Introduction To Voice and Telephone Technology

401
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1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Introduction to Voice and

Telephone Technology
Session 401
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Cisco Systems Confidential
Voice Is Not A Network
Voice is an Application
Complete understanding of Voice
Application fundamentals helps us to
design and build better Networks
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Objective
To Prepare the Data

Communications Professional
for Voice and Data Network
Integration by Providing Voice
Technology Fundamentals
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Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony
Basic Digital Telephony
Voice Coding and Compression
Techniques
Voice Transport and Delay
Supplemental Slides: Digital Voice
Signaling Techniques
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Telephony Equipment
Telephone set
Key system
Optimizes use of telephone sets to lines
Mechanical to electronic
Two to ten telephone handsets is typical
PBX (Private Branch Exchange)

Advanced features and call routing
Tens to hundreds of telephone handsets
Central office switch

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Analog Telephony
Connection Basics
Tip
Ring
Sleeve
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Basic Call Progress: On-Hook
Telephone
Switch
Local
Loop
Local
Loop
DC Voltage
Open Circuit
No Current Flow
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Basic Call Progress: Off-Hook

Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit
DC Current
Dial Tone
Telephone
Switch
Local
Loop
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Local
Loop
Basic Call Progress: Dialing

Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit Dialed Digits
Pulses or
Tones
DC Current
Telephone
Switch
Local
Loop
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Basic Call Progress: Switching

Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit
Telephone
Switch
DC Current
Local
Loop
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Address
to
Port
Translation
Local
Loop
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Basic Call Progress: Ringing

Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit
Ring Back
Tone
DC Current
Local
Loop
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DC Open Cct.
Ringing Tone
Telephone
Switch
Local
Loop
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Basic Call Progress: Talking

Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit
Voice Energy
DC Current
Telephone
Switch
Voice Energy
DC Current
Local
Loop
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Local
Loop
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Analog TelephonySignaling
Supervisory
Addressing
Call progress
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Analog Telephony
Supervisory Signaling
Switch
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Switch
Loop start
Ground start
Almost all
telephones
Switch Trunk
Lines
Current flow
sensed
Momentary
ground ring lead
15
Loop Start
Station
PBX or Central Office

Loop
(Local or Station)
DC Current
Ringing
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AC
Switch
Switch
Switch
16
E&M Signaling
PBXs, switches
Separate signaling leads for each direction
E-Lead (inbound direction)
M-Lead (outbound direction)
Allows independent signaling
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State
E-Lead
M-Lead
On-Hook
Open
Ground
Off-Hook
Ground
Battery Voltage
17
Signaling and Addressing
Dial Pulse
DTMF
Analog Transmission
In-Band Signaling
09, *, # (12 Digits)
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ISDN
Digital Transmission
Out-of-Band
Message-Based
Signaling
18
Pulse Dialing
Off-Hook
Dialing
Inter-Digit
Next Digit
Make
(Circuit Closed)
Break
(Circuit Open)
700 ms
US:60/40 Break/Make
Pulse Period
(100 ms)
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Tone Dialing
Dual Tone Multifrequency (DTMF)
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1209
1336
1477
1633
697
770
852
941
20
10
Voice Channel Bandwidth

Voice Channel
Voice Signal
Output
Voltage
or Energy
.2
Tone Dialing
Signals
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Frequency
(K-Hertz)
Systems Control
Signals
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Switching Systems
Manual ControlSwitch/Cord Boards
Off-Hook Indicator
Tip
Ring
Patch Cord
Pairs
Manual Ring
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11
Local Access Network

Feeder Route Boundary
Central
Office
40,000 to
50,000 Lines
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Serving
Area
Boundary
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PSTN Network Hierarchy

1
Class Name
2
4C
4P
4C
4C
4X
4P
4P
5R
5R
4X
Regional Center
Sectional Center
Primary Center
4C
Toll Center
4P
Toll Point
4X
Interm. Point
End Office
5R
EO w/ RSU
Remote Sw. Unit
R
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12
Types of Voice Circuits

Serving Area
415-NXX-XXX
415-577-3800
Serving Area
510-NXX-XXX
Class 5
Class 5
Switch
Switch
OPX
Off-Premises
Ext.
415-577-3801
510-655-1400
FX
Foreign Exchange
ARD
Auto Ring Down
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Echo in Voice Networks

Talker
Listener
Delay
Talker Echo
Listener Echo
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13
Normal Signal Flow

Two-Wire
Local Loop
Central Office
Receive
Direction
2w-4w
Hybrid
Transmit
Direction
Two- to four-wire hybrid combines

receive-and transmit-signals over
the same pair
Two-wire impedance must match
four-wire impedance
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How Does Echo Happen?

Echo Is Due to a Reflection
Echo Is Experienced here
Transmit
Direction
Impedance Mismatch is here
2w-4w
Hybrid
2w-4w
Hybrid
Central Office
Central Office
Reflected
Signal
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Receive
Direction
Impedance Mismatch at the 2w-4w Hybrid

Is the Most Common Reason for Echo
28
14
Echo Is Always Present

Echo as a Problem Is a Function
of the Echo Delay, and the
Magnitude of the Echo
Echo Is Unnoticeable
(dB)
Echo Path Loss
Echo Is a Problem
Echo Path Delay (ms)

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Ways to Defeat Echo

Increase the loss in the echo path
Can often be the solution
Disadvantage: static setting and reduces
the signal strength of the speaker
Echo suppresser
Acts like a noise gate, effectively
making communications half-duplex
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Echo Canceler
Most Effective Means for Removing Echo
Echo Cancelled
Here
Voice Endpoint
E/C
Received
Voice
Signal
+
Echo Canceler
Block Diagram
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Adaptive
Filter
31
Summary
Information exchange based on

voltage, current flow, grounding,
and so on
Analog voice technology dates
back to the late 1800s
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16
Agenda
Techniques
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Digital Telephony
Digital Trunking
Switch
Switch
Analog Loop
Digital Network
Switch
POTS
A to D
Conversion
Digital Loop Digital Network

Switch
ISDN
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Digital Telephony
Pulse Code ModulationNyquist Theorem
Voice Bandwidth =
200 Hz to 3400 Hz
Analog Audio Source
Sampling Stage
= Sample
Codec Technique
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8 bits per sample

8 kHz (8,000 Samples/Sec)
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Pulse Code Modulation

Analog to Digital Conversion
Quantizing Noise
ALaw (Europe)
10010011011
Stage 1
Law (USA)
Quantizing Stage
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18
Time Division Multiplexer

Example: T1 Channel Bank
INPUTS
OUTPUT
8,000 Frames per Second
(1 Frame per 125 s)
Analog or Digital
Interface Cards
Ch. 1
Ch. 2
Ch. 3
Ch. 4
Ch. 5
Ch. 6
Framing
Bit
(8000 per Second)
Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 3
Ch 4 Ch 5
Ch 6
Next Frame
Framing
Bit
Ch 24
Chs 7-23
Ch 1, etc
T1
Multiplexer
Chs.
7-23
64 kbps x 24 = 1.536 Mbps

Add Framing Bits = 8 Kbps
Total Bit Rate: 1.544 Mbps
Ch. 24
Each Input
Represents
64 kbps
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Eight Bits from

Each Channel Input
In Sequential Order
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DS1 Superframe (D4) Format

193rd bit of each
frame used for
frame synchronization
D4 framing is 12
frames
D4 framing pattern is:
100011011100
Channel Associated
Signaling (CAS) robs
the LSB of every byte
in frames 6 and 12 for
AB bits
Framing
Bits
Frame
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Framing Bit
Value
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
Bit Use in Each Channel

Time Slot
SignalingBit
Use Options
Traffic
Signaling
Bits 17
Bit 8
Bits 17
Bit 8
Common Channel
Signaling (ISDN)
uses TS 24
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Extended Superframe (ESF)

S Bits
Frame
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
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Bit Use in Each Channel

Time Slot
Fe
DL
BC
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
SignalingBit
Use Options
Traffic
Signaling
16
Bits 17
Bit 8
Bits 17
Bit 8
Bits 17
Bit 8
Bits 17
Bit 8
D
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Digital Signaling Schemes

Channel Associated Signaling
Extended Superframe
In-Band Audio
Address Signaling
(DTMF)
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Bit
A
B
C
D
Supervision
On/Off Hook
Frame
6th
12th
18th
24th
Address Signaling
(Dial Pulse)
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20
Digital Signaling Schemes

Common Channel Signaling
Extended Super Frame
64 Kbps Signaling
Channel in TS24
of Each Frame
(e.g. ISDN D Channel
Q.931 Messages)
In-Band Audio
Address Signaling
(DTMF)
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Digital Telephony
Synchronization
Bit synchronization
Primary reference source
Ones density
Time-slot synchronization
Bits/bytes/channels
Frame alignment
193rd Bit Pattern
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Digital Telephony
Synchronization
One Multiframe (ESF)
3 ms
12
24
1 Frame,
125s, 193bits 24 Time Slots
1
12
24
1 Channel Time
Slot, 5.18s
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SynchronizationTraditional
Network Clocking Strata
Master Clock
Stratum
PRS
Timing
Toll Office
Timing
Timing
Timing
End Office
End Office
DCS
3
PBX
PBX
4
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Agenda
Techniques
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Speech-coding schemes
Subjective impairment analysis:
mean opinion scores
Digitizing voice
Voice compression
ADPCM
CELP (LD-CELP and CSA-CELP)
Silence removal techniques (DSI using VAD)
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Voice Compression Technologies

Unacceptable
Business
Quality
Toll
Quality
*
PCM (G.711)
64
PCM (G.711)
(Cellular)
Bandwidth
(Kbps)
32
* (G.726)
ADPCM 32
*
24
16
ADPCM 24 (G.726)
*
*
ADPCM 16 (G.726) LDCELP 16 (G.728)
8
0
CS-ACELP* 8 (G.729)
* LPC 4.8
Quality
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Speech-Coding Schemes
Waveform coders
Non-linear approximation
of the actual waveform
Examples: PCM, ADPCM
Vocoders
Synthesized voice
Example: LPC
Hybrid coders
Linear waveform approximation
with synthesized voice
Example: CELP
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24
Subjective Impairment Analysis:

Mean Opinion Scores
5
Hybrid Coders
Waveform Coders
Subjective
Quality 3
(MOS)
2
Vocoders
1
2
Score
5
4
3
2
1
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16
Kbps
32
Quality
Description of Impairment
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Bad
Imperceptible
Just Perceptible, not Annoying
Perceptible and Slightly Annoying
Annoying but not Objectionable
Very Annoying and Objectionable
64
1998,
1999, Cisco
Cisco Systems,
Systems, Inc.
Inc.
49
Measuring Mean Opinion Scores:

ITU P.800 Series
Source
Channel Simulation
Impairment
Codec X
Nowadays, a chicken leg is a rare dish

Rating
Rating
Level
Level of
of Speech
Speech Quality
Quality
Distortion
Distortion
Excellent
Imperceptible
Good
Just perceptible but not annoying
Fair
Perceptible and slightly annoying
Poor
Annoying but not objectionable
Unsatisfactory
Very annoying and objectionable
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25
Digitizing Voice: PCM

Waveform Encoding Review
Nyquist Theorem: sample at twice the
highest frequency
Voice frequency range: 200-3400 Hz
Sampling frequency = 8000/sec (every 125s)
Bit rate: (2 x 4 kHz) x 8 bits per sample
= 64,000 bits per second (DS-0)
By far the most commonly used method

CODEC
PCM
= DS-0
64 Kbps
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Nonlinear vs. Linear Encoding

Output
Output
Input
Input
Nonlinear Encoding
Linear Encoding
Closely Follows Human Voice Characteristics.

High Amplitude Signals have
More Quantization Distortion.
Relatively Easy to Analyze, Synthesize and

Regenerate. All Amplitudes Have Roughly
Equal Quantization Distortion.
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Encoding
Quantizing
Filtering
Sampling
Voice CODECs: Waveform Coders
1110010010010110
Waveform
ENCODER
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Waveform
DECODER
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Voice Compression
Objective: reduce bandwidth consumption
Compression algorithms are optimized for voice
Unlike data compression: these are loose
Drawbacks/tradeoffs
Quantization distortion
Tandem switching degradation
Delay (echo)
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27
Voice CompressionADPCM
Adaptive Differential Pulse
Code Modulation
Waveform coding scheme
Adaptive: automatic companding
Differential: encode the changes
between samples only
Rates and bits per sample:
32 Kbps = 8 Kbps x 4 bits/sample
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Voice CompressionCELP
Code excited linear predictive
Very high voice quality at low-bit rates,
processor intensive, use of DSPs
G.728: LD-CELP16 Kbps
G.729: CSA-CELP8 Kbps
G.729a variant stripped down 8 kbps
(with a noticeable quality difference)
to reduce processing load, allows two
voice channels encoded per DSP
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Voice CODECs: Hybrid Coders

PCM Encoder
PCM
Decoder
Filtering
11100100100101
Sampling
1
Quantizing
Sample
Encoding
Frames
VocalCords
Throat
Nose
Mouth
Human
Speech
Model
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Model
Parameters
Model
Parameters
10110010
Parameters
Analysis
Synthesis
57
G.729
Cake
A/D
Cake
Code DSP Packet Recipe

10.1.1.1
16-Bit Linear PCM

Code
Look-up
IngredientsDirections
A-sound Play K, A,
K-sound and K
Recipe or Code Book

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29
Digital Speech Interpolation (DSI)

Voice Activity Detection (VAD)
Removal of voice silence
Examines voice for power, change of
power, frequency and change of frequency
All factors must indicate voice fits into
the window before cells are constructed
Automatically disabled for fax/modem
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Voice Activity Detection
- 31 dbm
B/W Saved
Voice
Activity
(Power
Level)
Hang Timer
No Voice
Traffic Sent
SID
SID Buffer
- 54 dbm
Pink Noise
Voice Spurt
Silence
Voice Spurt
Time
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30
Bandwidth Requirements
Voice Band Traffic
Encoding/
Compression
G.711 PCM
A-Law/
A-Law/
-Law
64 kbps (DS0)
G.726 ADPCM
16, 24, 32, 40 kbps
G.729 CS-ACELP
8 kbps
G.728 LD-CELP
16 kbps
G.723.1 CELP
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Result
Bit Rate
6.3/5.3 kbps
Variable
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Agenda
Techniques
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31
Voice Network Transport

Voice Network Transport is
typically TDM circuit-based:
T1/E1
DS3/E3
SONET (OC-3, OC-12, etc.)
But can also be packet-based:

ATM
Frame Relay
IP
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Data Is Overtaking Voice

Evolution from TDM-based
transport to packets/cells
or a combination
Relative
Load
Data Is 23x
Voice
Traffic
30
25
20
Data
15
10
Data Is 5x
Voice Traffic
5
0
1990
Voice
1995
2000
2005
Year
Source: Electronicast
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The Tyranny of the DS0

Switching and transport based on circuits
Rigid structure yields high cost for packet
Customer
Premise
Local
CO
Class-5 DS0
Switch
DS1
DS0
Class-4
Switch
DS3
DS0
Switching
Class-4
Switch
DS1
DS3
DS0
DS3
DS3
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Customer
Premise
DS0
DS1
DS0
3/1 DACS
DS3
DS3
DS1
SONET
ADM
SONET
ADM
OC-3/12
Class-5
Switch
DS1
Transport
3/1 DACS
DS1
Local
CO
Interexchange
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-3/12
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TDM Transport Efficiency

Types of Traffic
Voice
Utilization
PBX
Wasted Bandwidth
Legacy
5060%
LAN
Video
Single WAN Link
Time Slot Assignments
Wasted bandwidth
No congestion
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Packet Transport Efficiency

Types of Traffic
Voice PBX
Utilization
Q
U
E
U
E
Legacy
9095%
LAN
Cells/Frames/Packets
Video
Individual Packets
High bandwidth efficiency

Congestion management
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Delay
Sender
PBX
Receiver
Network
PBX
First Bit
Transmitted
Last Bit
Received
A
Processing
Delay
A
Network
Transit
Delay
t
Processing
Delay
End-to-End Delay
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Delay VariationJitter
Sender
Receiver
Network
Sender Transmits
t
A
D1
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D2 = D1
Sink Receives
D3 = D2
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Voice Delay Guidelines

One Way Delay
(msec)
Description
0150
Acceptable for Most User Applications
150400
Acceptable Provided That

Administrations Are Aware
of the Transmission Time Impact
on the Transmission Quality
of User Applications
400+
Unacceptable for General Network

Planning Purposes; However, It Is
Recognized That in Some Exceptional
Cases This Limit Will Be Exceeded
ITUs G.114 Recommendation

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Delay in Perspective
Cumulative Transmission Path Delay
CB Zone
Satellite Quality
Fax Relay, Broadcast
High Quality
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Time (msec)
Delay Target
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Fixed Delay Components

Propagation Delay
Serialization Delay
Buffer to Serial Link
Processing Delay
PropagationSix microseconds per kilometer

Serialization
Processing
Coding/compression/decompression/decoding
Packetization
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Variable Delay Components

Queuing
Delay
Queuing
Delay
Queuing
Delay
Dejitter
Buffer
Queuing delay
Dejitter buffers
Variable packet sizes
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An Example
Assumptions:
We have eight trunks
We are going to use CS-ACELP that uses
8 Kbps per voice channel
Our uplink is 64 Kbps
Voice is using a high priority queue and
no other traffic is being used
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Delay Calculation
Los
Coder Delay Queuing Delay
Angeles
25 ms
6 ms
Propagation
Delay32 ms
Dejitter Buffer
50 ms
Munich
(Private Line Network)

Serialization Delay
3 ms
Fixed
Delay
Coder Delay G.729 (5 msec Look Ahead)
Coder Delay G.729 (10 msec per Frame)
Packetization DelayIncluded in Coder Delay
Variable
Delay
5 msec
20 msec
21 msec
Max Queuing Delay 64 kbps Trunk

Serialization Delay 64 kbps Trunk
3 msec
Propagation Delay (Private Lines)
32 msec
Variable
Delay
Component
Network Delay (e.g., Public Frame Relay Svc)

Dejitter Buffer
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Total
50 msec
110 msec
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Variable Delay Calculation

We have eight trunks, so in the worst case we will
have to wait for seven voice calls prior to ours
To put one voice frame out on a 64Kbps link
takes 3msec
1 byte over a 64Kbps link takes 125 microseconds.
We have a 20 byte frame relay frame with 4 bytes of
overhead. 125 * 24 = 3000 usecs or 3 msec
Does not factor in waiting for a possible data
packet or the impact of variable sized frames
Assumes voice prioritization of frames
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38
Delay Calculation
Site B
Fixed
Delay
Variable
Delay
Site A
Delay #1
DELAY #1
Coder Delay G.729
Packetization Delay
25 msec
(Included in Coder Delay)

Max Queuing Delay 64 kbps Trunk
Serialization Delay 64 kbps Trunk
3 msec

Dejitter Buffer
32 msec
50 msec
Private Line
Network
21msec
Delay #2
Tandem Switch
Delay #1 Total
110 msec
Site C
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Delay Calculation
Site B
Fixed
Delay
DELAY #1 Total
Variable
Delay
Site A
Delay #1
110 msec
DELAY #2
Coder Delay G.729
Packetization Delay
25 msec
Private Line
Network
(Included in Coder Delay)

Max Queuing Delay 2 Mbps Trunk
Serialization Delay 2 Mbps Trunk
0.1 msec
.7 msec

Dejitter Buffer
5 msec
50 msec
Delay #2 Total
80 msec
Total Delay
190 msec
Delay #2
Site C
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Other Useful Voice QoS

Schemes in IP
Custom Queuing, Priority Queuing
and Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ)
Resource Reservation Protocol
(RSVP)
IP Precedence Bit setting in the ToS
Field of the IP Header
Compressed Real Time Protocol
(CRTP)
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Summary
Voice traffic engineering principles
still apply
Packet-based voice trunks can
provide efficiency with high quality if
properly engineered
The biggest impact on voice quality
over a data network will be as a result
of the delay and delay variation
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Repeat: Voice Is Not A Network
Voice is an Application
Complete understanding of Voice
Application fundamentals helps us to
design and build better Networks
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Agenda
Techniques
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Digital Voice Signaling

Techniques
ISDN
Q.930/Q.931
Signaling System 7
Voice addressing
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ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
Part of a network architecture
Definition for the access to the network
Allows access to multiple services
through a single access
Standards-based
ITU recommendations
Proprietary implementations
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Network Access
Traditional Access
Public Packet-Switched Network
PSTN (CO Lines)
800
Tie Trunks
FX
Private Lne Data
Customer
Equipment
(PBX)
ISDN Access
Customer
Equipment
(PBX)
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Telephone
Switch
Public Packet-Switched Network

PSTN (CO Lines)
800
Tie Trunks
FX
Private Line Data
85
Terminology
B channel bearer channel

64 kbps
Carries information (voice, data,
video, etc.)
DS-0
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43
Terminology (Cont.)
D channel signaling channel

16 Kbps or 64 Kbps
Carries instructions between customer
equipment and network
Carries information
Can also carry packet switch data (X.25)
for the public packet switched network
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Terminology (Cont.)
BRA/BRI (Basic Rate Access/

Basic Rate Interface)
2B+D
2 x 64 Kbps + 16 Kbps = 144 Kbps
(not including overhead)
Designed to operate using the average
local copper pair
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44
Terminology (Cont.)
PRA/PRI (Primary Rate

Access/Primary Rate Interface)
23 B + D
23 x 64 Kbps + 64 Kbps (D Channel) + 8
Kbps (Frame Alignment bit) = 1.544 Mbps
Designed to operate using T1/E1
In E1 environments: 30 B + D
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ISDN Reference Points

TE1
TE1
NT1
S/T
TE2
BRA
TA
R
TE1
Carrier
.
.
R
S
TE2
TE2
TA
NT2
(PBX)
.T
.
U
PRA
Customer Premises
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NT1
Local Loop
90
45
ISDN Reference Points
NT1
Terminates local loop
Coding and transmission conversion
Maintenance and performance
monitoring
Functions as a CSU
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ISDN Reference Points (Cont.)

TE1
ISDN compatible equipment
TE2
Non-ISDN compatible equipment
Requires TA
TA
Interfaces available for different TE2
E.g. RS-232, X.21, V.35, PC-Bus, video, etc.
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46
ISDN Reference Points (Cont.)
NT2
Typically a PBX
Provides switching functions
Handles Layer 2 and Layer 3 protocols
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Access to ISDN
At the S-reference point:
RJ-45 (receive and transmit pair)
Optional power can be provided
for TE devices
Distance:
1 Km (1 x TE only),
200 m (8 x TE), 500 m (4 x TE)
When more than one TE, wires

act as a bus
CSMA/CD
Limitation: cannot have an

extension phone
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47
Access to ISDN
At the U-Reference point (BRA)
Standards differ NA, France,
UK vs. Germany vs. Japan
In North America, designed to use as
much of existing copper plant available
Two wire, unloaded local loops are
99% of total
Up to 5.5 Km loop length
At the U-Reference point (PRA)

T1/E1 standard
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D Channel
ISDN Access Protocols are carried in the D channel
Layer 2 and Layer 3 protocol specifications
Protocol specifications are identical for BRA and PRA
Layer 2, Q.920/921, LAP-D

Supports the communications for Layer 3
Maintains the connections between devices
Layer 3, Q.930/931
Call setup, call supervision, call tear down, and
supplementary services
Uses standard set of messages to communicate
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48
D-Channel Encapsulation
Layer 3
Layer 2
Protocol
Length of
Discriminator Call Reference
Flag
Address Control
Layer 1
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Call
Reference
Message
Type
Information
CRC
Information
Elements
Flag
D Channel
(16 Kbps or 64 Kbps)
97
ISDN CCS (Q.930/931) Messages

Call Establishment
Call Information
Call Clearing
Alerting
Call proceeding
Connect
Connect ack
Progress
Setup
Setup ack
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Hold
Hold ack
Hold reject
Resume
Resume ack
Resume reject
Retrieve
Retrieve ack
Retrieve reject
Suspend
Suspend ack
Suspend reject
User information
Disconnect
Release
Release complete
Restart
Restart ack
Miscellaneous
Congestion control
Facility
Information
Notify
Register
Status
Status inquiry
98
49
Public ISDN and

Signaling System 7
Signaling
Network
BRI
PBX1
BRI
Switch
PRI
DSS1
Transmission
Network
Switch
PRI
Signaling System 7
PBX2
DSS1
DSS1 Is a Public ISDN Protocol

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ISDN and SS7 The Bridge

Between the Islands
Voice Transmission
STP
Switch
SSP
Switch
SSP
SS7
SCP
Signaling Network
Voice
Transmission
Switch
STP
STP
STP
STP
PBX1
SSP
STP
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Voice
and
ISDN
Signaling PRI
SCP
100
50
SS7 Components
SCP
Network 1
SCP
SSP
Network 2
STP
STP
STP
STP
SCP
SCP
SSP
SSP
SSP
Voice Trunk
Signaling Link
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SSP: Signal Switching Point

STP: Signal Transfer Point
SCP: Signal Control Point
101
Network Addressing
LEC 1-609-555-1234
IXC
555-1234
LEC
PSTN
E.164 Addressing
1-609-5551234 Dials:
9+1-609-555-1234
555-1234
PBX
PBX
Dials:
8+555-1234
555-1234
555-1234
VCI/VPI
1234
1234
VCI/VPI
WAN
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51
Agenda
Voice Coding and
Compression Techniques
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Thank You!
Q & A
Please Fill Out
Evaluation Forms
THANK YOU!
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52
Please Complete Your

Evaluation Form
Session 401
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53

Introduction To Voice and Telephone Technology

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Introduction To Voice and Telephone Technology

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401

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.