power

WCDMA

tim

frequency
~5 MHz

09-1

Outline

IMT-2000 Requirements
WCDMA system
Multiservice concepts

09-2

IMT-2000 requirements
Full coverage and mobility for 144 kbps,
and preferably for 384 kbps
Limited coverage and mobility for 2 Mbps
High spectral efficiency
Flexibility to introduce new services

09-3

IMT-2000 user rate vs coverage and

mobility
User bit rate

2 Mbps
IMT-2000
384 kbps

144 kbps

GSM EDGE
(Enhanced Data rates using optimised modulation)
Evolved 2G

10 kbps

Basic 2G
Fixed area / low mobility

Wide area / high mobility

09-4

JargonFest
IMT-2000 = International Mobile Telephony 2000
ITU (International Telecommunications Union) terminology for 3G

UMTS = Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

The UMTS Forum is an international and independent body, uniquely
committed through the building of cross-industry consensus to the
successful introduction and development of UMTS/IMT-2000 third
generation mobile communications systems.

UTRA = Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

3GPP = 3rd Generation Partnership Project
joint standardisation group
WCDMA is known within 3GPP as UTRA FDD + UTRA TDD

09-5

WCDMA Concepts

WCDMA system specifications

Logical Channels
Physical Channels
Packet Access
Multiservice support
TDD mode

09-6

WCDMA key characteristics

Multiple access scheme

Duplex scheme
Chip rate
Carrier Spacing
Frame length
Multi-rate/Variable rate

Channel coding
Packet access

DS-CDMA
FDD/TDD
3.84 Mcps
Flexible 4.4-5.0 MHz (3.84 Mcps)
10 ms
Variable spreading factor (4 to 256)
+ Multi-code
Convolutional coding (rate 1/2 or 1/3)
Optional outer Reed-Solomon
coding (rate 4/5)
Dual mode (common channel
or dedicated channel)
09-7

WCDMA Logical Channel structure

Common Control Channels
Broadcast control channel (BCCH)
Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Dedicated Channels
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

Downlink
Uplink

Bidirectional
Uplink and/or
Downlink

09-8

WCDMA Physical Channel Structure

Dedicated

Common

Primary Common Control Physical Channel

(Primary CCPCH) (full cell coverage)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
(Secondary CCPCH)(may be transmitted
over only part of a cell, e.g. a lobe)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
The logical channels are mapped into
the above physical channels, (conceptually similarly to GSM).
09-9

Common Control Channels

Broadcast Control Channel BCCH (DL)
Downlink point to multipoint channel
Broadcasts system and cell specific information
(including info on available codes at the cell)
BCCH is transmitted over entire cell
Mapped to Primary CCPCH
Forward Access Channel (DL)
Carries control information to mobile
FACH may also carry short user packets
FACH may be transmitted over only part of a cell
(e.g. smart antennas)
Mapped to Secondary CCPCH
09-10

Common Control Channels contd

Paging Channel PCH (DL)
Carries control information to mobile when mobile location is
unknown
Transmitted over the entire cell
Mapped to Secondary CCPCH
Random Access Channel (UL)
Carries control information from mobile station
RACH may carry short user packets
Received from entire cell
Mapped to PRACH

09-11

Dedicated Control Channels

Dedicated Control Channel DCCH (UL and DL)

Bidirectional channel used to carry control information
Mapped to DPDCH (together with DTCHs)
Dedicated Traffic Channel DTCH (DL and/or UL)
Bidirectional or unidirectional channel
Used to carry user information
Mapped to DPDCH
(together with DCCH and other DTCHs)

09-12

Summary of Logical Channels

Common Channels
BCCH
FACH
PCH
RACH

Mapped to Primary CCPCH

Mapped to Secondary CCPCH
Mapped to Secondary CCPCH
Mapped to PRACH

Dedicated Channels
DCCH
DTCH

Mapped to DPDCH
Mapped to DPDCH

09-13

Dedicated Physical Channels

Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPDCH
carries dedicated data, generated at level 2 and above
Dedicated Physical Control Channel DPCCH
carries control information generated at level 1, i.e.
pilot signals to assist in coherent detection
transmit power control signals
rate information

09-14

WCDMA Frame Structure:

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channels
Superframe, 72 frames, 720 ms

Frame, 16 slots, 10 ms
S#1

S#2 S#3 S#4 S#5

S#6 S#7 S#8

S#9 S#10 S#11 S#12 S#13 S#14 S#15 S#16

Slot, 0.625 ms, 2560 chips

DPCCH
Pilot TPC RI

DPDCH
Data

Slot length is 0.625 ms

with 20
2k bits , k = 0,1,...,6
SF=256/2k
=>SF from 4 to 256

Data Bits
Rate Information
Transmit Power Control
Pilot signal

09-15

Spreading and Modulation for

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channels
cos(t )
DPDCH/
DPCCH

I
Serial
to
Parallel Q

p (t )
cch

sin(t )

cscramb

p (t )

cch is the channelisation code

cscramb is the scrambling code (cell-specific)
p(t) is the pulse shaping filter
For multicode transmission, each DPDCH/DPCCH
should be assigned a distinct channelisation code

09-16

Channelisation Codes
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
defined by code tree:
C4,1 = (1,1,1,1)

C2,1 = (1,1)

C4, 2 = (1,1,1,1)

C1,1 = (1)

C4,3 = (1,1,1,1)

C2, 2 = (1,1)

SF = 1

C4, 4 = (1,1,1,1)

SF = 2

... SF = 256

SF = 4

a code can only be used iff no other code is used

between that code and the root of the code tree

09-17

WCDMA Frame Structure:

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channels
Superframe, 72 frames, 720 ms

Frame, 16 slots, 10 ms
S#1

S#2 S#3 S#4 S#5

S#6 S#7 S#8

S#9 S#10 S#11 S#12 S#13 S#14 S#15 S#16

Slot, 0.625 ms, 2560 chips

Data

DPDCH
DPCCH

Pilot

Pilot signal

Slot length is 0.625 ms

with 10 2k bits ,
k = 0,1,...,6
Rate Information
Transmit Power Control
TPC

RI

09-18

Spreading and Modulation for

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channels
cos(t )

cD

DPDCH
DPCCH

c'scramb c' 'scramb Real

(optional)
p (t )
I + jQ

I
cC

*j

Imag

sin(t )

p (t )

cC, cD - channelisation codes

cscramb - primary scrambling code
- a complex code cI+jcQ
cscramb - secondary scrambling code (optional)
p(t) is the pulse shaping filter

09-19

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channels.

For multicode transmission, each additional DPDCH may be
transmitted on either the I or Q branch,
with a distinct channelisation code

09-20

WCDMA Frame Structure:

Common Control
Superframe,Physical
72 frames, 720 ms Channels
Frame, 16 slots, 10 ms
S#1

S#2 S#3 S#4 S#5

S#6 S#7 S#8

S#9 S#10 S#11 S#12 S#13 S#14 S#15 S#16

Slot, 0.625 ms, 2560 chips

Pilot

Data Bits
Pilot signal

Slot length is 0.625 ms

with 20 2k bits ,
k = 0,1,...,6

Data

CCPCH has
no power control
constant rate
09-21

Common Control Physical Channels

(contd)
CCPCH is modulated and spread as for the
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

Primary CCPCH
has fixed predefined rate of 32 kbps
is transmitted over an entire cell
Secondary CCPCH
has constant rate, which may be different for different cells,
depending on capacity needed for FACH and PCH
only transmitted when data is available, e.g. in a narrow lobe
has the FACH and PCH time multiplexed frame-by-frame.
The set of allocated frames is broadcast on the BCCH.

09-22

Synchronisation Channel SCH (DL)

SCH is used for cell search
SCH consists of 2 sub-channels,
the Primary SCH and Secondary SCH
SCH is transmitted one codeword per slot
Primary SCH is used to acquire slot synchronisation
to the strongest BS
Secondary SCH is used to obtain frame synchronisation
and identify the code group of the BS.
then the mobile can determine the scrambling code,
then detect the Primary CCPCH,
then acquire superframe synchronisation etc
09-23

Synchronisation Channel SCH (DL) contd

Primary SCH is
an unmodulated Gold code of length 256 chips,
transmitted once per slot, aligned with slot boundary
same for every BS
Secondary SCH is
a modulated Gold code of length 256 chips
transmitted in parallel with the Primary SCH
chosen from a set of 16 different codes,
to match the BS downlink scrambling code

09-24

Physical Random Access Channel PRACH

Random access burst contains
a preamble of 16*256 chips (1ms)
a variable length data part
Preamble

Data

The preamble consists of 16 symbols spread by the preamble code

of length 256 chips (find these from BCCH)
Each symbol is randomly chosen from a set
of 16 orthogonal code words each of length 16 bits
Neighbouring BSs use different preamble codes

09-25

PRACH: Data Part

Data part contains
Mobile station ID (16 bits)
Required service (3 bits) (e.g short packet, dedicated channel setup)
Optional user packet (variable length)
CRC (8 bits)
Spreading and modulation as for uplink dedicated physical channels
Preamble
Preamble

MS Req
ID Ser

Data
User Packet

CRC

09-26

PRACH: Data Part...

Scrambling code for data part
is based on:
the BS specific preamble code
plus the randomly chosen preamble sequence
plus a randomly chosen time offset
This ensures that random access attempts using
different preamble codes/sequences wont collide

09-27

Random Access procedure

First:
obtain chip and frame synchronisation
obtain information on available preamble codes
determine transmit power, estimated to achieve target SIR
using open loop power control
Then:
transmit the burst with a randomly chosen 2n ms (n = 0,1,2,3,4)
time offset relative to the frame boundary
A BS may the receive up to 80 random access attempts
within one 10 ms frame
(80 = 16 preamble sequences, with 5 time offsets)
09-28

Power Control
SIR-based power control, using both open loop and
closed loop power control
Operates similarly on both uplink and downlink
Target SIR is independently adjusted for each connection,
based on the estimated quality of the connection.
Quality estimate is obtained using a combination of
BER and FER estimates

09-29

WCDMA Concepts

WCDMA system specifications

Logical Channels
Physical Channels
Packet Access
Multiservice support
TDD mode

09-30

Channel coding/interleaving for QoS

BER=10-3
BER=10-6

Inner
coding
Outer
coding

Outer
interleaving

Inner
coding

Inner
interleaving
Inner
interleaving

Service Specific Coding

09-31

Service Multiplexing

Parallel Services

Multiple services belonging to the same connection

are normally time-multiplexed,
then mapped to one or more DPDCHs, as necessary

.
.
.

Time
Mux

Outer
coding/
interleaving

Time
Mux

Inner
coding/
interleaving

DPDCH #1
Time
Mux

DPDCH #2

.
.
.

.
.
.

DPDCH #N

09-32

Service Multiplexing (contd)

Multiple services belonging to the same connection
may alternatively be treated completely separately, in multicode fashion
This allows QoS for separate services to be individually controlled,
but MS complexity is greater.
Coding/
DPDCH #1
interleaving

Parallel
Services

Coding/
DPDCH #2
interleaving
.
.
.

Coding/
DPDCH #N
interleaving

09-33

Rate Matching
Multiplexed rates can produce almost arbitrary total bit rates
There are a limited set of rates available on a DPDCH
To match the rates: use rate matching
repetition coding or
code puncturing

09-34

Example 8 kbps bearer service

Bearer
8 kbps

Data (80 bits)

CRC (8 bits)

Tail (8 bits)

Rate 1/3 convolutional coding

Coded
channel
28.8 kbps
DPDCH
32 kbps

Data (96 x 3 = 288 bits)

9->10 unequal repetition

Data (288 x 10/9 = 320 bits)

09-35

Example 144 kbps bearer service

Bearer
144 kbps

Data (1440 bits)

Rate 180/225 RS coding

Data (1440 x 225/180 = 1800 bits)

Coded
channel
542.4 kbps

Tail (8 bits)

Rate 1/3 convolutional code

Data (1808 x 3= 5424 bits)

339->320 code puncturing

DPDCH
512 kbps

Data (5424x 320/339 = 5120 bits)

09-36

Example 384 kbps bearer service

Bearer
384 kbps

Data (3840 bits)

Rate 192/240 RS coding

Data (3840 x 240/192 = 4800 bits)

Coded
channel
964.8 kbps

Tail (24 bits)

Rate 1/2 convolutional code

Data (4824 x 2 = 9648bits)

603->640 unequal repetition

DPDCH
1024 kbps

Data (9648 x 640/603 = 10240bits)

09-37

Handover
Soft Handover
Active MS receives a priority list from the network
MS searches priority list for new BSs
Softer Handover
Soft handover between sectors of the same BS
Operation as for soft handover
Differences only at network implementation level

09-38

Handover (contd)
Interfrequency Handover
Needed:
When handover occurs between cells where
a different # of carriers have been allocated
For handover between cell layers using different
carrier frequency (e.g hierarchichal cells)
For interoperator handover
For handover to GSM

09-39

Handover (contd)
Interfrequency Handover
Idle period is created for measurements of other frequencies,
either by reducing the spreading factor by 2,
or by code puncturing
Frame

Idle period available for interfrequency measurements

Rate is variable, ~100 ms intervals

09-40

Handover (contd)

Interfrequency Handover
When service allows interleaving over several frames,
multiple frames can be compressed to create
a 5 ms measurement slot

Frame

Compressed transmission
during one interleaver span

Idle period available for interfrequency measurements

09-41

WCDMA Packet Access

WCDMA packet access can take place
on a common fixed-rate channel
on a dedicated channel
Common channel packet transmission
Uplink packet is appended directly to a random access burst
Limited to short packets that use only a
limited amount of capacity

09-42

WCDMA Packet Access

Dedicated channel packet transmission
Single-packet transmission mode, or
Multiple-packet transmission mode
Single packet transmission mode
Send a random access request, indicating amount of data
to be sent
Network responds:
with an immediate scheduling message
OR with a short ACK, followed by a scheduling message
Scheduling message indicates when transmission can begin,
the bit rate, etc

09-43

WCDMA Packet Access (contd)

Random
access
burst

Arbitrary
Time

User
packet

Random
access
burst

User
packet

Packet transmission on common channel

Random
access
burst

Dedicated
Channel

Arbitrary
Time

User
packet

Random
access
burst

Common Channel
User
packet

Single packet transmission on dedicated channel

09-44

WCDMA Packet Access (contd)

Multi-packet transmission
Random access request is used to set up a dedicated packet channel
Short packets may be sent on dedicated channel without scheduling
Long packets require an access request
Random
access
burst

Common Channel
Access
request

Scheduled
user packet

Unscheduled
user packet

Access
request

Dedicated Channel

Scheduled
user packet

Link maintenance

Multi- packet transmission on dedicated channel

09-45

TDD Operation
TDD mode is based on the same frame structure as FDD mode,
i.e. 10 ms frame split into 16 x 0.625 ms slots
Multiplexing and spreading as for FDD mode
Each TDD slot can be used either for uplink or downlink
TDD Alternating mode (e.g. outdoor suburban environment)
10 ms
0.625 ms
Rx

Rx
Tx

1.25 ms

Rx
Tx

Rx
Tx

Pilot

Rx
Tx

Rx
Tx

Coded Data

Rx
Tx

Rx
Tx

Tx

Guard Band

09-46

TDD Operation (contd)

TDD Asymmetric mode (e.g. indoor/low speed outdoor)
10 ms
0.625 ms
Pi

Receive

G
Pi

Transmit

Receive block is a multiple of 0.625 ms

i.e. allows asymmetry of up to 15:1

09-47

UMTS High Level System Architecture

UE

UE:
User
Equipment

UTRAN

UTRAN:
UMTS
Terrestrial
Radio Access
Network

CN

CN:
Core
Network

09-48

UTRA High Level System Architecture

UE
ME+USIM

CN
GMSC+
MSC/VLR
+HLR

UTRAN
Node B + RNC

ME: Mobile
Equipment
USIM: UMTS
Subscriber
Identity Module

Node B: Base
Station
RNC: Radio
Network
Controller

09-49

UTRA: Network Elements

Uu Interface

Iub Interface

External
Network

Iu interface

UTRAN

UE

CN

MS
Node B

Cu
Interface

RNC
USIM

MSC/
VLR

GMSC

HLR

09-50

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

Network
(UTRAN)
Support of soft handover
Support of the WCDMA-specific radio resource
management functions
Maximisation of commonalities in handling packetswitched and circuit-switched data
Maximisation of commonalities with GSM
Use ATM transport as the main transport mechanism

09-51

Radio Network Controller (RNC)

Each BS has a Controlling RNC (CRNC)
load and congestion control
admission control
code allocation

Since more than one RNC may be involved (e.g. soft handoff),
each connection may involve:
Serving RNC (SRNC) controls outer loop power control, handoff
decisions. The SRNC may be the same as the CRNC used by some
Node B used by the mobile.
Drift RNC (DRNC) controls any other cells used by the mobile. One UE
may have multiple DRNCs

09-52

References
ETSI,
Wideband Direct Sequence CDMA (WCDMA)
Part 1: System Description and Performance Evaluation,
ETSI Tdoc SMG2 359/97, December 1997
H. Holma and A. Toskala (eds),
WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications,
Wiley, 2000
R Prasad, T Ojanper,
An Overview of CDMA Evolution toward Wideband CDMA,
IEEE Communication Surveys (http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/surveys),
Vol 1, No 1, pp 1-29, Fourth Quarter 1998

09-53