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Oncogenesis Tugas DR Topan SpBA
Oncogenesis Tugas DR Topan SpBA
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Basic Principles of Cancer Epidemiology
Epidemiologic studies that monitor
trends in cancer incidence and mortality
have tremendously enhanced our
understanding of the etiology of cancer.
Furthermore, analysis of trends in cancer
incidence and mortality allows us to
monitor the effects of different preventive
and screening measures, as well as the
evolution of therapies for specific cancers.
CANCER BIOLOGY
Hallmarks of Cancer
that there are six essential alterations in
cell physiology that dictate malignant
growth: self-sufficiency of growth signals,
insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals,
evasion of apoptosis (programmed cell
death), potential for limitless replication,
angiogenesis, and invasion and metastasis
Cancer Initiation
Tumorigenesis is proposed to have
three steps: initiation, promotion, and
progression.
Initiating events such as gain of
function of genes known as
oncogenes or loss of function of
genes known as tumor-suppressor
genes may lead a single cell to
acquire a distinct growth advantage.
Oncogenes
Normal cellular genes that contribute to
cancer when abnormal are called
oncogenes. The normal counterpart of
such a gene is referred to as a protooncogene.
Oncogenes may be growth factors (e.g.,
platelet-derived growth factor), growth
factor receptors (e.g., HER2), intracellular
signal transduction molecules (e.g., ras),