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ComposComposite Metal Deck Designite Metal Deck Design
ComposComposite Metal Deck Designite Metal Deck Design
60
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61
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
62
(1a)
Asc Fu
(1b)
where
Asc = cross-sectional area of a stud shear connector, in.2
f c' = specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi
w = unit weight of concrete, pcf
Fu = minimum specified tensile strength of connector
steel, ksi
Table 12 of the LRFD specification gives nominal shear
loads Qn for the standard range of welded stud shear
connectors for normal weight (145 pcf) concrete made with
ASTM C33 aggregates. For lightweight (90 to 110 pcf)
concrete made with C330 aggregates, the values from Table
12 are to be adjusted by multiplying them with coefficients
given in Table 13 of the LRFD Specification.
When metal deck is used, the studs are generally welded
through it. When the ribs are relatively deep, the composite
interaction between the slab and the steel beam is affected
adversely by the reduced concrete containment around the
roots of the connectors. The nominal strength of a stud
connector for deck ribs oriented perpendicular to the beam is
the value given by Eq. 1a, multiplied by the following
reduction factor:15
R=
0.85 wr H s
10
. 10
.
N r hr hr
( 2)
where
hr = nominal rib height, in.
Hs = length of stud connector, in., not to exceed the
value (hr + 3) in calculations, although actual
length may be greater
Nr = number of stud connectors in one rib at a beam
intersection, not to exceed 3 in calculations,
although more than 3 may be installed
wr = average width of deck rib, in.
The factor 0.85 / N r accounts for the reduced capacity of
multiple connectors, including the effect of spacing. Thus, the
strength of a stud shear connector in a deck rib is given by
Qnr = R 05
. Asc ( f c' w)3/ 4
Asc Fu
(3a)
(3b)
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
(4)
As natural bond and friction between the slab and the steel
section are not relied upon, the horizontal shear resistance is
to be provided by the shear strength of the connectors over
the length L/2.
Let C* represent the maximum compressive strength of
the concrete slab, T* the maximum tensile strength of the
steel section and S the shear strength of the connectors
between the point of maximum moment and the support point.
Then,
C* = Fc Ac = 0.85 f c' btc
T* = Fy As
S = N Qnr
(5a)
(5b)
(5c)
where
Ac = area of slab based on the actual slab thickness tc,
in.2
As = area of steel section, in.2
b = effective width of the slab, in.
Fc = equivalent yield stress of concrete in compression,
assumed to be equal to 0.85 f c' , ksi
Fy = yield stress of steel, ksi
f c' = compressive strength (28-day cylinder strength) of
concrete, ksi
N = number of connectors over half-span length
Qnr = shear capacity of one connector, kips
The slab is said to be adequate when C* T* and inadequate
when C* T*. According to the LRFD Manual, the
compressive force C in the concrete slab is the smallest of
C*, T* and S. That is,
C = min [C*, T*, S]
(6)
SECONDQUARTER / 1988
(7)
(8)
63
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
(10)
(11)
The thickness of the slab and the size of the steel beam are
often determined, in practice, from factors other than their
strength when acting together as a composite beam; and its
strength, when calculated by full interaction theory, is found
to be greater than required for actual loading. The most
economical design may then be one in which the number of
shear connectors provided in a half-span N is such the degree
of interaction between the slab and the steel section is just
sufficient to provide the required flexural strength, and is less
than the number N* required for a fully composite design.
Some such situations for use of partial composite action are:
1. An oversized steel beam must be selected from the
available rolled beam sizes for architectural reasons or
ease of fabrication (repeatability) or when deflection
controls and strength requirements are adequately met by
less than fully composite action.
2. When the ribs of the metal deck are perpendicular to the
beam, the longitudinal spacing of shear connectors must
be compatible with the pitch of the ribs. Quite often it
may not be possible to fit in sufficient number of shear
connectors, for the beam to be designed as a fully
composite beam.
Decreasing the number of connectors for partial composite
action reduces the effective stiffness of the composite beam
slightly, so deflections may increase. The LRFD Manual
recommends a lower limit for the connector strength S from
practical considerations; namely
Smin = 0.25 T* = 0.25 As Fy
(12)
Fy
(13)
Here, tw is the thickness of the web and hc the web depth for
stability. From Sect. B5.1 of the LRFD, hc is twice the
distance from the neutral axis to the inside face of the
compression flange less the fillet. For simple beams
64
C
C
=
Fc b 085 f c' b
(14)
Let Yc be the distance from the top of the steel beam to top of
concrete and Y2 the distance from top of steel beam to the
compression force C in concrete. Then,
Yc = hr + tc
= hh + t
=t
a
Y2 = Yc
2
where
(15a)
(15b)
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(16)
and it acts at a distance a/2 from the top of the slab. The
resultant tensile force in the section is
T = Fy As = T*
(17)
(18)
Mn = C e = T e = T * = Y2
2
= 05
. T* d + T* Y2
(19)
(20)
(21)
65
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66
Csm = 2 Fy Acs
(23)
Tm = FyAs = T*
(22)
Tm = C + Csm
(24)
(25)
Csm = [T* C]
(26)
resulting in
and
Acs =
1
[T * C]
2Fy
(27)
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
where bf and tf are the width and thickness of the steel flange,
respectively, and Pyf is the flange yield force. Therefore, for
the moment arm,
em =
d y 1
(T* C)
= d
tf
2 2 2
2 Pyf
(29)
yo
2
C
d
= C + Y2 + M p C
(d 2 t f )
4 Pyw
2
= CY2 + M p + 05
. Cd
C2
2
Pyw
M pw
1
(T* C)
(T* C) d
tf
2
2 Pyf
(T* C)
d
1
= C + Y2 + (T* C) d
tf
2
2
2 Pyf
(30)
The PNA will remain in the flange if 0 y tf. From Eq. 28,
these limits are seen to be C = T* and C = T* 2 Pyf = Pyw
where Pyw is the web yield force. Thus, when Pyw C T*,
the PNA will be in the top flange. In addition, if S < S*, the
beam is a partially composite beam and the depth of the
concrete compressive stress block a is less than the slab
thickness tc. On the other hand, if S S*, the beam is a fully
composite beam and the entire slab is in compression.
1
(d 2t f ) 2 t w Fy is the web plastic moment.
4
The PNA will remain in the web for 0 yo < (d 2 tf)/2.
Equation 33 shows this condition is equivalent to 0 C <
Pyw.
Again, if S < S*, the beam is a partially composite beam
and the depth of the concrete compressive stress block a is
less than the slab thickness tc. On the other hand, if S S*,
the beam is a fully composite beam and the entire slab
thickness tc is in compression. The results of Sects. 5 and 6
are summarized in Tables 1 and 2, and permit classification
as a composite beam based on the relative strength of its
elements.
DESIGN MOMENTS OF COMPOSITE BEAMS
In the Load and Resistance Factor Design Approach, design
moments Md are obtained from nominal moments Mn by
multiplying them with a resistance factor c, which is
specified as 0.85 for composite beams. Thus,
Md = c Mn
(31)
(32)
(34)
where M pw =
M n = Ce + Csm em
= Ce +
M n = C e + M p Tsm
C( d 2t f )
C
C
=
=
(d 2 ty )
2 Fy tw 2tw ( d 2t f )Fy 2 Pyw
(33)
where (d 2 tf) is the height of the web and Pyw is the web
yield force.
The plastic moment of the composite beam is next
obtained by taking moments about the mid-depth of the steel
section as
(35)
c M pw
+ c M p + (0.5c d ) C 2 C2
Pyw
= AoC + [ A11 + A12 C A13C 2 ]
(36)
T*
M d 2 = (c Y2 ) C + 05
. c T * d
t f
2Pyf
2
C
+ c 2TP* t f C
yf
4 Pyf
(37)
where A21, A22 and A23 are another set of constants for a
selected steel section and Ao is as defined in Eq. 36.
67
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
I.
C* < T*
II.
C* = T*
III.
C* > T*
C*
T*
S
PNA
TFL
S > S*
S = S*
S < S*
1. Fully composite
2. Inadequate slab
3. PNA in steel
4. Use charts PFS, Ref. 11
or LRFD
1. Fully composite
2. Inadequate slab
3. PNA in steel
4. Use charts PFS, Ref. 11
or LRFD
1. Partially composite
2. Inadequate slab
3. PNA in steel
4. Use charts PFS or LRFD
1. Fully composite
2. Adequate slab
3. PNA at TFL
4. Use charts PFS, FC,
Ref. 11 or LRFD
1. Balanced design
2. Adequate slab
3. PNA at TFL
4. Use charts PFS, FC,
Ref. 11 or LRFD
1. Partially composite
2. Adequate slab
3. PNA in steel
4. Use charts PFS or LRFD
1. Fully composite
2. Adequate slab
3. PNA in slab
4. Use charts FC or Ref. 11
1. Fully composite
2. Adequate slab
3. PNA in slab
4. Use charts FC or Ref. 11
1. Partially composite
2. Adequate slab
3. PNA in steel
4. Use charts PFS or LRFD
II
III
68
S>S*
S=S*
S<S*
C* < T* < S
C* < S < T*
S = C* < T
S < C* < T
C* = T* < S
S = C* = T*
S < C* = T*
T* < C*< S
T* < S < C*
S = T* < C*
S < T* < C*
C* < T*
C* = T*
C* > T*
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
(38)
(39a)
Md = Bo + B1 Y2
(39b)
or
where Bo and B1 are yet another set of constants for a
selected steel section. The above equation is valid for C*
T* and S > S*.
Equation 39b indicates that for a selected steel section,
the design moment is a linear function of the parameter Y2.
DESIGN CHARTS
The design charts are divided into two groups. Charts PFS
could be used for the design of Partially composite beams
and Fully composite beams with the PNA in the Steel
section. The charts FC could be used for the design of Fully
composite beams with the PNA in the Concrete slab. (Tables
1 and 2).
It should be noted the eight charts PFS convey essentially
all the information given by the composite beam design
strength tables included in the LRFD Manual.
CHARTS FC
As seen from Eqs. 39a and 39b, that for a specified section
and steel yield stress Fy, the design moment Md varies
linearly with the parameter Y2. All these lines are shown in
Charts FC-1 to FC-4 for all rolled-steel beam sections for Fy
= 36 ksi and 50 ksi. As mentioned earlier, these charts are
valid for the case where the PNA is in the slab, i.e., for fully
composite beams with adequate slab.
The use of these charts for the design of composite beams
will be described in the next two sections.
CHARTS PFS
As seen from Eqs. 36, 37 and 38 for design moment Md, that
if a specified steel yield stress Fy is selected first, and
concrete force C is considered as a parameter, then it is
possible to plot curves of Mdo against C for a wide range of
rolled-steel, wide-flange, beam-sections. Also, the
relationship between C and MdY can be shown on the same
plot by drawing a series of straight lines through the origin
corresponding to a set of pre-selected values for Y2. In this
paper, values of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 in. for Y2 are considered.
The entire range of curves can then be replotted for other sets
of rolled shapes and other steels. The resulting set of curves
are given as design charts PFS-1 to PFS-8, for Fy = 36 and
50 ksi. Where the curves are in full lines the plastic neutral
That is, the slab compressive force C is concentrated at the top
flange of the steel section.
DESIGN PROCEDURE
The design of simply supported, fully or partially composite
beams using rolled-steel sections and ribbed-metal deck
perpendicular to the beam, is summarized:
1. Rib dimensions hr, wr and slab thickness tc
The design of the composite floor deck is performed
following the manufacturer's recommendations and test data
on proprietary decks. The metal deck and shear studs should
satisfy these general rules:
a. The decking rib height shall not exceed 3 in., that is,
hr 3.0 in.
b. The rib width shall not be less than 2 in., that is, wr
2.0 in.
c. Slab thickness above the steel deck shall be not less
than 2 in., that is tc 2.
69
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70
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b.
c.
d.
e.
71
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72
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
6. Shear design
No significant increase of the shear capacity is achieved by
composite action. So the shear force check is performed as
for non-composite beams, i.e., the web of the steel beam
resists the full shear force. The effect of coping, if provided,
should be considered in these calculations.
7. Deflections
When a composite beam has been designed by ultimate
strength methods described in this paper, checks must be
made to assure that its deflection is not excessive at service
loads. This can be done by using the tables of lower bound
moments of inertia of composite sections given in the LRFD
Manual. If deflections so calculated are acceptable, a
complete elastic analysis, using the transformed section
method, could be avoided.
8. Strength during construction
When shoring is not used during construction, the steel beam
alone must resist all loads applied before the concrete has
hardened enough to provide composite action. LRFD
73
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Fig. 7. Example 1
74
b. Determine moments:
Service Load (L F) Factored Load
(K/ft)
(K/ft)
DL 10(0.09) =
0.9
1.2
1.08
LL 10(0.25) =
2.5
1.6
4.00
3.4
5.08
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
al =
C
0.85 f c' b
T*
Section
(kips)
(in.)
(kips)
W24 76
W24 68
W24 62
W21 62
W24 55
317
472
627
810
810
0.78
1.16
1.54
1.99
1.99
1,120
1,005
910
914
810
S = H = C = 810 kips
Select -in. dia. headed studs.
75
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4 in. slab
(4/12) (8) 0.15
Ceiling
(0.008) 8
Steel beams (assumed)
Total dead load, wD
Live load
(0.125) 8
Partitions
(0.025) 8
Total live load, wL
= 0.40 kip/ft
= 0.06 kip/ft
= 0.04 kip/ft
= 0.50 kip/ft
= 1.00 kip/ft
= 0.20 kip/ft
= 1.20 kip/ft
b. Determine C*:
810
C
=
= 3103
.
N=
Qnr 261
.
A W2455, Fy = 50 ksi with 64 -in. dia. headed studs
satisfies requirements for flexural design strength.
e. Check for strength at construction phase:
Construction loads:
Service Load L.F. Factored Load
(K/ft)
(K/ft)
LL
10 (0.02)
0.20
1.6
0.32
Concrete 10 (0.075)
0.75
1.6
1.20
DL
10 (0.09-0.075) 0.15
1.2
0.18
1.10
1.70
76
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
For a 4-in. thick flat soffit slab, Y2 lies between 2 in. (when a
= 4 in.) and 4 in. (when a 0).
For sections that cross the 250 ft kip line in this region
the value of T* is seen to be about 320 kips. As the capacity
of concrete for each inch of compression block thickness is
214 kips, ao is equal to 320/214 = 1.5 in., and Y20 = 4 1.5/2
= 3.25 in.
As can be seen from the construction on FC-3, it is seen
that W1434 with T* = 360 kips and W1631 with T* = 328
provide the required strength. Select the deeper, lighter
W1631 section.
d. Design shear connectors:
Horizontal shear force to be transferred from the concrete
slab to the steel beams is
S* = min [C*, T*] = min [857,328]
= 328 kips
Use -in. dia. 3-in. headed stud connectors. From Table 12
of the LRFD, the horizontal shear load for one connector in 3
ksi normal weight concrete is 21.0 ksi. So the number of
connectors between the point of maximum moment (i.e., mid
span) and the point of zero moment to either side (i.e.,
support point) is:
N=
328
= 156
. say 16
210
.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank J. Y. Wang, Graduate
Student at Marquette University, for his help in checking the
computer program.
REFERENCES
1. American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Load and
Resistance Factor Design Manual of Steel Construction
1st Ed., 1986, Chicago, Ill.
2. Slutter, R. G., and G. C. Driscoll, Jr. Flexural Strength
of Steel-Concrete Composite Beams ASCE Journal of
the Structural Division, Vol. 91, No. ST2, April 1965.
3. Viest, I. M. Composite Steel Concrete Construction
ASCE Proceedings Paper 10561, Vol. 100, No. ST-5,
1975 (pp. 1,085-1,139).
4. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Mixed
Construction Monograph on Planning and Design of
Tall Buildings; Vol. 58, Structural Design of Steel
Buildings, Chapter 9, 1979.
5. Sabnis, G. (Ed.) Handbook of Composite Construction
Engineering D. Van Nostrand, 1979.
6. Lorenz, R. F. Some Economic Considerations for
Composite Floor Beams AISC Engineering Journal, Vol.
20, No. 2, 1983 (pg. 78).
7. Cook, J. P. Composite Construction Methods John Wiley
& Sons, 1977, New York, N.Y.
8. Davies, C. Steel Concrete Composite Beams for
Buildings John Wiley & Sons, 1975, New York, N.Y.
9. Yam, L. C. P. Design of Composite Steel-Concrete
Structures Surrey University Press, 1981.
10. Johnson, R. P. Composite Structures of Steel and
Concrete Constrado Monographs, Vol. 1, Granada
Publishers, 1984.
11. Vinnakota, S., J. Wang and M. R. Vinnakota Design
Charts for Flat Soffit, Fully Composite Beams Using
LRFD Specifications International Journal of Civil
Engineering, June 1987.
12. Iyengar, H. S. Composite or Mixed Steel-Concrete
Construction for Buildings, A State-of-the-Art Report
American Society of Civil Engineers, 1977, New York,
N.Y.
13. Grant, Jr., J. A., J. W. Fisher and R. G. Slutter
Composite Beams with Formed Steel Deck AISC
Engineering Journal, 1st Qtr., 1977, New York.
14. Fisher, J. M. and D. R. Buettner Applications of LightGauge Steel in Composite Construction Handbook of
Composite Construction Engineering, Chapter 3, D.
Van Nostrand, 1979.
15. Ollgaard, J. G., R. G. Slutter and J. W. Fisher Shear
Strength of Stud Connectors in Light Weight and Normal
Weight Concrete AISC Engineering Journal, April 1971,
New York, N.Y.
16. Galambos, T. V. and M. K. Ravindra LRFD Criteria for
Composite Beams Research Report 44, Dept. of Civil
Engineering, Washington University, April 1976, St.
Louis, Mo.
17. Vinnakota, S. LRFD of Steel Members Lecture Notes,
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Marquette University, Fall
1986.
77
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
NOMENCLATURE
= Area of the steel section, in.2
= Area of the steel section in compression, in.2
= Depth of the compressive stress block in concrete,
in.
b
= Effective width of slab, in.
bf
= Width of steel flange, in.
C
= Compressive stress resultant in slab, kips =
min[C*, T*, S].
C*
= Maximum compressive force of the concrete slab
(= 0.85 f c' btc).
Cs
= Compressive stress resultant in steel section, kips.
d
= Depth of steel section, in.
e, eo, em= Lever arms, in.
Fc
= Equivalent yield stress of concrete (= 0.85 f c' ),
ksi.
Fu
= Tensile strength of connector steel, ksi.
Fy
= Yield stress of steel, ksi.
= Specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi.
f c'
H
= Horizontal shear force between the slab and beam,
kips.
Hs
= Length of stud shear connector, in.
hc
= Height of web clear of fillets, in.
hh
= Height of haunch, in.
hr
= Rib height, in.
L
= Span of beam.
Md
= Design moment of composite beam (= c Mn).
Mn
= Nominal resisting moment of the composite beam.
Mp
= Plastic moment of steel section, kip-in.
Mr
= Required moment capacity under factored loads.
Mdo
= Design moment of a composite section, with Y2 set
equal to zero.
MdY
= Influence of Y2 on the design moment, Md.
As
Acs
a
78
Mpw
N
Nr
N*
Pyf
Pyw
Qn
Qnr
R
S
Smin
S*
s
T
T*
t
tc
w
wr
Yc
Y2
y
yo
b
c
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.