Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MSheet Manual
MSheet Manual
Edited by:
M.A.T Visschedijk, GeoDelft, the Netherlands
Trademark
Copyright MSheet Version 7:
GeoDelft, Stieltjesweg 2, 2628 CK Delft, Netherlands
E-mail: info@geodelft.nl; Internetsite: http://www.geodelft.nl
This manual may not be reproduced, in whole or in part,
by photo-copy or print or any other means, without written permission from GeoDelft
ISBN-13: 978-90-810136-1-0
ISBN-10: 90-810136-1-0
2005 GeoDelft
Printed in the Netherlands
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
15
17
GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1
1.2
Preface ..........................................................................................................17
Features in standard module ............................................................................17
1.2.1 Sheet Piling ........................................................................................18
1.2.2 Anchors and Struts ..............................................................................18
1.2.3 Soil ....................................................................................................19
1.2.4 Loads and Supports..............................................................................19
1.2.5 Staged Construction.............................................................................20
1.2.6 Design Procedures................................................................................20
1.2.7 Results ...............................................................................................20
1.3 Features in additional modules.........................................................................21
1.3.1 C, phi, delta (Culmann) module ..........................................................21
1.3.2 Verification module..............................................................................21
1.3.3 Single pile module ...............................................................................21
1.3.4 E-Consult module.................................................................................22
1.4 History ..........................................................................................................22
1.5 Limitations ....................................................................................................23
1.6 Minimum System Requirements ........................................................................23
1.7 Definitions and Symbols ..................................................................................24
1.8 Getting Help ..................................................................................................25
1.9 Getting Support..............................................................................................26
1.10 GeoDelft ........................................................................................................27
1.11 Delft GeoSystems ............................................................................................27
1.12 Rijkswaterstaat...............................................................................................27
GETTING STARTED
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
29
Starting MSheet..............................................................................................29
Main Window..................................................................................................30
The menu bar .................................................................................................30
The icon bar ...................................................................................................32
Input Diagram ................................................................................................32
Stage Composer ..............................................................................................34
Files ..............................................................................................................36
TUTORIAL
37
39
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.6
57
67
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5.6
5.7
8.4
8.5
8.6
9.5
87
83
77
97
10
11
107
111
12
115
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
13
14
15
125
133
139
TABLE OF CONTENTS
16
17
143
149
REFERENCE
155
18
157
GENERAL
19
INPUT
161
10
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
20
CALCULATIONS
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
21
VIEW RESULTS
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
199
211
TABLE OF CONTENTS
22
E-CONSULT MODULE
221
BACKGROUND
227
23
GOVERNING EQUATION
229
24
231
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5
25
237
26
241
27
OVERALL STABILITY
245
28
247
29
251
11
12
30
INITIAL STAGE
259
31
263
32
SPECIAL CASES
267
VERIFICATION
275
33
277
TABLE OF CONTENTS
33.20 Single pile loaded by horizontal force Earth pressures (Brinch-Hansen) ............ 306
33.21 Flexural stiffness of a combined wall............................................................... 308
34
311
35
36
315
Comparing the c, , and Ka, K0, Kp methods: uniform load on lower side........... 315
Comparing the c, , and Ka, K0, Kp methods: uniform load on higher side ......... 316
Compare load distance to sheet pile: load of 25 kN/m on high side ................... 317
Influence of soil against sheet pile wall for an excavation ................................. 318
Equilibrium of initially unequal surfaces and surcharges.................................... 319
Additional horizontal pressure due to a uniform load........................................ 321
Additional horizontal pressure due to a surcharge load ..................................... 322
Non-horizontal surface .................................................................................. 324
Symmetry (left and right side) ....................................................................... 325
Effect of the acting width .............................................................................. 325
Vertical force balance .................................................................................... 327
Horizontal pressures in stratified soil with additional pore pressures .................. 329
Functioning of classes in option Verify Sheet Piling (Method II)......................... 330
Functioning of classes in option Verify Sheet Piling (Method I).......................... 339
Functioning of classes in Design Sheet Piling Length ........................................ 343
347
LITERATURE
351
INDEX
353
13
14
Introduction
Tutorial
Reference
Background
Verification
16
1
1 General Information
1.1
Preface
MSheet is a tool used to design sheet pile and diaphragm walls and horizontally loaded
piles. MSheets graphical interactive interface requires just a short training period,
allowing the user to focus their skills directly on the input of sound geotechnical data
and the subsequent design of the wall or single pile. MSheet comes as a standard
module that can be extended with other modules to fit more advanced applications:
Verification module
E-Consult module
1.2
This section contains an overview of the features available in MSheet for the design of
diaphragm and sheet pile walls. For more information on these topics, see the
Reference Section and the Background Section of this manual. A number of these
options are indicated in Figure 1-1.
18
Surcharge
Arbitrary Soil
Profiles
Excess Pore
Pressure
Anchors
Struts
forces
Moments
Staged
Constructions
Stiffness. Uniform or variable values can be used for the elastic bending stiffness
and normal stiffness along the beam axis. A library is available for quick selection
of standard and user-defined sheet piling profiles. A special combined wall wizard
calculates the relevant values for walls made from a combination of sheet piling
and piles.
limited capacity
pre- stress
zero pressure
condition
tensile strain
INTRODUCTION
1.2.3 Soil
Horizontal soil layers can be defined, optionally in combination with a non-horizontal
ground level. MSheet models the stiffness of the soil as a series of discrete,
independently acting, multi-linear springs, forming an elastic foundation for a beam
(which is used to model the wall).
horizontal effective stress
virgin
loading
active yield
unloading
passive yield
reloading
relative displacement
Pore Fluid. Hydrostatic pore fluid pressure from the input of a phreatic surface
position on either side of the wall. Additional pore pressures can also be specified,
varying linearly within the relevant layers. See Figure 1-4, below.
19
20
hydrostatic pore
pressure
Figure 1-4 Hydrostatic pressure with additional pore pressures (in excess)
Length optimization. MSheet can determine the critical length of the sheet piling
by reducing the length step-by-step until instability occurs or an admissible
displacement is exceeded.
Anchor Force. MSheet checks whether the available soil resistance is sufficient for
the anchor force, using a slip surface theory according to Kranz [Lit 4].
1.2.7 Results
MSheet can display a report with graphs and tables of displacements, bending
moments, shear forces, pore pressures and soil stresses along the beam axis. `
INTRODUCTION
1.3
Safety. MSheet verifies the sheet piling, according to CUR publication 166 [chapter
29] for a selected stage by applying certain partial safety factors.
Overall Stability. MSheet verifies a sheet piling against loss of overall stability by
means of a Bishop calculation, according to CUR publication 166.
Two different methods for verification calculation are implemented: one using the
partial factors prescribed by CUR 166 in all construction stages and the second using
them only for a selected stage.
A verification report containing all results according to the CUR 166 design procedure
is also available.
1.3.3 Single pile module
Along the pile, several cross-sections with different widths and stiffness can be
specified.
The connection of the pile to a foundation can be modeled by defining a fixed
support or a spring support at a certain level. For the support conditions a
distinction is made between translation and rotation.
Several soil layers can be defined, divided by horizontal layer boundaries. Soil
properties are input for each layer. The bottom soil layer is assumed to be
infinitely thick.
The surface level on both sides of the pile must be identical and horizontal.
The water level determines the hydrostatic water pressure. Additional pore
pressures can also be introduced, varying linearly across each soil layer.
Externally calculated undisturbed soil displacements can be imposed on the pile.
MSheet can also calculate the influence of discrete bending moments and/or
horizontal and normal forces on the pile.
The subgrade reaction is put to a minimum (active) and maximum (passive)
pressure on the pile by definition of earth pressure coefficients. Between these
extreme values, MSheet will apply a linear relation between the stress and the
displacement, as defined by a modulus of subgrade reaction. For imposed
displacements, the modulus of subgrade reaction may be calculated using the
Brinch-Hansen method. The earth pressure coefficients are direct input. For
loading by forces and moments, MSheet can also determine the modulus and
21
22
coefficients from the theory of respectively Brinch-Hansen [Lit 17] and Mnard
[Lit 8].
1.3.4 E-Consult module
The E-Consult module enables users to compare their MSheet sheet pile wall design
against relevant execution experience data and Dutch NVAF lines. This may help to
reduce failure costs during pile driving/vibrating. Without license this module works in
Demo mode. Currently the experiences are mainly from Dutch locations, therefore their
relevancy to other locations in the world may be limited.
1.4
History
Release 1.0 (1990) was based directly on MSheets forerunner DAMWAND/3, which
analyzed the construction of vertical sheet piling with horizontal ground surfaces.
Release 2.0 (1992) implemented options for non-horizontal ground surfaces and
non-uniform loads (surcharges).
Release 3.0 (1995) featured a new option for normal forces in the sheet pile wall
and also implemented a new multi-linear stress-displacement relation for the soil.
Release 4.0 (1997) featured specific design procedures, based on the CUR design
guide [Lit 5] for discovering the critical length and checking safety.
Release 5.0 (1998) was the first Windows version of MSheet. The improved user
manual could now also be accessed using the online Help function.
Release 5.4 (2001) featured the following new options: overall soil stability
analysis (Bishop), a sheet piling library, extended support of CUR 166, and a
report on the vertical force balance. Improvements to the user interface included
user-friendly graphical input and the Stages Overview dialog.
Release 5.7 (2002) featured a new option for a first stage with initially nonhorizontal surfaces or initial surcharges. The release also included modules for
separately licensed models. The new initial stage option necessitated a refinement
of the soil yield stress calculation, even when the option was not selected.
Therefore results from release 5.7 were different to the results of previous
releases.
Release 6.1 (2004) featured a new single pile module, which supports the analysis
of horizontally loaded piles. The release also included a wizard for convenient
input of combined walls. The report content could now be selected, with reports
bearing graphs, and improved layout of tabular results. Reports could now be
exported in different formats, including pdf and rtf and graphical and report
output for the CUR 166 verify sheet piling option was implemented and. The
refined soil yield stress calculation was made optional when the initial stage
option was not selected. The default, faster, coarse method therefore yields
results that are the same as the results of releases prior to release 5.7.
INTRODUCTION
1.5
Version 6.2 (2005) featured the new E-Consult module that enables users to
check their MSheet design for sheet pile walls against relevant execution
experience data. This may help to reduce failure costs during pile
driving/vibrating. Without license this module works in Demo mode. Currently the
experiences are mainly from Dutch locations, therefore their relevancy to other
locations in the world may be limited.
Release 7 (2005) includes the ability to perform a vertical balance check on the
sheet pile wall. It is now possible to specify partial factors, allowing MSheet to be
used with the Eurocode model. The updated CUR 166 procedure (2005) [Lit 16] is
fully integrated in this MSheet version.
Limitations
Only diaphragm wall, sheet pile walls and single piles can be analyzed with
MSheet. To analyze pile groups, use the MPile program from Delft GeoSystems.
1.6
The following minimum system requirements are needed in order to run and install the
MSheet software, either from CD or by downloading from the Delft GeoSystems website
via MS Internet Explorer:
256 MB of RAM
CD-ROM drive
23
24
1.7
H
V
p, w
'
'h
'v
K,
h
v
K0
Cohesion
The (Coulomb) friction angle of the soil (phi)
Rotation of the sheet piling
The (Coulomb) friction angle between the soil and sheet piling (delta)
Lateral earth pressure ratio at initial stress state (rest) for a horizontal
ground level K 0 = 1 sin
Ka
KP
E
I
k, kb
K
k0
k1 ,
k2.
w
W
X
B
Fv
Fmax
m,b
qc
Pr;max;point
Asteel
INTRODUCTION
1.8
Getting Help
From the Help menu, choose the MSheet Help option, or press F1 for Help about the
window which is currently active.
Display
Hide/Show
25
26
Back
Print
Options
Figure 1-6 Menu from the Options button of the MSheet Help window
Hide/Show Tabs
Back
Forward
Home
Stop
Refresh
Internet Options
Print
Search Highlight
On/Off
To display and print the Help texts properly, the Symbol TrueType font must be
installed.
1.9
Getting Support
If problems are encountered, the first step should be to consult the online Help and
the frequently asked questions (FAQs) at http://www.delftgeosystems.nl. If the
solution cannot be found there, then the problem description can be e-mailed
(preferred) or faxed to GeoDelfts support team. When sending a problem description,
please add a full description of the working environment. To do this conveniently,
choose the Support option in the Help menu. The System Info tab contains all relevant
information about the system and the MSheet software. The Problem Description tab
enables a description of the problem encountered to be added. The problem report can
INTRODUCTION
either be saved to a file or sent to a printer or PC fax. The document can be emailed to
support@geodelft.nl or alternatively faxed to +31 (0)15 2610821.
1.10 GeoDelft
GeoDelft was established in 1934 and is one of the worlds most renowned institutes for
geotechnical and environmental research. GeoDelft continuously applies its growing
knowledge through consultancy, measurements and predictions to projects that are
often very challenging. GeoDelft actively stimulates the dissemination and utilization
of its knowledge. For more information on GeoDelft, visit the GeoDelft website:
http://www.geodelft.nl.
1.12 Rijkswaterstaat
Rijkswaterstaat (RWS) is part of the Dutch Ministry for Traffic, Public Works and Water
Management. RWSs tasks include the regulation, construction, management and
maintenance of public works. By supporting the development of MSheet, RWS is
facilitating the uniform and reliable design of sheet pile walls. For more information on
RWS, visit http://www.minvenw.nl.
27
28
2
2 Getting Started
This Getting Started section aims to familiarize the user with the structure and user
interface of MSheet. The Tutorial section which follows uses a selection of case studies
to introduce the programs functions.
2.1
Starting MSheet
To start MSheet, click Start on the Windows menu bar and then find it under Programs,
or double-click an MSheet input file that was generated during a previous session.
For an MSheet installation based on floating licenses, the Modules window may appear
at startup [ 18.2.5]. Check that the correct modules are selected and click OK.
When MSheet is started from the Windows menu bar, the last project that was worked
on will open automatically, unless the program has been configured otherwise under
Tools: Program Options.
30
2.2
Main Window
2.3
To access the MSheet menus, click the menu names on the menu bar.
INTRODUCTION
31
32
2.4
Use the buttons on the icon bar to quickly access frequently used functions (see
below).
2.5
Input Diagram
The Input Diagram window graphically displays the input for a selected stage. In the
upper part of the window, select one of the stages defined previously. The selected
stage will also be used in the Stage Composer (see below). Use the plus button to copy
the selected stage to a new stage and use the arrow buttons to browse through the
stages. Double clicking in the window on items such as layers, supports and loads will
open the corresponding input windows.
INTRODUCTION
33
34
Undo Zoom
Click this button to undo the zoom.
Zoom limits
Click this button to display the complete drawing.
Click this button to add an anchor
Click this button to add a strut
Click this button to add a uniform surface load
Click this button to add a non-uniform surface load
Click this button to add a horizontal line load
Click this button to add a moment load
Click this button to add a spring support to reduce horizontal displacement
Click this button to add a rigid support to prevent horizontal displacement
2.6
Stage Composer
Use the Stage Composer to connect input data to the stage selected in the Input
Diagram window. The Stage Composer can also be used to access input windows.
INTRODUCTION
The Stage Composer is part of the main window, and consists of two separate boxes:
Upper Box:
The upper box contains all of the input options. For loads and
supports, this box also indicates the number of defined loads or
supports applied in the selected stage, in relation to the total
number of loads defined.
Lower Box:
The lower box displays an overview of the input that has been
defined. A checkmark indicates that the input data has been
linked to the selected stage.
Connect to Stages
When one of the input options is selected in the upper box (single click), an overview
of available input will appear in the lower box. To connect input to a particular stage,
select a stage in the Input Diagram window and use the checkboxes in the lower box to
select the input that applies to the selected stage.
NOTE:
stages.
The Stages Overview window [ 19.6.2] can also be used to connect input to
Deselect All
35
36
2.7
*.shi
*.sho
*.shd
*.shl
*.geo
*.sti
Files
Input file (ASCII):
Contains the input with the problem definition. After interactive
generation, this file can be reused in subsequent MSheet analyses.
Output file (ASCII):
After a calculation has been performed, all output is written to this file. If
there are any errors in the input, they are described in this file.
Drawing file (binary):
Working file with plot data.
Earth pressure coefficient file (binary):
Working file with information on the lateral earth pressure ratios.
Geometry file (ASCII):
Export file for the M-Series, containing a description of the geometry.
MStab input file (ASCII):
Export file for MStab, containing the input data needed for a stability
calculation in MStab.
Introduction
Tutorial
Reference
Background
Verification
38
3
3 Tutorial 1: Excavation using Ka,
Ko and Kp
This first tutorial considers a sheet pile retaining wall with a single excavation stage
and no change in groundwater level, as indicated in Figure 3-1. This situation might
occur, for example, when creating a new waterway.
The objectives of this exercise are:
To learn the steps needed to enter the project geometry and properties.
To calculate and display the bending moments, shear forces and deflection of the
wall, as well as stresses in the soil, using earth pressure coefficients (Ka, Ko, Kp).
For this tutorial the following MSheet modules are needed:
40
3.1
-4.0
-6.00
PEAT
-7.0
CLAY
CLAY
AZ 13
-13.0
SAND
-16.0
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
[deg]
[deg]
[kN/m]
Clay
15
16
10
17
11
2000
Peat
10
11
2
20
0
800
Sand
17
19
0
35
27
10000
TUTORIAL
3.2
Project
In the Project menu, the project model and project properties are described.
3.2.1 Model
To create a new project, follow the steps described below:
1. Start MSheet from the Windows taskbar (Start/Programs/Delft GeoSystems/MSheet).
2. If the MSheet installation is based on floating licenses then the Module window
may appear at this point. If this is the case then ensure that the modules
mentioned in the introduction of each tutorial have been selected. Click OK to close
the window.
3. Click File and choose New on the MSheet menu bar to start a new project. This will
result in a screen similar to Figure 3-2.
41
42
3.3
Construction
This menu deals with the input of the retaining structure. In this example the sheet
piling data needs to be specified.
To enter the sheet piling data:
1. Click Construction on the MSheet menu bar and choose Sheet Piling.
2. In the input window displayed (Figure 3-4), enter the top and toe level of the
sheet piling. In this case, the top level (Sheet piling top level) is at 0.0 m and the
bottom (Section bottom level) at -16 m.
3. The bending stiffness can be entered manually, or imported from the library that is
integrated in MSheet. To use the library, click the button, and select Arbed's
AZ 13 from the Sheet Piling Profiles window. This will give a sheet piling with a
bending stiffness of 41,370 kNm/m'.
TUTORIAL
4. Use the Select button to return to the Sheet Piling menu. The sheet properties of
the selected sheet pile type will be displayed in the window.
3.4
Soil
In the menu item Soil the soil surfaces, properties and soil profile can be specified.
Water levels, pore pressures additional to those caused by the water level, and water
properties are also defined here.
3.4.1 Surfaces
After defining the sheet piling, the ground surfaces must be defined. In MSheet, this is
done by first specifying different surface levels and then specifying which surface
levels are active on the left and right hand side of the excavation.
In this project, two horizontal surfaces need to be defined. The ground level surface
(named <GL>) at 0 m, and the surface for the excavation level at -7 m. After defining
43
44
these surfaces, the <GL> surface needs to be active on the right hand side and the
<GL-7> excavation level on the left hand side.
Define surfaces
Choose Soil and then Surfaces to display an input window in which the following
should be done:
1. Rename the first surface <GL>. Enter 0.0 m for the vertical Level. As the surface is
horizontal, the distance parameter may be ignored.
2. Click Add to add a surface with the name <GL-7> and enter -7.0 for its vertical
level, as indicated in Figure 3-5.
TUTORIAL
Figure 3-7 Input Diagram with excavation level applied on the left hand side.
45
46
3.4.2
Soil Layers
The properties of each soil layer need to be defined before the location of the layer
itself is specified. Input of the soil profile is described in the next section.
For MSheet, material properties are divided into three groups:
General properties
TUTORIAL
47
48
Figure 3-12 Soil Layers window, Modulus of subgrade reaction Tangent (MSheet
Classic)
TUTORIAL
7. Repeat this process for the two other soil layers by adding two additional layers,
<Peat> and <Sand>, and entering the soil properties from Table 3-1 in the same
way as for the clay layer. Please note that for sake of simplicity, the properties of
the second clay layer are identical to the properties of the first layer. In this case
the properties only need to be entered once. Note that for friction angles larger
than 30 degrees it is advised to use the Kotter method to determine the values
for Ka, Ko and Kp. Hence, select this method for the sand layer in this example.
8. Click OK to confirm the input data for the layer properties.
9. The next stage is to enter the profile of layer positions.
See Soil Layers [ 19.3.2] for a detailed description.
3.4.2
Soil Profiles
Once the layer properties have been entered, one or more soil profiles can be specified.
To do this, the top level of each layer is input, and one of the previously defined soils
is selected. It is also possible to specify an additional pore pressure distribution. In this
exercise no additional pore pressures are considered. Pore pressures resulting from the
groundwater level are entered as water levels, as described in the next section.
Enter the soil profile by following these steps:
1. Click Soil and then choose Profiles.
2. Define the positions of each layer by specifying the layer top, as indicated in
Figure 3-13.
3. Leave the additional pore pressures at their default values (0.00), as only
hydrostatic pore pressures act in this example.
49
50
After entering the soil profile, the Input Diagram window should appear as indicated in
Figure 3-14.
Water Levels
By default MSheet assumes the water level to be at 0.0 m. In this example the
groundwater level is located at -2.0 m on both sides of the wall (a submerged
excavation).
Follow these steps to enter the groundwater level:
1. Click Soil and then choose Water Levels.
2. Click on the default name New Water level and change it to WL=GL-2.
3. Specify the level at -2.0 m and close the window by clicking on the OK button.
TUTORIAL
Water Properties
The unit weight of water can be changed in the Water Properties window. The default
value is 9.81 kN/m. For this tutorial example the default value is used. See [ 19.3.6]
of the reference manual for additional information.
51
52
3.5
In this tutorial example no loads or supports are used. Loads and supports are used in
the next tutorial example.
3.6
Stages
The excavation of the soil on the right hand side of the sheet pile wall is the only
stage considered in this tutorial, so no further input is required.
3.7
Calculation
TUTORIAL
53
54
3.8
Results
To view the resulting moments, forces and displacements in graphical form click
Results and then choose Moment/Force/Displacement Charts. This will produce the
following graphical output (Figure 3-20).
TUTORIAL
To view the graphical results of the water pressure, resulting stress in the sheet
piling and effective stress in the soil, click Results and then choose Stress State
Charts. This will produce the following graphical output (Figure 3-22).
55
56
3.9
Conclusion
Various input windows are used to enter the details of a project that is to be modeled
and analyzed. Once these details have been input, they can be used to calculate a
range of results, including bending moments, shear forces and displacement in the
sheet pile wall and the effective soil stresses. One way to view these results is to
display them graphically on the screen.
4
4 Tutorial 2: Excavation using c,
phi, delta
This second tutorial example extends the first tutorial by changing one of the surfaces
to be non-horizontal, as indicated in Figure 3-1. A vertical balance check is also
performed as part of this exercise.
The objectives of this exercise are:
To learn about the differences between the Ka, Ko, Kp and c, phi, delta methods.
4.1
This excavation is the same as that modeled in the first tutorial, except that the shape
of the ground surface on the left-hand side is no longer horizontal. This shape change
has been caused by an excavation that takes place after the sheet pile wall has been
installed.
58
2.0
2.0
GL=0.0
-2.0
CLAY
-1.5
-4.0
-6.0
PEAT
CLAY
AZ 13
-13.0
SAND
-16.0
4.2
Soil strength is a function of various factors, including the effective stress and the
stress history of the soil. It is therefore normal for the strength of a soil layer to vary
with the depth in the layer. The c, phi, delta method as offered by the c, phi, delta
(Culmann) module of MSheet is therefore preferable in general as it calculates the
earth pressure coefficients over the depth of a soil layer, whereas the Ka, Ko, Kp
method assumes the same earth pressure coefficients at all depths in a soil layer. The c,
phi, delta model can be used in situations where there is an applied surcharge or the
surface is not horizontal, whereas the Ka, Ko, Kp model is limited to horizontal
surfaces and uniform loads. For more information, see [ 19.1.1]. This tutorial involves
a non-horizontal surface, so before the calculation can be performed the
c, phi, delta model needs to be selected.
1. Open the first tutorial by clicking Open in the File menu and selecting the
appropriately named tutorial, i.e. <Tutorial-1>. Save the project with a new name
by clicking Save As in the File menu and by entering <Tutorial-2> as the project
name.
2. Click Project on the MSheet menu bar and then choose Model.
3. Select the c, phi, delta model (Figure 4-2).
4. Mark the Check Vertical Balance checkbox to perform this check along with the
standard calculations.
5. Click OK to apply these changes. A window will appear asking for confirmation of
this change; select Yes to continue, using the c, phi, delta model.
TUTORIAL
Figure 4-3 Soil Layers window using the c, phi, delta model
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60
4.3
Non-horizontal surface
Change the current input by modifying the geometry of the surface linked to the right
hand side of the sheet pile wall, following these steps:
1. Choose Soil and Surfaces to display an input window in which the surface on the
right hand side of the sheet pile wall can be changed.
2. Select the first surface, named <GL>.
3. Fill in the values that are listed in the table of Figure 4-4 below.
TUTORIAL
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62
Figure 4-6 Sheet Piling Window showing additional parameters for the vertical
balance check.
4.4
Calculation
The forces, moments and displacements for this project will need to be recalculated as
the input has been changed.
1. Click Calculation and then choose Start.
TUTORIAL
4.5
Results
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64
TUTORIAL
4.6
Conclusion
This tutorial shows that the c, phi, delta method is generally preferable because it
includes the influence of soil weight and gives a more detailed representation of the
soil strength. This tutorial has also shown how to input the necessary parameters for,
and access the results of, a vertical force balance check.
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5
5 Tutorial 3: Staged excavation
with pre-stressed anchors
MSheet is based on the engineering practice of having a phased design, using more
that one stage during construction. In the first two tutorial examples, only one phase
was considered for simplicity, and the user could ignore the staged approach of
MSheet.
Staged calculations are necessary because the sheet piling must be stable in all phases
during construction, and because the construction sequence influences the results of
subsequent stages.
The objectives of this exercise are:
To analyze the construction of a sheet pile wall using more than one stage and to
check that the sheet piling is stable in all phases of construction.
To apply an anchor.
To lower the water level on one side of the sheet pile wall.
For this example, the following MSheet modules are needed:
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5.1
The same layer profile, sheet piling type and layer properties as the first tutorial
example [chapter 4] are used. A pre-stressed anchor is added during one of the three
stages of construction that are modeled. For the sake of simplicity, the earth pressure
coefficients (Ka, Ko, Kp) model is used.
25.0
GL=0
-2.0
CLAY
2.0
-4.0
-6.0
PEAT
-7.0
CLAY
AZ 13
-13.0
SAND
-16.0
Figure 5-1 Final situation after excavation, installation of an anchor and lowering of
the water level
For this example the three stages of construction are as follows:
Stage 1 (Initial stage), the soil surfaces on the left and the right hand sides of the
sheet pile wall are at -2 m and 0 m respectively, and the water level is at -2 m.
Stage 2 (Apply anchor), a row of anchors is installed with one anchor every 3 m,
on the right hand side at -1.5 m. The properties of the anchors are laid out in
Table 5-1, along with their conversion to values per running meter.
Stage 3 (Excavate and lower water table), the soil on the left hand side is
excavated to -7 m and the water level on that side is also lowered to -7 m.
TUTORIAL
pre-stress 80 kN/m'
-2.0
stage 1
stage 2
-7.0
stage 3
5.2
Surfaces
To model the staged excavation, one more surface level needs to be input for the left
side of the sheet pile wall.
1. First, open the input file that was saved earlier under the name <Tutorial-1.shi>,
and save it with the name <Tutorial 3.shi>.
2. Open the Surfaces window from the Soil menu.
3. Click the Insert button.
4. Change the name of this new surface into <GL -2> and enter the level as -2 m.
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5.3
Water Levels
The two water levels that will be used in the different stages should be entered:
1. Open the Water Levels window in the Soil menu.
2. Add another water level as indicated in Figure 5-4 below.
5.4
Anchors
The anchor that will be applied in the third stage needs to be entered.
1. Open the Anchors window from the Supports menu.
2. Specify the anchor parameters as given in the last column of Table 5-1. Anchor
parameters should be entered per running meter.
TUTORIAL
5.5
Staged Construction
Although all the additional data has now been entered, it has yet to be connected to
any construction stages. It is helpful to understand that MSheet uses building blocks
to compose the input of its calculations. First, all buildings blocks are defined in the
input dialogs. Then they are assembled to make the construction stages.
5.5.1 Stages Manager
After the new water levels, surfaces and anchors have been defined, the construction
stages can be specified.
1. Click Stages on the menu bar and choose Manager.
2. In the input window displayed, rename <New Stage> as <Initial stage>.
3. Add two more stages by using the Add button and name them <Apply anchor> and
<Excavate and lower water level>.
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TUTORIAL
5.6
The input of the construction stages is now finished. The calculation can be started:
1. Click Start in the Calculation menu. The message Calculation finished in the
Calculation Progress window indicates that the sheet piling is stable in all stages. If
the wall was unstable in any stage then a message would indicate so at this point.
2. Inspect the moments, forces and displacements by opening the output window in
the Result menu. To view a different stage either use the drop down list at the top
of the window or use the Previous stage and Next stage arrows,
, to move
forward and backward through the stages.
For example, in the second stage the applied anchor pre-stress force can be seen to be
80 kN as expected, as indicated in Figure 5-8. In the final stage it can be seen that the
anchor force has risen to about 146 kN, as indicated in Figure 5-9.
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TUTORIAL
5.7
Conclusion
This third tutorial example analyzes the construction of a sheet pile wall using more
than one stage and checks that the wall is stable in all phases of construction. It also
shows how to apply a pre-stressed anchor and lower the water level on one side of the
wall.
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6
6 Tutorial 4: Applying loads
The input of this example is based on the results of the tutorial example Tutorial 3:
Staged excavation with pre-stressed anchors [chapter 5]. A final stage is added to
model the effect of a traffic load along the edge of the retaining wall, and a force from
boat moorings on a windy day. These are modeled as a surcharge load and a horizontal
line load respectively, as indicated in Figure 6-1.
The objectives of this exercise are:
To learn how loads, such as surcharges and horizontal line loads, are modeled in
MSheet;
To note that when a surcharge load is applied, only the c, phi, delta method can
be used.
For this example, the following MSheet modules are needed:
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6.1
The same layer profile, sheet piling type and layer properties as the third tutorial
example are used. A fourth stage is added in which a traffic load of 20 kN/m2 and a
horizontal load of 50 kN/m representing ships mooring are applied. See also Figure 6-1
for an overview.
Open the input file <Tutorial-3.shi>, and save it with a new name: <Tutorial-4>.
25.0
2.0
2.0 kN/m2
GL=0
50 kN/m
-2.0
anchor level -1.5m
CLAY
2.0
-4.0
-6.0
PEAT
-7.0
CLAY
AZ 13
-13.0
SAND
-16.0
Figure 6-1 Surcharge load and horizontal line load in the last stage
6.2
In stage 4, a surcharge load will be applied, together with a horizontal line load
applied to the top the sheet pile wall and directed to the left.
Surcharge loads can only be analyzed if the c, phi, delta model is used, so in the
Project menu select Model and select c, phi, delta soil parameters.
To input the surcharge, modeling the traffic load:
1. Click Loads in the menu bar and then choose Surcharge Loads.
2. In the input window displayed, define a load with the name <Traffic load>, working
from a distance 0 m to a distance 2 m from the sheet pile wall, with a magnitude of
20 kN/m2.
3. Click OK to confirm the input.
TUTORIAL
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80
6.3
Now that the loads have been defined, they can be introduced in a new stage.
1. Open the Stages Manager and select the last stage.
2. Click the Add button to add a stage, that is copied from the selected stage and
change the name to <Loads applied>.
3. Open the Stages Overview window and select <Traffic load> acting on the right hand
side and <Mooring force> in the last stage. Apply all other levels, supports and so
on as in the fourth stage.
Figure 6-4 Stages Overview window showing input for the fourth stage
A new calculation can now be made.
1. Click Calculation and then choose Start.
2. Close the Calculation Progress window when finished.
NOTE: If the c, phi, delta model is not selected then MSheet cannot perform the
calculation and an error message will be displayed. If this occurs, simply change the
model in the Model window to c, phi, delta and start the calculation again.
TUTORIAL
6.4
Results
Open the Moment/Force/Displacement Charts window from the Results menu for a
graphical overview of the effect of applying the loads in the final stage.
It can be seen that the displacement at the top is around zero, while the maximum
displacements are around 100 mm, the magnitude of the bending moments is slightly
reduced, the shear force has increased and the anchor force is now around 190 kN/m.
Figure 6-5 Moment/Force/Displacement Charts showing the effect the applied loads
6.5
Conclusion
This tutorial shows how to input a surcharge load and a horizontal line load. When a
surcharge load is applied, only the c, phi, delta - model (Culmann) can be used.
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TUTORIAL
In the previous tutorial examples, the sheet piling length was assumed to be 16 m, and
the calculations showed that the sheet piling was stable. The design met the basic
requirements.
In practice, the engineer is not only interested in stability and other technical
requirements such as allowable forces, moments and displacements, but also in the cost
of the design. A shorter length sheet piling will cost less, therefore the engineer may
wish to know the shortest length of the sheet piling for which the design is still stable.
The objective of this exercise is:
To use MSheet to find the shortest sheet piling length for which the design is still
stable.
For this example, the following MSheet modules are needed:
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7.1
The input file of Tutorial 1 is used to design the sheet piling length.
CLAY
-4.0
-6.0
PEAT
-7.0
CLAY
CLAY
AZ 13
-13.0
SAND
-16.0
7.2
TUTORIAL
Figure 7-3 Design Sheet Piling Length window, design calculation results
Instability occurs at a length of 11 m. As decrements of 1.0 m were used, it can be
concluded that the sheet piling needs to be at least 12 m long.
The calculation can be repeated for shorter decrements, over a smaller range, for
further optimization. Once the length is optimized a calculation needs to be performed
using the optimized length. This will provide the additional output information.
To change the sheet piling length to this more economical value of 12 m:
1. Open the Sheet Piling window from the Construction menu
2. Change the Section bottom level to 12 m.
3. Select Start under Calculation.
Once the calculation is complete the results can be viewed by opening the Report, as
shown in Figure 7-4. It can be seen that the maximum mobilized resistance [ 20.4] is
around 63 % and therefore the design is indeed stable.
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86
7.3
Conclusion
MSheet can be used to analyze a range of sheet piling lengths to determine the
shortest length for which the wall will still be stable. This length can then be input by
the user if desired.
8
5
8 Tutorial 6: Submerged
Construction of Concrete Floor
This tutorial example shows how to use MSheet to model a piled concrete floor which is
constructed underwater, with the excavation subsequently being dried above the level
of the floor. The presence of an impermeable layer of concrete on one side of the wall,
at a level lower than the natural water table, requires some careful modeling in order
to represent the situation correctly.
The objective of this exercise is:
To model the effect of a concrete floor positioned below the natural water level.
For this example, the following MSheet modules are needed:
88
8.1
This tutorial example involves a pit excavation with an anchored sheet pile wall and an
underwater concrete floor. The floor is supported by tension piles to prevent uplift
after the pit is pumped dry for use as an underground car park.
15.0
-4.0
-4.5
-6.0
TOP SAND
CLAY
-10.0
PU 6
CONCRETE
SAND
-11.0
-16.0
Stage 2: Installation of an anchor on the right hand side at -5.5 m, with a prestress force of 200 kN/m.
TUTORIAL
-4.5
Stage 1
-11.0
Stage 2
-10.0
Stage 3
-11.0
Stage 4
Stage 5
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90
8.2
The first point of attention is the water pressures acting on the bottom of the concrete
floor in the final stage. As the sand layer beneath the concrete floor is permeable, pore
pressures left and right need to be equal, once the pit is pumped dry. MSheet allows
for the input of a water level left and right of the retaining structure. As the
excavation is made dry in the final stage, a water level equal to the bottom of the
concrete floor is entered (See A in Figure 8-3). Using the option to enter an additional
pore pressure profile, the total water pressures left and right are made equal (See B,
Figure 8-4). The magnitude of the additional pore pressure that needs to be applied is
(11 - 4.5) 10 = 65 kN/m.
Water pressure
TUTORIAL
8.3
General input
The following steps permit the definition of the model, the sheet piling, the soil
surfaces and the water levels for this tutorial:
1. Create a new project by clicking New Project in the File menu.
2. Open the Model window from the Project menu.
3. Select Sheet piling as the Model and select Mixed since the c, phi, delta method
allows greater precision for the soil layer stiffness modeling, but the concrete is
simplest to model using Ka, Ko, Kp and therefore different methods will be applied
to different materials.
4. Deselect the Check vertical balance and the CUR verification options as they are not
used in this example.
5. Open the Sheet Piling window from the Construction menu and enter an Arbeds PU6
sheet piling (click on the button and select the PU6 profile from the library)
with a top level of -4 m and a bottom level of -16 m, i.e. a length of 12 m.
6. Open the Surfaces window from the Soil menu and define surfaces with the
following levels:
Table 8-1 Soil surfaces
Surface name
Level
-4
- 4.0 m
-6
- 6.0 m
- 10
- 10.0 m
- 11
- 11.0 m
8.3.1 Soil Layers
The concrete is modeled as an extra soil layer. The Youngs modulus of the concrete is
E = 20 GPa and the width of the (symmetrical) pit excavation is b = 40 m. The modulus
of subgrade reaction of the concrete layer can be calculated from this data in the
following way:
(1)
k=
E
20 109
=
= 1 106 kN / m3
b /2
40 / 2
The unit weight of the concrete is not zero, but it is modeled here as almost zero
because it is assumed that the floors weight is transmitted to the support piles and
therefore does not act on the soil directly below the floor. Phi and delta are modeled as
zero to better represent the homogeneous, as opposed to granular, nature of concrete
when compared to soil. The value for the cohesion is taken as half the compressive
strength of the concrete, so that with Kp = 1 the passive stress is equal to the
concretes compressive stress see equation ( 22 ).
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92
1. Open the Layers window from the Soil menu, and select Tangent modulus of
subgrade reaction, with 1 curve for spring characteristics in the window opened by
clicking on the Curve Settings button.
2. For concrete select Manual to input the Earth pressure coefficients. The behavior of
concrete is well modeled using, use Ka = Ko = 0 and Kp = 1, provided the cohesion
has been defined as described above.
3. For the other soil layers select Kotter (curved slip surfaces) for automatic
calculation of the earth pressure coefficients using Kotters method (the MullerBreslau method should not be used because the sands have high friction angles; for
the clay either method could be used, using Kotter for all layers has been chosen
for consistency). When using the Culmann method, the input of the earth pressure
coefficients will be ignored, but these coefficients are needed for when the Ka, Ko,
Kp method is selected, as will be the case for the left hand side once the concrete
is in place. Then define the sands, clay and concrete as described in Table 8-2.
Table 8-2 Soil properties
Unsaturated total unit weight
Saturated total unit weight
(Drained) Cohesion
Friction angle
Delta Friction angle
Mod. Subgr. Reaction at top
Mod. Subgr. Reaction at
bottom
Earth pressure Coefficients
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
[deg]
[deg]
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
Top Sand
17
20
0
30
20
5000
5000
Clay
15
15
2
20
10
500
800
Sand
17
20
0
35
23
10000
10000
Concrete
0.01
0.01
15000
0
0
1 x106
1 x106
[-]
Kotter
Kotter
Kotter
Manual
Open the Soil Profiles window of the Soils menu and define 3 soil profiles. Input
the soil profiles left and right as indicated in Figure 8-4, Figure 8-5 and Figure
8-6.
TUTORIAL
Figure 8-5 Second soil profile with concrete floor on left side
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94
Open the Water Levels window of the Soil menu, and define 2 water levels with
names <WL-4.5> and <WL-11> at levels -4.5 m and -11 m respectively. The level
<WL-11> is the water level for the left hand side once the excavation has been
dewatered.
In the Uniform Loads window of the Loads menu, add a load with the name
<Forces from Piles> and with a magnitude of 65 kN/m2 on the left hand side. The
right hand side should remain at 0 kN/m2.
8.4
Stages implementation
The construction stages now have to be assembled from the defined building blocks.
1. Open the Stages Manager window of the Stages menu, and define 5 stages with the
names <Excavate to -6>, <Anchor on right side>, <Excavate to -11>, <Construct
floor under water> and <Dewater left side>.
2. Click the Overview option in the Stages menu.
TUTORIAL
3. For all stages the c, , method is selected except for stages 4 and 5, where the
Ka, K0, Kp method is used on the side of the concrete i.e. on the left side.
4. Select the Water levels, Surfaces and Soil profiles as shown in Figure 8-8.
5. Select the anchor from stages 2. For stage 2, enter a pre-stress force of 200 kN/m2
after selecting pre-stressed anchor checkbox in the Pre-tensioning forces subwindow.
6. Select the Uniform load <Forces from Piles> for the final stage.
8.5
1. Start the Calculation, saving the file under the name <Tutorial-6>.
2. After calculation is complete, open the Stress State Charts window from the Results
menu. The Resulting Stress chart for stage 5 shows that the concrete layer exercises
a compressive shear force on the sheet piling in this stage. In addition, it can be
seen that the pore water pressure below the level of the floor is the same on both
sides of the sheet pile wall, as expected.
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Figure 8-9 Stress State Charts showing compression caused by the concrete floor
8.6
Conclusion
Concrete floors that are below the natural water table can be modeled as a soil layer
with relevant properties. The effects caused by the absence of water above the
impermeable floor are modeled by a uniform load acting on the floor, and a water table
with additional pore pressures below the floor.
It should be noted that in this tutorial the anchor is applied under water, which is not
very realistic. It would me more appropriate to first lower the water table to a level
that allows for construction of the anchor. In that case, modeling the water pressures
in the sand and clay layers would need extra attention. As the short term behavior of
the clay layer can be assumed impermeable this needs similar attention as for the
modeling of the concrete floor.
9
9 Tutorial 7: Design code
checking (CUR 166, Method I)
In this tutorial, the application of the CUR 166 design procedure [Lit 5] is followed,
using slightly modified input values compared to Tutorial 3 Tutorial 3: Staged
excavation with pre-stressed anchors that was presented in the preceding sections. A
design of the sheet pile length is performed according to the CUR 166 design procedure
by prescribing partial factors on soil properties and also variations of the soil and water
levels. See The CUR 166 step-by-step design procedure [chapter 29] for background
information.
The objectives of this exercise are:
To select the modulus of subgrade reaction from Table 3.3 of the CUR 166 design
code.
To design the sheet piling length according to the CUR 166 design code by
performing a standard verification of the sheet piling stability for different
lengths, using partial factors and level variations for all stages.
For this example, the following MSheet modules are needed:
9.1
The geometry and the stages are the same as for Tutorial 3 (Figure 9-1) except for the
soil and anchor properties, which are slightly modified. Also the method for
determining the earth pressure coefficients is to be changed to the Culmann method
(c, phi, delta model) as the CUR 166 design procedure is available only with this model.
98
25.0
GL=0
-2.0
CLAY
2.0
-4.0
-6.0
PEAT
-7.0
CLAY
AZ 13
-13.0
SAND
-16.0
TUTORIAL
9.2
Modify Model
First modify the method for the determination of the earth pressure coefficients.
1. Open the input file <Tutorial-3.shi>, and save it with name <Tutorial-7>.
2. Open the Model window from the Project menu, and select the C, phi, delta soil
parameters model and CUR verification. Confirm this choice.
Next, modify the general properties and the modulus of subgrade reaction of the
three soil layers by direct selection from CUR 166 table 3.3.
3. Select the Layers option from the Soil menu.
4. Open the Curve Settings window by clicking the Curve Settings button.
5. Select the Secant (CUR 166) option and click OK to confirm.
6. Click the Select From Table 3.3 button to display the CUR 166 (Table 3.3) window
(Figure 9-2).
7. Select the values of successively Clay moderate, Peat moderate and Sand moderate
for the soil types <Clay>, <Peat> and <Sand>.
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100
9.3
The following steps determine the minimum sheet pile length according to the CUR 166
design procedure. All stages are checked implicitly for method I, with level variations
and partial factors applied for all stages.
1. Select Design Sheet Piling Length in the Calculation menu.
2. In the window displayed, select the last Construction stage <3: Excavate and lower
water level>, to check all stages up to and including the final stage.
3. Select the Partial factor set (safety class) <II>.
4. Select Partial factors (design values) in all stages (method I) from the CUR method
box.
5. Specify checks for the Pile Length ranging From 20 m Downto 12 m with a
Decrement of 1 m.
6. Click the Start button.
The results (Figure 9-4) show that for a length of 13 m the sheet piling becomes
unstable as the mobilized resistance reaches 100 %. Therefore, the minimum length
is approximately 14 m.
TUTORIAL
7. Check that the last stage is indeed the most critical by repeating the above steps,
selecting each of the other stages. Note that the sheet piling does indeed become
unstable in the final stage earlier than in the others.
To get a more accurate result of when the piling becomes unstable, the Pile length
inputs at the top of the window must be adapted.
1. Select the final stage as this is the most critical, enter a pile length From <14 m>
Downto <13 m> with a Decrement of <0.25 m> and click Start again.
The results (Figure 9-5) show that the minimum stable length is approximately
13.25 m. It seems acceptable to reduce the sheet piling length from 16 m to
13.5 m, whilst still leaving a good safety margin.
2. In the Sheet Piling window from the Construction menu, change the Section bottom
level from <-16 m> to <-13.5 m>.
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9.4
The sheet piling design calculation just performed [ 9.3] does not provide a lot of
results about the moments, shear forces and displacements of the wall, or about which
combination between steps 6.1 to 6.5 gives the most unfavorable results. It does not
check all combinations required according to CUR 166. To get all of this information, a
Verify Sheet Piling calculation must be performed for the modified length of 13.5 m.
9.4.1 Verification calculation
1. Select Verify Sheet Piling in the Calculation menu.
2. In the window displayed, select Partial Factors (design values) in all stages
(method I) in the CUR method sub-window, as partial factors are applied to all
construction stages for a Method I check.
3. Select the safety class <II> and leave the Anchor stiffness multiplication factor as its
default value of 1.
4. Mark the Check stability for all stages checkbox to check the overall stability of this
project according to step 11.3 of the CUR 166 design procedure.
5. Then click the Start button.
TUTORIAL
To view the results of the verification, choose Verification Report in the Results
menu.
In the window displayed (Figure 9-8), note that the maximum displacement occurs
when selecting the last construction stage and <Step 6.3> at the top of the window.
The maximum displacement is now greater than -189 mm, the value obtained from the
Design Sheet Piling Length in Figure 9-5 for a sheet pile length of 13.5 m. This is due to
the exaggeration of unfavorable conditions in previous stages, caused by applying the
partial factor set to all stages.
The Overall Stability section (Figure 9-9) of the Verification Report estimates the overall
stability for the verified stage using the Bishop method with circular slip planes. See
[chapter 27] for background information. As the stability factor is more than 1 for all
stages, the wall will be stable according to the Bishop method.
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Figure 9-9 Verification report window, Overall stability, shown for the final stage
NOTE: The Overall Stability can also be determined using the Overall Stability window
from the Calculation menu by selecting the appropriate safety class and stage.
TUTORIAL
The verification report also contains the modified values of the soil parameters and
levels. See [ 21.3] and [ 21.5] for more details on the verification report and charts.
9.5
Conclusion
The Design Sheet Piling Length option allows the minimum stable length for the sheet
piling to be found, using a global check according to CUR 166. After inputting this new
length, a complete verification can be performed with the Verify Sheet Piling option
giving more final results. CUR Method I applies the same partial factor set to all
construction stages.
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106
10
10 Tutorial 8: Design code
checking (CUR 166, Method II)
In the previous tutorial [chapter 9], a Method I design according to the CUR 166
procedure was performed, which means that partial factors and level variations were
applied to all stages. To perform a Method II design, these partial factors need to be
applied only to the most unfavorable stage. The Verify Sheet Piling calculation is used
in place of the Design Sheet Piling Length option as it is more comprehensive, and CUR
specific.
The objective of this exercise is:
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stage 1
stage 2
-7.0
stage 3
Figure 10-1 Three stages of excavation, with installation of an anchor and lowering
of the water level
The design of this sheet pile wall with a single anchor is performed by applying partial
factors on soil properties and level variations on the surface and water levels for the
final stage, as this stage is the most adverse.
TUTORIAL
4. Mark the fourth checkbox to select stage 3 <Excavate and lower water level> as a
stage for which verification is to be performed. Then select the safety class <II> for
this stage and leave the Anchor stiffness multiplication factor as its default value
of 1.
5. Mark the Check stability for all verified stages checkbox to check the overall
stability of this stage of the project according to step 11.3 of the CUR 166 design
procedure.
6. Then click the Start button.
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110
10.4 Conclusion
Applying partial factors on the representative input values in all stages will give
different results to when applying them only in one of the stages. The CUR 166 design
procedure allows both methods. Applying partial factors to the final stage only
(Method II) can result in a more economical design, but requires verification of each
stage as the final stage.
11
11 Tutorial 9: Verify anchor
stability (Kranz method)
This example illustrates how to check the stability of an anchor wall. For background
information, see "Allowable anchor force" [chapter 26].
The objectives of this exercise are:
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CLAY
2.0
-4.0
-6.0
PEAT
-7.0
CLAY
AZ 13
-13.0
SAND
-16.0
Open the input file <Tutorial-3.shi>, and save it with a new name:
<Tutorial-9.shi>.
TUTORIAL
Click the Draw Results button. The window displayed (Figure 11-3) shows the
active and passive slip surfaces on the anchor wall.
For more details on the passive and active anchor wall pressures calculation, see
[chapter 26].
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114
11.3 Conclusion
MSheet can calculate the allowable force in an anchor making it possible for the user to
compare this value to the actual force in the anchor. To increase the allowable anchor
force the sheet piling length can be increased, the anchor can be inclined, it can be
made longer or it can be applied lower down the wall.
12
12 Tutorial 10: Modelling of
combi-walls
This example illustrates the analysis of a combined wall with a variable flexural
stiffness. For background information, see Combination with piles [ 32.1].
The objectives of this exercise are:
To enter a combined pile and sheet piling wall using MSheets combined wall
wizard.
C, phi, delta (Culmann) model, optional for second part of the exercise
116
HZ775C-12+PU-12
CLAY
-5.0
DEEP CLAY
-6.0
DEEP CLAY
SAND
SAND
HZ775C-12
-10.0
TUTORIAL
Plan view
2,33m
sheet piling
(EI=54360 kN/m2)
RL 0m
clay
RL -5m
deep clay
RL -6m
0,6m
5m
sand
RL -10m
0,53m
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
[deg]
[deg]
[kN/m]
Clay
14
14
2
20
10
800
Deep Clay
14
14
5
20
10
1600
Sand
17
20
0
30
20
25000
117
118
TUTORIAL
These calculated values have been checked in the Verification Section, see [ 33.21].
The combination wall calculation process is also explained in [ 32.1].
119
120
4. Open the Profiles window from the Soil menu and define the soil profile shown in
Figure 12-1, with the top levels of <Clay>, <Deep Clay> and <Sand> at 0 m, -5 m
and -6 m respectively.
5. Open the Water Levels window of the Soil menu, and define a water level named
<WL> at -1 m.
6. Open the Stages Overview window of the Stages menu to define the left and right
surfaces.
7. In the Start Calculation window, click OK to calculate the results.
12.4.2 Results using the Ka, Ko, Kp - model
The calculation results can be found in the report.
1. Start the calculation by selecting Start in the Calculation menu and clicking OK.
When the calculation is complete close the Calculation Progress window.
2. In the Results menu, click Report.
TUTORIAL
The resulting moments and forces apply to one full section of the wall, consisting of
one pile and three sheet-piling parts. The maximum moment acting on the upper 5 m
can be seen by opening the Moment/Force/Displacement Charts from the Results menu
and right clicking over the moment graph to select the Chart Data. Scrolling down to a
Depth of 5m shows that the maximum moment in this part is 120 kNm at the level of
-5 m. The maximum moment acting on the lower 5 m is 212 kNm. The pile therefore
has to be able to resist 212 kNm. If the maximum is reached in the upper part, it is
common practice to assume that this maximum moment acts on the pile only. The
dimensioning of the sheet piling is usually based on the transmission of moments in
the horizontal direction, and is therefore outside the scope of this example.
Figure 12-6 Moment/Force/Displacement Chart for combined wall using Ka, Ko and Kp
with shell factors
12.4.3 Using the c, phi, delta model (Culmann)
As an alternative to the calculation formula for straight slip surfaces, Culmanns
c, phi, delta method [ 19.6.2] can also be applied. In this case, the factor on the
lateral earth pressure coefficients must be modified separately for all points by hand.
This method is time consuming, but using the Culmann method allows the values of
the earth pressure coefficients to vary across the soil layers.
This can be done by the following steps:
1. Save the input under a new name, such as <Tutorial-10b.shi>.
2. In the Model window of the Project menu, select the c, phi, delta soil
parameters model.
121
122
3. In the Start Calculation window, the lateral earth pressure ratios calculated by the
Culmann method can be optionally viewed and modified. To do so, select the
Manual option from the Recalculation earth pressure coefficients sub-window.
4. Click the Recalculation and than the Editor button to edit the earth pressure
coefficients in the Fictive Earth Pressure Coefficients window as described below.
Figure 12-7 Fictive Earth Pressure Coefficients window, as calculated using the
Culmann method
5. In the window displayed (Figure 12-7) the values are as calculated using the
Culmann method. They need to be modified by dividing Ka by s and by multiplying
Kp by s, on both sides of the sheet pile wall. Results for the Right side of the sheet
pile are given in Figure 12-8 below. Please note that different s values need to be
applied for different layers.
Figure 12-8 Fictive Earth Pressure Coefficients window after modification of the Ka
and Kp values
TUTORIAL
Figure 12-9 - Moment/Force/Displacement Chart for combined wall using Culmann with
shell factors
12.5 Conclusion
The combined wall wizard is a useful tool for inputting a combined wall: it converts the
constituent parts into the correct MSheet model. Earth pressure coefficients need to be
modified for the soil layers where only the piles are present, to compensate for
arching.
123
124
13
13 Tutorial 11: Non-hydrostatic
pore pressure distribution
In this example, the sheet pile wall has a water-retaining function in addition to the
standard soil-retaining function. The difference in water pressures on either side of the
wall gives rise to water seepage under the toe of the wall. This effect is taken into
account in MSheet by inputting appropriate additional pore pressures. For background
information, see [ 32.4].
The objectives of this exercise are:
To calculate and input the additional pore pressure distribution in order to model
the total pore pressures caused by the water flow under the toe of the sheet
piling.
126
GL=0
-2.0
Strut 1
-7.0
CLAY
Strut 2
-10.0
-9.0
AZ 14
CLAY
-13.0
PEAT
SAND
-12.0
PEAT
-18.0
Figure 13-1 Pit excavation with water flow under the sheet pile wall
Table 13-1 Soil properties
Unsaturated total unit weight
Saturated total unit weight
(Drained) Cohesion
Friction angle phi
Delta friction angle
Earth pressure coefficients
Mod. Subgrade Reaction (top side)
Mod. Subgrade Reaction (bottom side)
Permeability
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
[deg]
[deg]
[-]
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
[m/s]
Clay
14
14
5
17
11
Muller
800
1 200
10-8
Peat
11
11
2
20
0
Muller
500
500
10-9
Sand
17
20
0
32
21
Kotter
10 000
20 000
10-3
TUTORIAL
w i = h w
di
ki
di
i
w clay = 9 10
(4)
w peat = 9 10
2
10
1
= 5.5kN / m2
2
1
1
11
8 + 9 + 9 + 8
10
10
10
10
1
1
= 27.3kN / m2
1
1
11
10 9 2
8 + 9 + 9 + 8
10
10
10
10
w clay = 9 10
11
1
= 30.0kN / m2
1
1
11
10 8 2
8 + 9 + 9 + 8
10
10
10
10
(6)
w peat = 9 10
1
1
= 27.3kN / m2
1
1
11
10 9 2
8 + 9 + 9 + 8
10
10
10
10
Note that the sum of the magnitudes of these additional pore pressures is 90 kN/m2
(ignoring rounding errors) which is the same as the pressure difference between the
levels of the two phreactic surfaces. It can also be seen that the water pressure on both
sides of the toe of the sheet pile is the same (ignoring rounding errors):
6 10 + (5.5 + 27.3) = 150 (30.0 + 27.3) = 92.8.
127
128
0.0
-1.0
clay
Wpeat
-9.0
Wclay
-10.0
Wpeat
25.5
20.0
30.0
62.8
Wclay
62.8
total
pressure
60.0
hydrostatic
pressure
80.0
peat
-12.0
110.0
-13.0
120.0
62.7
sand
-18.0
92.7
total
pressure
150.0
hydrostatic
pressure
TUTORIAL
Figure 13-3 Soil Profiles window with additional pore pressures on left side
Figure 13-4 Soil Profiles window with additional pore pressures on right side
7. In the Water Levels window, define two water levels of -1 m and -10 m.
8. In the Water Properties window, enter a unit weight of 10 kN/m3.
9. In the Struts window from the Supports menu, define two struts at levels -2 m and
-7 m with properties as indicated in Figure 13-5. As only half of the problem is
considered due to symmetry, the length of the strut needs to be entered as 5.0 m.
In this example buckling is not taken into account, therefore a large value for the
buckling force is entered.
10. In the Stages Overview window, activate these different inputs as indicated in
Figure 13-1 by selecting them in the appropriate sub-window.
129
130
TUTORIAL
3. In the window displayed (Figure 13-7), read the water pressures values at different
depths at the left side in the Water Pressure Left tab. They are the sum of the
excess pore water pressure and the hydrostatic water pressure (w depth)
131
132
13.5 Conclusion
Water flow under the toe of a sheet pile wall causes a pore pressure distribution in the
surrounding soil that is not proportional to the depth below the water table. The
correct total pressure distribution can be modeled by calculating and inputting
additional pore pressures for each soil layer.
14
14 Tutorial 12: Modelling of
loads with limited dimensions
This example illustrates the method used to calculate the effect on a sheet pile wall of
a surcharge load with limited dimensions in two directions. This could be, for instance,
the load from a crane near a harbor wall. For background information, see [ 32.2].
The objectives of this exercise are:
To model a load with limited size in the directions parallel and perpendicular to
the sheet pile wall.
For this example, the following MSheet modules are needed:
134
Top view
d1=1.5m
45o
d2=2.25m
q1
q2
Platform load = 20 kN/m2
GL=0
-1.5
-2.0
2.0
CLAY
PEAT
-7.0
AZ 13
CLAY
CLAY
-13.0
SAND
-16.0
Figure 14-1 Modeling a load with limited size parallel to the sheet piling
TUTORIAL
qi =
F
L
L b L + 2di
q1 =
F
600
=
= 88.89kN / m2
b(L + 2d1 ) 1.5 x (1.5 + 2x1.5)
Therefore:
(8)
(9)
q2 =
F
600
=
= 66.67kN / m2
b(L + 2d2 ) 1.5 x (1.5 + 2x2.25)
135
136
TUTORIAL
14.4 Results
As a result of the platform load and the crane load the bending moments have
increased, as indicated in Figure 14-4.
14.5 Conclusion
Loads with a limited size parallel to the sheet pile wall need to be adjusted so their
effect can be correctly calculated. This modification is performed by assuming the load
acts over the wall within the limits of lines extending at 45 from the front of where
the load is applied.
137
138
15
15 Tutorial 13: Preventing pile
driving failure using
experience data
This tutorial example looks at the risk of pile driving failure that may occur in practice.
The risk of pile driving failure largely depends on the sheet pile length, resisting
moment, soil conditions and of course the pile driving equipment. In general a sheet
pile wall design is checked according to design standards. Using the E-Consult module
it is also possible to check the feasibility of the design as well. The E-Consult module
allows for two different checks. The first check compares results of the MSheet design
to (NVAF) charts for different kind of piling driving vibrators and different soil
conditions. The second check displays the design on graphs, alongside real experiences.
The objectives of this exercise are:
To compare the design using the E-Consult module for NVAF-experience lines.
To compare the design using the E-Consult module for experience data from
various projects.
For this example, the following MSheet modules are needed:
E-Consult module
140
Figure 15-1 E-Consult Sheet Pile Installation window, showing NAVF lines
In the graph displayed (Figure 15-1), the current sheet piling input is indicated by a
blue mark. As this mark lies below the NVAF-lines, successful pile driving should be
guaranteed for this type of sheet piling with a length of 13.5 m and a resisting
moment of 1300 cm/m.
By selecting different graphs from the Experience lines NVAF list it can be seen that the
design considered does not meet the feasibility criteria for all combinations of cone
resistances and frequencies. Hence some care should be taken. From the graphs one
can also get an idea of the capacity needed for successful pile driving. In this case
(LF 5) a minimum capacity of 800 kN seems necessary.
Click the Browse button on the right side of the Resisting moment input field.
TUTORIAL
In the table displayed, it can be seen that the < AZ 13> sheet piling profile has a
resisting moment, W of 1300 cm3/m. By selecting different sheet piles and clicking
Select the user can return to the E-Consult Sheet Pile Installation window to directly see
the influence on the feasibility. The manual input selected for Resisting moment is
indicated by a black square in the graphs. The blue dot, indicating the MSheet design,
will not change until a different pile length or sheet piling has been inputted and
calculated or verified.
141
142
15.4 Conclusion
After checking a sheet pile wall for stability, the E-Consult module can be used to
check the chosen sheet piling feasibility for driving. The chosen sheet piling can be
compared to experience data and NVAF lines. If the sheet piling is changed to give
better driving feasibility then it needs to be re-checked for stability.
16
16 Tutorial 14: Horizontally
loaded pile (mooring post)
This tutorial example illustrates the use of the Single pile model in MSheet.
The calculation of forces and displacements for a mooring pile loaded by a ship is
performed here.
The objective of this exercise is:
To use the single pile model of MSheet to analyze a pile subjected to a horizontal
force.
For this example, the following MSheet modules are needed:
144
-0.5
-2.0
-4.5
-6.8
CLAY
-8.3
SAND
-9.6
CLAY 2
-11.6
SAND 2
-13.2
CLAY 3
SAND 3
SAND 3
-20.5
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
[deg]
[kN/m]
[-]
Clay
15
15
0
22.5
2000
Clay
Sand
18
20
0
32.5
2000
Sand
Clay 2
15
15
10
22.5
4000
Clay
Sand 2
18
20
0
32.5
4000
Sand
Clay 3
17
17
10
17.5
4000
Clay
Sand 3
18
20
0
32.5
9000
Sand
TUTORIAL
145
146
TUTORIAL
method, the same soil layer should not be used at different depths in a profile, as the
strength is a function of depth. Instead a copy of the soil layer, with a different name,
should be made for the second depth. It is also recommended that thick soil layers are
split into two or more thinner layers [ 31.2.1].
5. Open the Horizontal Force window from the Loads menu and enter a horizontal
force named <ship load> of 500 kN at a level of -0.5 m.
16.4 Results
1. Start a calculation and save the project using <Tutorial 14.shi> as file name. Note
that the pile is stable as no message is displayed to the contrary.
2. Open the Moment/Force/Displacement Charts window to view the results of the
calculation.
The maximum displacement of the pile is around 9 cm, which meets the condition that
was stated in the case description, of a maximum allowable displacement of 10 cm.
Please note that it should also be checked that the maximum allowable bending
moment is not exceeded.
147
148
16.5 Conclusion
MSheet allows the modeling of simple single pile models, loaded by forces and
moments. The single pile module allows the effect of arching to be taken into account,
by application of Brinch-Hansens theory. The input and calculation method is similar
to that for a sheet pile wall.
17
17 Tutorial 15: Horizontal pile
deformation caused by
embankment
This tutorial gives another example of using the Single pile model in MSheet. In this
example the option Pile loaded by soil displacements is used.
The objective of this exercise is:
150
-0.5
-1.5
-2.5
SAND 1
CLAY 1
-4.5
CLAY 2
-6.5
CLAY 3
-8.5
CLAY 4
-10.5
-12.5
SAND 2
Figure 17-1 Horizontal pile loaded by soil deformations caused by embankment raise
Table 17-1 Soil properties
Sand 1
Unsat. total unit
weight
Sat. total unit weight
(Drained) Cohesion
Friction angle
Mod. of Subgr Reaction
Active Earth Pres. Coef
Neutral Earth Pres.
Coef
Passive Earth Pres.
Coef
[kN/m] 18
Clay
1
15
Clay
2
15
Clay
3
15
Clay
4
15
Sand
2
18
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
[deg]
[kN/m]
[-]
[-]
20
0
30
5000
0.00
0.00
15
10
25
3000
0.00
0.00
15
5
25
1250
0.00
0.00
15
5
25
1500
0.00
0.00
15
3
25
1350
0.00
0.00
20
0
35
10000
0.00
0.00
[-]
5.00
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
5.00
NOTE: Active and neutral earth pressure coefficients normally need to be set to zero
for the situation of a single pile loaded by soil displacement. This means that the input
value for the passive earth pressure coefficient leads to the effective resisting pressure,
taking the effect of arching into account. Selecting Brinch-Hansen will cause this to
happen automatically.
NOTE: For manual input the passive earth pressure coefficients need to be modified
manually by application of a shell factor to compensate for the phenomenon of
arching, see [ 31.1].
TUTORIAL
151
152
TUTORIAL
17.6 Results
Start a calculation, and note that the pile is stable, as no message is displayed to the
contrary. The report shows that the maximum moment in the pile is around 136 kNm,
which is much less than the allowable maximum, so constructing the road embankment
should not cause problems for this pile.
153
154
17.7 Conclusion
MSheet also allows the analysis of single piles subjected to imposed soil deformations.
Introduction
Tutorial
Reference
Background
Verification
156
18
18 General
This chapter contains a detailed description of the available menu options for inputting
data for a sheet pile or diaphragm wall project, and for calculating and viewing the
results. The examples in the tutorial section provide a convenient starting point for
familiarization with the program.
Export Report
This option allows the report to be exported in a different format, such as pdf or
rtf.
Page Setup
This option allows definition of the way MSheet plots and reports are to be
printed. The printer, paper size, orientation and margins can be defined as well as
whether and where axes are required for plots. Click Autofit to get MSheet to
choose the best fit for the page.
158
18.2.2 General
REFERENCE
Startup with
Save on
calculation
18.2.3 Directories
159
160
18.2.4 Language
18.2.5 Modules
19
19 Input
Before analysis can be started, data for the sheet pile wall, soil, loads and supports
needs to be input.
162
Model
Sheet piling
Single pile
REFERENCE
Factor on cohesion
Factor on tangent
phi
Factor on modulus
of subgrade
reactions
Factor on driving
moment (overall
stability)
Change in surface
level on passive
side
Change in phreatic
line on passive
side
Change in phreatic
line on active side
Partial material
factor (gamma
mb;4)
The partial factors prescribed by the CUR 166 design procedure for three different
safety classes (I, II and III) are also reported in the Default Partial Factors window. The
CUR procedure also specifies a partial factor for unfavorable uniform loads in safety
class III this factor is not included in this window as it is only applied to unfavorable
loads. The partial factor for uniform loads is specified in the Uniform Loads window
[ 19.4.1].
For background information on partial factors and safety classes see [ 29.2] and
[ 29.3].
19.1.3 Project Properties
On the menu bar, click Project and then choose Properties to open the input window.
The Project Properties window has four tabs, which allow the settings for the current
project to be changed.
Project Properties - Identification
Use the Identification tab to specify the project identification data:
163
164
Date
Drawn by
Project ID
Annex ID
Enable the checkbox Save as default to use these settings every time MSheet is started
or a new project is created.
Project Properties Diagram Settings
Use the Diagram Settings tab to specify the availability of components in the main
window and the layout settings for the Input Diagram window.
REFERENCE
Rulers
Large cursor
Infobar
Grid
Snap to Grid
Grid distance
Same scale for x and
y axis
Identification names
Loads
Supports
Layer colors
Layers
Overall scale
Mark the Save as default checkbox to use the current settings every time MSheet is
started.
Project Properties - Chart Settings
Use the Chart Settings tab to specify the display settings for the graphic representation
of calculation results [chapter 21].
165
166
Mark the checkbox Save as default to use the current settings every time MSheet is
run.
19.1.4 View Input File
On the menu bar, click Project and then choose View Input File to display an overview
of the input data.
The data will be displayed in the MSheet main window. Click on the Print Active Window
icon to print the file.
REFERENCE
Name
Section Bottom Level
167
168
Stiffness EI
Acting Width
NOTE: If the acting width changes at the position of a load, anchor or support,
MSheet will use the width below this position as the acting width per meter for this
load or support.
19.2.2 Regular sheet piling (in the case of a vertical balance check)
If the Check vertical balance option in the Model window of [ 19.1.1] is selected, the
Sheet Piling window displayed (Figure 19-7) is different from Figure 19-6, as new input
data are needed in the vertical balance check.
See [ 19.2.1].
See [ 19.2.1].
See [ 19.2.1].
See [ 19.2.1].
See [ 19.2.1].
See [ 19.2.1].
See [ 19.2.1].
REFERENCE
Height
Coating area
Section area
Max point resistance
(Pr;max;point)
Xi factor (depends on
number of CPTs)
169
170
Name
Diameter
Sheet pile
Stiffness EI
The profile name. The user can define a name and properties
themself, or import the name and properties from the MSheet
library.
Enter the bottom level for the piles and the sheet piling.
Enter the bending stiffness (product of Youngs Modulus E and
moment of inertia I) of a single pile.
Enter the diameter of the single piles.
Enter the bending stiffness (product of Youngs Modulus E and
moment of inertia I) of the sheet piling, per running meter.
Width
Number of sheet
piles
Click the
button to import the sheet piling name, width
and stiffness from the MSheet library [ 19.2.4]
Enter the width of one sheet pile.
Enter the number of sheet piles between each pair of single
piles.
Bottom Level
Piles Stiffness EI
Figure 19-9 Result of using the combined wall wizard (per center-to-center distance)
19.2.4 Construction menu Profiles library
The Sheet Piling window and the Combined Wall window described in [ 19.2], and the
single pile window [ 19.2.5] allow the import of piling properties from a library.
Click the Browse button in these windows to open the Sheet Piling Profiles window
(Figure 19-10). In this window the properties of both sheet piling and single piles can
be selected.
The window contains separate tabs for steel sheet piling, concrete sheet piling and
single piles from different manufacturers. There are also separate tabs for user-defined
sheet piling and user defined single piles, see Figure 19-11.
User defined profiles and groups can be added via the Add and the Edit buttons (Figure
19-12), and deleted using the Delete button. The location of the data file containing
user defined profiles can be changed via the Tools menu [ 18.2.3].
REFERENCE
Figure 19-10 Sheet Piling Profiles Library window, Sheet piles tab
Figure 19-11 Sheet Piling Profiles Library window, User defined piles tab
171
172
EI
Mmax;el
Section Area
W
Width
All properties (except width) are given per running meter for Sheet piles, Concrete sheet
piles and User defined sheet piles. The properties for Piles and User defined piles are
given per single pile.
REFERENCE
On the menu bar, click Construction and then choose Pile to open the input window.
Every new analysis starts with the input of data on the single pile.
First, the top level of the sheet piling must be entered. Next, click the Insert row
button to insert a new row or click the Add row button to add one. The stiffness and/or
diameter can be varied for each section. Alternatively, use the Paste button to paste
the complete content from an external source into the table.
173
174
Both the Distance from the sheet piling and Level of that part of
the surface are expressed in meters. The level is specified in
relation to the reference level.
MSheet can only convert a non-horizontal surface to horizontal
wall pressures in case of the c, phi, delta method [ 19.6.1]. The
relevant calculation method must be selected for each
construction stage.
Curve settings, to define the type of stress-displacement curve for all layers
REFERENCE
175
176
Curve Settings
In the Soil layers window, click the Curve Settings button to open the Curve Settings
(for all Layers) window (Figure 19-18) in which the type of stress-displacement
diagram that will be used for all layers can be defined.
REFERENCE
Modulus of subgrade
reaction type
Use an unloading/
reloading curve
The Secant (CUR 166) definition is based on the stressdisplacement diagram according to CUR 166. This diagram
always uses three branches, with intersections at 50, 80 and
100 % of Ka - Kp (see Figure 19-20 below) The slope of the
different branches is defined indirectly, via the three secant
moduli at the intersection points.
The Tangent (MSheet Classic) definition is based on a userdefined number of branches (number of curves), with the
slope of each branch defined directly by the tangent modulus
(see Figure 19-23 below).
Mark this checkbox to use an elasto-plastic model with a
different (elastic) stiffness during unloading and reloading.
Also see the input description for the modulus of subgrade
reaction (below).
Specify this value to use multiple branches in the diagram of
stress versus displacement during virgin loading. The
maximum number is 4. Also see the input description for the
modulus of subgrade reaction (below) and for the earth
pressure coefficients (above). This option is only used with
the Tangent (MSheet Classic) definition.
Select from
Table 3.3
Enter descending values for the secant moduli at 50, 80 and 100 % of
Ka - Kp (Figure 19-20), on the Top side and Bottom side of each soil layer.
MSheet also applies the k1 value to unloading and reloading if the Use an
unloading / reloading curve option has been selected in the Curve
Settings window.
Click this button to select a soil type directly from table 3.3 of the
CUR 166 [Lit 5] (Figure 19-21). The soil type indication in the first
column includes typical values of the CPT resistance qc. Only lowest
values are given in MSheet to use the highest value the user must
manually multiply the lowest value by 2.25.
177
178
horizontal stress
k1
k2
k3
kpv
Kav
50%
80%
100%
horizontal displacement
REFERENCE
arctan k4
passive: Kpv
arctan k3
neutral: K0v
active: Kav
2[%] 3[%]
100%
arctan k2
1[%]
arctan k1
horizontal displacement
179
180
General
In this sub-window the general soil parameters can be specified for a particular soil
layer.
Figure 19-26 Soil Layers window: Earth pressure coefficients (Pile loaded by forces)
Figure 19-27 Soil Layers window: Earth pressure coefficients (Pile loaded by soil
displacements)
REFERENCE
Method
Active, Neutral or
Passive
When using the Brinch-Hansen method the same soil layer should not be used at
different depths in a soil profile. Instead a copy of the soil should be made, with a
different name. See [ 31.2.1] for more information.
Modulus of subgrade reaction
User-defined values for the modulus of subgrade reaction can be entered in this subwindow. Alternatively, for a pile loaded by forces, MSheet can calculate the modulus of
subgrade reaction according to Mnards theory.
Figure 19-28 Soil Layers window: Modulus of subgrade reaction (Pile loaded by forces)
Figure 19-29 Soil Layers window: Modulus of subgrade reaction (Pile loaded by soil
displacement)
Emod/Soil
type Mnard
After entering all the data in the Soil menu, proceed to the Loads menu.
181
182
Soil layer
REFERENCE
Additional Pore
Pressure
(top/bottom)
NOTE: If the surface does not run horizontally, the additional pore water pressure at
the surface level is not always equal to zero. MSheet does not adjust the additional
pore water pressure, but displays a warning in the output file instead. A warning is
also displayed if an additional pore water pressure is entered above the water level.
19.3.5 Water Levels
On the menu bar, click Soil and then choose Water Levels to open the corresponding
input window.
In the input window, different water levels can be specified.
Level [m]
MSheet models hydrostatic pore water pressures by defining the hydrostatic pressure at
a point as proportional to its depth below the water level. If a total pore pressure
distribution other than this triangular, hydrostatic, distribution is required then the
user must also input additional pore pressures for each layer [ 19.3.4].
A water level will only be active in the stages that are selected using the Stage
Composer [ 2.6] or the Stages Overview window [ 19.6.2].
183
184
This field displays the name of the displayed load, which can
be overwritten. Use unique and recognizable names because
the load name is used in other windows of MSheet to select
the appropriate data.
Enter the magnitude of the load on the left hand side of the
sheet pile wall.
Enter the magnitude of the load on the right hand side of
the sheet piling.
REFERENCE
Partial factor
(verification)
A uniform load consists of a distributed vertical q-load acting on the horizontal soil
surface, from the sheet piling to infinity. The value of the q-load can be different on
each side of the sheet piling.
q-load
sheet piling
NOTE:
A uniform load will only be active in the stages that are selected using the Stage
Composer [ 2.6] or the Stages Overview window [ 19.6.2].
19.4.2 Surcharges for retaining walls
On the menu bar, click Loads and then choose Surcharge Loads to open the
corresponding input window.
A non-uniform surcharge acts on the soil surface to the left or right of the sheet pile
wall. Enter value of the load at several distances from the sheet pile wall. Between
these points, linear interpolation is used. Up to 10 surcharge loads can be added.
185
Partial factor
(verification)
Distance [m]
Load [kN/m]
This field displays the name of the displayed load, which can
be overwritten. Use unique and recognizable names because
the load name is used in other windows of MSheet to select
the appropriate data.
Enter the partial factor to be applied to the magnitude of the
surcharge during the CUR 166 design procedure. This option
is available only if the CUR verification module is selected in
the Model window [ 19.1.1].
Enter the distance from the sheet piling to the relevant part
of the surcharge. A surcharge always acts on the soil surface.
The distances to the sheet piling are always positive and
must be entered in ascending order. The maximum number of
points is 15.
Enter the magnitude of the surcharge at each point.
load
186
10
distance
REFERENCE
Level [m]
Load [kN/m]
level
force
sheet piling
187
188
Level [m]
Moment [kNm/m']
level
moment
sheet piling
REFERENCE
Force at
Normal forces, ie distributed forces that act along the axis of the sheet piling section,
introduce an additional (secondary) moment. Due to wall friction, the normal force
(the result of an applied vertical line load) will decrease along the depth of the sheet
piling. To account for this friction, the user may input the value of the normal force at
the following levels:
189
190
Displacement [m]
REFERENCE
Name
Level
E-modulus
Cross section
Wall Height
Length
Angle
Yield Force
Side
Anchors can be pre-tensioned with an initial force to support the sheet pile wall. Each
construction stage can have its own anchors and up to 10 anchors can be added. Pretensioned anchors are modeled by the pre-stress force, with no associated stiffness for
the stage in which the pre-stress force is applied. For all other stages MSheet models
anchors using discrete springs. MSheet always uses a zero pressure condition in the
stress strain relation (Figure 19-44).
tensile stress
limited capacity
pre- stress
zero pressure
condition
tensile strain
springconstant =
Grout Anchors
To model a grout anchor, define the anchor wall height as zero. The effective length of
the anchorage is measured from the sheet pile wall to the middle of the grout body.
An anchor will only be active in the stages that are selected using the Stage Composer
[ 2.6] or the Stages Overview window [ 19.6.2].
191
192
Buckling Force
Side
Struts can be pre-compressed with an initial force to support the sheet pile wall. Each
construction stage can have its own struts and up to 10 struts can be added. MSheet
models struts using discrete springs. MSheet always uses a zero tension condition in
the stress strain relation (Figure 19-46).
compressive stress
limited capacity
pre- stress
zero tension
condition
compressive strain
springconstant =
REFERENCE
A strut will only be active in the stages that are selected using the Stage Composer
[ 2.6] or the Stages Overview window [ 19.6.2].
19.5.3 Spring supports for retaining walls and single piles
On the menu bar, click Supports and then choose Spring Supports to open the
corresponding input window (Figure 19-47).
Rotation
[kNm/rad/m']
Translation
[kN/m/m']
F = ktranslationw , M = k rotation
=
=
=
=
=
=
spring force
spring moment
translational spring constant
rotational spring constant
displacement of the sheet piling
rotation of the sheet piling.
A spring support will only be active in the stages that are selected using the Stage
Composer [ 2.6] or the Stages Overview window [ 19.6.2].
193
194
Rigid supports can be used to suppress translation and/or rotation of the sheet piling
at certain points. Up to 10 rigid supports can be added. A rigid support will only be
active in the stages that are selected using the Stage Composer [ 2.6] or the Stages
Overview window [ 19.6.2].
REFERENCE
An overview of loads, supports and additional data that may vary for each stage.
Selection of specific loads, supports and additional input data for each stage.
Input of anchor and strut forces, and the input of a prescribed pile top
displacement.
195
196
Pile Top Displacement Mark this checkbox to activate a prescribed piling top
displacement for the selected stage. Positive values indicate a
displacement to the right. Displacements are specified in
relation to the configuration at the start of stage 1. If the
checkbox is not marked, MSheet assumes that the top of the
sheet piling can move freely. An alternative method of
ensuring zero displacement of the top of the wall is to use a
rigid support [ 19.5.4].
Methods
For each side and for each stage, select the method that
MSheet will use to calculate the lateral earth pressure ratios:
C, phi, delta (cohesion, soil friction angle and friction angle
between soil and wall): With this option selected MSheet
derives the lateral earth pressure coefficients using Culmanns
method. This method is the usual choice in most cases. It is
based on straight slip surfaces and includes the influence of
soil weight, non-horizontal ground surfaces and non-uniform
surcharge.
Ka, K0, Kp (active, neutral and passive lateral earth pressure
coefficients): With this option selected, MSheet will use userspecified coefficients or ones derived automatically from the
Mller-Breslau equations (straight slip surface, horizontal soil
surface) or Ktter equations (curved slip surface, horizontal
ground surface).
For more details, see the Soil Layers input window [ 19.3.2].
Water levels
For each side and for each stage, select the water level. Water
levels may be added or modified in the Water Level window
[ 19.3.5].
Surfaces
For each side and for each stage, select one of the available
ground surfaces from the drop down list. Ground surfaces
may be added or modified in the Surfaces input window.
Soil profiles
For each side and for each stage, select one of the available
layer profiles from the drop down list. Layer profiles may be
added or modified in the Profiles input window.
Anchors
For each stage, select the anchors that are used by marking
the corresponding checkboxes. Anchors may be added via the
Supports menu.
Pre-tensioning forces For each selected anchor, the corresponding checkbox in the
list of pre-tensioning forces may be marked. Once a checkbox
is marked, the pre-tensioning force can be entered in the
same cell of the table. If an anchor is deselected, the
corresponding pre-tensioning also becomes deselected, and
the corresponding checkbox is disabled.
REFERENCE
Struts
Pre-compressions
Spring supports
Rigid supports
Uniform loads
Surcharges
Horizontal line loads
Moments
Normal forces
For more detail about the menus mentioned above, see [ 19.3] to [ 19.5].
19.6.3 Stage Overview for single piles
On the menu bar, click Stage and then choose Overview to open the input window. This
window allows an overall view of loads and supports being selected for a single pile
analysis. Note also that working with construction stages is not possible for the single
pile model.
197
198
Soil profiles
Spring supports
Rigid supports
Horizontal line loads
Moments
Select one of the available layer profiles from the drop down
list. Layer profiles may be added or modified in the Profiles
input window [ 19.3.4].
All supports and loads may be selected by marking the
corresponding check boxes.
Supports and loads may be entered using the input windows
in the Soil menu [ 19.3] and the Loads menu [ 19.3.4].
For more details about the menus mentioned above, see [ 19.3] and [ 19.3.4].
20
20 Calculations
200
Reduce delta
friction angle(s)
according to CUR
Sheet piling deformation will not occur in a first initial stage, unless the initial
neutral soil stress becomes equal to the active or passive value at some part along
the sheet piling.
The layers and phreatic surface in a first initial stage must be continuous at the
position of the sheet piling.
REFERENCE
Manual earth
pressure coefficient
calculation options
Select the Construction stage for which the earth pressure ratios
are to be modified and click Editor. This will open the Fictive
Earth Pressure Coefficients window, where the values can be
viewed and modified. To restore the original Culmann values,
click Recalculation.
The vertical position along the sheet piling for which the earth
pressure coefficients have been calculated.
The vertical position along the sheet piling.
The active, neutral and passive earth pressure coefficient
values, which can be modified.
Click OK in the Start Calculation window to perform the analysis (using the stated sheet
piling length). After analysis is complete, close the Calculation Progress window. A
report can now be generated [ 21.2].
If the sheet pile wall is found to be unstable then the calculation process is stopped
and a warning appears to the effect Calculation finished: Sheet piling becomes
unstable. The stage at which the instability occurred is also indicated in the
Calculation Progress window.
201
202
CUR method
REFERENCE
the mobilized resistance, defined as the actual total passive soil reaction divided
by the capacity of the total passive soil reaction at full yield
the extreme values for the bending moments along the sheet piling
203
204
If the Partial factors (design values) in all stages (method I) method is selected, the
following window is displayed (Figure 20-7).
Figure 20-7 Verify Sheet piling window (CUR method with Partial factors in all stages)
Partial factor set
Anchor stiffness
multiplication factor
in all stages
Check stability for all
stages
Change the Partial factor set to the relevant safety class (I, II
or III) according to CUR 166 or to the User defined partial
factors set inputted in the Default Partial Factors window
[ 19.1.2]. MSheet uses the partial factors set to modify the
input cohesion, friction and modulus of subgrade reaction,
during all stages.
Enter a multiplication factor for the anchor stiffness. This
factor is used in Analysis III of the verification (see below),
for all stages. The default value is 1.
Select this checkbox to perform an overall stability
calculation using modified values for cohesion, friction angle
and driving moment, depending on the Partial factor set
chosen for all stages.
REFERENCE
If the Partial factors (design values) in all stages (method II) method is selected, the
following window is displayed Figure 20-8.
Figure 20-8 Verify Sheet Piling window (CUR method with Partial factors in verified
stage only)
Stage
Verify
Anchor stiffness
multiplication factor
Check stability for all
verified stages
Verification consists of the execution of six steps of the CUR 166 design procedure:
Steps 6.1 and 6.3 determine the design moment and the shear force in the sheet
piling at the Ultimate Limit State using a low design value design value for the
modulus of subgrade reaction (k / k). For step 6.1, the water and surface levels at
the passive side are increased whereas for step 6.3 they are lowered.
205
206
Steps 6.2 and 6.4 determine the design moment and the shear force in the sheet
piling at the Ultimate Limit State using a high design value for the modulus of
subgrade reaction (k * 2.25). For step 6.2, the water and surface levels at the
passive side are increased whereas for step 6.4 they are lowered.
Step 6.5 determines the design value for deformation at the Serviceability Limit
State.
Step 9.1 determines the design value for the anchor force at the Ultimate Limit
State by increasing the anchor stiffness using the multiplication factor specified
in the input window (see above).
REFERENCE
Kranz [Lit 4] has derived formulas for a short anchorage; this means that the passive
slip surface from the sheet piling and the active slip surface from the anchor wall
intersect. This intersection leads to a reduced capacity of the soil resistance against the
anchor force. For a long anchorage, there is no intersection of the two slip surfaces and
therefore no reduction of soil resistance capacity. The applicability of the method for a
long anchorage is limited to anchor walls where the distance from the soil surface to
the toe of the anchor wall is smaller than approximately twice the height of the anchor
wall. Grout anchors are always considered a short anchorage. For background
information, see Allowable Anchor Force [chapter 26].
To perform the verification, click Start. The output displays the relevant input data,
the allowable anchor force and the resulting anchor force (Figure 20-10).
View the slip surface and key data by clicking the Draw Results button (see Figure
20-11).
207
208
Eo
Ec
Es
Ep
Fmax
Fact
REFERENCE
Export calculation
results to MStab
After clicking OK, MSheet will use Bishops method [chapter 27] to find the critical slip
circle. The critical slip circle and stability factor are shown schematically in the result
window.
209
210
21
21 View results
The options in the Results menu can be used to view the results of the performed
calculations.
212
Multiple stage
selection
Graphs
21.2 Report
On the menu bar, click Results and then choose Report to view the results of a regular
analysis, in report format with tables and graphs [ 20.2].
Click the Print icon to print the report. Choose the Export Report option from the File
menu to save the report, for example in RTF format.
The report contains a selection from the following elements:
Moments, forces, displacements and stresses along the sheet piling. Both tabular
and graphical output.
Soil Collapse. Output of the integrated horizontal forces on the left and right
hand sides. MSheet calculates the mobilized force resistance from the ratio
between the actual force and the maximum force along the passive side. In cases
with a single support/anchor/strut, the maximum moment and the mobilized
moment are also calculated, around the location of the support. On the passive
side, MSheet only takes the stress contributions below that location into account.
Vertical force balance [chapter 28], giving a rough indication of the upward forces
that result from the friction by soil movement on the active and passive sides.
This method is only useful if the friction is mainly caused by excavation, e.g. not
by normal forces.
Anchors/Struts
REFERENCE
The report is largely self-descriptive. Figure 21-2 displays fragments of the result
sections.
213
214
Table overview of the results obtained for the selected stages of the Verify Sheet
Piling window [ 20.5], for six CUR 166 steps (6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 and 9.1) plus
step 6.5 using a multiplication of 1.2 for the displacement, moment and force.
Inputs and results as described in the regular analysis report [ 21.2], for each
selected stage and for the six CUR 166 steps.
For background information on the CUR 166 verification steps, see [ 29.3].
REFERENCE
215
216
REFERENCE
The verification graphs are available for the selected stage, for all six CUR 166
verification steps (6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 and 9.1). See also the description for the
Moment/Force/Displacement Charts from a regular analysis [ 21.4].
Click the View Verification Step icon to open a diagram of the changes made for the
selected verification step. For background information on the CUR 166 verification
steps, see [ 29.3].
217
218
REFERENCE
219
220
22
22 E-Consult module
During the analysis of a sheet pile wall, after verifying the walls stability, it is also
important to perform a feasibility check. For this purpose, the use of the E-Consult
module helps the user to evaluate the feasibility of a project by comparison with prior
experiences. Two experience sources are available in the E-Consult module:
In order to check the feasibility of sheet pile driving, the NVAF (Nederlandse
Vereniging Aannemers Funderingstechnieken) has written a number of
instructions in a handbook [Lit 20] published in 2002. The E-Consult module
supports part of this by means of the so-called NVAF lines, representing the
relation between the sheet piling length and the resisting moment. These lines
and the way to use them are presented in [ 22.1].
At the same time, a project called GeoBrain was started in 2002 at GeoDelft which
aims to develop a prediction model for the feasibility of different types of
geotechnical engineering works. The details of hundreds of projects involving the
driving of sheet pilings were received for study. The E-Consult module gives access
for the user to those experiences, as explained in [ 22.2].
To open the E-Consult Sheet Piling Installation module window, click the Sheet Pile
Installation option from the E-Consult menu.
222
Figure 22-1 E-Consult Sheet Pile Installation window, Show NVAF lines option
In the Experience lines NVAF option, different lines can be selected from a menu, as
shown in Figure 22-2.
REFERENCE
Figure 22-3 E-Consult Sheet Pile Installation window after manual selection of sheet
piling profile PU 17
New calculations must be performed with this new profile to verify the sheet piling
stability [chapter 20].
For a detailed description on the use of the E-Consult module with NVAF experience
lines, see the Experience data tutorial example [chapter 15] or [Lit 20].
22.2 Experiences
When selecting the Show Experiences option from the E-Consult Sheet Pile Installation
window, the chart of Figure 22-4 below appears, representing Resisting moment vs.
Sheet pile length. Each point represented corresponds to a performed project. Different
colors and markers are used for the points depending on whether the experience was
Good, Moderate or Poor.
223
224
Figure 22-4 E-Consult Sheet Pile Installation window, Show Experiences option
In the Region option, different regions from the Netherlands can be selected from a
menu, as shown in Figure 22-5.
REFERENCE
Hoog/laag frequent
Project resultaat
In Figure 22-4 it can be seen that the blue circle and black box denoting MSheet and
manual input respectively lie within the general area for which experience has been
obtained. This is an indication that the installation has a fairly common combination of
sheet pile length and resisting moment, although if there are a lot of Poor experiences
near to an input this could be an indication that the combination is likely to
experience problems on installation.
When using the E-Consult module, the aim is not to judge the feasibility of the project
as input into MSheet but only to provide the user with experiences on practical
feasibility. The user retains the final responsibility for the project.
225
226
Introduction
Tutorial
Reference
Background
Verification
228
23
23 Governing Equation
( 13 )
where:
w
f
EI
x
N
b
bEI
d 4w
dx
+N
d 2w
dx 2
= bf (x , w )
MSheet solves equation ( 13 ) numerically using the finite element method. This means
that the wall is divided into a number of sub-sections (called elements) that are
connected at the edges. These connections are called nodes. At these nodes, the
displacements and rotations of both connected elements are equal, thus creating a
continuous beam.
MSheet automatically defines the position of the nodes. Nodes are always created at:
230
The length of an element never exceeds 1/20 of the total wall length. Each element is
further sub-divided into 5 sections. Displacements, shear forces, bending moments and
horizontal water and soil pressures are determined for each boundary of a section.
24
24 Lateral Earth Pressure Ratio
The lateral earth pressure ratio K is defined as the ratio between the horizontal and
vertical effective stresses.
( 14 )
K =
h'
v'
Initial Stress
MSheet uses Jkys formula to determine the lateral stress ratio at initial stress, see
[ 24.1] below.
Yield
MSheet uses slip surface theories to determine the lateral stress for active and passive
yielding. Passive yielding occurs when the ultimate soil stress under compression is
reached. Active yielding occurs when the ultimate soil stress under extension is
reached.
The assumed shape of the slip surface will influence the calculated earth pressure
values. Theoretically, straight slip surfaces only occur when wall friction is absent.
Since wall friction is always present in reality, actual slip surfaces will always be
curved. However, when determining the active lateral earth pressure there is just a
minor difference between values based on straight and curved slip surfaces. On the
other hand, a passive lateral earth pressure based on a straight slip surface can
considerably exaggerate the real value. This is especially true for soils with high
friction angles (). The Muller-Breslau and Culmann methods of determining earth
pressure coefficients is based upon straight slip surfaces. Using straight slip surfaces
has limitations, as described in the NEN 6740, 12.4.2.2 [Lit 12] and CUR 166 [Lit 16].
Generally the Muller-Breslau (and Culmann) method is used when the soils friction
angle, phi, is equal or less than 30. The Kotter method is generally used for larger
friction angles. The method selected also has an impact on the way the delta friction
232
angle is determined. Suggestions for correlations between the friction angle and the
delta friction angle are available in literature.
The information in the following sections describes how MSheet determines the yield
values of the lateral stress ratio for the following methods:
Mller-Breslau: straight slip surface, assuming zero weight and horizontal surface.
Ktter: curved slip surface, assuming zero weight and horizontal surface.
Surcharge
When a surcharge is present, MSheet determines an additional lateral pressure ratio,
using Boussinesqs equation [ 0], to obtain the neutral earth pressure. The Culmann
method is used to determine the active and passive earth pressures.
K 0 = 1 sin
This formula applies to normally consolidated soil and is not valid for soils with high
degrees of overconsolidation.
24.2 Culmann
For non-horizontal soil surfaces, values of the coefficients of active and passive lateral
earth pressure (Ka and Kp) can be found using Culmanns formulas [Lit 3].
B
W
N
Q
T
Q
B
W
BACKGROUND
The method is based on the equilibrium between the applied surcharge B, the soil
weight W, the total force from the sheet piling Q, the normal force N and the shear
force T along one straight slip surface, as illustrated below. The Culmann method takes
the stratification of soil along the slip surface into account. MSheet iteratively
determines a slip surface that results in the maximum active pressure and the
minimum passive pressure. From this calculated pressure, MSheet determines different
coefficients in each point from the top to the toe of the sheet pile wall.
MSheet uses the following equations, which have been simplified by assuming a
vertical sheet pile wall and horizontal ground surface:
( 16 )
Ka =
cos2
2
1 + sin sin( + )
cos
and
( 17 )
Kp =
cos2
2
1 sin sin( + )
cos
where:
= the angle of wall friction
= the soil friction angle
The validity of equation ( 17 ) is limited to the following conditions for sheet pilings
with a rough surface:
233
234
( 18 )
Ka =
1 sin sin(2 + )
exp + + 2 tan
(1 + sin )
2
with : cos(2 + ) =
( 19 )
Kp =
sin
sin
1 + sin sin(2 )
exp + 2 tan
(1 sin )
with : cos(2 + ) =
sin
sin
( 20 )
h = f
2Px 2 y
r 4
BACKGROUND
where:
h
f
f
r
P
x,y
235
236
25
25 Soil Strength and Stiffness
MSheet uses an elasto-plastic description to model the strength and the stiffness of
soil. In an elasto-plastic description, the equivalent stiffness during virgin loading
differs from the elastic stiffness during unloading/reloading. The strength and stiffness
can be changed between different construction stages.
25.1 Strength
When applying the calculation formulas of Mller-Breslau or Ktter, MSheet uses the
equations below to determine the yield stresses from the active and passive lateral
effective earth pressures.
( 21 )
a ' = K a v '2c K a
( 22 )
p ' = K p v '+2c K p
with v 0 and p o a 0.
The linear distribution of vertical stress that MSheet assumes in order to apply these
formulas is only accurate for zero or uniform loads and horizontal surfaces.
Wall Friction
The following values for the angle of wall friction (Table 25-1) may be used for clay,
silt, sand and gravel. In the case of peat, the angle of wall friction should be set to
zero.
238
> 10 d50
0.5 -10 d50
semi-rough
smooth
0.1-0.5 d50
< 0.1 d50
0.33
0
25.2 Stiffness
The modulus of subgrade reaction, k describes the ratio between an increment of
horizontal stress and an increment of sheet pile wall displacement.
( 23 )
k=
d H
dw H
The modulus of subgrade reaction is not a constant value, but actually depends on the
depth in the soil and the magnitude of the deformation. Correlation with other data is
commonly used (for example, with a cone penetration resistance qc or a Youngs
modulus). General guidelines on how to determine the modulus of subgrade reaction
are contained in Terzaghi [Lit 6] and Mnard [Lit 8]. For Dutch conditions, additional
guidelines are provided in CUR publication 166 [Lit 5]. Fortunately, the influence of a
change in the value of k on the resulting moments, forces and displacements is
relatively small, since the effect of k is only to the power of 1/4 (see equation ( 13 ) in
[chapter 23]).
Unloading in MSheet results in elasto-plastic behavior, as shown in Figure 25-1, below:
h
B
displacement w
BACKGROUND
If the vertical stress changes, MSheet performs a shift in the diagram that relates
the horizontal stress to the displacement. The horizontal stress increment is
related to the vertical stress increment by means of H = K 0 V (see Figure
25-2 below).
New horizontal soil pressures acting on the wall (h*) are determined on the basis
of the new spring characteristics (k*) and the wall displacement from the previous
stage (w0 in the illustration).
These new pressures mean that there is no longer equilibrium for the wall
displacement w0. Therefore, new displacements are calculated (based on the new
spring characteristics).
horizontal earth
pressure
p
*h
arctan k*
arctan k
p
= n - n
displacement w
239
240
26
26 Allowable anchor force
MSheet checks if the stability of the anchor wall is influenced by the stability of the
sheet piling. MSheet assumes straight slip planes for this check and uses the Culmann
method to determine the active slip plane from the rotation point of the sheet pile
wall and the passive plane from the toe of the anchor wall. The rotation point of the
sheet pile wall is taken to be the first point above the toe of the wall for which the
shear force is zero.
If the slip planes intersect, the anchor is treated as a short anchorage [ 26.1]
and a slip plane from the rotation point of the sheet piling to the toe of the
anchor wall is assumed according to Kranz theory [Lit 4].
If the slip planes do not intersect, the anchor is treated as a long anchorage
[ 26.2] and the plate is analyzed as a stand-alone anchorage plate.
Grout anchors are always considered as a short anchorage.
242
passive slip
plane
active slip
plane
Eo
Ec
H
Ea
Er
2
= arc tan
H -T
L cos B
rotation point
Figure 26-1 Stability of anchor wall for a short anchor (Kranz theory)
The equilibrium of the forces from the sheet piling, the anchor plate, the slip plane
and the weight of vertical soil slices lead to the allowable anchor force:
P=
( 24 )
E a (E0 + Er ) + E c
Es
where:
E a = 1 K a H 2 2c K a H
2
E o = 1 K a T 2 2c K aT
2
H +T
E r = L cos
tan( )
2
E C = cL cos
E S = cos sin tan( )
Ka =
1 sin
1 + sin
BACKGROUND
Ep
E0
( 25 )
where:
E p = 1 K p T 2 + 2c K p T
2
E0 = 1 K a T 2 2c K a T
2
1 sin
Ka =
1 + sin
Kp =
1 + sin
1 sin
NOTE: The applicability of the method for long anchorage is limited to anchor walls
where T is smaller than approximately twice the height of the anchor wall.
243
244
27
27 Overall Stability
MSheet uses the Bishop method with circular slip planes to estimate the overall soil
stability [Lit 22].
A stability analysis according to Bishop assumes a circular slip surface, defined by a
center point and a tangent line. MSheet uses a grid of trial center points for the centre
of the slip surface. The initial center points range from 4 m above to 4 m below the top
of the sheet piling in the vertical direction, and from 1 m to 7 m from the sheet piling
on the passive side in the horizontal direction. The grid spacing is 1 meter in each
direction. Twelve trial tangent lines are used, ranging from 1 m below the toe of the
sheet piling to half the length of the sheet piling below the toe. MSheet iteratively
moves the grid of trial center points in the direction of the lowest safety factor.
MSheet assumes that all uniform loads end at a distance from the wall of 5 times the
length of the sheet piling. MSheet does not take into account any stability reduction
due to an intersection of the slip plane with the anchorage plate.
peat
peat
clay
sand
AZ 13
clay
sand
246
Optionally an input file and geometry file can be written for further stability analysis
with MStab see [ 20.7]. Cohesion and phi are written as representative values. A nonuniform surcharge from MSheet is written to the MStab input file as a mean value. This
may create a small difference between the stability results from MStab and MSheet.
28
28 Vertical Force Balance
The vertical force balance check checks that the sum of the forces acting downwards
on the sheet pile wall does not exceed the resistance of the soil at the toe of the wall.
MSheet determines the resulting vertical force in the upward direction. Usually a
negative value will result, meaning the actual force is acting downward and will be
transmitted to the soil at the toe of the sheet piling.
MSheet considers the following contributions to the vertical force acting on the sheet
pile wall:
The dead weight of the sheet piling is neglected. The resulting vertical force by
friction is determined by integration along the sheet piling, assuming that the vertical
stress is equal to the horizontal stress times the tangent of the wall friction angle .
MSheet cannot determine the vertical forces caused by soil friction in detail, because
the required knowledge of the relative vertical displacement history is not produced as
a result of MSheet analysis. By default MSheet uses the safe assumption that friction
acts downwards on the active side, and upwards on the passive side (Figure 28-1). This
assumption is only useful if the default direction of the friction along the sheet piling
is mainly caused by the effect of the excavation itself. This may not be the case when
normal force loading also occurs.
248
where:
( 26 )
where:
F msx
pr;point;max
A
B
m,b
Fmax =
pr ;max; po int Ab
m,b
MSheet performs this check for the case where plugging does not occur and also where
it does. In this latter case the area is taken to be the cross-sectional area of the sheet
piling plus the area of the plugged soil.
The maximum point resistance, pr,max;point is a special average cone resistance, as defined
in the Dutch design code NEN 6743 article 5.3.3.1 [Lit 13]:
( 27 )
with:
qc;I;mean
qc;II;mean
pr , max; po int = 1 / 2. p s(
q c ; I ; mean + q c ; II ; mean
2
+ q c ; III .mean )
Mean cone resistance over trajectory I, between the pile point level and a
level 0.7 to 4 times the equivalent diameter deeper (with this lower depth
selected to make pr;max;point a minimum).
Mean cone resistance over trajectory II, starting at the bottom of trajectory
I and ending at the pile point, with this value not larger than the previous
value in the trajectory.
BACKGROUND
qc;III;mean
Mean cone resistance over trajectory III, between the pile point level to a
level 8 times the equivalent diameter higher, with this value not larger
than the previous value in the trajectory.
Pile factor, ranging from 0.5 for some bored piles types to 1.0 for some
driven piles.
Pile base shape factor.
Pile base cross-section shape factor.
For special exceptions and further definition of factors see the NEN standard 6743 [Lit
13] (also available in English).
The CUR method allows some modifications to be made should the vertical balance not
be met, as described below:
If the vertical balance is not met, assuming wall friction upwards on the passive side
and downwards on the active side, then the wall begins to move downwards (relative
to the soil on both sides of the wall). This means that the friction on the active side
will now also be acting upwards. The user can therefore enter a negative value for ,
the wall friction angle, in the bottom layer on the active side only (a new soil type will
need to be defined with this new wall friction value, and the active and passive sides
will need different profiles). This will have the effect of reversing the friction direction
on the side with this negative . If the vertical force balance is still not met with this
different friction direction in the bottom layer then the friction direction in the second
layer up on the active side can also be reversed in the same manner, and so on.
249
250
29
29 The CUR 166 step-by-step
design procedure
In general, sheet piling design involves the analysis of all relevant Ultimate Limit
States (Failure) and Serviceability Limit States during each stage of construction. The
CUR step-by-step procedure described in CUR publication 166 [Lit 5] was developed to
design a sheet pile wall with a single anchorage, using a semi-probabilistic method. As
described below, MSheet supports specific parts of the CUR design procedure.
252
Probability
of this value
occuring
5%
5%
low
normal
high
value
X =
BACKGROUND
application of partial factors to both individual stages and to all construction stages
[ 29.3].
Method I applies the partial factor set to all construction stages. Method II checks all
stages as a final stage. This method assumes low representative values, with no
partial factors, for all stages apart from the final stage being checked. The partial
factors corresponding to the selected safety class are only applied to the final stage.
Using method II allows each stage to be checked (as a final stage) using a different
safety class, which can result in a more economical design. Method I, however, gives a
more conservative approach and requires less calculation.
253
254
Step 7:
Step 9:
Step 9.7:
Step 10:
Step 11.1:
The design values for the Surcharges [ 19.4.2] and Uniform Loads
[ 19.4.1] are calculated using the input partial factor in the
corresponding window. Values of partial factors for permanent or
temporary loads are prescribed in table 3.7 of [Lit 5]. Mean values
of bending stiffness [ 19.2.1] and anchor stiffness [ 19.5.1] must
be entered. See tables 3.1 and 3.3 of [Lit 5] for representative
values of soil parameters. MSheet offers the Lowest values of the
modulus of subgrade reaction according to table 3.3 in [ 19.3.2]. If
the Highest values are required the user needs to input them
manually, multiplying the Lowest value by 2.25.
For a given length of the sheet piling, MSheet calculates the
maximum moment and the maximum displacement obtained from
the five sub-steps. If 100 % of the mobilized resistance or more
than 25 % of the maximum displacement are reached, the sheet
piling is considered to be unstable.
Determine the design moment [ 20.5] in the sheet piling by
performing analysis for the five combinations of Step 6 presented
above. The design moment corresponds to the maximum moment
determined from the five sub-steps.
Determine the design anchor force [ 20.5] by performing
analysis for the five combinations of Step 6 presented above using a
higher value for the anchor stiffness. This new stiffness is
determined using a multiplication factor specified by the user (see
the Verify Sheet Piling window of the Verify Sheet Piling calculation
in [ 20.5]) according to the selected safety class. The design
anchor force corresponds to the maximum anchor force determined
from the five sub-steps
Check vertical force balance [ 21.2] with the simplified
assumption of total friction on the active and passive sides. If the
vertical balance is not met then reversal of the wall friction force
direction in the lower layers is permitted. See [chapter 28] for
background information.
Determine the design displacements [ 20.5] from the
Serviceability Limit State calculation which corresponds to Step 6.5.
This means that the input low representative values for the
cohesion, friction and modulus of subgrade reaction are used to find
the design value, with no modification on the input ground and
water levels needed.
Check anchor wall stability [ 20.6] using the Kranz method. See
[chapter 26] for background information.
BACKGROUND
Step 11.3:
Table 29-1 Design values of soil properties, ground level and water level according to
Step 6 of the CUR 166 procedure
Step Limit k(1)
c, tan , tan Ground (GL) and water (WL) levels
State
passive side
active side
6.1
ULS
klow,rep / k
Xlow,rep /
GLrep -
WLrep +
WLrep +
6.2
ULS
khigh,rep / 1.0
Xlow,rep /
GLrep -
WLrep +
WLrep +
6.3
ULS
klow,rep / k
Xlow,rep /
GLrep -
WLrep -
WLrep +
6.4
ULS
khigh,rep / 1.0
Xlow,rep /
GLrep -
WLrep -
WLrep +
6.5
SLS
klow,rep
Xlow,rep
GLrep
WLrep
WLrep
(1)
Table 29-2 Partial factors and level variations according to Table 3.7 of the CUR 166
design procedure
Parameter
or used
Safety class I Safety class II
Safety class III
by MSheet?
Cohesion
1.00
1.00
1.10
Tan (phi)
1.05
1.15
1.20
Surface level
0.20
0.30
0.35
(passive side)
Phreatic line
0.15
0.20
0.25
(passive side)
Phreatic line
0.05
0.05
0.05
(active side)
Table 29-3 Partial factors applied to uniform loads according to CUR 166.
Load Effect
Safety class I Safety class II
Safety class III
Favorable
1.00
1.00
1.00
Unfavorable
1.00
1.00
1.25
255
256
step 6.1
Figure 29-2 Schematic representation of the soil stiffness, surface levels and water
levels modifications according to step 6.1 of the CUR 166 design procedure
step 6.2
Figure 29-3 Schematic representation of the soil stiffness, surface levels and water
levels modifications according to step 6.2 of the CUR 166 design procedure
step 6.3
Figure 29-4 Schematic representation of the soil stiffness, surface levels and water
levels modifications according to step 6.3 of the CUR 166 design procedure
BACKGROUND
step 6.4
Figure 29-5 Schematic representation of the soil stiffness, surface levels and water
levels modifications according to step 6.4 of the CUR 166 design procedure
step 6.5
Figure 29-6 Schematic representation of the soil stiffness, surface levels and water
levels modifications according to step 6.5 of the CUR 166 design procedure
step 9.1
257
258
30
30 Initial stage
MSheet offers a special option to deal with initially non-horizontal surfaces, or initial
surcharges. A previously existing sheet pile wall will deform if a surcharge is later
applied or the surface profile altered, whereas if there is a surcharge already present or
if the ground surface is not horizontal at the time of installation, the sheet pile wall
will not deform until a change is made at a later time.
Without the initial stage option
When this option is not used, a non-horizontal surface or surcharge in the first stage
will cause deformations of the sheet piling. It is assumed that a non-horizontal surface
or surcharge on one side of the sheet piling will only cause additional horizontal
stresses on that side of the sheet pile wall.
Figure 30-1 Effect of a surcharge when not using the initial stage
( 29 )
( 30 )
260
Figure 30-2 Effect of a surcharge when using the initial stage option
( 31 )
The neutral stress changes when the initial stage option is used, whilst the active and
passive yield stresses remain the same as when the initial stress option is not used.
This is illustrated in Figure 30-3 below.
same side as surcharge
horizontal
stress
with initial
without initial
displacement
horizontal
stress
n
a
without initial
with initial
displacement
Figure 30-3 Soil stresses on both sides of the sheet pile wall, with and without the
initial stage option being used
On both sides of the sheet piling, the same value of initial neutral horizontal stress will
result, as long as the theoretical neutral stress is within the yield limits
( a < n < p ). If this condition can not be satisfied on a certain side however, the
neutral stress will be set equal to the yield limit, and deformation of the sheet piling
will occur.
BACKGROUND
The load correction by the initial option remains active during all following stages, as
long as the soil is not excavated. See equations ( 32 ) and ( 33 ).
( 32 )
( 33 )
261
262
31
31 Analysis of single piles
MSheets single pile module calculates the bending moment and deformation of a single
pile, due to lateral deformations of the soil or due to discrete forces and moments
applied to the pile itself.
The solution method for single piles used by MSheet is the same as the solution
method for a sheet pile wall [chapter 23] although some changes have been made to
account for the differences between a long wall and a single pile (where arching
occurs).
Determine the soil displacements which would exist at the location of interest,
were the pile not present for example, using a finite element program or the De
Leeuw method [Lit 21].
Use MSheet to determine the displacements, moments and forces in the pile as a
result of these input undisturbed soil displacements.
MSheet determines the displacements and forces in the pile by assuming that the soil
reaction is caused by the difference between the pile displacements and soil
displacements if the pile were not present (Figure 31-1).
264
Figure 31-1 Lateral earth pressure and pile deformation by soil deformation
MSheet does not consider geometrical non-linearity while the prescribed soil
displacements are being applied. A normal force (such as the weight of a building
supported by the pile) will therefore not affect the bending moment during analysis of
prescribed displacements.
Soil reaction
MSheet uses equations ( 21 ) and ( 22 ) to determine the active and passive lateral
pressures from the input of the lateral earth pressure coefficients. The soil stiffness is
determined from the input of the modulus of subgrade reaction. When performing
single pile calculations based upon soil displacements the user needs to take the effect
of arching into account by suitable modification of the earth pressure coefficients. Ka
and Ko are usually modeled as zero, whilst Kp needs to be determined specially:
In soil layers with soil displacements a calculation has to be made for the situation
without a pile. This calculation gives the soil displacements, U, and change in soil
pressure () on the location of the pile. The horizontal subgrade modulus can then be
calculated in this way: Khor = S*2*/U. In this formula S is the shell factor (in soft
layers mostly 1.5). Alternatively, the passive earth pressure coefficient, Kp can be
calculated automatically by selecting the Brinch-Hansen method (see [ 31.2.1]) in
which case Ka and Ko will be set to zero.
When calculating for piles loaded by soil displacements, the results of the calculation
are highly influenced by the soil displacements and the value of the horizontal
subgrade modulus in the displacing soil layers.
BACKGROUND
p = K q ' v + K c c , a = 0 , n = 0
( 34 )
where Kq and Kc are factors of Brinch-Hansen for piles. This method automatically takes
the effect of arching into account.
As the pressure is a function of depth, the same soil layer cannot be used in MSheet at
different depths. Instead, if the same soil type occurs at different depths then a copy
of the soil type needs to be made for each instance of the soil type. It is also
recommended that thick layers are split into two or more layers for better
representation of the change in passive pressure with depth.
31.2.2 Mnard
MSheet uses equation ( 35 ) to determine the modulus of subgrade reaction according
to Mnard [Lit 8]. This method automatically takes the effect of arching into account.
( 35 )
R
1
1
=
1.3R0 2.65 + R
kh 3 Em
R0
1
2R 4(2.65) + 3
=
kh
Em
18
(R R0 )
(R < R0 )
with:
Em = pressiometric modulus
Ro = 0.3 meter
R = half width of the pile
= rheological coefficient
kh = modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction
The rheological coefficient depends on the kind of the soil and the soil conditions. In
the next table some general values are presented.
peat
clay
loam
sand
gravel
over consolidated
1
2/3
1/2
1/3
normally consolidated
1
2/3
1/2
1/3
1/4
decomposed, weathered
1/2
1/2
1/3
1/4
MSheet uses the values of normally consolidated soil. The following correlation
between Em and qc (cone resistance) can be used:
Peat
Em = (3-4) qc
Clay
Em = (2-3) qc
Loam
Em = (1-2) qc
Sand
Em = (0.7-1) qc
Gravel
Em = (0.5-0.7) qc
265
266
32
32 Special Cases
MSheet can be used to make calculations for a number of situations that deviate from
standard daily practice.
Berlin Walls. Berlin Walls are a combination of I-shaped piles, with horizontal
planks inserted in the upper part. If the bending stiffness of the planks is
negligible then direct output of the true bending moment of each pile can be
produced. The Combined Wall wizard [ 19.2.3] automatically converts the wall
into the appropriate MSheet model. For example, if the piles of a Berlin wall are
positioned 3 m center-to-center and the width of the flange is 0.4 m, for the
upper part an acting width of b = 3 m is used and the stiffness of a pile is divided
by 3: EI = EIpile/3. For the lower part with only piles, the width of the soil that
acts on a single pile is b = 0.4, the stiffness is divided to give EI = EIpile/0.4.
Combined walls. The Combined Wall wizard [ 19.2.3] automatically converts a
combined wall, which is made from a combination of regular sheet piling parts
with tubular piles, into the appropriate MSheet model. For instance, for piles
positioned 3 m center-to-center, with an outer diameter of 0.8 m with the sheet
piling parts contributing to the bending stiffness: For the upper part, an acting
width of b = 3 m is used, and the stiffness of the section is divided by 3:
268
EI = (EIsection)/3. For the lower part with only piles, the acting width is b = 0.8 m
and the pile stiffness is again by the acting width: EI = EIpile/0.8
32.1.2 Modified soil reaction
The equivalent width of the soil that will react if pile displacement occurs is usually
larger than the pile width, as a result of arching. Guidelines for the determination of
the discrete active and passive soil reaction on piles are given for example by Brinch
Hansen [Lit 17].
A simplified way to deal with the effects of arching is, given a certain pile width bpile, to
assume an equivalent soil width beq. Then the passive lateral earth pressure coefficient
and the modulus of subgrade reaction per running meter should be multiplied by the
beq
shell factor
, and active lateral earth pressure coefficient should be divided by
bpile
this factor (Figure 32-1).
p = K*p v
k*
p = Kp v
a = Ka v
a = K*a v
( 36 )
s=
( 37 )
K p* = sK p
( 38 )
k * = sk
( 39 )
K a* =
bpile
Ka
s
Tutorial example 10 [chapter 12] gives an example of the application of this method.
BACKGROUND
q' = q
1
1+2d
load
surface level
l + 2d
45o
sheet piling
The top load is assumed to be distributed over an angle of 45o from the front of
the load (see Figure 32-2, left). This produces the following load formula:
( 40 )
q' =
l
q
l + 2d
The load q' calculated in this way is then entered as being applied over the
distance between d and d + b behind the wall (see Figure 32-2, right). The
influence of this load can now be calculated using MSheet.
269
270
load q
d1
l3
l2
l1
d2
d3
q'n = q
q'2
q'1
ln
ln + 2dn
q'3
Figure 32-3 Calculated load (bottom) for a load shape that is not constant (top)
This method can also be used if the load in the direction perpendicular to the wall is
indeed constant, but it extends so far away from the wall that division into a number
of sub-loads is more economical. It must always be assumed that load distribution
starts from the side that is closest to the sheet piling.
See [chapter 14] for a tutorial example of the application of this method.
BACKGROUND
The underwater concrete is modeled as a soil layer. This means that the concrete
is considered as a system of vertically unlinked elasto-plastic springs, in the same
way as other soil layers. Fixed values should be used for the characteristics of the
soil layer.
The water pressure against the bottom of the underwater concrete can be modeled in
the following way:
The soil water table is set at the level of the bottom of the concrete floor.
A uniform load acting on the top of the concrete layer is entered, with a size
equal to the direct water pressure under the floor. This load represents the forces
acting on the floor from the floors piles.
For all soil layers under the floor, an excess pore water pressure is entered which
is the same as the top load. This causes the water pressure distribution to be
correct.
d = n = 0 is used for the concrete, assuming that the uplift forces on the floor
and the weight of the floor are transmitted to piles and therefore do not act on
the soil layer directly below the concrete.
See [chapter 8] for a detailed tutorial example of the application of this method.
The water flow changes the water pressure that is directed immediately against
the wall.
Because of this, the pressure on the side of the wall with the highest water
271
272
pressure will decrease, while the pressure on the other side will increase. At the
toe of the wall, the pressure difference is zero.
Due to the change in the water pressures, the effective stress in the soil mass
around the wall also changes. This will cause the effective stress against both
sides of the wall to change.
sheet piling
p2 - p1
d2
hydrostatic pressure
d1
w1
w2
hydrostatic pressure
p1
p2
A pore water under-pressure is entered on the side with the highest pressure:
( 41 )
w =
0.7 h
d2 + (d1 .d2 )
Y2
On the other side, an excess pore water pressure is entered in accordance with:
0.7 h
( 42 )
w = +
where:
h
d1 , d 2
Y1, Y2
d1 + (d1 .d2 )
Y1
BACKGROUND
It should be noted that when using this method, a minor difference in water pressure
remains at the toe.
Approximation method for sheet pile wall in stratified soil
When the soil structure is stratified, the pressure head differences mostly occur over
the layers that have low permeability. The flow resistance of the relatively permeable
layers is negligible. The jump in pore water pressure over layer i can be calculated
using the following formula:
( 43 )
w i = h w
di
ki
di
i
Here, di is the layer thickness [m] and ki is the permeability of the layer [m/s]. h is
the difference in phreatic levels.
Figure 32-5 is a diagram of the pressure in a stratified soil, as calculated using the
equation given above.
d1, k1
hydrostatic
pressure
d3, k3
d2, k2
flow
273
274
Introduction
Tutorial
Reference
Background
Verification
276
33
1
33 Benchmarks with an exact
solution
Delft GeoSystems commitment to quality control and quality assurance has lead them
to develop a formal and extensive procedure to verify the correct working of all of
their geotechnical engineering tools. An extensive range of benchmark checks have
been developed to check the correct functioning of each tool. During product
development these checks are run on a regular basis to verify the improved product.
These benchmark checks are provided in the following sections, to allow the user to
overview the checking procedure and verify for themselves the correct functioning of
MSheet.
The benchmarks are subdivided into four separate groups as described below.
278
The number of benchmarks in group 1 will probably remain the same in the future. The
reason for this is that they are very simple, using only the most basic features of the
program.
The number of benchmarks in group 2 may grow in the future. The benchmarks in this
chapter are well documented in literature. There are no exact solutions available for
these problems, however in the literature estimated results are available. When
verifying the program, the results should be close to the results found in the literature.
The number of benchmarks in groups 3 and 4 will grow as new versions of the program
are released. These benchmarks are designed so that (new) features specific to the
program can be verified. The benchmarks are kept as simple as possible so that only
one specific feature is verified from one benchmark to the next.
As much as software developers would wish they could, it is impossible to prove the
correctness of any non-trivial program. Re-calculating all the benchmarks in this
report, and making sure the results are as they should be, proves to some degree that
the program works as it should. Nevertheless, there will always be combinations of
input values that will cause the program to crash or to produce wrong results.
Hopefully by using the verification procedure the number of ways this can occur will be
limited. The benchmarks are all described in sufficient detail for reproduction to be
possible at any time. The information given is enough to be able to make the
calculation. The input files can be found on CD-Rom or can be downloaded from our
website www.delftgeosystems.com.
The different benchmarks with an exact solution (group 1) are described in the
following paragraphs, from [ 33.1] to [ 33.21].
beam
springs
VERIFICATION
The result is calculated by the analytical solution for a beam on elastic foundation
given in [Lit 19]:
L
L
e 2 sin c 1 + e 2 cos c 2 + e
2
2
x=
L
:
2
Q = EI
L
+e
L
2 sin
L
c 3 e
2
L
2 cos
L
c 4 = 0
2
d3 w
=0
d x3
L
L
cos sin c1 + e
2
L
2
L
L
cos sin c 3 + e
2
L
L
cos sin c2
2
L
2
L
L
cos + sin c 4 = 0
2
This leads to four equations with four unknowns which can be solved. The solution
reads:
c 1 = 3.64255 10 -3
c 3 = 1.14302 10 1
c 2 = 1.69783 10 -3
c 4 = 1.12357 10 -1
279
280
MSheet result:
Modeling this problem in MSheet is straightforward. Plasticity is avoided by a proper
choice of the active and passive earth pressure coefficients.
To compare MSheet results and benchmark results, the modulus of subgrade reaction of
the soil in MSheet must be divided by a factor 2 (kMSheet = 5 kN/m) as the soil is
present on both sides of the beam. Results are compared in the following table.
Result
Benchmark
MSheet
117.9
-30.0
5.0
11.6
-0.8
117.9
-30.0
5.0
11.6
-0.8
Relative
error [%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
x=0
x=L
springs
VERIFICATION
x = 0:
Q = EI
d3 w
= F
dx 3
2 3 ( c 1 + c 2 + c 3 + c 4 ) =
F
EI
d2 w
=0
dx2
2
2 (c 2 c 4 ) = 0
d3 w
x = L:
Q = EI 3 = 0
dx
2 3 e L [- cos(L ) sin(L )]c 1 + 2 3 e L [cos(L ) sin(L )]c 2
+ 2 3 e L [cos(L ) sin(L )]c 3 + 2 3 e L [cos(L ) sin(L )]c 4 = 0
d2 w
x = L:
M = -EI 2 = 0
dx
-2 2 e L sin(L)c 1 + 2 2 e L cos(L)c 2 + 2 2 e L sin(L)c 3 2 2 e L cos(L)c 4 = 0
x = 0:
M = -EI
These four equations with four unknowns can be solved. The solution reads:
c 1 = 6.55727 10 6
c2 = c 4 = 2.63254 105
c 3 = 9.999934 10 2
The relation between the prescribed displacement utop = 0.1 m and the force F is:
F = utop
MSheet result:
In MSheet, the active and passive earth pressure coefficients are chosen properly in
order to avoid plasticity.
To compare MSheet results and benchmark results, the modulus of subgrade reaction of
the soil in MSheet must be divided by a factor 2 (kMSheet = 5 kN/m) as the soil is
present on both sides of the beam. Results are compared in the following table.
Results
Benchmark
MSheet
100
-6.9
0.5
-2.3
0.0
-3.3
100
-6.9
0.5
-2.2
0.0
-3.3
Relative
error [%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.54
0.00
0.00
281
282
5m
kspring
5m
Fv = 2m
L
Fv
Fv
Fv
k spring
VERIFICATION
u1
u2
u3
4M
= 40 mm
k spring L
1
1 1 ML
1 ML2
L spring =
=
L 6 EI
2
12 EI
1 ML2
u3 =
8 EI
utip = u1 + u2 + u3
4M
2 ML2 3 ML2
4M
5 ML2
=
+
+
=
+
= 60.8 mm
k spring L 24 EI
k spring L 24 EI
24 EI
u2 =
MSheet result:
The modulus of subgrade reaction is chosen as its minimum value in MSheet
(k = 0.01 kN/m). The MSheet results and benchmark results are compared in the
following table.
Result
Benchmark
MSheet
20
60.8
1.0
19.7
59.3
1.0
Relative
error [%]
1.52
2.53
0.00
283
284
x = -L1
x=0
x = L2
q0
k
For 0 x L2 :
w(x) = e x[c5 cos(x ) + c 6 sin(x )] + e-[c 7 cos(x ) + c 8 sin(x )]
q0
x
1
k
L2
The constants c1 to c4 refer to the part of the beam for which x 0. The constants c5 to
c8 refer to the part of the beam for which x 0. The values of these constants can be
found from the boundary conditions at x = -L1 and x = L2 and the required continuity
at x = 0.
Analytical result:
The result is calculated using the analytical solution for a beam on elastic foundation
with length L1 + L2. The parameters are assigned the following values:
EI =1042 kNm/m
k = 100 kN/m
L1 = 10 m
L2 = 2 m
q0 = 20 kN/m.
VERIFICATION
Therefore:
x = L1 :
d3 w
=0
d x3
e L1 [- cos( L1 ) + sin( L1 )]c 1 + e L1 [cos(L1 ) + sin(L1 )]c 2
Q = EI
x =0:
( ) ( )
w 0 = w 0+
q
q
c1 + c 3 0 = c5 + c7 0
k
k
dw
dw +
0 =
0
dx
dx
( )
( )
(c1 + c2 c 3 + c 4 ) = (c5 + c 6 c7 + c 8 ) +
x = L2 :
q0
kL2
d3 w
=0
d x3
L2
e [- cos( L2 ) sin( L2 )]c5 + e L2 [cos( L2 ) sin( L2 )]c 6
Q = EI
( )
( )
( )
( )
c 1 = 5.04161 10 2
c 2 = 2.40163 10 2
c 3 = 9.00103 10
c 4 = 3.78931 10 5
c 6 = 3.95054 10 2
6
c 7 = 6.35127 10 2
c 8 = 6.34938 10 2
MSheet result:
The distributed load is introduced by lowering the water table by 2 m. This leads to a
value of q0 = 20 kN/m.
To compare MSheet results and benchmark results, the modulus of subgrade reaction of
the soil in MSheet must be divided by a factor 2 (kMSheet = 50 kN/m) as the soil is
present on both sides of the beam.
285
286
The MSheet results and the benchmark results are compared in the following table.
Variable
Benchmark
MSheet
206.1
81.9
198.6
-9.05
0.1
-5.2
2.3
206.1
81.9
198.6
-9.0
0.1
-5.2
2.3
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.55
0.00
0.00
0.00
dw
=F
dx
N max N min
x
L
VERIFICATION
N min
N
FL
ln N min + max
x + c1
L
N max N min
FL
ln(N min )
N max N min
Therefore:
w (x ) =
N
N min
FL
x
ln 1 + max
N max N min
LN min
MSheet result:
In MSheet, the modulus of subgrade reaction is set equal to its minimum
(k = 0.01 kN/m) in order to neglect the stiffness of the soil.
Benchmark
MSheet
0
223.1
0
223.2
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.04
prescribed
beam
displacement
prescribed soil
displacement
287
This problem is therefore identical to benchmark bm3-2 in [ 33.2] where a beam has a
prescribed displacement of 0.1 m.
Analytical result:
The analytical results are identical to those from [ 33.2] as illustrated in Figure 33-8.
MSheet result:
In MSheet, the active and passive earth pressure coefficients must be chosen properly
in order to avoid plasticity. To compare MSheet results and benchmark results, the
stiffness of the soil in MSheet must be divided by a factor 2 (kMSheet = 5 kN/m) as the
soil is present at both side of the beam. The maximum relative variation of
displacement, shear force and moment are compared in the following table.
Maximum relative
variation
Displacement [mm]
Shear force [kN]
Moment [kNm]
Benchmark
MSheet
106.9 0 = 106.9
2.2 (0.5) = 2.7
3.3 0.0 = 3.3
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
k1 = 20 kN/m3
beam
288
0m
SOIL 2
k2 = 5 kN/m3
-10m
VERIFICATION
Analytical result:
This problem is similar to benchmark in [ 33.1] but with different expressions for the
displacement in the different layers:
soil 1: w1 (x ) = e 1 x [c 1 cos(1 x ) + c 2 sin(1 x )] + e 1 x [c 3 cos(1 x ) + c 4 sin(1 x )]
soil 2: w2 (x ) = e 2 x [c 5 cos(2 x ) + c 6 sin(2 x )] + e 2 x [c 7 cos(2 x ) + c 8 sin(2 x )]
with:
w1 = displacement of the beam in soil 1
w2 = displacement of the beam in soil 2
44 = k/EI
k1, k2 = modulus of subgrade reaction of soils 1 and 2 respectively
EI = stiffness of the beam (1042 kNm/m)
The constants in the analytical solution depend on the boundary conditions.
At both ends the shear force and the bending moments are zero. At the interface of
both soils, the displacement and the moment must be continuous.
Thus:
x =0:
x
x
x
x
x
w1 = w2
dw 1 dw 2
=0:
=
dx
dx
d2 w 1
M = EI
=0:
= EI
dx2
3
d w1 d 3w2
Q = EI
=0:
dx 3
dx 3
2w
d 1
= 1 2 L : M = EI
=0
dx2
3w
d 1
= 1 2 L : Q = EI
=0
dx 3
x=
x=
L:
L:
d w2
=0
dx2
3
d w2
Q = EI
=0
dx 3
M = EI
c1 + c 3 = c5 + c7
1 (c 1 + c 2 c 3 + c 4 ) = 2 (c 5 + c 6 c 7 + c 8 )
d2 w 2
dx2
=F
12 (c 2 c 4 ) = 22 (c 6 c 8 )
1 3 (c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 ) 23 (c 5 c 6 c 7 c 8 ) =
(
(
F
2
L
L
cos 1 c 2 + c 4 e 1 L sin 1 c 1 c 3 e 1 L = 0
2
2
1 L
cos
c 1 + c 2 + (c 3 + c 4 )e 1 L
2
L
+ sin 1 c 1 + c 2 + (c 3 c 4 )e 1 L = 0
2
2 L
L
cos
c 8 + c 6 e 2 L + sin 2 c 7 c 5 e 2 L = 0
2
2
2 L
2 L
cos
c 7 + c 8 (c 5 c 6 )e
2
L
sin 2 c 7 c 8 + (c 5 + c 6 )e 2 L = 0
2
)
)
(
(
289
290
This leads to eight equations with eight unknowns which can be solved. Solving these
equations gives:
c1 = 1.5981 10 -3
c 5 = 1.0314 10 -1
c2 = 2.0442 10 -4
c 6 = 1.4514 10 -1
c 3 = 1.0598 10 1
c 7 = 4.4372 10 -3
c 4 = 7.3864 10 2
c 8 = 2.9949 10 -3
MSheet result:
Modeling this problem in MSheet is straightforward. The active and passive earth
pressure coefficients must be chosen properly in order to avoid plasticity. To compare
MSheet results and benchmark results, the modulus of subgrade reaction of the soil in
MSheet must be divided by a factor 2 (k1MSheet = 10 kN/m and k2MSheet = 2.5 kN/m) as
the soil is present on both sides of the beam. Results are compared in the following
table.
Result
Benchmark
MSheet
111.1
-24.8
-9.6
6.8
-3.2
10.7
-2.4
111.1
-24.8
-9.6
6.8
-3.2
10.7
-2.4
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
VERIFICATION
GL 0 m
T
h
H
active slip
plane
sheet piling
GL - 4.5 m
passive slip
plane wall
4 4
= Arc tan h - T
L cos
E a (E 0 + E r ) + E c
Es
where:
P = allowable anchor force
K a . eff . H 2 2c K a H
K a . eff . T 2 2c K a T
H +T
tan( )
2
eff = 5 kN/m
H=7m
L=4m
h=1m
z=2m
= 5
= 25
291
292
= 49.41
Ea = 45.258 kN/m
Eo = 4.101 kN/m
Er = 42.273 kN/m
Ec = 1.992 kN/m
Es = 0.957 kN/m
P = 0.917 kN/m
MSheet result:
In MSheet, the calculation is performed using the Allowable Anchor Force option from
the Calculation menu. The MSheet results and the benchmark results are compared in
the following table.
Result
Benchmark
MSheet
45.258
42.273
4.101
1.992
0.957
0.917
45.250
42.273
4.100
1.992
0.960
0.906
Relative
error [%]
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.31
1.21
active slip
plane
sheet
piling
H
GL - 4.5 m
passive slip
plane wall
4 4
= Arc tan H - T
L cos
VERIFICATION
For a long anchorage, it is assumed that the allowable anchor force P depends on the
active and passive sliding planes of the anchor wall [ 26.2]:
P = E p E0
where:
1
K p . eff . T + 2c K p T
K a . eff . T 2 2c K a T
1 sin
1 + sin
1 + sin
1 sin
Analytical result:
For this problem the following values are chosen:
effective weight of soil
length sheet pile
anchor wall length
depth of the anchor connection to the sheet piling
angle of the anchor with the horizontal axis
angle of internal friction
eff = 15 kN/m
H=7m
h=1m
z=2m
= 5
= 25
Benchmark
MSheet
1.049
68.822
67.773
1.047
68.835
67.788
Relative
error [%]
0.20
0.02
0.02
293
294
in homogeneous soil. The K-ratios are calculated using the following equations,
4 2
which have been simplified by assuming the sheet pile wall is vertical and the ground
surface horizontal:
Ka =
cos2
1 +
sin sin( + )
cos
and
Kp =
cos2
sin sin( + )
cos
The neutral earth pressure ratio K0 is determined using the Jkys formula:
K 0 = 1 sin
Analytical result:
For this problem the following values are chosen: = 25 and = 15.
They lead to:
Ka = 0.3507
Kp = 3.7234
K0 = 0.5774
MSheet result:
In MSheet, calculations are performed using the Ka, Ko, Kp method in the Model
window and the Straight slip surfaces option in the Soil Layers window. The results of
the MSheet calculation and the analytical calculation are given in the following table.
Earth pressure coefficient
Benchmark
MSheet
0.35
3.72
0.58
0.35
3.72
0.58
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
VERIFICATION
Ka =
1 sin sin(2 + )
sin
Kp =
1 + sin sin(2 )
sin
(1 sin )
The neutral earth pressure ratio K0 is determined using Jkys formula [Lit 10]:
K 0 = 1 sin
Analytical result:
For this problem the following friction angle values are used: = 25 and = 15.
These values lead to:
Ka = 0.3564
Kp = 3.3414
K0 = 0.5774
MSheet result:
In MSheet, calculations are performed using the Ka, Ko, Kp method in the Model
window and the Curved slip surfaces option in the Soil Layers window. The results of
the MSheet calculation and the analytical calculation are given in the following table.
Earth pressure coefficient
Benchmark
MSheet
0.36
3.34
0.58
0.36
3.34
0.58
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
295
296
k2CUR
k3CUR
kp v
k3MSheet
k2MSheet
50%
ka v
80%
100%
k1MSheet
0
horizontal displacement
Figure 33-12 Stress-displacement diagram with three branches according to CUR 166
and MSheet Classic
According to Figure 33-12, the relations that link the secant moduli k1, k2 and k3 from
CUR 166 to the tangent moduli as used in MSheet are:
k1MSheet = k1CUR
k2MSheet =
k 3MSheet =
0.8 0.5
0.8
0.5
CUR
CUR
k2
k1
1 0.8
1
0.8
k3CUR k2CUR
Analytical result:
According to Table 3.3 of CUR 166 procedure [Lit 5], the stress-displacement diagram of
a soft peat is defined with the following lowest values of modulus of subgrade reaction:
k1CUR = 1000 kN/m
k2CUR = 500 kN/m
k3CUR = 250 kN/m
So, the conversion to tangent moduli as used by MSheet leads to:
k1 MSheet = 1000 kN/m
k2 MSheet = 272.727272 kN/m
k3 MSheet = 83.333333 kN/m
The following values are chosen:
= 0 kN/m
c = 2 kN/m
Ka = K0 = 0
Kp = 4
As the pile is supposed to be rigid, the distribution of the horizontal stresses along the
pile is uniform and equal to:
VERIFICATION
H = F L = 160 / 20 = 8 kN /m2
As the unit weight of the soil is zero, the initial vertical stress is nil. This leads to:
a = K a v 2c K a = 0
0 = K 0 v = 0
p = K p v + 2c K p = 8 kN/m2 .
As the initial horizontal stress is equal to the active stress and the final horizontal
stress is equal to the passive stress, the three branches in the stress-displacement
diagram are used in the calculations.
MSheet results:
For MSheet calculation with secant moduli (benchmark bm1-12a), the option Secant
(CUR 166) must be selected in the Soil Layers window. From Table 3.3 of CUR 166, the
soft peat is selected.
For MSheet calculation with tangent moduli (benchmark bm1-12b), the option Tangent
(MSheet Classic) must be selected in the Soil Layers window.
MSheet
Secant modulus
(bm1-12a)
32.0
400.0
80.0
MSheet
Tangent modulus
(bm1-12b)
32.0
400.0
80.0
Relative
error [%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
Use MSheet input file bm1-12a.shi and bm1-12b.shi to run this benchmark.
297
298
F = 40 kN/m
stage 1
F = 80 kN/m
stage 2
F = 120 kN/m
stage 3
F = 160 kN/m
stage 4
Figure 33-13 Application of horizontal line loads for the four stages
The four branches of the stress-displacement diagram have the following
characteristics:
Branch 1:
k1 = 100 kN/m starting at H = 0
Branch 2:
k2 = 500 kN/m starting at 25 % of (p a)
Branch 3:
k3 = 250 kN/m starting at 50 % of (p a)
Branch 4:
k4 = 400 kN/m starting at 75 % of (p a)
For this problem, the following values are chosen:
= 0 kN/ m
c = 2 kN/m
Ka = K0 = 0
Kp = 4
As the pile is supposed to be rigid (EI = 9 108 kNm/m), the distribution of the
horizontal stresses along the pile is uniform and equal to:
H = F L
Analytical result:
As the unit weight of the soil is zero, the initial vertical stress is nil. This leads to:
a = K a v 2c K a = 0
0 = K 0 v = 0
p = K p v + 2c K p = 8 kN/m2
According to the input percentage of stress variation, the four branches of the stressdisplacement diagram start respectively at 0, 2, 4 and 6 kPa. Each new load step
corresponds to the limit point of each branch.
VERIFICATION
p = 8 kN/m2
4 = p
3 = 0.75 p
2 = 0.5 p
1 = 0.25p
a = 0 = 0
displacement
w1 w2
w3
w4
Benchmark
MSheet
20
24
32
37
20.0
24.0
32.0
37.0
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
299
300
F = 160 kN/m
F = 40 kN/m
F = 120 kN/m
F = 160 + 40 kN/m
F = 80 kN/m
F = 120 kN/m
VERIFICATION
a = K a v 2c K a = 0
0 = K 0 v = 0
p = K p v + 2c K p = 8 kN/m2
The first load step leads to a passive state. The following unloading step leads therefore
to non-elastic soil behavior: that means the unloading subgrade reaction coefficient k0
shall be used in the calculations for this stage. For the following reloading step, the
soil is elastic: the subgrade reaction coefficient k1 shall therefore be used in the
calculations for this stage.
The displacements for each stage are:
w1 = 1 k1 = F1 (Lk1 ) = 80 mm
-
w2 = w1 + ( 2 1 ) k 0 = w1 + F2 k 0 = 40 mm
w 3 = w2 + ( 3 2 ) k1 = w 2 + F3 k1 = 60 mm
p = 2cKp = 8 kN/m2
1 = 3 = p
2
a = 0 = 0
displacement
w2
w3
w1
Benchmark
MSheet
80
40
60
80.0
40.0
60.0
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
301
beam
302
Fa
anchor
20
F
=
= 23.09 kN/m
cos cos 30
For elastic behavior, the horizontal displacement at the middle of the beam is:
w=
Fa l
= 12.698 mm
Aa E a cos
where
Ea = 2.1 108 kN/m
Aa = 10-4 m/m
l = 10 m
MSheet result:
In MSheet, the modulus of subgrade reaction is set equal to its minimum
(k = 0.01 kN/m) in order to neglect the stiffness of the soil.
Benchmark
MSheet
23.09
12.7
23.09
12.7
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
VERIFICATION
b)
F = Fpt
beam
beam
anchor
Fpt
Benchmark
MSheet
10
117.9
10
117.9
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
303
304
Benchmark
MSheet
23.09
12.7
23.09
12.7
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
Benchmark
MSheet
10
117.9
10
117.9
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
k=
3Em
1.3R0 (2.65 R R0 ) + R
18 E m
2R 4 (2.65) + 3
if
R R0
if
R < R0
VERIFICATION
with:
k = Modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction [kN/m]
Em = Pressiometric modulus [kN/m]
R0 = 0.3 m
R = D / 2Half width of the pile [m]
D = Diameter of the pile [m]
= Rheological coefficient depending on the kind of the soil:
peat
1
clay
2/3
loam
1/2
sand
1/3
gravel
1/4
Benchmark result:
The formulas of the analytical solution are the same as in [ 33.1].
With D = 1 m, Em = 5 kN/ m and if clay is selected as the Mnard soil type
( = 2/3), the modulus of subgrade reaction in MSheet is k = 10.84454 kN/m3.
To compare analytical results to MSheet results, the stiffness of the soil in the
analytical solution must be multiplied by a factor 2 as the soil is present at both side of
the beam in MSheet. With EI = 1042 kNm/m, L = 20 m and F = 10 kN, the constants of
the general solution are equal to:
c 1 = 9.87618 10 -4
c 2 = 5.29069 10 -5
c 3 = 6.29042 10 2
c 4 = 6.19695 10-2
MSheet result:
Modeling this problem in MSheet is straightforward. The earth pressure coefficients
must be chosen properly in order to avoid plasticity (Ka = 0.1, K0 = 5 and Kp = 17).
Results are compared in the following table.
Max.displacement at x = 0 m [mm]
Min. displacement at x = 10 m [mm]
Max. shear force at x = 0 m [kN]
Min. shear force at x = 0 m [kN]
Max. moment at x = 0 [kNm]
Min. moment [kNm]
Benchmark
MSheet
63.9
-15.3
5
-5
9.3
-1.3
63.9
-15.3
5
-5
9.3
-1.3
Relative
error [%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
305
306
a = n = 0
p = K q v + K c c
where Kq and Kc are factors of Brinch-Hansen for piles:
Kq =
Kc =
K q0 + K q q
1 + q
D
B
K c0 + K c c
1 + c
+ tan
K q0 = e 2
D
B
D
B
D
B
+ tan
cos tan
cos tan + e 2
4 2
4 2
+ tan
K c0 = e 2
cos tan + 1 cot
4 2
K q = K c K 0 tan
K c = N c dc
dc = 1.58 + 4.09 tan 4
VERIFICATION
N c = e tan tan2 + 1 cot
4 2
K 0 = 1 sin
q =
c =
K q0
K q
K c
K q0
K c0
K c0
K 0 sin
sin +
4 2
2 sin +
4 2
c* =
c Kc
2 Kq
Benchmark results:
Factors Kq and Kc are calculated according to the formulas given above. Results for the
different layers are given in the following table:
Layer 1
0
1
15
10
20
3.0855
12.4286
35.3777
Layer 2
-2
2.75
20
0
32
10.6483
40.4978
0
Layer 3
-3.5
4.25
15
20
25
6.6222
26.9113
104.5760
The effective vertical stress and the passive earth pressure are calculated for four
different depths. These results are given in the table below:
307
308
Depth z
Water pressure
Total vertical
stress
0.4 m
10 0.4 = 4 kPa
15 0.4 = 6 kPa
2.4 m
10 2.4 = 24 kPa
15 2 + 20 (2.4 2)
= 38 kPa
Eff. vertical
stress v
Passive earth
pressure p
64
= 2 kPa
3.0855 2
+ 12.4286 10
= 130.4570 kPa
100 / 130.4570
= 76.7 %
38 24 = 14 kPa
Passive
mobilized
resistance
H / p
10.6483 14
= 149.0769 kPa
4.1 m
10 4.1 = 41 kPa
15 2 + 20 1.5
+ 15 (4.1 3.5)
= 69 kPa
69 41 = 28 kPa
6.6222 28
+ 26.9113 20
= 723.6477 kPa
100 / 723.6477
= 13.8 %
100 / 149.0769
= 67.1 %
MSheet results:
The results of the MSheet calculation and the benchmark are given in the following
table.
Passive earth
pressure coefficient
Kp
Mobilized passive
resistance
Depth
Benchmark
MSheet
0 to -2 m
-2 m to -3.5 m
-3.5 m to -5 m
0.4 m
2.4 m
4.1 m
3.09
10.65
6.62
77
67
14
3.09
10.65
6.62
77
67
14
Relative
error [%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
VERIFICATION
sheet piling
(EI = 45360 kNm2/m')
2.33 m
5m
0.6 m
0.53m
5m
Benchmark
9.2868 105
8.4704 105
MSheet
9.2869 105
8.4705 105
309
310
34
34 Benchmarks from literature
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-12 m
312
Analytical result:
On both sides the water pressure increases linearly with depth. The increase per meter
depth equals the volumetric weight of the water.
MSheet result:
The calculations are carried out using the input file which is similar to that for
benchmark 33.4. The results of MSheet and the benchmark are compared in the
following table.
middle
toe
middle
toe
middle
toe
middle
toe
Benchmark
[kN/m]
60
120
40
100
20
80
0
60
MSheet
[kN/m]
60
120
40
100
20
80
0
60
Relative
error [%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
VERIFICATION
Analytical result:
soil mass
h = 2m
= 1 kN/m3
Fn = 1002 kN
Fload = 100 kN
2m
L=
Fsoil weight = 2 kN
fixed
Ffriction = 22 kN
Benchmark MSheet
2.0
2.0
98.0
98.0
313
314
35
35 Benchmarks: special
applications
This chapter contains benchmarks which test program features specific to MSheet.
-2.0
-7.0
316
MSheet results:
In the table below, the results found using the Ka, K0, Kp method and the
c, , method are presented and compared.
c, , method
(bm3-1b)
7.2
10.4
10.7
Relative
error [%]
1.39
0.96
0.93
Use MSheet input file bm3-1a.shi and bm3-1b.shi to run this benchmark.
0.0
-2.0
-7.0
VERIFICATION
c, , method
(bm3-2b)
72.1
62.8
33.0
Relative
error [%]
2.08
1.59
1.52
Use MSheet input file bm3-2a.shi and bm3-2b.shi to run this benchmark.
0.0
-2.0
50 m
-7.0
0.01m
0.1m
317
318
MSheet results:
In the table below the results for different distances between the load and the sheet
pile wall are presented for comparison. Calculations are performed with the Fine earth
pressure coefficients option from the Calculation Options window.
distance: 0 m
(bm3-3a)
70.9
61.8
32.4
distance: 0.01 m
(bm3-3b)
70.7
61.7
32.3
distance: 0.1 m
(bm3-3c)
65.6
57.9
30.3
Use MSheet input files bm3-3a.shi, bm3-3b.shi and bm3-3c.shi to run this benchmark.
VERIFICATION
MSheet results:
In the table below the results of the different calculations are presented for
comparison.
Initial
(bm3-4a)
19.2
16.2
12.0
With soil
(bm3-4b)
33.4
26.9
15.1
With load
(bm3-4c)
29.9
24.6
14.9
Use MSheet input files bm3-4a.shi, bm3-4b.shi and bm3-4c.shi to run this benchmark.
319
320
10
20
10
10
10
10
Target
0
4.1
7.8
MSheet
0
4.1
7.8
If the friction angle is reduced to 5 degrees, then displacements and moments will arise
during the initial stage, due to soil yielding.
VERIFICATION
MSheet
0.6
3.4
11.4
Use MSheet input files bm3-5a.shi and bm3-5b.shi to run this benchmark.
pile
uniform load
= 0kN/m3
Benchmark
MSheet
20
20
Relative error
[%]
0.00
321
surcharge load
pile
322
= 0kN/m3
H (y ) =
i =1
where:
y
n
L = 10 m
xmi
Pmi
f
2Pmi x mi 2 y
f (x
2
mi
+ y2
if x i > L
L
f =
2
x
if
xi L
L
i
ii) If Kp < Ka and/or K0 < Ka, then MSheet will calculate new K0 and/or Kp ratios: Kp = Ka
and/or K0 = Ka. The horizontal earth pressure due to the surcharge load becomes:
VERIFICATION
H (y ) = K (y ) V (y )
with:
K(y) = neutral earth pressure coefficient at depth y
V (y ) =
i =1
2qmi
xi
y
i = arctan
xi +1
y
i + 1 = arctan
with:
xi and xi+1
qmi
Benchmark result:
The soil weight is nil so that the horizontal stress along the pile due to the soil
weight is nil, only the horizontal stress due to the surcharge load is calculated by
MSheet.
If the value of the cohesion is high (c = 100 kN/m), case i) for the K-ratios is checked.
If the value of the cohesion is nil, case ii) is checked. The K-values from MSheet results
are used in the analytical calculation of the horizontal pressure.
The horizontal stress distribution for both cases is calculated in a spreadsheet. The
surcharge load is divided into 50 elements of 0.1 m. Results at different depths are
presented in the tables below.
MSheet result:
Results for case i): c = 100 kN/m (bm3-7a):
Horizontal pressure
[kN/m]
at depth 2 m
at depth 4 m
at depth 6 m
at depth 8 m
at depth 10 m
Benchmark
MSheet
4.54
1.59
0.68
0.34
0.19
4.54
1.59
0.68
0.34
0.19
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
323
324
Horizontal pressure
at depth 2 m
at depth 4 m
at depth 6 m
at depth 8 m
at depth 10 m
Benchmark
[kN/m]
19.75
19.50
19.24
18.99
18.74
MSheet
[kN/m]
19.75
19.50
19.24
18.99
18.74
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Use MSheet input files bm3-7a.shi and bm3-7b.shi to run this benchmark.
eff = 15 kN/m3
c = 5 kN/m2
= 30 degrees
= 25 degrees
eff = 15 kN/m3
c = 5 kN/m2
= 30 degrees
= 25 degrees
Benchmark
(bm3-8b)
19.3
25.2
MSheet
(bm3-8a)
19.3
25.2
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
Use MSheet input file bm3-8a.shi and bm3-8b.shi to run this benchmark.
VERIFICATION
eff = 15 kN/m3
c = 5 kN/m2
= 30 degrees
= 25 degrees
eff = 15 kN/m3
c = 5 kN/m2
= 30 degrees
= 25 degrees
MSheet
(bm3-9a)
67.5
-37.8
-26.3
MSheet
(bm3-9b)
-67.5
37.8
26.3
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
Use MSheet input file bm3-9a.shi and bm3-9b.shi to run this benchmark.
325
MSheet results:
The normal force must be entered as a total force (in kN). As the normal force per
running meter is set equal to 5 kN/m, then the input normal forces are 5 kN and 10 kN
respectively for the benchmarks with an acting width of 1 and 2 m. The results of these
two analyses are compared in the table below:
Results
Soil collapse
Vertical force
balance
326
MSheet
bm3-10a
1m
-4.3
-29.6
-27.3
-44.94
28.65
-2.90
-5.00
-24.19
102.00
58.3
91.5
77.31
58.32
75.4
308.19
227.83
73.9
91.438
bm3-10b
2m
-4.3
-59.1
-54.5
-89.87
57.31
-5.80
-10.00
-48.36
102.00
116.6
182.9
154.63
116.63
75.4
616.38
455.66
73.9
182.876
Factor
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
2.00
87.410
10.735
174.819
21.470
2.00
2.00
10.427
20.854
2.00
23.410
2.989
60.417
56.689
33.262
46.820
5.977
120.835
113.378
66.525
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Use MSheet input files bm3-10a.shi and bm3-10b.shi to run this benchmark.
VERIFICATION
friction
passive side
active side
pile
Fanchor
anchor
friction
friction
Fpassive
= Factive
=
K 0 z tan b dz = K 0
L2
2
tan b
Benchmark result:
For the calculation of the vertical force balance, four contributions must be considered:
friction
friction
Fbalance = Factive
+ F passive
+ N + FVanchor
327
328
with:
L2
friction
friction
Fpassive
= Factive
= K0
friction
friction
F passive
= Factive
= K0
N = 40 kN
L2
2
Ftoe,d =
MSheet result:
The results of the benchmark are compared with those found by MSheet in the table
below:
Benchmark MSheet Relative
error [%]
Unplugged results:
Vertical active force [kN]
Vertical passive force [kN]
Vertical anchor force [kN]
Normal force on sheet piling [kN]
Resulting vertical force [kN]
Vertical force capacity [kN]
Plugged results:
Vertical active force [kN]
Vertical passive force [kN]
Vertical anchor force [kN]
Normal force on sheet piling [kN]
Resulting vertical force [kN]
Vertical force capacity [kN]
-534.35
534.35
-66.99
-40.00
-106.99
153.00
-534.35
534.36
-66.98
-40.00
-106.97
153.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.00
-395.82
395.82
-66.99
-40.00
-106.99
3600.00
-395.81
395.82
-66.98
-40.00
-106.97
3600.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.00
VERIFICATION
CLAY
CLAY
PEAT
PEAT
SAND
SAND
top:
bottom:
Clay
dry
0
14
0.61
0
0
wet
-1
0
-42
Peat
wet
-12
11
0.69
-42
-80
Sand
wet
-13
20
0.43
-80
-80
Benchmark result:
Horizontal effective pressure is calculated for four different depths:
w = 0 kN/m2
z = -0.6 m
z = -3.20 m
z = -12.40 m
z = -16 m
(13 12)
329
330
MSheet result:
The results of the MSheet calculation are compared with the benchmark in the table
below:
Horizontal pressure
[kN]
Depth
Benchmark
MSheet
-0.6 m
-3.2 m
-12.4 m
-16 m
-0.6 m
-3.2 m
-12.4 m
-16 m
0.00
13.60
56.80
70.00
5.12
19.03
79.76
72.67
0.00
13.60
56.80
70.00
5.12
19.03
79.76
72.67
Relative error
[%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
VERIFICATION
331
332
User-defined
1.25
0.9
20 1.25 = 25
2 0.9 = 1.8
Benchmark result:
The benchmark results are obtained using MSheet calculation results with different
input values to those mentioned above, only for the second stage. Input values are
design values used by MSheet when the option Verify Sheet Piling is selected.
The soil design input values are presented in the following tables for the five safety
classes and the steps 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 and 9.1.
Table 35-2 Design values for representative safety class (stage 2)
File name bm3-13aa bm3-13ab bm3-13aa bm3-13ab bm3-13ac
CUR step
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Eanchor
1.9 108
1.9 108
1.9 108
1.9 108
1.9 108
[kPa]
k [kN/m] k / 1.0 =
k 2.25 = k / 1.0 = k 2.25 = 13000
13000
29250
13000
29250
c [kPa]
11
11
11
11
11
[]
30
30
30
30
30
[]
20
20
20
20
20
GLpas [m]
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
WLpas [m]
-6
-6
-6
-6
-6
WLact [m]
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Table 35-3 Design values for safety class I (stage 2)
File name bm3-13ae bm3-13af bm3-13ag bm3-13ah
CUR step
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Eanchor
1.9 108
1.9 108
1.9 108
1.9 108
[kPa]
k [kN/m] k / 1.3 =
k 2.25 = k / 1.3 = k 2.25 =
10000
29250
10000
29250
c [kPa]
c / 1.0 =
c / 1.0 =
c / 1.0 =
c / 1.0 =
11
11
11
11
[]
28.81
28.81
28.81
28.81
[]
19.20
19.20
19.20
19.20
GLpas [m]
-4.2
-4.2
-4.2
-4.2
WLpas [m]
-5.85
-5.85
-6.15
-6.15
WLact [m]
-0.95
-0.95
-0.95
-0.95
bm3-13ac
6.5
1.9 108
bm3-13ad
9.1
E 1.3 =
2.47 108
13000
11
30
20
-4
-6
-1
13000
bm3-13ai
9.1
E 1.3 =
2.47 108
10000
11
11
30
20
-4
-6
-1
28.81
19.20
-4.2
-5.85
-0.95
VERIFICATION
bm3-13ac
6.5
1.9 108
13000
bm3-13an
9.1
E 1.3 =
2.47 108
10000
11
11
30
20
-4
-6
-1
26.66
17.77
-4.3
-5.8
-0.95
bm3-13ac
6.5
1.9 108
13000
bm3-13as
9.1
E 1.3 =
2.47 108
10000
11
10
30
20
-4
-6
-1
25.69
17.13
-4.35
-5.75
-0.95
bm3-13ax
9.1
E 1.3 =
2.47 108
16250
8.8
23.95
15.97
-4.4
-5.7
-0.9
333
334
MSheet result:
MSheet results are obtained by using the option Partial factors in verified stage only
(method II) and selecting the second stage in the Verify Sheet Piling window for the
different safety classes with an Anchor stiffness multiplication factor of 1.3. The results
obtained from the Moment/Force/Displacement Charts window are compared in the
tables below.
Table 35-7 Results for representative safety class (stage 2)
Benchmark
MSheet
Error
(bm3-13a) [%]
Steps 6.1 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13aa 30.7
30.7
0.00
and 6.3
Max. shear force [kN]
36.9
36.9
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
3.5
3.5
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
50.3
50.3
0.00
Steps 6.2 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ab 30.3
30.3
0.00
and 6.4
Max. shear force [kN]
33.9
33.9
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
3.2
3.2
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
44.2
44.2
0.00
Step 6.5 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ac 30.7
30.7
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
36.9
36.9
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
3.5
3.5
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
50.3
50.3
0.00
Step 9.1 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ad 31.0
31.0
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
38.0
38.0
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
3.5
3.5
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
52.3*
52.4
0.19
* Difference in shear force at the anchor position (level -1.5 m): 14.39 (-37.96)
VERIFICATION
MSheet
Error
(bm3-13b) [%]
Step 6.1 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ae 35.3
35.2
0.28
Max. shear force [kN]
39.8
39.8
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
4.0
4.0
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
55.5
55.5
0.00
Step 6.2 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13af 33.1
33.0
0.30
Max. shear force [kN]
34.3
34.3
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
3.4
3.4
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
45.6
45.6
0.00
Step 6.3 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ag 34.7
34.7
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
39.6
39.6
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
4.0
4.0
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
55.4
55.4
0.00
Step 6.4 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ah 32.8
32.8
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
34.3
34.3
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
3.4
3.4
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
45.5
45.5
0.00
Step 6.5 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ac 30.7
30.7
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
36.9
36.9
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
3.5
3.5
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
50.3
50.3
0.00
Step 9.1 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ai 35.6
35.5
0.28
Max. shear force [kN]
41.1
41.0
0.24
Max. displacement [mm]
4.0
4.0
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
58.0*
57.9
0.17
* Difference in shear force at the anchor position (level -1.5 m): 16.91 (-41.07)
335
336
MSheet
Error
(bm3-13c) [%]
Step 6.1 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13aj 39.3
39.5
0.51
Max. shear force [kN]
42.1
42.2
0.24
Max. displacement [mm]
4.3
4.3
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
59.0
59.1
0.17
Step 6.2 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ak 36.7
36.9
0.27
Max. shear force [kN]
36.1
36.2
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
3.5
3.6
2.78
Anchor force [kN]
48.1
48.2
0.21
Step 6.3 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13al 38.9
38.9
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
41.9
41.9
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
4.4
4.4
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
59.0
59.0
0.00
Step 6.4 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13am 36.6
36.6
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
36.1
36.1
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
3.6
3.6
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
48.1
48.1
0.00
Step 6.5 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ac 30.7
30.7
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
36.9
36.9
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
3.5
3.5
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
50.3
50.3
0.00
Step 9.1 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13an 39.5
39.7
0.5
Max. shear force [kN]
43.5
43.5
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
4.3
4.3
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
61.8*
61.9
0.16
* Difference in shear force at the anchor position (level -1.5 m): 18.33 (-43.47)
VERIFICATION
MSheet
Error
(bm3-13d) [%]
Step 6.1 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ao 45.5
45.8
0.87
Max. shear force [kN]
48.0
48.2
0.42
Max. displacement [mm]
4.9
4.9
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
68.1
68.2
0.15
Step 6.2 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ap 42.8
43.1
0.46
Max. shear force [kN]
43.6
43.8
0.23
Max. displacement [mm]
3.9
3.9
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
56.4
56.6
0.18
Step 6.3 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13aq 45.2
45.2
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
48.0
48.0
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
4.9
4.9
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
68.2
68.2
0.00
Step 6.4 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ar 42.8
42.8
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
43.6
43.6
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
3.9
3.9
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
56.5
56.5
0.00
Step 6.5 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ac 30.7
30.7
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
36.9
36.9
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
3.5
3.5
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
50.3
50.3
0.00
Step 9.1 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13as 45.3
45.6
0.88
Max. shear force [kN]
49.3
49.4
0.40
Max. displacement [mm]
4.8
4.8
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
71.3*
71.5
0.14
* Difference in shear force at the anchor position (level -1.5 m): 22.01 (-49.34)
337
338
MSheet
Error
(bm3-13e) [%]
Step 6.1 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13at 51.3
51.1
0.39
Max. shear force [kN]
52.0
51.9
0.19
Max. displacement [mm]
4.8
4.8
2.08
Anchor force [kN]
69.8
69.5
0.29
Step 6.2 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13au 49.4
49.3
0.40
Max. shear force [kN]
49.6
49.5
0.20
Max. displacement [mm]
4.3
4.3
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
63.5
63.4
0.16
Step 6.3 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13av 50.6
50.6
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
51.7
51.7
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
4.9
4.9
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
69.4
69.5
0.00
Step 6.4 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13aw 49.0
49.0
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
49.4
49.4
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
4.3
4.3
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
63.5
63.5
0.00
Step 6.5 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ac 30.7
30.7
0.00
Max. shear force [kN]
36.9
36.9
0.00
Max. displacement [mm]
3.5
3.5
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
50.3
50.3
0.00
Step 9.1 Max. moment [kNm]
bm3-13ax 50.8
50.6
0.39
Max. shear force [kN]
52.7
52.6
0.38
Max. displacement [mm]
4.8
4.8
0.00
Anchor force [kN]
72.8*
72.7
0.27
* Difference in shear force at the anchor position (level -1.5 m): 20.12 (-52.85)
Use MSheet input files bm3-13a.shi till bm3-13e.shi to run this benchmark.
VERIFICATION
Error
[%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
339
340
Step 6.2
Step 6.3
Step 6.4
Step 6.5
Step 9.1
bm3-14ae
39.8
43.9
4.8
60.8
bm3-14af
bm3-14ag
bm3-14ah
bm3-14ac
bm3-14ai
29.7
32.7
2.2
40.4
MSheet
(bm3-14b)
39.7
43.9
4.8
60.7
29.5
32.6
2.2
40.3
39.4
39.2
43.7
4.8
60.7
29.5
32.6
2.2
40.3
30.7
36.9
3.5
50.3
39.8
45.8
4.7
66.4
43.7
4.8
60.7
29.4
32.5
2.2
40.2
30.7
36.9
3.5
50.3
39.7
45.8
4.7
66.3
Error
[%]
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.16
0.68
0.31
0.00
0.25
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.31
0.00
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.15
VERIFICATION
Step 6.2
Step 6.3
Step 6.4
Step 6.5
Step 9.1
bm3-14aj
43.1
46.0
5.1
64.1
MSheet
(bm3-14c)
43.3
46.1
5.1
64.2
32.7
34.5
2.4
43.0
bm3-14ak
32.6
34.4
2.3
42.8
bm3-14al
42.6
42.8
45.9
5.1
64.0
bm3-14am 32.3
34.3
2.4
42.8
bm3-14ac 30.7
36.9
3.5
50.3
bm3-14an 43.0
48.0
5.0
69.9
46.0
5.1
64.1
32.5
34.4
2.4
42.9
30.7
36.9
3.5
50.3
43.2
48.1
5.0
70.0
Error
[%]
0.46
0.22
0.00
0.16
0.31
0.29
0.00
0.47
0.47
0.22
0.00
0.16
0.31
0.29
0.00
0.23
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.46
0.21
0.00
0.14
341
342
Step 6.2
Step 6.3
Step 6.4
Step 6.5
Step 9.1
bm3-14ao
47.9
50.5
5.6
71.8
bm3-14ap
bm3-14aq
bm3-14ar
bm3-14ac
bm3-14as
38.0
39.7
2.7
49.4
MSheet
(bm3-14d)
48.2
50.7
5.6
71.9
38.3
39.9
2.7
49.6
47.5
47.6
50.4
5.6
71.8
37.8
39.7
2.7
49.4
30.7
36.9
3.5
50.3
47.6
52.7
5.5
78.2
50.5
5.6
71.9
38.0
39.8
2.7
49.5
30.7
36.9
3.5
50.3
47.9
52.8
5.5
78.4
Error
[%]
0.62
0.20
0.00
0.28
0.52
0.25
0.00
0.20
0.42
0.20
0.00
0.14
0.26
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.62
0.19
0.00
0.26
VERIFICATION
Step 6.2
Step 6.3
Step 6.4
Step 6.5
Step 9.1
bm3-14at
50.1
51.1
4.5
67.8
bm3-14au
bm3-14av
bm3-14aw
bm3-14ac
bm3-14ax
45.5
46.3
3.2
57.6
MSheet
(bm3-14e)
49.7
50.8
4.4
67.5
45.2
46.1
3.2
57.3
49.3
49.2
50.7
4.5
67.5
45.0
46.1
3.2
57.4
30.7
36.9
3.5
50.3
49.1
52.5
4.3
74.0
50.7
4.5
67.4
44.9
46.0
3.2
57.2
30.7
36.9
3.5
50.3
48.7
52.3
4.3
73.7
Error
[%]
0.60
0.39
2.27
0.30
0.22
0.22
0.00
0.17
0.20
0.20
0.00
0.15
0.22
0.22
0.00
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.41
0.38
0.00
0.14
343
bm3-15a
bm3-15a
bm3-15a
bm3-15b
bm3-15a
bm3-14aq
bm3-14al
bm3-14ag
bm3-14aa
344
Relative
error [%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
VERIFICATION
bm3-15a
bm3-15a
bm3-15a
bm3-15b
bm3-15a
bm3-13aq
bm3-13av
bm3-13al
bm3-13ag
bm3-13aa
Relative
error [%]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
345
346
36
36 Benchmarks compared with
other programs
This chapter contains benchmarks for which the results of MSheet are compared with
the results of other programs.
348
c rep
1 .5
= 10 kN/m2
c user =
c rep
1.2
tan rep
= 20.36
1 .2
I = II = III = arctan
= 12.5 kN/m2
tan rep
= 17.64
1.4
user = arctan
For safety class II, calculation with MStab leads to a stability factor of 1.582 (with a
tangent line at Y = -11.10 m).
For safety classes I and III, the driving moment is multiplied by 0.9 and 1.1
respectively. This means that stability factors for classes I and III are approximately:
VERIFICATION
fI =
f
1.582
R
= II =
= 1.758
0.9 M 0.9
0.9
f III =
f
R
1.582
= II =
= 1.438
1 .1 M 1 .1
1 .1
R
1.608
=
= 2.010
0.8 M
0 .8
MSheet results:
In MSheet the value of the stability factor for the different safety classes is obtained
using the Overall Stability option. The MSheet and MStab results are compared in the
table below.
Table 36-1 Stability factors for different partial factor sets
Partial factor set
Benchmark
MSheet
(MStab)
Representative
2.09
2.09
Safety class I
1.74
1.76
Safety class II
1.58
1.58
Safety class III
1.42
1.44
User-defined
2.01
2.03
Use MSheet input file bm4-1.shi to run this benchmark.
0.00
1.14
0.00
1.39
0.99
349
350
Literature
[Lit 1]
[Lit 2]
[Lit 3]
[Lit 4]
Kranz, E.; ber die Verankerung von Spundwnden. Verlag Wilhelm Ernst &
Sohn, 1953.
[Lit 5]
[Lit 6]
[Lit 7]
[Lit 8]
Mnard, L et al; Mthode gnrale de calcul dun rideau ou dun pieu sollicit
horizontalement en fonction des rsultats pressiomtriques, Sols-soils 22-23
VI, 1971.
[Lit 9]
352
[Lit 10]
Jky, J.; Minimum value of earth pressure, Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Soil Mech.
Found. Engg. I, Rotterdam, 1948.
[Lit 11]
[Lit 12]
[Lit 13]
NEN 6743, Dutch Design Code TGB;C Calculation method for bearing capacity
of pile foundation Compression Piles.
[Lit 14]
[Lit 15]
[Lit 16]
[Lit 17]
[Lit 18]
[Lit 19]
[Lit 20]
[Lit 21]
[Lit 22]
Index
Acting width
background ................................... 267
example........................................ 115
input............................................ 168
verification ................................... 325
Active earth pressure ......................... 176
Additional pore pressure
background ................................... 271
input............................................ 183
tutorial......................................... 125
verification ................................... 329
Allowable anchor force
background ................................... 241
calculation .................................... 206
verification ............................ 290, 292
Anchor ................................. See Anchors
Anchors
add button...................................... 34
allowable force, background ............ 241
allowable force, calculation ............. 206
grout............................................ 191
input............................................ 190
modelling...................................... 191
overview of options.......................... 18
pre-tensioning force....................... 196
stability ........................................ 241
tutorial.................................... 67, 111
354
Combined wall
arching ......................................... 268
background ................................... 267
input............................................ 169
tutorial......................................... 115
verification ................................... 308
Design procedures
overview of options ......................... 20
Culmann
background ................................... 233
select method................................ 162
select per stage ............................. 196
tutorial........................................... 57
verification ............................ 312, 315
CUR 166............................................ 251
allowable anchor force.................... 206
allowable anchor force, background . 241
delta friction angle reduction.......... 200
design sheet piling length .............. 202
method I....................................... 204
method II ..................................... 205
modulus of subgrade reaction.......... 177
overall stability (Bishop) ................ 208
partial safety factors ............... 251, 255
representative values ..................... 251
safety classes ................................ 252
select model.................................. 162
semi-probabilistic approach............. 251
supported steps ............................. 253
tutorial.................................... 97, 107
verification report.......................... 214
verify sheet piling.......................... 203
vertical force balance ..................... 213
vertical force balance, background... 247
CUR step-by-step method ....... See CUR 166
Curve settings ................................... 176
Curved slip surfaces............................ 176
De Leeuw .......................................... 263
Definitions of symbols .......................... 24
Delft GeoSystems ................................. 27
Delta friction angle ............................ 175
Directories .........................................159
Displacement
charts ...........................................215
graphs CUR 166 verification .............216
pile top .........................................196
soil ...............................................189
verification .............................302, 303
Earth pressure coefficients
background....................................231
coarse/fine ....................................199
Culmann........................................233
fictive ...........................................201
input for sheet piling......................176
input for single piles.......................180
Jky..............................................232
Ktter (curved slip surface) .............234
Mller-Breslau................................233
neutral ..........................................232
select calculation method ................162
verification .............................294, 315
E-Consult
experiences....................................223
input ............................................221
NVAF lines .....................................221
tutorial .........................................139
Eurocode 7
defining partial factors....................162
Examples
Combined wall / Acting width..........115
surcharge loads ..............................133
Experience data..................................223
Fictive earth pressure coefficients ........201
File menu ..........................................157
Files................................................... 36
VERIFICATION
Forces
charts........................................... 215
graphs CUR 166 verification ............ 216
Limitations ......................................... 23
Literature ..........................................351
GeoDelft ............................................. 27
Loads
displacement pile top......................196
horizontal line load ........................186
limited dimensions .........................269
menu ............................................184
moments .......................................187
normal force ..................................188
overview of options ......................... 19
select per stage ..............................197
soil displacements ..........................189
surcharges .....................................185
tutorial ................................... 77, 133
uniform .........................................184
Getting Started.................................... 29
Grout anchors.................................... 191
allowable anchor force.................... 207
Help ................................................... 25
Horizontal line loads
add button...................................... 34
input............................................ 186
tutorial........................................... 78
verification ............................ 278, 286
Icon bar.............................................. 32
Identification ............................. 163, 165
Initial stage
background ................................... 259
input............................................ 199
limitations .................................... 200
Initial stress...................................... 232
Input diagram ..................................... 32
Introduction .............15, 37, 155, 227, 275
Jky ................................................. 232
Ka, Ko , Kp...See Earth pressure coefficients
Ktter (curved slip surface)
background ................................... 234
input............................................ 176
verification ................................... 294
Language .......................................... 160
Lateral earth pressure
Culmann ....................................... 233
straight slip surface ....................... 233
surcharge according to Boussinesq ... 234
Lateral earth pressure ratio................. 231
Layers
add to profile ................................ 182
input............................................ 174
input for single pile ....................... 179
Library
Main window....................................... 30
Measure distance between two points .... 33
Mnard
background....................................265
input ............................................181
verification ....................................304
Menu
Calculation..............................199, 201
E-Consult module ...........................221
File ...............................................157
Loads ............................................184
overview......................................... 30
Project ..........................................161
Results ..........................................211
Soil ...............................................173
Stages ....................................194, 197
Supports........................................190
Menu bar ............................................ 30
Model
select sheet piling ..........................161
select single pile.............................161
tutorial .......................................... 41
Modules.............................................. 29
base module.................................... 17
c,phi,delta (Culmann) ...................... 21
E-Consult........................................ 22
355
356
supports ......................................... 19
Overall stability
background....................................245
calculation.....................................208
verification ....................................347
Pan button ......................................... 33
Parameters.........................................174
Partial safety factors....................162, 251
CUR 166 ........................................255
stages ...........................................253
user defined...................................162
Passive earth pressure.........................176
Pile top displacement
verification ....................................280
Pile Top displacement .........................196
Piles...................................See Single pile
Pre-compressed struts ................ See Struts
Pre-stressed anchors ............... See Anchors
Profiles
input ............................................182
Reference ..........................................155
Non-horizontal surface
background ............................ 233, 259
input............................................ 173
tutorial........................................... 57
verification ................................... 324
Release history.................................... 22
Normal force
input............................................ 188
verification ................................... 286
Report
content .........................................212
select content ................................211
verification report ..........................214
Results ..............................................212
overview of options ......................... 20
report ...........................................212
stress state ....................................217
verification report ..........................214
Rigid supports
input ............................................194
verification ....................................282
Rotation ............................................193
RWS ................................................... 28
Safety classes.....................................251
VERIFICATION
357
358
calculation.....................................203
moments, forces & displacements .....216
tutorial .........................................108
verification .............................330, 339
Vertical force balance
background....................................247
input ............................................168
report ...........................................212
tutorial .......................................... 57
Vertical Force Balance
verification ....................................327
View results
menu sheet piling...........................211
moments, forces & displacements .....215
Moments/Force/Displacement charts
CUR 166 verification .......................216
report ...........................................212
stress state ....................................217
stresses .........................................218
verification report ..........................214
Wall friction
background....................................237
input ............................................175
Water levels
input ............................................183
select ............................................197
select per stage ..............................196
verification ....................................311
Zoom
Area button .................................... 33
In button........................................ 33
Limits button .................................. 34
Out button...................................... 33
Undo button ................................... 34
Water properties.................................184