Hydrology

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Surface Water Hydrology

Definitions:
Precipitation: Rain, Sleet, Hail, or Snow
Evaporation: Transformation of water from liquid
state to vapor state.
Transpiration: Water vapor released by plant
leaves, similar to breathing by animals and
humans by breaking down nutrients to generate
energy. You transpire when you run away from a
mountain lion, or when you take the final exam.
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Surface Water Hydrology

Surface Runoff:
The water that runs off over the ground
into streams and rivers.
Base Flow:
The water that seeps up into a stream
from groundwater or water springs.
Watershed or Basin:
Is an area where the precipitation will shed
into a stream.
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Units of Measurement
Precipitation:
mm/h (millimeter/hour), approximately
1 mm of water is equivalent to 10 mm
of snow. How about wet snow in April?
Stream Flow:
m3/s (cubic meter/second). One m 3=
1000 liters.
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Units of Measurement
Speed:
m/s (meter/second).
You can also use the English System
(Ft, Gallon, etc.). I will do my best not
to use it because it is dumb, but if
you have any questions I will help.

Stream Flow
Sources:
1. Direct Runoff
2. Groundwater exfiltration, or also
called Base flow (opposite of
infiltration)

What Happens to a Drop of

Rain
1. Some of it will evaporate on the way
down, air temperature is a factor.
2. What is left will hit the ground,
some will infiltrate, some will be
trapped in puddles, and some will
runoff to streams and rivers. Is a
lake a large puddle?

How do Clouds Form?

1. Evaporation: Rain, Snow, Surface

water, Lakes, Oceans, etc.

2. Transpiration: Plants, animals, and
wild humans.

What Causes the Hydrology

Cycle?
Can you believe it is Solar Energy?
Solar Energy causes also wind. Wind
increases the rate of evaporation,
why? If you do not know the answer,
ask Mr. Science in class, but be nice.
Next we will see the processes.

What Causes the Hydrology

Cycle?
The sun heat evaporates water, also creates
differences in temperatures in air masses
vertically and horizontally creating wind which
will evaporate water. Animals exhale water
vapor, plants exhale water vapor after sunset.
The warm vapor cloud rises and moves with the
wind. It hits a cool front, condensates into
small droplets, the droplets get bigger and
heavier and fall as rain, snow, or hail, some
will evaporate while falling.
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What Causes the Hydrology

Cycle?
Some of the precipitation will be trapped in
puddles, some will evaporate, some will
infiltrate the ground, and some will run off
into steams.
GoTo the beginning of last slide. Now you
learned a new word; GoTo, it is a statement
in every programming language, you
guessed it, it means go to.
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The Hydrologic Equation

This is not the Monster at the End of this Book!
I am scared; Equation!
Ok, lets make it simple.
You have a piggy bank, and you put in $10 each
day, take out $16 each week, how much
money did you store in the bank after 28
days?
If you replace the dollars with m3 of water, and
the bank with a stream what will that be?
Answer: The Hydrologic Equation.
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WATER DEMAND

To design a water system, we need to

1.
2.
3.

know the future water demand, water

supply, and per capita daily use.
First, we need to forecast the
population, using historical growth
data.
Population Growth versus Time can fit:
Arithmetic (Linear) Growth
Geometric Growth
Growth at a declining rate of increase
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Population Forecast Equations

Pt P 0 Ka . t
Ka

P 2 P1
t
ln P 0 Kg.t

Pt e
Kg

ln P 2 ln P1
t

Pt Psat ( Psat P 0). e

Kd .t

1
Psat P 2
ln(
)
t
Psat P1
2 P 0 P1 P 2 P12 ( P 0 P 2 )

P 0 P 2 P12

Kd
Psat

Pt

Psat
b .t

1 a. e

( Psat P 0)
P0
1
P 0( Psat P1)
b ln[
]
n
P1( Psat P 0)

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DEFINITIONS

Psat Is the saturation population, the

maximum population when the growth

rate reaches zero in a declining growth
rate population. An example of a
country with a declining growth rate is
China, the population is still growing,
but due to the policy of one child per
couple, the annual rate of growth is
declining.

Ka, Kg, Kd, a, b are assumed constants

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NOTES

Remember, when you calculate Psat,

the time intervals between P0-P1, and

P1-P2 have to be equal.
In the Mathematical Logistic Curve
Method, Equation 1.8 in the Text, t is
the time from P0 to Pt.
Equation 1.19 does not hold if the
population is > 10,000 (multiplication
by 0)
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Solved Problems
Hydrology Text, Problem 1.1
11
.a
20000 12000 8000
Ka

320
1995 1970
25
P 2005 P1995 (2005 1995) * 320 23,200
11
.b
Kg (20000 /12000)

(1/ 25)

102064
.

10
P 2005 20000 *102064
.
24,534
11
.c
80000 20000
Kd (1 / 25) ln(
) 0.005
80000 12000
P 2005 80000 (80000 12000) * e 35*0.005 22,916

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Problem 1.3a Text

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 Problem 1.5
7000000 g / d
P 35
40000
175g / d / person
Time
0
15yrs

35yrs

Pop

?
15000
40000
Ln( P 35 / P15) Ln(40 / 15)
Kg

0.049
35 15
20
P15 P 0. e

Kg .t
0.049 (15)

15000 P 0. e

2.08548 P 0

15000
P0
7193
2.08548

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 Problem 1.7
Psat P 0 284 9.6
a

28.6
P0
9.6
1
P 0( Psat P1)
1
9.6(284 76)
b ln(
) ln(
) 0.02933
n
P1( Psat P 0)
80 76(284 9.6)
Psat
Pt
1 a. e 0.02933*t
t 2000 1830 170 years
284
284
P 2000

237.6million
170 ( 0.02933)
1 28.6e
11954
.

20

 1.9a

19.5
Kr
0.2124
918
.
Pt 0.2124 * 103.2 219
. thousand

21

 1.9b
1910 20 30 40 50 60 70

80 90

.163 .177 .19 .199 .205 .209 .2124

22

 1.9b

23

 1.9b

Pt 0.215 *103.2 22.2thousand

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 1.11
180
.
Max. Monthly 175( 0.1 ) 175 *128
. 224 gpcd
30
180
.
Max.Weekly 175( 0.1 ) 175 *148
. 259 gpcd
7
Max. Daily 175 *180
. 315gpcd

25

 1.13

Q 1020 100 (1 0.01 100 9180 gpm

Duration, fromTable13
. Page16 10hours

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 1.15
WoodFrameArea 4 * 100 * 10.76sf / sm 4304 sf
Q1 18C A 18 * 15
. * 4304 1771gpm
NoncombustibleArea 6 * 90 * 10.76sf / sm 5810sf
Q2 18 * 0.8 * 5810 1098 gpm
Qtotal Q1 Q2 1771 1098 2869 gpm
OrQtotal 2869 * 60 * 24 gpd

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 1.17
87,000,000
1. PerCapitaUsage
174 gpd
500,000
2. StreamFlow 6590 87 115 210 7002 Mgpd
7002
3. Ratio of Stream Flow to Waste Flow
34.7
87 115
4. Percent Treatment ( fig16
. page 19) = 12

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 1.17
In Year 2010
a. Population 11
. * 500,000 550,000
b.Water Re quirement 174 * 550,000 95.7 Mgpd
Manufacturing Re quirement 115
. * 115 132.3 Mgpd
a. Add . Energy / day 100 * 24 * 0.6 *1000 144
. MKWH
20 * 144
. * 106
b.Re q. ForPower (Table14
. )
28.8 Mgpd
6
10
c. Total Power Re quirement 210 28.8 238.8 Mgpd
Municipal Industrial 95.7 132.3 228 Mgpd
StreamFlow 34.7 * 228 7912 Mgpd
Dilution Re q 7912 228 238.8 7445.2 Mgpd
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