nguoi moi han qua ln bang ban chai Inox
Hieu chnh cac thong so nham giam
Banh xe e day b trt
vang toe
Tang dong han hoac giam toc o han
Ong dan day han bi be gap
Neu can nung nong s bo chi tiet han
Tang lc e day hoac thay banh xe
mi hoac kch c khac
Thay oi v tr bo tr may tranh tnh
trang ong dan day b gap
Khong u kh bao ve
ieu chnh cho mo phun gan chi tiet
hn
Tang lu lng kh bao ve
ieu chnh goc o han
Kiem tra sung xem co b ro kh hoac
nc lam nguoi
Moii han b ban
Tang cng bao ve vung han bang cac
thiet b phu tr
inh tam lai Contact tube
Day han b ban
Thay mo phun ln hn
Chi tiet han b ban
(Xem muc tren).
(Xem muc tren).
Day han khong ung loai
Thay loai day han phu hp
Thiet ke moi han khong ung Kiem tra lai cac thong so chuan b moi
han (Khe h , be day chan , goc vat )
Nt nong chan chim Ga kep khong ung
Thay cac ga kep chong bien dang
(Hot short cracking)
bang bien phap chnh sai trc khi
Toc o han cham qua
han
Ky thuat han khong ung
Tang toc o han
Thay oi goc han hoac toc o ap
Nt uoi la
Ket thuc han khong ung ky
Han ngc lai mot chut khi ket thuc
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
97
(Crater cracks)
thuat
moi han
Han nhanh oan cuoi e co vung
han nho hn
Dung cac tam ga ( runoff tabs ) khi
khi au va ket thuc moi han
Chuan b moi han sai
Kiem tra kch thc chuan b
Han nhanh qua
Giam toc o han
Khong u ngau
Dong han qua thap
Tang dong han
Ho quang qua dai
Giam chieu dai ho quang
Goc han khong ung
Hieu chnh lai goc han
Chuan b moi han sai
Kiem tra khe h , be day chan , goc
Khong u chay
Ho quang qua dai
vat Giam chieu dai ho quang
Moi ghep bi ban
Tay sach moi ghep
C day cung cap khong u ln Kiem tra va thay the c phu hp
Cac cho noi day b long
Kiem tra va siet chat
Day cap nguon han
Day cap nguon qua dai
Kiem tra va dung c day phu hp
qua nong
Lam nguoi khong u
Tang lu lng nc lam nguoi
Kiem tra s ro r tren mach nc lam
nguoi
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
98
Bng29HngdnhiuchnhccthngskhihnMIGMAG
Tham so
Hieu chnh
ien
ap
Dong han *
Toc o
han
Goc han
ESO
C day
Kh bao
ve
Ngau can hn
Chieu cao & be rong

moi han
Ngau sau hn
Han
thuan
Max 25 o
Tang
Han
ngc
Rong hn
Tang
Hep hn
Giam
Phang &
rong hn
Giam
Giam
Cao &
hep hn
Tang
Ln hn
CO2
Ar +
CO2
Tang a
Giam a
Tang
Han
thuan
2
Han
ngc
Hoac 90
Tang
Nho hn
Giam
2
Giam
Tang
Giam
Tang nang suat

ap
Tang
Tang a
Giam nang suat

ap
Giam
Giam a
Nho hn
Ln hn
1,2,3,4,5 : Th t u tien khi hieu chnh ( Vai tro quan trong cua tham so )
* Chnh thong qua toc o cap day
a Hieu chnh ong bo vi toc o cap day e bao am dong han
Hiu nh 9/10/2008
99

ArcWelding - KTHTTpart2

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CC PHNG PHP HN H QUANG

Khi qut v h thng phn loi cc phng php hn.

1. Phn loi cc phng php hn .................................................................... 2

Phn loi cc phng

nh danh cc phng php hn

nh danh cc phng php hn theo EN

Hn h quang vi que c thuc bc.

Hn bng dy c li thuc (Flux cored wire)

H quang kim loi mi trng bo v bng x

Hn h quang kim loi que trn.

Hn nhit ha (Thermit welding)

Hn MIG (h quang kim loi bo v bng kh

Hn bng chm bc x nng lng cao

H quang c bo v bng kh.

H quang in cc khng nng chy, bo v

Hn bng h quang phn x (Arc image

H quang tungsten tng cng bng kh

Hn bng ngun hng ngoi (Infrared

Cc phng php h quang khc

Hn bng chm tia electron (Electron beam

Hn cng (Percussion welding)

Hn cy goujong (Stud welding)

Hn cy h quang (Arc stud welding)

Hn cy in tr (Resistance stud welding)

Hn TIG (h quang tungsten bo v bng kh

Cc phng php hn in tr khc

Hn tip xc bng ngun cao tng HF

Phng php Oxy kh nhin liu

Phng php Khng kh kh nhin liu

Hn bng nng lng va p

Trch t tiu chun BS EN ISO 4063

Phng php 111

Phng php hn MAG dy li thuc khng dng kh bo v

Phng php 114

Phng php hn h quang chm (SAW)

Phng php 121

Phng php hn h quang chm vi in cc tm

Phng php 122

Phng php hn MIG bn t ng dy rn

Phng php 131

Phng php hn MIG dng xung dy rn

Phng php 131

Phng php hn MAG bn t ng dy rn (GMAW)

Phng php 135

Phng php hn MAG dy li thuc c kh bo v (FCAW)

Phng php 136

Phng php hn TIG (GTAW)

Phng php 141

Phng php hn TIG bng b g "qu o (Orbital)"

Phng php 141

Phng php hn TIG hai ngun nhit

Phng php 141

Phng php A-TIG (hn TIG c cht tr dung)

Phng php 141

Phng php hn Plasma (PAW)

Phng php hn Micro-Plasma

Phng php hn in x (Electro Slag Welding)

Phng php hn in kh (Electro - Gas Welding)

Phng php hn cy (goujons)

Phng php 781

Phng php hn im tip xc

Phng php hn tip xc in cc dp ni

Phng php hn cng (Upset Welding)