STATISTICS I

SUMMATION SIGN (ADDITIONAL MATERIAL)

USE OF SUMMATION SIGN () IN STATISTICS

Note for the students: You can skip this topic in the end-semester
The operation of addition occurs very frequently in Statistics. The special symbol (Greek Alphabet Sigma)
is used to denote "taking sum of".
Suppose, for example, we have a set of n values for some variable X, these n values are denoted by X 1, X2,
.., Xn ( X i , i 1, 2........n ). Then

1)

Sum of Values =

X
i 1

X 1 X 2 X 3 ........... X n

2)

Sum of Squares of values =

X
i 1

2
i

X 12 X 22 .................... X n2

At this point we should realize that

Xi

X i2

i 1
i 1
(Sum of Values)2 Sum of Squares

If we have two variables X i and Yi (i 1,2......n) then

3)

Sum of Product=

X
i 1

Yi X 1Y1 X 2Y2 ....... X nYn

Also realize that,

Xi

i 1

X iYi

i
i 1
i 1

Product of sum Sum of Product

4)

The summation of the sum of values of two variables is equal to the sum of values of each variable.
n

i 1

i 1

i 1

( X i Yi ) X i Yi
5)

The difference of sum of the values of two variables is equal to the sum of difference of values of each

variable.

( X Y ) X Y
i 1

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i 1

i 1

STATISTICS I
SUMMATION SIGN (ADDITIONAL MATERIAL)

6)

Summation of a constant times a variable is equal to that constant times the summation of the values of
variable.

7)

i 1

i 1

cX i c X i

where c is a constant.

A constant summed n times is will be equal to n times the value of the constant.
n

c nc

where c is a constant.

i 1

Double Summation Notations:

Let a set of mn observations are arranged into m rows and n columns, and suppose that X ij denote the observation
corresponding to ith row and jth column where i=1,2.....m and j=1,2...n.
Then
n

Total of ith row =Ri = X ij , Total of jth column =Cj= X ij

j 1

i 1

j 1

i 1

i 1

j 1

Grand total = G = C j = R i X ij
Similarly, we can define sum of squares of ith row, jth column.
Deviation and Sum of Deviation:
Suppose, Xi be the value of ith observation, i=1,2,......,n. Suppose X 0 be a constant value.
Then the difference X i-X0 is called the deviation of X i about X0 and (Xi-X0)2 is called the square of deviation of X i
from X0. Then the sum of deviations and sum of square of deviations is given by,
n

Sum of deviations =

(X i X 0 )

i 1

Xi

i 1

Sum of square of deviations =

i 1

(X i X 0 )2

i 1

X0

nX 0

i 1

(X

2
i

2X i X 0 X 20 )

i 1

Sum of Absolute Deviation = X i X 0

i 1

End of Use of Summation sign in Statistics.

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